StemCell Therapy

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There is no shortage of myths and misconceptions when it comes to stem cell research and regenerative medicine. Here we address the most common concerns.

If you have more questions that aren't addressed here, please visit our other Stem Cell FAQ pages.

Is CIRM-funded stem cell research carried out ethically?Where do the embryos come from to create stem cell lines?I'm opposed to abortion. Can embryonic stem cell lines come from aborted fetuses?Does creating stem cell lines destroy the embryo?Are adult stem cells as goodor betterthan embryonic stem cells?Don't iPS cells eliminate the need to use embryos in stem cell research?Can't stem cell research lead to human cloning?

Stem cell research, like any fieldwithin biomedicine, poses social and ethical concerns. CIRM, as well as the broader research community, takes these seriously.

As a state funding body, CIRM has comprehensive policies to govern research, similar to our national counterpart, the National Institutes of Health. CIRM-funded researchers must comply with a comprehensive set of regulations that have been carefully developed and are in accordance with national and international standards.

These regulations were among the first formal policies governing the conduct of stem cell research and are in accordance with recommendations from the National Academies and from the International Society for Stem Cell Research. CIRMs Standards Working Group meets regularly to consider new ethical challenges as the science progresses and to revise standards to reflect the current state of the research.

Find out More:

CIRM regulationsNational Academies of Science guidelinesInternational Society for Stem Cell Research guidelinesNational Academies of Science podcast about guidelines for embryonic stem cell research More about CIRM-grantee ethics training (4:03)

All the human embryonic stem cell lines currently in use come from four to five day-old embryos left over from in vitro fertilization (IVF) procedures. In IVF, researchers mix a man's sperm and a woman's eggs together in a lab dish. Some of those eggs will become fertilized. At about five days the egg has divided to become a hollow ball of roughly 100 cells called a blastocyst which is smaller than the size of the dot over an i. It is these very early embryos that are implanted into the woman in the hopes that she becomes pregnant.

Each cycle of IVF can produce many blastocysts, some of which are implanted into the woman. The rest are stored in the IVF clinic freezer. After a successful implantation, they must decide what to do with any remaining embryos. There are a few options:

Some embryonic stem cell lines also come from embryos that a couple has chosen not to implant because they carry harmful genetic mutations like the ones that cause cystic fibrosis or Tay Sachs disease. These are discovered through routine genetic testing prior to implantation. Still other embryos might be malformed in some way that causes them to be rejected for implantation into the mother. Embryos with genetic defects of malformations would have been discarded if the couple had not chosen to donate them to stem cell research.

People who donate leftover embryos for research go through an extensive consent process to ensure that they understand embryonic stem cell research. Under state, national and international regulations, no human embryonic stem cell lines can be created without explicit consent from the donor.

Policies vary as to whether women may be paid or otherwise compensated to donate eggs. Most jurisdictions allow donors to be reimbursed for direct costs such as travel to the clinic or lodging. Some also allow payments or IVF services to be provided to egg donors.

Find out More:

How do scientists create stem cell lines from left over IVF embryos? (4:11)

No. Emybronic stem cells only come from four to five day old blastocysts or younger embryos.

In most cases, yes. The hollow blastocystwhich is where embryonic stem cells come fromcontains a cluster of 20-30 cells called the inner cell mass. These are the cells that become embryonic stem cells in a lab dish. The process of extracting these cells destroys the embryo.

Dont forget that the embryos were donated from IVF clinics. They had either been rejected for implantation and were going to be destroyed, or the couple had decided to stop storing the embryos for future use. The embryos used to create embryonic stem cell lines were already destined to be destroyed.

There is, however, a second method that creates embryonic stem cell lines without destroying the embryo. Instead, scientists take a single cell from a very early stage IVF embryo and can use that one cell to develop a new line. The process of removing one cell from an early stage embryo has been done for many years as a way of testing the embryo for genetic predisposition to diseases such as Tay Sachs. This process is called preimplantation genetic testing.

Adult stem cells are extremely valuable and have great potential for future therapies. However, these cells are very restricted in what they can do. Unlike embryonic stem cells, which can grow into virtually any cell type in the body, adult stem cells can only follow certain paths.

