StemCell Therapy

Iodine is an essential trace element found in very small amounts within the human body. Even though it doesn't take a lot of iodine to keep your body functioning normally, it can be hard for some people to get enough. According to Medscape, 29% of people in 130 countries around the world live in an iodine deficient area.

Fortunately, iodine deficiency treatment is available. To meet with a healthcare provider in Bristolwho can help restore your iodine levels, call (423) 301-6964 or contact Tri-Cities Functional Medicine online.

Iodine enters your body through the food you eat. Your body can't make it on its own. There tends to be less of it in soil, so people who only eat local foods without any supplementation may become deficient in iodine.

In the United States, most of us consume iodized salt or foods made with iodized salt. This means iodine has been added and helps our bodies meet its daily requirements.

Iodine's role in the body is to help make thyroid hormones. The thyroid is a butterfly-shaped gland found on the front of the neck behind the Adam's apple area. This gland is called a master gland because it sends out hormones that regulate many important functions of the body including metabolism, heart rate, body temperature and reproduction.

It's influence is extensive and when there is an imbalance in your iodine levels, your body may respond by making too much, or too little thyroid hormone for your body. A goiter, or swelling of the thyroid gland is a common occurrence with iodine deficiency. The thyroid is working so hard to make enough hormones that it enlarges and may show up as a knot on the front of the neck.

Iodine deficiency may be linked to a variety of other conditions as well. These include:

In most traditional medical practices, an imbalance in thyroid function will be treated with synthetic thyroid hormone if you aren't making enough, or your provider may recommendradiationor other treatments to kill off or stop part of your thyroid if you are making too much. These approaches only treat the symptoms.

Functional medicine looks beyond the symptoms and works to treat the root cause of the disease. Functional medicine treatment approach may include:

Your functional medicine provider is unlikely to prescribe a traditional medication for your iodine deficiency. He or she will do extensive testing to look for biologic, genetic and environmental factors that are influencing your health, and help you change those so you can fix the root cause and feel better.

Learn more about functional medicine and iodine deficiency. Call (423) 301-6964 or contact Tri-Cities Functional Medicine online today.

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Iodine Deficiency Treatment in Bristol, TN

Regenerative medicine is a game-changer in the world of medicine. Treatments include: Stem Cell Therapy, PRP (Platelet Rich Plasma) Therapy and Amniotic Stem Cell Therapy (Amnion). Each custom treatment option may help to heal damaged tissues and organs, offering solutions and hope for people whose conditions have proven beyond repair previously.

I didnt know anything about PRP when I went to my appointment with Dr. Hall. I was able to do some research before I had anything done. The stem cells come from my own bone marrow. Stem cell treatment is fairly new, but shows positive results. I decided that it was something that could help me. I trust Dr. Hall. Dr. Hall removed the stem cells from my hip and injected them into my knees while I was in surgery under anesthesia.

I was in physical therapy after the surgery. Now Im back in the gym three days a week, exercising on the elliptical machine, weight training and in yoga classes. I walk five miles four or five days a week.

In six weeks, I was at 133 degrees range of motion, which was only 4 degrees behind my good leg. I attribute my advanced recovery to the outstanding hands of the DOC surgeon, the PRP/stem cell therapy, and Mike at ATI Physical Therapy.I attribute my advanced recovery to the outstanding hands of the DOC surgeon, the PRP/stem cell therapy, and Mike at ATI Physical Therapy.

If you are reading this testimonial and questioning whether the extra money spent on the PRP and stem cell therapy are worth it, I would highly recommend that you take out a loan if necessary in order to benefit from this healing therapy.

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Regenerative Medicine - directorthocare.com

Dr. Gordon's Biography Dr. Alan D. Gordon has practiced in Lewistown for over thirty years. He grew up in New Jersey and went to a small liberal arts college in Maine, Nasson College, during that time, Dr. Gordon did a study abroad program in Vienna, Austria during which time, he took courses in the history of medicine at the University of Vienna, Austria. His medical education began at the University of Bologna, Italy, the oldest medical school in the western world, and he graduated from the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey at Newark New Jersey (now Rutgers Medical School). Dr. Gordon followed Medical School with a medical internship at Martland Hospital, the main teaching hospital of the New Jersey College of Medicine. Dr. Gordon later completed his Ophthalmic Residency at the Guthrie Clinic in Sayre, PA. During his training, Dr. Gordon worked as a staff physician in several Emergency Rooms and while waiting for his Ophthalmology training, he worked for a year as a staff ER physician at the Samaritan Hospital in Troy, New York. He believes in medicine as a calling, and has done charity cataract and eye muscle surgery in Honduras and Ecuador for needy patients in association with Medical Ministry International. During his training at the Guthrie Clinic, he rotated through the Wills Eye Hospital in Philadelphia and attended the centralized training for ophthalmic residents at Colby College, Maine. He has regularly attended multiple continuing education courses including those held at the American Academy of Ophthalmology, the European Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery and the American Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery throughout his career. He is board certified for general ophthalmology by the American Board of Ophthalmology and has taken voluntary certification as a cataract sub specialist by the American Board of Eye Surgery. This certification involves direct observation of Dr. Gordon’s surgical procedures as well as a study involving surgical outcome. Dr. Gordon was certified by the American Board of Eye Surgery in 1992 and, because this certification is only granted for 10 years, he has been rectified. He is subspecialty certified for cataract surgery and has taught modern cataract/lens surgery to many ophthalmologists both in courses and individually. He is a member of the Outpatient Ophthalmic Surgery Society, the American Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery, the American Association of Ambulatory Surgery Centers, the European Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery, the American Board of Eye Surgery, the Pennsylvania Medical Society, several other medical societies, and he is a fellow of the American Academy of Ophthalmology. Last year, he was inducted into the American College of Surgeons as a fellow. Recently (2008), he was featured in an article in the Highmark Blue Shield magazine “Clinical Views”, after having been chosen by his peers as communicating with family physicians and internists to coordinate care. He lives with his wife in the Lewistown area.

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Ophthalmologists near Altoona, PA - Eye Surgeon

Using the latest regenerative medicine technology, at NSI Stem Cell, its our mission to improve the quality and quantity of the lives of our patients while avoiding invasive surgical techniques and harmful medications.

If your house is on fire, you call the fire department. However, you dont call the fire department to come and rebuild the damaged areas of your house. The same is true when living with chronic illness and injury. For crisis situations, different types of medication may be necessary, but medicine alone will not truly fix the problem. Instead, depending on your condition, its important to incorporate a variety of remedies including: diet, exercise, physical therapy and in some cases stem cell therapy.

Using the latest regenerative medicine technology, at NSI Stem Cell, its our mission to improve the quality and quantity of the lives of our patients while avoiding invasive surgical techniques and harmful medications.

We are home to doctors and clinicians that are seasoned, knowledgeable, and passionate about helping patients. We work hard to provide seamless, safe and effective care for each patient that walks through our doors with the most advanced technology available to reverse disease, repair tissue, and promote health.

Learn more about what NSI Stem Cell can do for you below.

We know you have many choices when it comes to stem cell centers, so why choose NSI Stem Cell? First, we provide extensive patient education. The honesty and education that we give empower our patients to make informed decisions that will benefit them and their health the most.

Chances are, youve seen numerous doctors and from that, have had no real success in alleviating pain and restoring function. At NSI Stem Cell, we know the importance of finding someone that not only understands your medical journey, but provides the very best individualized care possible.

During your first visit to NSI Stem Cell, our doctors will provide a physical exam as well as go over the patients in-depth medical history. Additionally, the patients desires and expected outcomes can be discussed at length. Our medical team will spend as much time as necessary with each patient in order to ensure a proper diagnosis as well as educate the patient thoroughly on their condition as well as their available options.

NSI Stem Cell Services Include:

Stem Cell TherapyPlatelet Rich Plasma (PRP) Blood Injection TherapyFunctional RehabilitationNutritional Counseling

Because our consultations are done on an individual level, we are able to create precise programs such as a combination of the services listed above to help you regain function and return to everyday activities.

What I like about the [NSI Stem Cell] office is the professionalism, the care, the support, the answers to my questions and the continuing help whenever I need it. Leah

Over the last four years I have been suffering from pain, burning, numbness to the point where I couldnt get out of bed, couldnt function, couldnt work. Through all the many doctors that I visited over the years they gave me all kinds of medications where I had terrible reactions from them, ended up in the hospital and I couldnt function anymore. When I finally came to NSI, they gave me a program, and I felt wonderful. All my pain, all my numbness has disappeared. Im off all kinds of medications, Ive lost a lot of weight and I feel absolutely wonderful. Ths staff is awesome, the doctor is awesome, Im just so thankful that I found them. Connie

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How are stem cells used? Stem cells make it possible for the body to regenerate and heal itself after an injury or illness. When stem cells are harvested from the patient and injected back in, they heal damaged tissues and regenerate new healthy tissue. Better yet, because stem cells use your body to heal itself, they contain the building blocks for optimal health.

Stem cells are important because they are changing how patients heal from chronic illness and/or injury. Stem cells are also multi-potent meaning they have the ability to differentiate into muscle tendons, ligaments, bone, tissue and cartilage. They are key in helping a wound heal and/or repairing damage brought on by disease. Furthermore, unlike invasive surgeries, stem cell therapy has no recovery time.

The first successful cell transplantation happened in 1956, as Dr. E. Donnall Thomas performed the first successful bone marrow transplant between identical twins, where a healthy twin gave their bone marrow to the other twin who suffered from leukemia. The practice continued to evolve over the decades and in 2006, it was discovered that stem cells can be harvested from adult patients.

Stem cells are a naturally occurring cell type that can be found all throughout the human body. Adult stem cells are found in the bone marrow, but they are also abundantly stored in the fatty layer that lies just beneath the skin. In addition, stores of stem cells remain in the body throughout life. Bone marrow and adipose (fat) are the two most commonly used stem cells in stem cell therapy.

Have more questions? Contact us today to see how stem cell therapy can help your condition.

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About NSI Stem Cell | Natural Stem Cell Therapy Therapy ...

Overview

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a progressive, degenerative lung disease resulting from a long-term inflammatory response to inhaled irritants. As the inflammatory process continues, the small airways narrow, inhibiting airflow; and healthy lung tissue is broken down, preventing appropriate absorption of oxygen. Due to these disease processes, the ability to breathe becomes increasingly difficult. Eventually, even simple tasks and short bursts of activity can heavily strain an individuals stamina. The result is a substantially reduced quality of life for an individual with COPD.

There are 2 main types of COPD:

Emphysema

is a common type of COPD in which the air sacs of the lungs become damaged, causing them to enlarge and burst. Damage in this area makes it difficult for people with emphysema to expel air from their lungs.

Chronic Bronchitis

causes inflammation and irritation of the airways, the tubes in your lungs where air passes through. When the air tubes are inflamed and irritated, thick mucus begins to form in them. Over time, this mucus plugs up airways and makes breathing difficult.

Although there is no cure for the disease, many patients can experience a significant reduction in the severity of their symptoms through stem cell therapy for COPD. With a stem cell transplant for COPD to targeted areas in the lungs and airway, the progression of the disease can be slowed and the patients quality of life can be improved by the lessening of the diseases symptoms and complications. By focusing treatment on the specific areas of the respiratory system that are affected by the disease, stem cell therapy has the potential to make life easier for patients who have COPD. TruStem Cell Therapy has the potential to relieve multiple complications related to COPD, such as reduced stamina, decreased mobility, shortness of breath and respiratory infections.

Symptoms/Complications

Increased breathlessness

Frequent coughing (with and without sputum)

Wheezing

Tightness in chest

Reliance on supplementary oxygen

Causes

Smoking

About 85 to 90 percent of all COPD cases are caused by cigarette smoking. When a cigarette burns, it creates more than 7,000 chemicals, many of which are harmful. The toxins in cigarette smoke weaken your lungs defense against infections, narrow air passages, cause swelling in air tubes and destroy air sacsall contributing factors for COPD.

Environment

What you breathe every day at work, home and outside can play a role in developing COPD. Long-term exposure to air pollution, secondhand smoke and dust, fumes and chemicals (which are often work-related) can cause COPD.

Genetic

A small number of people have a rare form of COPD called alpha-1 deficiency-related emphysema. This form of COPD is caused by a genetic (inherited) condition that affects the bodys ability to produce a protein (Alpha-1) that protects the lungs.

TruStem Cell Therapy

TruStem Cell Therapy provides access to treatment that utilizes a patients stem cells isolated from his or her own fat tissue. There are multiple inherent benefits afforded by the utilization of adipose derived stem cells including their ability to differentiate into a broad variety of cell types (neurons, bone, cartilage, muscle, tendon, etc.), they are present at comparatively much higher levels than other stem cell types, possess higher immunomodulatory capacity, and they do not endanger a patients health the way other stem cells might.

Approximately 150-250ccs of a patients own fat tissue is harvested through a minimally invasive, mini liposuction procedure. Generally, this fat tissue is collected from around the patients belly region.

Adipose tissue is preferentially utilized because it is one of the richest, most accessible sources of stem cells in the human body.

Harvested fat tissue is immediately taken to the onsite laboratory for processing. At this step, an optimized protocol is used to isolate the maximum number of stem cells from collected fat tissue.

Stem cell activation is part of what makes TruStem Cell Therapy unique. The activation procedure is designed to augment efficacy.

TruStem Cell Therapy utilizes both systematic and novel administration methods to fully saturate the body with stem cells while targeting specific areas of injury.

COPD patients who receive stem cell therapy through us can receive multiple systemic and targeted administration methods:

Systemic IV infusion of their stem cells to fully saturate the entire body.

Stem cells are delivered via a nebulizer for distribution throughout and deep into the lungs as the patients breathe in the stem cells.

Our focus is safety, efficacy, and patient-centric care when providing access to superior stem cell therapy.

We utilize only board-certified surgeons, physicians and accredited clinicians to provide care for patients.

Laboratory protocols are developed and refined by our PhD Neuroscientist.

A clinical team with expertise in practicing cellular based medicine.

Accredited Surgical Centers for enhanced procedural and patient safety

Skilled Patient Advocates who are trained to provide truthful, realistic expectations resulting from stem cell therapy. We do not make outlandish promises of cures or inaccurate claims related to improvement rates.

FAQ

It is important for patients and caregivers to understand that current therapies, including stem cell treatment, do not provide a cure for COPD. However, TruStem Cell Therapy does have the potential to improve a patients quality of life by reducing symptoms and complications related to COPD as well as slowing its progression.

The FDA has not approved stem cell therapy for COPD. As noted above, studies have demonstrated the safety and efficacy of stem cell therapy for this condition but additional studies are needed before FDA approval can be secured.

It is possible through these treatments, to improve a patients quality of lifebyminimizing disease-relatedsymptoms and complications. For COPD patients, it is possible to see improvements in any one ormultipledisease-related complications such as: supplemental oxygen consumption, stamina, mobility, fatigue, respiratory infections, shortness of breath, etc. If you have questions regarding how these treatments may help you, please contact one of our Patient Advocates to learn more.

It is difficult to predict the timeline of a patients response. Every patient responds differently to treatment. It could take weeks to months for the stem cells to provide noticeable results.

Typically patients will experience some level of soreness and bruising lasting roughly a week as a result of the mini-liposuction procedure. Additional complications have not been observed. Over a hundred studies and clinical trials have demonstrated the safety and minimal side-effect profile of stem cell therapy.

Excerpt from:
Stem Cell Treatment & Therapy for COPD | Pulmonary Disease

Diagnosis

Symptoms of type 1 diabetes often appear suddenly and are often the reason for checking blood sugar levels. Because symptoms of other types of diabetes and prediabetes come on more gradually or may not be evident, the American Diabetes Association (ADA) has recommended screening guidelines. The ADA recommends that the following people be screened for diabetes:

Glycated hemoglobin (A1C) test. This blood test, which doesn't require fasting, indicates your average blood sugar level for the past two to three months. It measures the percentage of blood sugar attached to hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells.

The higher your blood sugar levels, the more hemoglobin you'll have with sugar attached. An A1C level of 6.5 percent or higher on two separate tests indicates that you have diabetes. An A1C between 5.7 and 6.4 percent indicates prediabetes. Below 5.7 is considered normal.

If the A1C test results aren't consistent, the test isn't available, or you have certain conditions that can make the A1C test inaccurate such as if you're pregnant or have an uncommon form of hemoglobin (known as a hemoglobin variant) your doctor may use the following tests to diagnose diabetes:

Oral glucose tolerance test. For this test, you fast overnight, and the fasting blood sugar level is measured. Then you drink a sugary liquid, and blood sugar levels are tested periodically for the next two hours.

A blood sugar level less than 140 mg/dL (7.8 mmol/L) is normal. A reading of more than 200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L) after two hours indicates diabetes. A reading between 140 and 199 mg/dL (7.8 mmol/L and 11.0 mmol/L) indicates prediabetes.

If type 1 diabetes is suspected, your urine will be tested to look for the presence of a byproduct produced when muscle and fat tissue are used for energy because the body doesn't have enough insulin to use the available glucose (ketones). Your doctor will also likely run a test to see if you have the destructive immune system cells associated with type 1 diabetes called autoantibodies.

Your doctor will likely evaluate your risk factors for gestational diabetes early in your pregnancy:

Your doctor may use the following screening tests:

Initial glucose challenge test. You'll begin the glucose challenge test by drinking a syrupy glucose solution. One hour later, you'll have a blood test to measure your blood sugar level. A blood sugar level below 140 mg/dL (7.8 mmol/L) is usually considered normal on a glucose challenge test, although this may vary at specific clinics or labs.

If your blood sugar level is higher than normal, it only means you have a higher risk of gestational diabetes. Your doctor will order a follow-up test to determine if you have gestational diabetes.

Follow-up glucose tolerance testing. For the follow-up test, you'll be asked to fast overnight and then have your fasting blood sugar level measured. Then you'll drink another sweet solution this one containing a higher concentration of glucose and your blood sugar level will be checked every hour for a period of three hours.

If at least two of the blood sugar readings are higher than the normal values established for each of the three hours of the test, you'll be diagnosed with gestational diabetes.

Depending on what type of diabetes you have, blood sugar monitoring, insulin and oral medications may play a role in your treatment. Eating a healthy diet, maintaining a healthy weight and participating in regular activity also are important factors in managing diabetes.

An important part of managing diabetes as well as your overall health is maintaining a healthy weight through a healthy diet and exercise plan:

Healthy eating. Contrary to popular perception, there's no specific diabetes diet. You'll need to center your diet on more fruits, vegetables, lean proteins and whole grains foods that are high in nutrition and fiber and low in fat and calories and cut down on saturated fats, refined carbohydrates and sweets. In fact, it's the best eating plan for the entire family. Sugary foods are OK once in a while, as long as they're counted as part of your meal plan.

Yet understanding what and how much to eat can be a challenge. A registered dietitian can help you create a meal plan that fits your health goals, food preferences and lifestyle. This will likely include carbohydrate counting, especially if you have type 1 diabetes.

Physical activity. Everyone needs regular aerobic exercise, and people who have diabetes are no exception. Exercise lowers your blood sugar level by moving sugar into your cells, where it's used for energy. Exercise also increases your sensitivity to insulin, which means your body needs less insulin to transport sugar to your cells.

Get your doctor's OK to exercise. Then choose activities you enjoy, such as walking, swimming or biking. What's most important is making physical activity part of your daily routine.

Aim for at least 30 minutes or more of aerobic exercise most days of the week. Bouts of activity can be as brief as 10 minutes, three times a day. If you haven't been active for a while, start slowly and build up gradually.

Treatment for type 1 diabetes involves insulin injections or the use of an insulin pump, frequent blood sugar checks, and carbohydrate counting. Treatment of type 2 diabetes primarily involves lifestyle changes, monitoring of your blood sugar, along with diabetes medications, insulin or both.

Monitoring your blood sugar. Depending on your treatment plan, you may check and record your blood sugar as many as four times a day or more often if you're taking insulin. Careful monitoring is the only way to make sure that your blood sugar level remains within your target range. People with type 2 diabetes who aren't taking insulin generally check their blood sugar much less frequently.

People who receive insulin therapy also may choose to monitor their blood sugar levels with a continuous glucose monitor. Although this technology hasn't yet completely replaced the glucose meter, it can significantly reduce the number of fingersticks necessary to check blood sugar and provide important information about trends in blood sugar levels.

Even with careful management, blood sugar levels can sometimes change unpredictably. With help from your diabetes treatment team, you'll learn how your blood sugar level changes in response to food, physical activity, medications, illness, alcohol, stress and for women, fluctuations in hormone levels.

In addition to daily blood sugar monitoring, your doctor will likely recommend regular A1C testing to measure your average blood sugar level for the past two to three months.

Compared with repeated daily blood sugar tests, A1C testing better indicates how well your diabetes treatment plan is working overall. An elevated A1C level may signal the need for a change in your oral medication, insulin regimen or meal plan.

Your target A1C goal may vary depending on your age and various other factors, such as other medical conditions you may have. However, for most people with diabetes, the American Diabetes Association recommends an A1C of below 7 percent. Ask your doctor what your A1C target is.

Insulin. People with type 1 diabetes need insulin therapy to survive. Many people with type 2 diabetes or gestational diabetes also need insulin therapy.

Many types of insulin are available, including rapid-acting insulin, long-acting insulin and intermediate options. Depending on your needs, your doctor may prescribe a mixture of insulin types to use throughout the day and night.

Insulin can't be taken orally to lower blood sugar because stomach enzymes interfere with insulin's action. Often insulin is injected using a fine needle and syringe or an insulin pen a device that looks like a large ink pen.

An insulin pump also may be an option. The pump is a device about the size of a cellphone worn on the outside of your body. A tube connects the reservoir of insulin to a catheter that's inserted under the skin of your abdomen.

A tubeless pump that works wirelessly also is now available. You program an insulin pump to dispense specific amounts of insulin. It can be adjusted to deliver more or less insulin depending on meals, activity level and blood sugar level.

An emerging treatment approach, not yet available, is closed loop insulin delivery, also known as the artificial pancreas. It links a continuous glucose monitor to an insulin pump, and automatically delivers the correct amount of insulin when needed.

There are a number of versions of the artificial pancreas, and clinical trials have had encouraging results. More research needs to be done before a fully functional artificial pancreas receives regulatory approval.

However, progress has been made toward an artificial pancreas. In 2016, an insulin pump combined with a continuous glucose monitor and a computer algorithm was approved by the Food and Drug Administration. However, the user still needs to tell the machine how many carbohydrates will be eaten.

Oral or other medications. Sometimes other oral or injected medications are prescribed as well. Some diabetes medications stimulate your pancreas to produce and release more insulin. Others inhibit the production and release of glucose from your liver, which means you need less insulin to transport sugar into your cells.

Still others block the action of stomach or intestinal enzymes that break down carbohydrates or make your tissues more sensitive to insulin. Metformin (Glucophage, Glumetza, others) is generally the first medication prescribed for type 2 diabetes.