For example, Blood-forming stem cells can grow into mature blood cells, and brain stem cells may be able to grow into mature neurons, but a blood-forming stem cell cant grow into a neuron, and vice versa. Whats more, adult stem cells dont grow indefinitely in the lab, unlike embryonic stem cells, and they arent as flexible in the types of diseases they can treat.

And, while the news is full of stories about people who had great results from adult stem cell therapies, few of these therapies are part of big trials that can test whether a potential therapy is safe and effective. Until some of these large trials take place with both adult and embryonic stem cells we won't know which type of stem cell is superior. Even researchers who study adult stem cells advocate working with embryonic cells as well.

CIRM is excited about their potential for treating some diseases. However, our goal is to accelerate new treatments for diseases in need. At this time the most effective way of doing that is by exploring all types of stem cells. That's why CIRM has funded researchers pursuing a wide range of approaches to finding cures for diseases.

See how much of CIRM's funding has gone to different types of stem cells here: Overview of CIRM Stem Cell Research Funding.

Filter our list of all funded CIRM grants to see awards using different cell types.

How are adult stem cell different from embryonic stem cells? (3:29)

Induced pluripotent stem cells, or iPS cells, represent another type of cell that could be used for stem cell research. . iPS cells are adult cellsusually skin cellsthat scientists genetically reprogram to appear like embryonic stem cells. The technology used to generate human iPS cells, pioneered by Shinya Yamanaka in 2007, is very promising, which is why CIRM has funded many grants that create and use these cells to study or treat disease. However, iPS cell technology is very new and scientists are looking into whether those cells have the same potential as human embryonic stem cells and whether the cells are safe for transplantation.Many CIRM-funded researchers are working to find better ways of creating iPS cells that are both safe and effective.

Experts agree that research on all types of stem cells is critical. In September 2008, a panel of experts convened by the U.S. National Academy of Sciences stated that the use of human embryonic stem cells is still necessary. As panel chair Richard Hynes of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology stated:

It is far from clear at this point which types of cell types will prove to be the most useful for regenerative medicine, and it is likely that each will have some utility.

See a video about creating iPS cells (3:40)

No. Every significant regulatory and advisory body has restrictions on reproductive cloning. The National Academy of Sciences has issued guidelines banning the technique as has the International Society for Stem Cell Research. The California constitution and CIRM regulations specifically prohibit reproductive cloning with its funding.

Updated 2/16

Read the rest here:
Myths and Misconceptions About Stem Cell Research ...