Transplantation. In some people who have type 1 diabetes, a pancreas transplant may be an option. Islet transplants are being studied as well. With a successful pancreas transplant, you would no longer need insulin therapy.

But transplants aren't always successful and these procedures pose serious risks. You need a lifetime of immune-suppressing drugs to prevent organ rejection. These drugs can have serious side effects, which is why transplants are usually reserved for people whose diabetes can't be controlled or those who also need a kidney transplant.

Bariatric surgery. Although it is not specifically considered a treatment for type 2 diabetes, people with type 2 diabetes who are obese and have a body mass index higher than 35 may benefit from this type of surgery. People who've undergone gastric bypass have seen significant improvements in their blood sugar levels. However, this procedure's long-term risks and benefits for type 2 diabetes aren't yet known.

Controlling your blood sugar level is essential to keeping your baby healthy and avoiding complications during delivery. In addition to maintaining a healthy diet and exercising, your treatment plan may include monitoring your blood sugar and, in some cases, using insulin or oral medications.

Your doctor also will monitor your blood sugar level during labor. If your blood sugar rises, your baby may release high levels of insulin which can lead to low blood sugar right after birth.

If you have prediabetes, healthy lifestyle choices can help you bring your blood sugar level back to normal or at least keep it from rising toward the levels seen in type 2 diabetes. Maintaining a healthy weight through exercise and healthy eating can help. Exercising at least 150 minutes a week and losing about 7 percent of your body weight may prevent or delay type 2 diabetes.

Sometimes medications such as metformin (Glucophage, Glumetza, others) also are an option if you're at high risk of diabetes, including when your prediabetes is worsening or if you have cardiovascular disease, fatty liver disease or polycystic ovary syndrome.

In other cases, medications to control cholesterol statins, in particular and high blood pressure medications are needed. Your doctor might prescribe low-dose aspirin therapy to help prevent cardiovascular disease if you're at high risk. However, healthy lifestyle choices remain key.

Because so many factors can affect your blood sugar, problems may sometimes arise that require immediate care, such as:

Increased ketones in your urine (diabetic ketoacidosis). If your cells are starved for energy, your body may begin to break down fat. This produces toxic acids known as ketones. Watch for loss of appetite, weakness, vomiting, fever, stomach pain and a sweet, fruity breath.

You can check your urine for excess ketones with an over-the-counter ketones test kit. If you have excess ketones in your urine, consult your doctor right away or seek emergency care. This condition is more common in people with type 1 diabetes.

Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic syndrome. Signs and symptoms of this life-threatening condition include a blood sugar reading over 600 mg/dL (33.3 mmol/L), dry mouth, extreme thirst, fever, drowsiness, confusion, vision loss and hallucinations. Hyperosmolar syndrome is caused by sky-high blood sugar that turns blood thick and syrupy.

It is seen in people with type 2 diabetes, and it's often preceded by an illness. Call your doctor or seek immediate medical care if you have signs or symptoms of this condition.

Low blood sugar (hypoglycemia). If your blood sugar level drops below your target range, it's known as low blood sugar (hypoglycemia). If you're taking medication that lowers your blood sugar, including insulin, your blood sugar level can drop for many reasons, including skipping a meal and getting more physical activity than normal. Low blood sugar also occurs if you take too much insulin or an excess of a glucose-lowering medication that promotes the secretion of insulin by your pancreas.

Check your blood sugar level regularly, and watch for signs and symptoms of low blood sugar sweating, shakiness, weakness, hunger, dizziness, headache, blurred vision, heart palpitations, irritability, slurred speech, drowsiness, confusion, fainting and seizures. Low blood sugar is treated with quickly absorbed carbohydrates, such as fruit juice or glucose tablets.

Explore Mayo Clinic studies testing new treatments, interventions and tests as a means to prevent, detect, treat or manage this disease.

Diabetes is a serious disease. Following your diabetes treatment plan takes round-the-clock commitment. Careful management of diabetes can reduce your risk of serious even life-threatening complications.

Make physical activity part of your daily routine. Regular exercise can help prevent prediabetes and type 2 diabetes, and it can help those who already have diabetes to maintain better blood sugar control. A minimum of 30 minutes of moderate exercise such as brisk walking most days of the week is recommended.

A combination of exercises aerobic exercises, such as walking or dancing on most days, combined with resistance training, such as weightlifting or yoga twice a week often helps control blood sugar more effectively than does either type of exercise alone.

It's also a good idea to spend less time sitting still. Try to get up and move around for a few minutes at least every 30 minutes or so when you're awake.

In addition, if you have type 1 or type 2 diabetes:

Keep your vaccinations up-to-date. High blood sugar can weaken your immune system. Get a flu shot every year, and your doctor may recommend the pneumonia vaccine, as well. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) also currently recommends hepatitis B vaccination if you haven't previously been vaccinated against hepatitis B and you're an adult ages 19 to 59 with type 1 or type 2 diabetes.

The most recent CDC guidelines advise vaccination as soon as possible after diagnosis with type 1 or type 2 diabetes. If you are age 60 or older, have diabetes, and haven't previously received the vaccine, talk to your doctor about whether it's right for you.

If you drink alcohol, do so responsibly. Alcohol can cause either high or low blood sugar, depending on how much you drink and if you eat at the same time. If you choose to drink, do so only in moderation one drink a day for women and two drinks a day for men and always with food.

Remember to include the carbohydrates from any alcohol you drink in your daily carbohydrate count. And check your blood sugar levels before going to bed.

Numerous substances have been shown to improve insulin sensitivity in some studies, while other studies fail to find any benefit for blood sugar control or in lowering A1C levels. Because of the conflicting findings, there aren't any alternative therapies that are currently recommended to help everyone with blood sugar management.

If you decide to try any type of alternative therapy, don't stop taking the medications that your doctor has prescribed. Be sure to discuss the use of any of these therapies with your doctor to make sure that they won't cause adverse reactions or interact with your current therapy.

Additionally, there are no treatments alternative or conventional that can cure diabetes, so it's critical that people who are receiving insulin therapy for diabetes don't stop using insulin unless directed to do so by their physicians.

Living with diabetes can be difficult and frustrating. Sometimes, even when you've done everything right, your blood sugar levels may rise. But stick with your diabetes management plan, and you'll likely see a positive difference in your A1C when you visit your doctor.

Because good diabetes management can be time-consuming, and sometimes overwhelming, some people find it helps to talk to someone. Your doctor can probably recommend a mental health professional for you to speak with, or you may want to try a support group.

Sharing your frustrations and your triumphs with people who understand what you're going through can be very helpful. And you may find that others have great tips to share about diabetes management.

Your doctor may know of a local support group, or you can call the American Diabetes Association at 800-DIABETES (800-342-2383) or the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation at 800-533-CURE (800-533-2873).

You're likely to start by seeing your primary care doctor if you're having diabetes symptoms. If your child is having diabetes symptoms, you might see your child's pediatrician. If blood sugar levels are extremely high, you'll likely be sent to the emergency room.

If blood sugar levels aren't high enough to put you or your child immediately at risk, you may be referred to a doctor who specializes in diabetes, among other disorders (endocrinologist). Soon after diagnosis, you'll also likely meet with a diabetes educator and a dietitian to get more information on managing your diabetes.

Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment and to know what to expect.

Preparing a list of questions can help you make the most of your time with your doctor. For diabetes, some questions to ask include:

Your doctor is likely to ask you a number of questions, such as:

Link:
Diabetes - Diagnosis and treatment - Mayo Clinic

Story highlights

In other words, the impact certain variants could have on your health remains a guessing game.

"Patients often ask us what do these variants of uncertain significance mean. But in reality, we don't know most of the time ourselves. So we end up having to follow the patients for the next five, 10, 20, or 30 years to see if the patient manifests the disease or not," Wu said.

"Here, we now have a way to shorten that time because we can generate patients' induced pluripotent stem cells from blood."

How do those stem cells then help predict if a variant is harmful or not? They can be differentiated into heart cells.

If the heart cells look abnormal, that probably means the variant of uncertain significance is pathogenic, meaning it's capable of causing disease.

If the heart cells look normal, that probably means the variant of uncertain significance is actually benign.

"This is one of the very first proof of principles to show that concept," Wu said.

'An important step towards precision medicine'

The researchers found 592 genetic variants across the 54 people. While 78% of the variants were categorized as benign, there were 17 people who each carried a variant categorized as "likely pathogenic." For four of those people, their variant was hypertrophic cardiomyopathy-related.

So the researchers then took that knowledge and used CRISPR to turn the patient's stem cells with this MYL3 genetic variant from being heterozygous, meaning they have one normal and one recessive form of the variant, to being homozygous, so that they have two recessive forms of the variant.

Specifically, the researchers took the one study participant's blood cells, turned them into induced pluripotent stem cells, and then used CRISPR to edit those cells in a petri dish. The researchers then differentiated the edited stem cells so they would become heart muscle cells, and performed a comprehensive analysis to evaluate the variant, determining exactly how harmful the variant was or whether it was benign.

In this case, the study participant's variant was predicted to be benign.

A risk with using CRISPR is that it could introduce some unintended changes, but no off-target mutations were detected in the gene-edited cells, the researchers reported in their study.

"Much work remains to further develop stepping stones between editing cells in a dish and genome editing therapeutics that can treat patients, but studies such as this one help identify variants that are promising targets for therapeutic editing," said David Liu, core institute member of the Broad Institute and professor of chemistry and chemical biology at Harvard University, who was not involved in the study.

This gene-editing approach was found to be feasible in this one patient, but more research is needed to determine whether similar results would emerge among more patients.

"While it's very elegant, the major limitation of this work is that it took years of expensive work by a team of very talented scientists to do this for just one patient," said Dr. Kiran Musunuru, an associate professor of cardiovascular medicine at the University of Pennsylvania's Perelman School of Medicine, who was not involved in the new study but has conducted separate research involving CRISPR.

"It's an important step towards precision medicine, but going forward we will need to scale this up and be able to do this for dozens, hundreds, or even thousands of patients at a time, in a matter of weeks and much more cheaply," he said.

Time and cost are also limitations of this approach, Wu said.

"Cost-wise, it takes us probably about $10,000 and time-wise about six months," he said. Those six months would involve making the induced pluripotent stem cells, using CRISPR to edit the cells and then analyzing the differentiated heart cells.

Wu added, "but keep in mind that six months is actually still much better than the current alternative that we have, which is to tell patients that we don't know what the variant means."

The alternative would be following a patient with a variant for years, with the worrisome chance of a disease possibly developing or not developing. In either scenario, the patient as well as family members could have anxiety and stress.

Is this the future of gene editing?

"This addresses a major unmet need in patient care by helping determine whether your specific mutation is something to worry about," said Lagor, who was not involved in the study but has conducted separate research on CRISPR.

Then once a mutation has been identified as disease-causing, "this is an ideal platform for testing potential new drugs or gene therapy approaches in a patient-specific manner. This is truly personalized medicine," he said.

"The first therapeutic application of this technology would be to correct rare genetic diseases of the heart itself, where the potential benefit far outweighs the risk to the patient. Some of this technology already exists today, and it is now a matter of demonstrating that this can be done safely and effectively," he said.

"However, present-day forms of CRISPR technology do not work well enough in the actual heart muscle in a living being to correct a mutation for a disease like cardiomyopathy," he said. "It's possible that some future generation of gene-editing technology might be able to do the job of treating disease in the heart muscle, years or more likely decades in the future."

Continued here:
Scientists edit heart muscle gene in stem cells, may be ...

More than a decade ago, nanotechnology became an integral part of the overall scientific research world. Governments started funding programs specifically aimed at nanotechnology, research universities opened their facilities and coursework to the new discipline, and journals focusing on nano research became commonplace.And now, many researchers believe, its nanomedicines turn to do the same. Nanomedicinewhich has emerged as nanotechnologys most important sub-disciplineis the application of nanotechnology to the prevention and treatment of disease in the human body. It is already having an impact clinically among some of the deadliest diseases in the world.

Nanomedicine is far from the stuff of science fiction. The possibilities for nanomedicine to help us diagnose, treat and image diseases are endless. Imagine a smart nanomedicine that is able to bind to tumor cells and enhance imaging and diagnosis, at the same time as being able to deliver a gene therapy or chemotherapy agent. With the technologies available to us and our multidisciplinary teams, this will be possible in my lifetime, said Phoebe Phillips, head of the pancreatic cancer translational research group at the University of New South Wales in Sydney.

Phillips and her team have created a nanoparticle that dramatically increases its effectiveness as an anti-cancer drug for patients with pancreatic cancers, which is one of the fastest killing cancers from time of initial detection, often leaving patients with no suitable treatment options and only weeks to live.

While nanomedicine canand likely willplay a role in diagnostics, regenerative medicine, prosthetics and more, the effect the sub-discipline is currently having on the treatment of autoimmune diseases and cancers is significant.

Nanomedicine for HIVThirty years ago, a diagnosis of HIV/AIDS was essentially a guarantee of a painful, protracted death. It wasnt until 1996 that researchers discovered antiretroviral drugs, and the potent combination therapy that leads to successful management of HIV/AIDS in most cases. However, not much has changed since that discovery. Those suffering from the autoimmune disease still require daily oral dosing of three to four pills, and chronic oral dosing has significant complications that can arise from the high pill burden experienced by patients, leading to non-adherence to therapies for a variety of reasons.

Ive been working in HIV for over 20 years, Andrew Owen, professor of molecular and clinical pharmacology at the University of Liverpool (UK) told Laboratory Equipment. I was trying to understand the variability in drug exposure that occurs between different individuals and the genetic basis for that. We were finding a lot of interesting things, but they werent clinically implementable. They gave us a good understanding of why drug exposure was variable, but it didnt actually help the patients in any way.

In an attempt to solve the problem rather than just characterize it, Owen turned to nanomedicine in 2009, eventually becoming part of the first team to conduct human trials of orally dosed nanomedicines for HIV. Since then, Owen and his interdisciplinary team at the Liverpool Nanomedicine Partnership have secured more than 20 million of research funding for a multitude of nanomedicine-based approaches to HIV, such low-dose oral delivery, long-acting injectable medications and targeted delivery of antiretrovirals.

Some of Owens most important research to date tackles two of the pharmaceutical industrys biggest challenges: oral delivery of potent drugs and supply and demand.

One of the major problems that has plagued drug discovery and drug development over the last 30 years has been compatibility with oral drug delivery, Owen explained. The pharmaceutical industry has wrestled with that because they can develop very potent molecules across diseases, but actually delivering those molecules orally is very challenging. As you try to design into the molecule oral bioavailabilty, you usually get further away from the potency you want.

The Liverpool team solved this problem with the creation of Solid Drug Nanoparticles. The technology consists of combining a normal drug, in its solid form, with particles on that drug that are measurable within the nanometer scale. There are other things packed into the formulation as well, such as FDA-approved stabilizers that are proven to help disperse the drug. Owen says it is all about increasing the surface area covered by the drug.

If you imagine you take a granulated form of the drug, youre going to get big chunks of drugs in the intestinal tract when dissolution happens. But if you have nanometer-sized particles within the GI tract, then you are going to get a complete coating of the inside of the intestine after you take the drug, Owen explained. What that does is it massively increases the surface area covered by the drug, which saturates all sorts of drug influx processes within the GI tract.

Since 80 percent of a humans immune system is concentrated in the gut, the Solid Drug Nanoparticles are the perfect mechanism. The immune cells in the gut instinctually move toward the particles, creating a pathway for the drugs to cross the intestines, move through the lymphatic system, and finally into the systematic circulation.

In February, Owen presented the results of two trials at the Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections (CROI) that confirmed his Solid Drug Nanoparticles can be effective at a 50 percent dose reduction. Specifically, Owen and his team applied the nanomedicine-based approach to the formulation of two drugs: efvirenz (EFV) and lopinavir (LPV). EFV is the current WHO-recommended regimen, with 70 percent of adult HIV patients in low- and middle-income countries taking the medication. At 50 percent of the dose, the patients in the trial were able to maintain plasma concentrations of the conventional dose.

Globally, the supply of drugs needed to treat every patient with HIV is outstripping manufacturing capabilitymeaning we, as a human species, cannot physically make enough HIV medication to treat everyone with the disease. A 50 percent reduction in dose means twice as many patients served with the existing drug supply.Owen and his team are working with multiple global partners to move the technology forward. For the drugs already formulated, the Medicines Patent Pool and Clinical Health Access are helping to scale up and take them to market. Meanwhile, USAIDs Project OPTIMIZE is applying the nanoparticle technology to the newest HIV drugs for use in low- and middle-income countries.

For their latest collaboration with Johns Hopkins University, the Liverpool team was just awarded $3 million to examine the use of implantable technologies that can deliver drugs for weeks, or even months.

The current oral drug regimens for HIV comprises three drugs in combinationone is the major driver for efficacy, and the other two are nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors that prevent resistance to the main drug. However, current injectable formulations are only available with the main drugnone include the nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors.

So, our project aims to develop the first long-acting injectable nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors so that we can use them to have a fully long-acting regimen that matches the current clinical paradigm for therapy, Owen said.

The Liverpool/Hopkins team has also thought about applying their long-acting injectable technology to other chronic diseases, such as malaria and tuberculosis, as well as some cardiovascular applications.

Nanomedicine for diabetesWhen the nanoparticles he was working with as an imaging tool didnt produce the desired results, Pere Santamaria grew frustratedbut he didnt give up. Instead, the doctor and professor at the University of Calgary (Canada) changed his assumptions and pursued his experimentuntil the data came pouring in that confirmed it wasnt a failed experiment at all. Rather, it was a discovery.

The discovery of Navacims was a bit serendipitous, Santamaria told Laboratory Equipment. Thankfully I am a little OCD and I didnt let the failed experiment go.Navacims are an entirely new class of nanomedicine drugs that harness the ability to stop disease without impairing normal immunity. Santamaria has been studying Navacims for the past 17 years, ever since unintentionally developing them. He even started a spin-off company, Parvus Therapeutics, Inc., to help bring the drugs to market.

In autoimmune diseases, white blood cells, which are normally responsible for warding off foreign invaders and disease, turn on the body, attacking the good cells and causing their destruction. Each specific autoimmune disease results from an attack against thousands of individual protein fragments in the targeted organ, such as the insulin-producing pancreatic cells in the case of type 1 diabetes.

But Santamarias studies show that nanoparticles decorated with protein targets acting as bait for disease-causing white blood cells can actually be used to reprogram the cells to rightfully suppress the disease they once intended to cause.

Once the immune system recognizes the presence of a Navacim, a white blood cell is reprogrammed by epigenetic changes into a lymphocyte that no longer wants to cause tissue damage, but rather work to suppress disease. According to Santamaria, the reprogramming step is immediately followed by an expansion of that population of lymphocytesone now-good white blood cell dividing into a million.

Basically they turn the tables on the immune system, and then there is a very sophisticated series of downstream cellular events that arise from that reprogramming event that involves the recruitment of other lymphocytes and other cell types that completely suppress the inflammation in the organ that is being infected, Santamaria explained. This happens extremely efficiently and comprehensively. This is an approach that can efficiently, selectively and specifically blend a complex response without impairing basic immunity.

In addition, the design of Navacims is modular, meaning the nanomedicine can be applied to severalif not allautoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis. Navacims can be altered to target different diseases by simply changing a small portion of the bait molecules on the nanoparticles. Santamarias studies have shown this to work in about seven autoimmune diseases thus far.

In April, Santamarias company Parvus entered into a license and collaboration agreement with Novartis for Navacims. Under the terms of the agreement, Novartis receives exclusive worldwide rights to use Parvus Navacim technology to develop and commercialize products for the treatment of type 1 diabetes, and will be responsible for clinical-stage development and commercialization. Parvus will still be responsible for conducting ongoing preclinical work in the diabetes area, with some research funding from Novartis.

Weve had such a long time to prove ourselves, that this is not a flash in the pan, that this is something serious and robust, Santamaria said. We know so much about the mechanisms of our actions, and so much granularity. I think there are no other drugs that have reached the clinic with this level of understanding. That was painful in the beginning for us, but in the end its going to be good.

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The Promise of Nanomedicine - Laboratory Equipment

The potential use of human gene editing is stimulating discussions and responses in every country. I will attempt to provide an overview of legal and regulatory initiatives around the globe. But I need to note that we are talking not only about government when we talk about law, regulation, and biotechnology. We are really talking essentially about an ecosystem that is made up of government, the public, and private industry, which produces innovative products based on the basic science and applied research coming out of our universities.

The ecology of this system is one in which there are many legal or policy issues that combine to affect whether biotechnology is promoted or hindered in any particular country. It ranges from topics such as intellectual property rights, which are reflected in areas from patent policy, to international trade laws, which will have a huge effect on whether or not the new products are going to be able to cross borders easily and under what conditions. The regulatory framework is going to determine the speed at which biotechnology moves from laboratory to development to marketed product.

The consumer demand will also be a profoundly important feature in determining which products are developed, because so many discoveries do not lead to something that the public wants or needs, or that it knows it wants and needs. This will also be affected by variables such as stigma and cultural attitudes.

Last of course, but certainly not least, are areas of public research and investment. All of these together are going to combine into a vision of how a particular country moves or does not move biotechnology. Some of the categories that have been proposed by other scholars range from promotional, in which a country is actually pushing the innovation; to a more neutral stance, in which it simply proceeds or not with as little government direction as possible; to precautionary; to an absolutely prohibitive system that either defunds entirely or even makes criminal the technology.

It is worth keeping in mind that within a country, one can have very different attitudes about different aspects of biotechnology. For example, the United States has a fairly permissive approach to biotechnology applied to genetically engineered animals and plants in the agricultural sector, whereas it has a much more cautious approach when it comes to the use of biotechnology in the context of human clinical care and therapies. There does not have to be a single approach to biotechnology across all application areas. There can be differences among countries and even within a country.

One can also look at how different areas of policy can be tied to one or another of these visions of an overall biotechnology direction. For example, strong patent protection can be viewed as promotional because it gives industry the greatest possible financial incentive to pursue particular application areas. However, from the basic science and research community point of view, strong patent protection can sometimes be perceived as slowing the ability to collaborate or take advantage of one anothers work.

In the area of biosafety, we see more case-by-case evaluation of biotechnology products, where everything really begins to hinge simply on the presumption about risk. One can take a precautionary approach that presumes it is dangerous until it is proven safe, or a permissive approach that presumes it is safe until it is proven dangerous. Since it is often impossible to prove either danger or safety, where that presumption falls will often be more determinative than anything else in deciding how quickly technologies move from the basic science laboratory to clinical research to application.

Finally, in the area of public information, there is a very lively debate going on, particularly in the United States, about the labeling of foods that have some component that involves modern biotechnology. For example, now that the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved the sale of a genetically modified farmed salmon, there is a debate about whether that salmon has to be identified for consumers.