Senescent cell removal135%2016Does not affect rotarod performance, object discrimination. Slight delay in wound closure.1Rapamycin110%2009Late-life rapamyicn treatment extends lifespan (pooled females from multiple-site NIA study)2NR105%2016Claim an increase in running distance3Catalase117%2005Mitochondrially-targeted catalase expression extended mouse lifespan compared to control4Sirt6 overexpression115%2012Sirt6-overexpression increases male mouse lifespan5Metformin106%2013In males, small but significant lifespan extension after metformin application6DN-IB110%2013Dominant negative to downregulate IKK-beta activity, delivered to hypothalamus of middle-aged mice7Klotho120%2005Overexpression under human elongation factor 1 promoter increases lifespan, slight fertility loss8S6K1118%2009KO of S6K1 extends lifspan compared to wildtype mice9p66128%1999Mutation of a p66shc, member of proto-oncogene locus SHC, extends lifespan. May be just due to cancer effect.10Lowering protein:carbohydrate ratio128%2014Varied protein, carbohydrate, and total energy levels.11Fat-specific insulin receptor knockout mice111%2003Fat-specific insulin receptor knockout mice show a significant increase in lifespan12C57BL/6 mice with NZB/OlaHsd mitochondrial mutations120%2016Same nuclear, different mitochondrial DNA.13Fasting mimicking diet112%2015FMD followed by 10 days of normal, then repeat14Rapamycin127%2014Rapamycin from 9 months of age, weight decreased ~30% at highest dose15Brain-specific Sirt1 expression116%2013Brain-specific Sirt1 expression in female mice increases lifespan over wildtype16SRT1720104%2014Start diet at 28 weeks of age, very small increase on lifespan17Spermidine111%2016Polyamine, administered in drinking water18Atg5 overexpression117%2013Transgenic mice ubiquitously expressing Atg5 (crucial for autophagasome confirmation) live longer.19Telomerase124%2012Paper showing telomerase therapy increasing life20Insulin receptor substrate null132%2008Insulin receptor substrate 1 null mouse lifespan extension in females21Snell Dwarf Mice142%2001Snell dwarf mouse paper showing life extension22Ames Dwarf Mice168%1996Original Ames dwarf mouse paper showing life extension23s-Arf/p53113%2007An extra copy of p53 and upstream regulator Arf/p16Ink4a increases lifespan24Slow growth during lactation106%2004Male mice suckled by dams fed a low-protein diet lived longer than their control cohort25Methionine restriction111%2005Methionine restriction increases mouse lifespan, here median lifespan increase in mice that survived at least 1 yr.26Rapamycin (3 months)114%2016Lifespan given from time of treatment which was 23-24 mo, used 24 mo to get percentage so this is an estimate27GHR-BP138%2000Mice deficient in growth hormone receptor / binding protein live longer (female mean, not median, lifespan shown here)28mTOR116%2013mTOR depletion extends lifespan29PTEN overexpression112%2012Overexpression of PTEN, a tumor suppressor which counteracts PI3K, extends mouse lifespan30Myc (+/-)121%2015Claim no correlation between weight and lifespan31FGF-21139%2012Hepatic-specific expression of FGF-21 (which suppresses growth hormone and reduces the production of IGF) increases lifespan, female lifespan shown here32BubR1 overexpression114%2012Kinase which localizes to kinetochore, overexpression increases lifespan33AC5 KO132%2007AC5 knockount mice lived longer than control, potentially linked to effects on cAMP production and beta-adrenergic receptor signaling.3417-alpha-estradiol112%201317-alpha-estradiol extended lifespan in males, but not females (as expected)35Acarbose122%2013Acarbose extended male more than female lifespan36TRPV1 -/-114%2014Resting exchange ratio similar at 16 mo to 3 mo37SRT2104106%2014Start diet at 28 weeks of age, very small increase if there38Hcrt-UCP2128%2006UCP2 under hypocretin promoter lowers core body temp, increases lifespan39G6PD overexpression114%2016Reduces NADP+40IGF-1 Receptor Brain KO (+/-)109%2008Brain-specific IGF-1 Receptor +/- mice live longer than WT41SURF-1 KO121%2007Mutations in SURF1, a cytochrome c oxidase assembly factor, extend lifespan. Mitochondrial.42Litter enlargemnet (CR)118%200950% enlargement of litter in first 20 days, to induce caloric restriction43mclk-1 heterozygous115%2005A heterozygous knockout of mclk1 (important in mitochondrial respiration) results in mouse lifespan extension compared to wildtype44Nordihydroguairaitic acid112%2008NDGA and aspirin extend lifespan by a little bit. Small molecule.45Aspirin108%2008NDGA and aspirin extend lifespan by a