If we have systems that carefully distinguish between those things that are the products of modern biotechnology and those that arent, we could be setting ourselves up for a more precautionary regulatory approach because it will tie into public attitudes that are often based on concern about either the corporate influence or the actual underlying science. On the other hand, if regulation is mandated only when there is evidence of a higher level of risk, products will reach the market more quickly, reflecting a more promotional stance.

To implement any one of these approaches, we have a variety of mechanisms that range from the least to the most enforceable. Public consultation is the least enforceable approach, and there is a spectrum of regulatory and legislative measures that can strengthen the level of control.

In the area of public consultation, we have numerous examples from around the world. In the United States, the National Environmental Policy Act is unusual among environmental laws because rather than telling individuals or companies what they can and cannot do, it simply provides that when the government makes a particular decision, it must be subjected to a higher degree of public scrutiny than is typical. The catchword for this approach is that sunlight is the best disinfectant. By incorporating public comment, it creates political pressure that can drive decisions in one way or another, and it allows for some interplay between government expertise and public consultation. We see other examples of it in the approval process for products such as engineered salmon, which required a number of public hearings.

Canada, when it looked at assisted reproduction, formed a royal commission on new reproductive technologies that held hearings on the topic across the country. In the European Union (EU), genetically engineered foods, or GMOs as they are usually referred to there, are of special concern. There is actually an EU directive requiring that there be a degree of public access to information whenever a product potentially affects biodiversity or other environmental elements.

Public consultation is considered an alternative to a centralized directive form of governance. One simply creates the situation in which the public can, through its own decentralized processes, exert pressure on government or on industry and thereby alter the direction or the speed of biotechnology innovation.

Next in this hierarchy of enforceability comes voluntary self-regulation. The 1975 Asilomar conference on recombinant DNA technology was one of the more notable examples of voluntary self-regulation by the scientific community when it recognized that there were certain risks that needed to be investigated before it pushed forward at full speed. The research community voluntarily imposed on itself moratoria on certain applications and implemented a series of precautionary measures having to do with containment of possibly dangerous materials. A more recent example is the set of guidelines for human embryonic stem cell research, which were developed by the U.S. National Academies and the International Society for Stem Cell Research.

What is interesting about these instances of self-regulation is that unlike the government-imposed rules, these were truly self-imposed rules that were seriously constraining in many ways. They often called for prohibiting payment for certain materials and services in ways that limited the ability of the scientific community to move as quickly as it might want. For example, it limited the use of chimeras and established strict guidelines on the distribution of the gametes and embryos needed for research.

It was a success in the sense that it forestalled what might have been really onerous government action at the state or federal levels, and it demonstrated that self-regulation could be flexible and nuanced without sacrificing reliability. The self-regulatory approach has also been used in the case of gain of function research, a very awkward name for research that increases the pathogenicity, transmissibility, or resistance to countermeasures of known pathogens.

Interestingly, these kinds of voluntary self-regulatory activities often lead directly into some government adoption by proxy of much of the content of the self-imposed rules. For example, in the gain of function area, some of the self-imposed rules led to a National Academies report, which then led, in turn, to the creation of the National Scientific Advisory Board for Biosecurity, which collaborates with its counterparts around the world to manage situations where there is fear that publishing key data will facilitate the transformation of useful biotechnology into bioterrorism.

There are government guidelines in other areas as well. These provisions technically are not enforceable, and yet they are very strongly persuasive because complying with them creates what essentially is a safe haven for companies. They know that if they stay within these guidelines, they are not going to run afoul of some actual regulation or law. These guidelines also create strong social norms.

At the international level, there is the Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS), which is very influential in creating global standards for research on human subjects. It refers back specifically to the Nuremberg protocols and has the ability to be more restrictive than any particular national set of rules.

That doesnt mean that national laws will necessarily follow, but it establishes a norm from which nations feel free to deviate only when they can provide justification that it is necessary to achieve some public benefit. Therefore, the CIOMS becomes extremely influential, even if not enforceable.

At the far end of the spectrum, of course, we have regulation and legislation. For example, many nations have laws that specifically ban human cloning, although the United States is not one of them. That is not to say that it actually happens in the United States; it is just that there is no U.S. legislation that explicitly bans it. The U.S. regulatory system could, in theory, approve it, but it has never indicated any particular willingness to do so. Effectively, it is impossible to do it legally in the United States, but it is not considered a ban.

We should keep in mind that legislation has the advantage of being more politically credible, particularly in more or less functioning democracies, because it is seen as a product of elected representatives. On the other hand, legislation is extremely rigid and difficult to change. Once it is in place, it can be impossible to remove it, and it is often resistant to nuance. Therefore, it can be a very blunt instrument.

Regulationthat is, the detailed administrative rules adopted pursuant to legislative direction and authorityhas the ability to be much more responsive and detailed, and is influenced to a greater extent by expert information. Yet, it also begins to become somewhat more divorced from public sentiment and begins to move into the world of the administrative state where there is rule by expert, which has its own challenges for democratic systems.

Looking specifically at regulation of human germline modification, a 2014 survey of 39 countries by Motoko Araki and Tetsuya Ishii found a variety of regulatory approaches. Many European countries legally prohibit any intervention in the germline. Other countries have advisory guidelines. The United States has a complicated regulatory scheme that would make it very difficult to perform any germline modification. There are also funding restrictions on embryo research that might have a very strong effect on the underlying basic science needed to even get to the point of regulatory approval. And many countries have simply not considered the possibility.

There are international instruments that have been written at various levels to address aspects of genetics. For example, the Council of Europes Oviedo Convention says that predictive genetic tests should be used only for medical purposes. It specifically calls for a prohibition on the use of genetic engineering of the germline or changing the makeup of later generations. It builds on earlier European conventions.

But like many international instruments, it is not ratified by every member country and, even when ratified, has not necessarily been implemented with concrete legislation. It has great normative value and can occasionally have enforcement-level value, but it is often lacking in the latter.

In the United States, gene therapy is handled in a regulatory system that treats it as a biological drug or a device, depending on its mode of operation. It comes under the comprehensive regulation of the FDA and under multiple laws focusing on infection control, efficacy, and safety.

The United States also seeks guidance from advisory bodies such as the Recombinant DNA Advisory Committee and the local research subjects review bodies that help to make sure that human clinical trials are managed in a way that agrees with the countrys norms and regulations.

But what is perhaps distinctive about the United States is that although it has very strong controls in the pre-market stage of these technologies, once a drug, device, or biologic is on the market, the control becomes much weaker. That is, the United States regulates the products, but not the physicians who actually use those products. Physicians have the discretion to take a product that was approved for one purpose and use it for a different purpose, population, or dosage. There are some post-market mechanisms to track the quality of this work and to dial it back, but they are not as strong as in other countries.

Gene therapy in South Korea has a pathway very similar to the one in the United States. Interestingly, South Korea has come to have a focus on innovation, with expanded access to investigational drugs. It is also developing a system of conditional approval, which would allow for some use of a product prior to the accumulation of the level of evidence that is required in systems such as that in the United States.

Again, there are different versions of this. Even in the United States, regulators sometimes accept evidence from surrogate markers of effectiveness, which allows for a faster path to the market. Many other countries are also considering adopting some form of conditional approval.

The United Kingdoms (U.K.) system is a little different because not only is it operating within the context of the EU and its directives, but it has its own very strong pre-market review process. In addition, it has very strong post-market regulation of any procedures involving embryos or human fertilization. Thus, U.K. regulations cover not just the product, but also where the product can be used and by whom.

The EU has also added special provisions for advanced therapy medicinal products. Gene therapy is almost certainly going to be among them, so that there is an extra layer of EU review for quality control at a centralized level.

Japan has a regulatory pathway that tries to identify prospectively those things that are going to be high, medium, or low risk, and to regulate them accordingly. The United States follows a similar process in its regulation of medical devices.

But for drug regulation, the United States treats everything from the beginning as equally dangerous and runs every proposed drug through the same paces of testing for safety and efficacy. By contrast, in Japan, one will see an initial determination about the level of risk that is likely to be present for each proposed drug and the degree of stringency that the regulatory process must apply as a result.

Japan also has recently added a conditional approval pathway specifically for regenerative medicine and gene therapy products. It will be very interesting to see how this operates. It is still new, so the experience is limited.

There is certainly some concern that if new products are put into use too early in controversial fields such as embryonic stem cell research or gene therapy, a single high-profile failure might set back the entire field. In the United States, the death in 1999 of Jesse Gelsinger in a gene therapy trial at the University of Pennsylvania set back the field by years.

One of the challenges with the conditional therapy pathway is to balance the desire to move forward as quickly as possible while avoiding the kinds of adverse outcomes that not only injure individuals, but could slow progress to the point that many individuals who could have benefited in the future are denied the technology because it is delayed so significantly.

Singapore has a risk-based approach similar to Japans. What is interesting in Singapore is that it actually tries to figure out what would be a high- versus low-risk intervention in the area of cell therapy. The variables that are used include whether the manipulation is substantial or minimal, whether the intended use is homologous or non-homologous, and whether it will be combined with a drug, a device, or another biologic.

The only consideration one might add is autologous versus non-autologous use. In Singapore, these distinctions are used to classify the level of risk. In the United States, it is used to determine if the FDA has the jurisdiction to regulate that particular product.

Finally, Brazil provides an example of regulation and governance by accretion. It recently approved laws related specifically to genetically engineered foods, stem cell research, and cell therapy, but they are layered on top of earlier, more general rules: constitutional prohibitions on the sale of any kind of human tissue and 1996 laws on the patenting of human biological materials. Together they are creating a situation of confusion. The result is paralysis while people try to figure out how the laws are going to interact. It is a cautionary tale about how to proceed with legislation against the backdrop of older decisions that may have been made against different imaginary scenarios.

There is a fundamental divide in the world about how we regulate biotechnology that goes beyond the categories of promotional, permissive, or prohibitive. It is whether we think of biotechnology as a thing unto itself, or whether we think of it simply as one more tool that goes into making various products.

If one regulates the technology, one regulates everything about the technology in a comprehensive way. An example is the EUs community strategy, which takes a global approach to the technology that makes it easier for the public to understand the so-called laws on biotechnology. One can focus on key aspects of the science that create key questions about the effects of a particular kind of innovation. Itto makes it possible to have consistent and overarching approaches to questions of great philosophical significance, such as what we mean when we say human dignity or genetic heritage of mankind.

It also has the problem of needing much more specific legislation to focus on individual products because, as is noted in a contrasting system where you regulate the product and not the technology, as is the case in the United States, the technology itself is neither inherently dangerous nor safe. It is dangerous in some contexts and safe in others. In some products, it is easier to predict its effects. In other products, it is much less likely. Some products may have environmental impacts, and for others the impact will be confined to a single individual or a single animal.

Regulating by product gives one the advantage of being able to be much more specific about the degree of risk that is feared or anticipated, and the degree of caution needed, as well as being able to take advantage of mature degrees of expertise in the regulatory pathways appropriate for drugs, foods, and pesticides, and of the expert people who have been implementing those pathways for years.

The trouble is that it can be confusing to the public. If someone asks: what is the law on biotechnology, the answer is that there are 19 different laws that cover drugs, devices, agricultural products, livestock, and so on. To many people, this sounds as if the country is not regulating biotechnology, and it creates the possibility for unintended or even unnoticed gaps among these laws or conflicts among them.

Whenever we are talking about this, whether in the human or non-human application, but particularly in the human, it is important to think about where in the R&D process we want to exercise control. Pre-market control is truly important to avoid the devastating adverse events that can occur if we move too quickly. But if pre-market control is too strong, not only does it slow the technology, but at a business level it creates a barrier to market entry for smaller players. Mature companies with large staffs know how to maneuver the regulatory system. A small company with very low levels of capital and a high burn rate is not necessarily going to be able to survive long enough to deal with a long and difficult pre-market process.

The AquAdvantage salmon that I mentioned earlier is made by a company that has reportedly been on the verge of bankruptcy during the 20-some years that the product was undergoing review. Another company in Canada that was trying to produce a pig that would be less environmentally damaging wound up abandoning this project, in part because that pathway was so long, slow, and expensive. There is a cost to pre-market controls that are so strong that they drive out the small, and often very creative, innovators.

One thing we have learned is that conditions on research grants, whether from government or philanthropies, can also serve as a strong regulator, but one that is much more responsive and much easier to adapt quickly to changing circumstances and changing levels of knowledge.

Finally, harmonization across national borders is crucial. If we want scientists to be able to use one anothers materials, they have to have confidence that the materials were derived and managed in a way that meets everybodys common expectations of both ethical and biomedically safe levels of care.

We want to have uniformly high standards for research and therapy. We want to be able to reduce conflicts and redundancies in review procedures if we want the science to proceed in a way that is efficient as well as responsible. We learned this lesson with the many conflicts among jurisdictions in the area of embryonic stem cell research.

The more that we have effective systems for responsible oversight in the development and deployment of a technology, the more we can take chances. We can move a technology quickly because we have a chance to back up at the end and change course.

Innovation is not something that is in conflict with precaution. They are complementary strategies in which precaution will facilitate innovation and give us the confidence we need to support these new and risk-taking technologies.

R. Alta Charo is Warren P. Knowles Professor of Law and Bioethics at the University of Wisconsin.

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The Legal and Regulatory Context for Human Gene Editing ...

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Medical researchers are reporting remarkable results using platelet rich plasma and stem cellsin the treatment of common injuries, including:

What should patients expect after Stem Cell Therapy?

The noticeable regeneration of the joint tissue and cartilage typically starts to occur within 3 weeks. Most of our patients report asubstantialreduction in pain and improved function within 4-6 weeksafter treatment. Many report total pain elimination within 10-12 weeks. Within 3-5 daysafter the procedure, most patients can return to work and resume normal daily activities. Patients cannot start stressful activity or begin strenuous exercise for six weeks. Returning to stressful activity before six weeks may result in incomplete healing of the treated tissue.

Is this therapy safe?

Yes. Autologous PRP therapy and Stem Cell therapy has been used for over 10 years in surgical and orthopedic procedures. There are many research articles published on the safety of these therapies. Because a patients own blood and cells are used, there is little risk of a transmissible infection, no side effects and a very low risk of allergic reaction.

How many treatments are required?

We treat most patients aggressively upon the first visit with a mix of PRP, Extracellular Fiber Matrix and Stem Cells which all work together to create yourregenerative injection. Most patients need only 1 treatment but you could potentially have a follow up pure PRP injection which is thought of as a booster shot, the primary function of which is to stimulate continual stem cell growth.

Continued here:
Stem Cell Therapy - Cendant Stem Cell Center - Denver ...

Sashank Prasad MD(Dr. Prasad of Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston, Massachusetts, has no relevant financial relationships to disclose.) Jonathan D Trobe MD,editor.(Dr. Trobe of the University of Michigan has no relevant financial relationships to disclose.)Originally released July 14, 1997; last updated June 6, 2018; expires June 6, 2021

This article includes discussion of cortical blindness, Anton syndrome, Anton-Babinski syndrome, cerebral blindness, cortical visual impairment, and geniculocalcarine dysfunction. The foregoing terms may include synonyms, similar disorders, variations in usage, and abbreviations.

Overview

Cortical blindness refers to visual loss due to bilateral lesions of the geniculocalcarine pathways in the brain. Patients with cortical blindness may or may not be aware of their visual deficits. When they are unaware of the extent of visual loss (often confabulating their responses), the clinical presentation is termed Anton syndrome. Etiologies of cortical blindness are numerous and diverse. In this article, the author discusses the diagnosis of cortical blindness and its various causes.

Key points

Cortical blindness is a term used to encompass visual loss from lesions of the retrogeniculate pathways. Pupillary responses are spared in a patient with cortical blindness because they rely on synaptic reflexes through the brainstem and do not require cortical inputs.

Patients with cortical blindness due to occipital lesions may be unaware of their visual deficits. If so, the clinical presentation is termed Anton syndrome.

Brain MRI is an important diagnostic test to determine the cause of cortical blindness, but not all causes produce MRI abnormalities.

When infarction is suggested by MRI, the diagnostic work-up should be aimed at identifying cardioembolism and other causes of stroke.

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome may cause cortical blindness and is associated with severe preeclampsia or eclampsia, hypertension, and use of certain medications.

Nonorganic visual loss should be considered a diagnosis of exclusion but can be suggested by examination findings that violate physiological patterns of visual loss.

Historical note and terminology

"Cortical blindness" is generally used to refer to visual loss due to bilateral dysfunction of the occipital visual cortex (striate cortex or V1). Some patients will exhibit unawareness of the extent of visual loss; this remarkable clinical state is termed "Anton syndrome" in reference to Gabriel Anton, who described this phenomenon in 1899 (Anton 1899). For lesions not isolated to the cortex, including the subcortical visual pathways, the term "cerebral blindness" may be more appropriate. The term "cortical visual impairment" has also been introduced (particularly in the pediatric population) when visual deficits are incomplete (Good et al 1994). Nevertheless, because the term "cortical blindness" continues to be in common use, it will be retained in this discussion.

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Cortical blindness - MedLink

Editor's note: This is the second article in a two-part series on the ongoing stakeholder discussions regarding the One Nation, One Poll proposal, called for by the Law Commission. Read part I here

***

The proposal to conduct Lok Sabha and State Assembly elections simultaneously, presently undergoing stakeholder consultation, led by the Law Commission of India, is yet to reckon with the question of whether simultaneous elections would damage the federal structure or any other basic feature of the Constitution.

Leaving this question open, at the tail-end of its Draft Working Paper, the Law Commission has laid out ways to ensure concurrent terms for the Lok Sabha and Assemblies (how to stave off dissolution of the House when a no-confidence motion is passed, or when there is a hung verdict in the election), and proposed some election scheduling options (all elections are held either together in 2019 and 2024, alongside the Lok Sabha elections, or in 2019 and 2021-22, such that elections are held every two and a half years, with state Assembly terms accordingly modified). Without testing the proposal against constitutional principles like democracy or federalism, the Law Commission has put the cart before the horse by suggesting amendments on the logistics of how to conduct simultaneous elections.

So what if we had simultaneous elections at the birth of India?

But first, it is crucial to address the Law Commission's and NITI Aayog's oft-repeated claim that simultaneous elections are somehow acceptable because "elections to Lok Sabha and all state Legislative Assemblies were held simultaneously between 1951 and 1967." To use our history in this way is flatly inaccurate and incorrect. First, several states had to go to polls in between the General Elections of 1951-52, 1957, 1962 and 1967 due to varied circumstances. Moreover, it is one thing for concurrent elections to take place organically, by virtue of the Centre and the states having commenced their democratic existence together under the Indian Constitution, and quite another, for simultaneous elections to be enforced, inorganically, in the way that is presently sought.

The birth of the Republic of India, was not a "coming together" of States as autonomous, pre-existing political units. As BR Ambedkar explained to the Constituent Assembly, "... though India was to be a federation, the Federation was not the result of an agreement by the States to join in a Federation and that the Federation not being the result of an agreement no State has the right to secede from it."

Representational image. AP

This statement is best understood in contrast with the United States of America, which was born from thirteen colonies coming together to sign the Declaration of Independence. Of the 50 states presently part of the United States, only eleven ratified the Constitution in 1787-88, two ratified the Constitution well after the first Congress was elected and convened, and other territories entered a country that was already governed by the US Federal Constitution. On the other hand, the Indian situation represents a "holding together" or unification of many socio-politically and culturally disparate political units under the terms of the Constitution of India. The Constitution took effect at the same time (more or less) for the princely States, the British provinces as well as the newly constituted Union Government Sikkim being the exception.

Now, the Indian Constitution governs the States and the Centre alike withregard to elections and political representation, unlike the Constitution of the United States, which governs only the Federal Government. So, the simultaneity of Central and State elections, 1951 onwards, to whatever extent, was a result of the Indian Constitution becoming effective at the same moment for the States and the Union Government. That situation cannot be compared with the present effort to forcefully ensure elections are simultaneously held at the Centre and the states. The deliberate transition from status-quo back to concurrent elections, and the enforced nature of concurrent elections are unconstitutional, even if simultaneity of elections in and of itself is permissible.

Enforced concurrent elections

To enforce concurrent elections, premature dissolution of the Lok Sabha or state assemblies must be prevented. In the case of a successful motion of no-confidence, Law Commission proposes that movers of the no-confidence motion propose an alternative government through a "motion of confidence". Likewise, in the case of a hung verdict after elections, it is proposed that all parties decide the leader of the Housewhich would require a relaxation in the Tenth Schedule of the Constitution "only for formation of a stable government".

To permit the movers of a no-confidence motion to propose an alternative government, is to say that voters' choice only matters in deciding the origin of a government but not the continued survival of a government. This might appear to be democratic to the extent that the new government will be accountable to Parliament by winning a vote of confidence. But there is a second aspect of democratic accountability: the Parliament must answer to citizens, and needs to enjoy our continued confidence. In putting an alternate government into power through a "motion of confidence", parliamentarians will be forced to act according to the will of their political party. However, when MPs are answerable to their political parties, nothing ensures that they are similarly answerable to citizensthe voters who elected them into power, for the simple reason that political parties are not answerable to voters.

In India, citizens vote for candidates who contest polls on a party ticket they have obtained, unless they run as independents.There are no rules which dictate guidelines as to who might get the ticket.We do not have a system of party "primaries"wherein voters choose a candidate to ultimately contest the main General Electionson that party's ticket from the pool of candidates seeking that partys endorsement. In short, political parties are not democratic in their internal structure and organisation. To make matters worse, the Tenth Schedule forces all elected members of a House to vote in line with the party whip, on threat of disqualification from the House.

In effect, during elections, voters either choose the individual whose capabilities they trust, thus risking an implicit vote for the candidates political party, or they choose the political party they wish to see in government, thus risking an implicit vote for an incompetent candidate. No system exists for voters to choose which candidate gets a party ticket from the political party they wish to see in government. Political parties, therefore, are not anchored to voter preferences once their candidates are elected as parliamentarians, until the next election cycle.

With political parties being internally undemocraticand externally unanswerable to voters, creation of an alternate government through a motion of confidence is partisan and undemocratic, since the electorate has no say in the matter.Likewise, in the case of a hung verdict, the Law Commission proposes a relaxation of Tenth Schedule norms such that all parties can together choose a leader of their House without being restrained by the Whip. However, hung verdicts are where the threats of defections and loss of majority in the House loom largest on a party. Relaxing Tenth Schedule norms here is to permit parliamentarians to vote against their party affiliation and "defect" to another party.

However, parliamentarians can never know whether they won the election in their constituency based on votes for their individual worth or a vote to see their political party in power. Permitting defection is to ignore the electorates choice yet again, particularly that section of voters who chose candidates for the party she represented.

In short, enforced concurrent elections violates representative democracy, a basic feature of our Constitution.

The outcome of concurrent elections impairs federalism

The composition of the Rajya Sabha is determined by the composition of the States legislatures and is crucial for federalism because of its power to enable Parliament to make laws on matters in the State List.The interests of the State were assumed to be taken care of in the Upper House by virtue of itsstructure andcomposition andthe political process of election a feature of "cooperative federalism". Therefore, to alter this political process by holding elections concurrently at the Centre and in states, is to alter the feature that is meant to protect federalism in the Rajya Sabha.

Data - such as this study by IDFC - shows that scheduling of State elections determines the likelihood of the same party being elected both at the Centre and the state-level. Unfortunately, IDFC concludes that "when presented with an option to choose different parties for the Lok Sabha and state, with all other things being equal, a vast majority of voters did not exercise that choice. Leveraging this, NITI Aayog dismisses their concerns, suggesting self-assuredly, that unless simultaneity of elections can be established as the cause of the same party winning at both levels of government, the mere correlation between the two events is not good evidence.

However, studies have contradicted IDFCs assumptions of the non-discerning voter. Voters deliberately reward the same party at the Centre and State, depending on the timing of the election.

Timing is everything

Psephologists like Yogendra Yadav have found that the national ruling party gains support in state elections that are held earlier in their term during the honeymoon period but lose ground as their term progresses.

The explanation of this phenomenon runs thus: since "voters are likely to credit the state ruling party and not the national ruling party" when States spend more money on programmes, national ruling parties are inclined to spend more on states whose governments are controlled by their own party. As states get more funds when they are governed by the same party at the Centre, state voters deliberately ensure the same party holds power at both levels. However, their incentives to do so are highest when the Centre's term has just commenced, so as to maximise the States gains in the five years of the Centre's term.Two or three years into their term, state voters may not be sure if the national ruling party will return to power, and, therefore, may not be too inclined to vote for the same party at the state level.National ruling parties' advantage in state elections in the first two years, turns into a disadvantage by their third year in government."

Since timing of elections in state is crucial in deciding whether the national ruling party comes to power in states, holding simultaneous polls would ensure one party dominance over the nation.

Voters choice must be respected, even if the outcome of their vote hurts federalism. Normatively, there is no reason why a vote for the national incumbent at the state level is worse than a vote against it.However, with the knowledge that several studies show that timing of State elections is, in most cases, a determinant of the national ruling party's success in states, enforcing simultaneous elections would amount to wilful blindness to its federalism-impairing consequences.

With inputs from Krupakar Manukonda

The author is a Bangalore-based lawyer, currently working on teaching democracy and active citizenship through experiential learning. She tweets @MaLawdy

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One Nation, One Poll proposal is completely blind to the ...

I'm 51, and I've multiple sclerosis since 18 years.The desease has not been too agressive in the first 14 years, but it has worsened in the last 4 years. It is secondary progressive form. My main symptoms are bladder and bowel difficulties, as well as erection problems, and to a lesser extend fatigue and spasticity in the legs.I've never had any medical treatment, as my neurologist says it doesn't work with secondary progressive MS. I'm just careful with what I eat : no animal fat, first pressure oils, organic fruits and vegetables. I'm also having various food supplements such as primerose oil, selenium, and stemenhance.

I went to the Stem Cell Institute in Panama (cellmedicine.com/locations.asp) in march 2010 for a two week treatment. I decided to tell the story of my experience on this forum, specially for those who are considering going for such therapy.

The people at the SCI were nice, friendly, and professional. Everything was well organised, with a taxi picking me up at my hotel always right on time.The different places where the treatment took place were very clean.I've had 5 intracathetal injections, and 2 intraveinous injections.The intracathetal used cells from umbilical cords, while the intraveinous were using stem cells from my own fat (obtained from a mini-liposuction).The treatment was not painful, except for the mini-liposuction which was a littleunpleasant.The treatment costed me 22500 US$. With the travel (from France) and accomodation expenses for me and the accompanying person, the total amount was approximately 26000 US$.

Unfortunately, 6 months after the treatment, I still don't feel any improvement.(but the treatment has not worsened my condition either).

Of course this is only my own experience, and others probably have indeed been improved.Now I'm just hoping that the new theory on CCSVI will eventually be the solution ...

Good luck to all of you who are in the same quest as I am.Zaz

See the rest here:
My experience with stem cells therapy in Panama - MSWorld

How Stem Cell Therapy Saves Patients with Kidney Failure

Stem cells are original cells that can differentiate into tissue functional cells. Abnormal creatinine level reflects kidney function decline (kidney cells necrosis), so stem cell treatment is conducted to replenish the absolute number of kidney cells to promote kidney function. Two type of stem cells will be used in your case, one is for promoting kidney function, and another is to replenish effective blood volume to alleviate your decrease in HGB level. Adult stem cells are transfused into the body through intravenous drip, like blood transfusion, and then stem cells reach the kidneys through blood circulation. This conduction requires no surgical operation. One stem cell treatment takes about one hour.

As mentioned above, stem cells reach the kidneys through blood circulation, which requires certain blood flow into kidneys or, in other words, certain remaining kidney function. Thousands of patients received stem cell therapy in our hospitals. The curative effect is closely related to patients remaining kidney function. For end stage kidney failure patients, this therapy helps them get rid of dialysis or reducing the frequency of dialysis. For early stage kidney failure patients, this therapy blocks kidney function from further decline and promotes and maintains kidney function to near normal level, so the patient can live a normal life without worrying about kidney function decline to end stage.

Stem Cells Therapy Offers New Hope For Kidney Disease Patients

Kidney failure or Renal failure is a serious medical condition where the kidneys fail to properly filter toxins and waste material from circulating blood. The two forms are acute and chronic where chronic kidney disease or health problems may cause renal failure. Problems associated with kidney problems include abnormal fluid and acid levels in the body, abnormal levels of potassium, calcium, phosphate. Long-term kidney problems have significant affects on other diseases, such as cardiovascular disease.

Stem Cell Treatment is the newest method in treating mild to end-stage kidney failure. Stem Cell Therapy is really effective in treating kidney failure. Usually people with End-Stage Kidney Failure should take dialysis and kidney transplantation. Stem cell treatment should be done before such drastic measures but can be done after and help patients off dialysis.

The stem cells have two characteristics: self- renew and differentiation. When Stem Cells Transplant into kidneys and human body, it will proliferate and differentiate into healthy immunocyte. The stem cells can rebuild your immune function, make your body produce antibodies, and express its immune function. So this pathogenic antibody was inhibited, so as to achieve the goal of regulating and controlling immune. At the same time, the stem cells constantly repair nephrocyte; the glomerular basement membranes also will be repaired. The symptoms such as urinary protein and occult blood will gradually disappear.

Stem Cell Treatment is characterized with safety, simpleness and effectiveness. Above all, there are no side effects with Stem Cell Treatment or harm to kidneys.

Type of Injection - Local Injection x 2 times Intravenous (IV) Injection x 2 times

Adjuvant Therapy :

Rehabilitation therapy Chinese traditional medicine to recuperate

The payment includes:Stem cell implantation :Physiotherapy and occupational therapy sessions, from Monday to Friday,Traditional Chinese medicineAccommodation for the patient AND for 1 or 2 accompanying family members.General medical services ; Doctor's visits and examinations, laboratory tests, etc

Foreign patient services:

Our international department team helps our foreign patients handle all the communication aspects of getting medical treatment in a foreign country. Staff is ready to help with everything from communicating with the medical team, nurses, and caregivers to daily needs like shopping, going to the bank, or making visa arrangements. We also provide transportation from the airport to the hospital upon arrival and make all necessary arrangements for transportation to the airport upon completion of the treatment.

Read this article:
Stem Cell Therapy for Kidney Failure-Hope Medical Group

Welcome

The Leeds Genetics Laboratory incorporates Molecular Genetics, Cytogenetics and a Molecular Oncology Diagnostic Facility. The laboratory is supported by the Translational Genomics Unit. The service is based at St Jamess Hospital and is part of the Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust.

The laboratory provides genetic analysis for inherited and acquired diseases for the population of Yorkshire. Services are also available nationally, as part of the UK Genetic Testing Network (UKGTN), and on an international basis.The Laboratory is accredited by UKAS for its established services.

This website is aimed primarily at health workers as an information resource.

Cytogenetics, Molecular Oncology and Whipples Referral Forms

Molecular Genetics Referral Forms

Letter to users re: changes to Whipple disease service

Letter to users re: change to testing strategy for recurrent miscarriage patients

Change to format of oncology reports:

Please note that from 01/01/18 solid tumour and molecular oncology results will be reported and integrated into cellular pathology reports. Separate reports from the Leeds Genetics Lab will no longer be issued.

Cytogenetic Enquiries:0113 2065419 leedsth-tr.Cytogenetics@nhs.net

Molecular Enquiries:0113 2065205 leedsth-tr.dna@nhs.net

Mon - Fri 8:30am - 5:00pm

For more information about schedules of our services covered under UKAS accreditation, please see

E Schedule 8105 (Cytogenetics); and E Schedule 8096 (Molecular Genetics)

For more information about the scope of our work please visit the British Society for Genetic Medicine website.

Link:
Leeds Genetics Laboratory - Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust

The use of stem cells in the treatment of heart failure cases is currently being investigated. Cardiovascular disease is the #1 killer in the United States accounting forone third ofall deaths.Heart disease kills more people than cancer, HIV, diabetesor trauma. Many advances in medical and surgical treatment of heart disease have contributed to a growing number of patients in their 70s and 80s with congestive heart failure. An estimated 1% of the Western world has congestive heart failure, including over 5 million Americans with an additional 550,000 new cases each year. Patients with advanced heart failure who require hospitalization, have a 50% mortality within the first fiveyears.The patients with significant coronary artery disease can sometimes undergo coronary artery bypass surgery or percutaneous coronary intervention to open up blocked arteries. Below is an example of a patient evaluated for heart failure and was found to have severe coronary disease. He later underwent bypass surgery.In addition, current medical treatment of patients with congestive heart failure include proven beneficial medicine such as beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, angiotensinIIreceptor blockers, angiotensin IIreceptor blocker Neprilysin inhibitors and diuretics. When appropriate, resynchronization of the right and left ventricles can be accomplished with special types of pacemaker and can be combined with a defibrillator (BiV-ICD). However, even after following all of these guideline proven therapies, some patients still run out of options and continue to have severe and debilitating congestive heart failure. Below is an example of a patient with severe heart failure symptoms despite having normal coronaries and a BiV-ICD.Heart transplant is a last resort for end stage heart disease.There is a very low number of donor hearts and transplant programs have very restricted eligibility criteria leaving a large number patients with very few options.There are reasons to believe that regenerative therapy could really help patients with congestive heart failure. Multi-potent cardiac stem cells exist in the heart and participate in the normal turnover of heart muscle cells and small blood vessels.A heart attack kills heart muscle which is made of millions of heart cells. The question is: Would regenerative therapy be able to replace those heart cells or cardiac myocytes?Thousands of patients have been enrolled in clinical trials to address this question. Regenerative or stem cell therapy has been shown to be safe. Modest benefits have been demonstrated but the mechanism has not been completely elucidated. So far, there is no evidence that cells regenerate from the transplanted stem cells. Animal studies have shown that only 1% of the stem cells injected into the heart tissue are detectable after 1 month. The clinical benefits observed appeared to be due to arelease of growth factors which triggers endogenous repair of the heart cells and inhibits cell death and fibrosis resulting in increased performance of the heart muscle.

An example of an abnormal echocardiogram.

Comments are purely for informational purposes and are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Disclaimer

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Stem Cells in the Treatment of Heart Failure MyHeart

Home About Us Our Team

Meet the Veterinarians & Team of Secaucus Animal Hospitalin Secaucus! Were pleased to provide exceptional vet care for your pets!

Please call us at (201) 867-4795to speak to one of our caring veterinary staff members!

John Hatch grew up in Ireland and graduated with his veterinary degree in 1988 from

Dr Deepali Herlekar is originally from India where she got her bachelors degree in

Join us in welcoming Dr. Lauren Korecky to the Secaucus Animal Hospital! Dr. Korecky was

Adrienne is the head technician at Secaucus Animal Hospital, and has been working there

Recently joining the SAH team in May 2017, Angie has been a veterinary technician since

Cathy has been a technician at Secaucus Animal Hospital since 1998. She also attended Cook

Iliana is one of the newer technicians at SAH. Having recently received her bachelor's

Mike is from Moonachie, where he lives with his eight cats. He's an amazing carpenter as

Mona is originally from Camp Springs, Maryland, and has been with Secaucus Animal Hospital

Priscilla is one of our full-time technicians and has also volunteered for the Secaucus

Stephanie is a Jersey City resident who has been in the veterinary field since 2008.

Tim grew up in Bayonne and Vernon N.J. After serving 4 years in the US Air Force as a

Michelle is a New Jersey-certified Animal Control Officer and Cruelty Investigator,

Esteban graduated this past May with a degree in Animal Science from Rutgers University.

Gineen has been a client of SAH for over 20 years. Already an experienced animal

Anne-Marie is a local girl who happened upon Secaucus Animal Hospital through her friend

Brittany has been a lover of animals ever since she can remember. Its been a dream of

Doreen is a Secaucus resident and has been working with Secaucus Animal Hospital for more

Dorothy is originally from Columbus, Georgia and has two dogs, a Puggle and a Basenji.

Jim hails from Boston, MA. He is thrilled to be using his love of animals in a

Linda hails from Carlstadt, N.J. Originally a Secaucus Animal Hospital client, Linda has

Go here to see the original:
Our Team - Secaucus Animal Hospital Secaucus, New Jersey

In this impressive, meticulously researched study of the exciting new developments in gene therapy, geneticist and journalist Lewis (Human Genetics) looks closely at the history of setbacks plaguing the treatment of rare genetic diseases as well as recent breakthroughs...Yet with each success, as Lewis recounts in this rigorous, energetic work, possibilities in treating HIV infection and dozens of other diseases might be around the next corner. Publisher's Weekly (starred review)

A fascinating account of groundbreaking science and the people who make it possible. Kirkus

Ricki Lewis gives us the inspiring story of gene therapy as told through Corey's eyes--literally. Her book delves into the challenges modern medicine faces--both in its bitter disappointments and great successes--but it goes much deeper than that. With empathy and grace, Lewis shows us the unimaginable strength of parents with sick children and the untiring devotion of the physicians who work to find the forever fix' to save them. But best of all Lewis gives us a story of profound hope. Molly Caldwell Crosby, author of The American Plague: The Untold Story of Yellow Fever, the Epidemic that Shaped Our History and Asleep: The Forgotten Epidemic that Remains One of Medicine's Greatest Mysteries

The Forever Fix is a wonderful story told by one of our most gifted science and medical writers. In the tradition of Siddhartha Mukherjee's The Emperor of All Maladies, Ricki Lewis explains complex biological processes in extremely understandable ways, ultimately providing crucial insights into the modeling of disease and illustrating how gene therapy can treat and even potentially cure the most challenging of our health conditions. Dennis A. Steindler, Ph.D., former Executive Director of the McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida

Ricki Lewis has written a remarkable book that vividly captures the breathtaking highs and devastating lows of gene therapy over the past decade while giving ample voice to all sides -- the brave patient volunteers, their parents and physicians. The Forever Fix is required reading as we dare to dream of curing a host of genetic diseases. Kevin Davies, Founding editor of Nature Genetics; author of The $1,000 Genome and Cracking the Genome

In 'The Forever Fix,' Ms. Lewis chronicles gene therapy's climb toward the Peak of Inflated Expectations over the course of the 1990s. A geneticist and the author of a widely used textbook, she demonstrates a mastery of the history. The Wall Street Journal

An engaging and accessible look at gene therapy. Times Union

Medical writer Ricki Lewis interweaves science, the history of medical trial and error, and human stories from the death in 1999 of teenager Jesse Gelsinger, from a reaction to gene therapy intended to combat his liver disease, to radical successes in some children with adenosine deaminase deficiency. Nature

Lewis adeptly traverses the highs and lows of gene therapy and explores its past, present, and future through the tales of those who've tested its validity. The Scientist

More here:
The Forever Fix: Gene Therapy and the Boy Who Saved It ...

This list focuses on abbreviations and acronyms commonly used in veterinary practice and supplements the standard and widely available reference sources such as Gales Acronyms, Initialisms & Abbreviations Dictionary. It is intended for use by veterinary students, researchers, practitioners, and librarians.

The initial selection of abbreviations and acronyms was based on The Merck Veterinary Manual, Seventh Edition, published by Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, N.J, U.S.A., 1991. The list continues to be supplemented using many other sources such as Guide to Veterinary Medical Terminology by Phillip E. Cochran, published by American Veterinary Publications, Inc., Goleta, CA.

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Veterinary Abbreviations & Acronyms Guide Veterinary ...

PUBMED NLM ID: 101586297 | Index Copernicus Value: 84.95 The Journal of Stem Cell Research & Therapy is an open access journal that showcases seminal research in the field of stem cell therapy. As stem-cells are flag-bearers of translational research, the field has an interdisciplinary feel by including oncology, clinical research, medicine and healthcare under the aegis of stem-cell therapy. It also includes scientific research related to the auxiliary areas of Biology by prioritizing scholarly communication milieu and transfers expert knowledge synthesized from the ever burgeoning stem-cell literature. In order to create such impactful content, the Journal of Stem Cell Research & Therapy brings together an expert Editorial Board, which comprises of noted scholars in the field of Cell Biology. Every single article is subjected to rigorous peer review by illustrious scientists. In addition to Research Articles, the Journal also publishes high quality Commentaries, Reviews, and Perspectives aimed at synthesizing the latest developments in the field, and putting forward new theories in order to provoke debates amongst the scholars in the field. The journal thus maintains the highest standards in terms of quality and comprehensive in its approach.The journal aims to provide the authors with an efficient and courteous editorial platform. The authors can be assured of an expeditious publishing process. In this regard, the journal also provides advance online posting of the accepted articles. The Journal of Stem Cell Research & Therapy ensures barrier-free, open access distribution of its content online and thus, helps in improving the citations for authors and attaining a good impact factor.

Scholarly Journal of Stem Cell Research & Therapy is using online manuscript submission, review and tracking systems of Editorial Manager for quality and quick review processing. Review processing is performed by the editorial board members of Journal of Stem Cell Research and Therapy or outside experts; at least two independent reviewers approval followed by editor approval is required for acceptance of any citable manuscript.

It is an undifferentiated cell which is capable of transforming into more cells of same type or multiple other types. They are found in multicellular organisms. They can differentiate into cells of blood, skin, heart, muscles, brain etc. In adult human being, they replenish the dead cells of various organs. Stem cells are being used for treatment of various diseases like diabetes, arthritis, few cancers, bone marrow failure etc.

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They can develop into any cell type or organ in the body. A single totipotent stem cell can give rise to an entire organism. Fertilized egg or a zygote is the best example. Zygote divides and produces more totipotent cells. After 4 days the cells lose totipotency and become pluripotent.

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They can differentiate into any cell type in the human body. Embryonic stem cells are mostly pluripotent stem cells. They have the ability to differentiate into any of three germ layers: endoderm, mesoderm, or ectoderm.

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These are multipotent stem cells normally found in the bone marrow and are derived from mesenchyme. They differentiate into adipocytes, chondrocytes, osteoblasts, myocytes and tendon. MSCs can also be extracted from blood, fallopian tube, fetal liver and lungs.

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They are the multipotent stem cells derived from mesoderm and located in red bone marrow. They are responsible for production of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. HSCs give rise to myeloid lineage (which forms erythrocytes, eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils, macrophages, mast cells and platelets) and lymphoid lineage (which forms T-lymphocytes, plasma cells and NK cells).

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They can differentiate into more than one cell type, but only into a limited number of cell types. Hematopoietic stem cells are considered multipotent as they can differentite into red blood cells, platelets, white blood cells but they cannot differentiate into hepatocytes or brain cells.

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Cells with stem cell like abilities have been observed breast cancer, colon cancer, leukemia, melanoma, prostate cancer which can form new cells and lead to tumorigenesis. They cause relapse and metastasis by giving rise to new tumors. Scientists are developing methods to destroy CSCs in place of traditional methods which focus on bulk of cancer cells.

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They are derived from Hematopoietic stem cells. They differentiate into Erythrocyte progenitor cell (forms erythrocytes), Thrombocyte progenitor cell (forms platelets) and Granulocyte-Monocyte progenitor cell (forms monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, dendritic cells).

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They are the self-renewing, multipotent stem cells in the nervous system that differentiate into neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. They repair the nervous system after damage or an injury. They have potential clinical use the management of Parkinsons disease, Huntingtons disease and multiple sclerosis.

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They are derived from embryo in the blastocyst stage. They are pluripotent stem cells. They give rise to all derivatives of the three primary germ layers: endoderm (stomach, colon, liver, pancreas, intestines etc.), mesoderm (muscle, bone, cartilage, connective tissue, lymphatic system, circulatory system, genitourinary system etc.) and ectoderm (brain, spinal cord, epidermis etc.).

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Embryonic stem cells are derived from the fetus are used in treatment of various diseases. As ESCs are pluripotent, they can differentiate into any cell type. Researchers are able to grow ESCs into complex cells types like pancreatic -cells and cardiocytes. Fetal cell therapy is generating lot of controversy from religious groups and ethics committees.

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Research is being done to use stem cells for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Human embryonic stem cells may be grown in vivo and stimulated to produce pancreatic -cells and later transplanted to the patient. Its success depends on response of the patients immune system and ability of the transplanted cells to proliferate, differentiate and integrate with the target tissue.

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The procedure to replace damaged cells (in cancers, aplastic anemia etc.) with healthy stem cells of the same person or in another compatible person to restore the normal production of cells. It can either be autologous or allogeneic. Bone marrow HSCs are generally used for the transplantation.

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They are the totipotent, undifferentiated cells present in the meristems (shoot and root apices) of a plant. They never undergo aging process and can grow into any cell in the plant throughout its lifetime. They have numerous applications in production of cosmetics, perfumes, pigments, insecticides and antimicrobials.

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Several types of dental stem cells have been isolated from mature and immature teeth, exfoliated deciduous teeth and apical papilla, MSCS from tooth germs and from human periodontal ligament. They are found to be multipotent and can give rise to osteogenic, adipogenic, myogenic and neurogenic cell lineages.

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Adipose tissue is a huge source of mesenchymal stem cells which differentiate into various cell types. They can be easily extracted in large numbers by a simple lipo-aspiration. They have good application potential in regenerative medicine. ASCs are found to have the ability to differentiate into bone cells, cartilage cells, nerve cells, adipocytes etc.

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Preservation of stem cells is critical for both research and clinical application of stem-cell based therapies. Properly preserved stem cells can be later used in the field of regenerative medicine for treating congenital disorders, heart defects etc. Currently there is no universal method for preserving stem cells and the existing methods are expensive.

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MSCs can be applied in osteoarthritis treatment through implantation and microfracture as well as intra-articular injections. Single injection studies have showed improvement from pain which decreased overtime. Multiple, regular MSC injections into joints may be necessary.

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