little bit. Small molecule.46SOD mimetic carboxyfullerene115%2008Carboxyfullerene, described as an SOD mimetic, increased the lifespan of treated mice compared to wildtype control47Removal of visceral fat tissue108%2008Removal of visceral fat tissue increases lifespan over control48Low glycotoxin diet112%2007Low glycotoxin (low levels of AGE's) shown to extend lifespan49Per2 (-/-)118%2016Lifespan study incomplete50Neonatal metformin120%2015Animals recieved on 3, 5, 7th day after birth - bad for females, good for males.51GHRH KO146%2013GHRH (Growth-Hormone Releasing Hormone) disruption extends lifespan, presumably through the insulin/IGF pathway axis52Sod-2 overexpresion104%2007Overexpression of SOD-2 targeted to the mitochondrion increases mouse lifespan relative to wildtype53Metallothionein cardiac-specific expression114%2006Cardiac-specific expression of antioxidant metallothionein extended the lifespan of wildtype mice compared to WT FVB control.54IGF1R(+/-)121%2013Tyrosine kinase receptor activated by IGF1/255Ink4a/Arf/Ink4b116%2009Encodes 2 CDKs (p16 and p15), and Arf (upstream of p53)56Adult-onset Ghr (-/-)100%2016Male mice have >2x higher insulin than female mice57Ovary Transplantation117%2003Original paper showing that transplantation of young ovaries into old animals could result in lifespan increase58UCP-1 transgenic111%2007Transgenic mice with skeletal muscle-specific UCP1 had increased longevity. Small increase if there.59PAPP131%2010Knockout of PAPP-A (which enhances IGF-1 activity by degrading the inhibitory IGF-binding protein) increases lifespan over wildtype, female lifespan shown here60CR diet with lard132%201540% decrease starting at 4 months61loss of function of Riib (PKA subunit)114%2009Knockout of RIIbeta, a subunit of PKA, increased lifespan in mice compared to wildtype62Myostatin (+/-)109%2015Knockout induces double-muscle mice63Akt1 +/-113%2013Haploinsufficiency of Akt1 increases mouse lifespan relative to wildtype. Insulin/IGF-1 pathway.64miR-17117%2014Not clear if there is a main function for miR-1765NDGA111%2015Makes up ~12.5% of the dry weight of leaves66FAT10ko119%2014Ubiquitin-like protein which can signal for protein to go to proteasome.67Intranasal Hsp70116%2015Seemed to extend lifespan when started at 17 months68RasGRF1(-/-)120%2011Ras-guanine nucleotide exchange factor (Ras-GRF1) -/- mice displayed increased lifespan compared to wildtype.69Lmna-Lcs (Lamin C alone)113%2014Body weight and tumor incidence increase in mice expressing only Lamin-C70Cisd2 overexpression119%2011Cisd2 transgenic mice (expressing more of it) lived longer than wildtype. Cisd2 is a transmembrane protein expressed on the mitochondrial outer membrane and associated with a human longevity locus.71metoprolol110%2013Administration of the beta-adrenerginc receptor blocker metoprolol to mice increased lifespan compared to wildtype72nebivolol106%2013Administration of the beta-adrenerginc receptor blocker nebivolol to mice increased lifespan compared to wildtype73uPA (in ocular lens/CNS nerve cells)118%1997uPA expression under alpha-crystallin promoter increases lifespan, small/eat less74MIF-1 KO116%2010MIF-1 knockout mutant (T-cell derived cytokine) extends lifespan75mGsta4-null113%2009Enzyme protects against lipid peroxidation, weird that less of its activity might increase lifespan76Muscle-specific GHRKO109%2015Knockout under muscle creatinine kinase promoter77CAM-(1A)AR mice110%2011Mice with a constitutively active mutant form of the alpha1-adrenergic receptor (CAM-alpha1aAR) lived longer than wildtype control78Cardiac-specific catalase overexpression113%2007Overexpression of catalase specifically in the heart in mice79Icariin108%2015Flavonoid80miR-29 brain-specific KO112%2016miR-29 highly expresed in brain during development81Bi-maternal mice128%2010Mice prepared to be bi-maternal were found longer-lived than their normal cohort82RNase-L(-/-)127%2007Knockout of RNase-L, which accelerates cell senescence when expressed, increases lifespan in mice compared to wildtype83hMTH1-Tg116%2013Express high levels of hMTH1 hydrolase, thought to degrade 8-oxodGTP and 8-oxoGTP. Oxidative stress.84DGAT-1 -/-126%2012Knockout of DGAT1, which catalyzes triglyceride synthesis, extends mouse lifespan relative to wildtype85IGFBP-2 overexpression105%2016Proteins bind IGF1/2, degraded during pregnancy, delay in sexual maturity86PAPP-A on high-fat diet105%2015Males chosen so no adverse developmental effect on fat depots87clk-1(-/-) with clk-1 transgene128%2014clk-1 functions in ubiquinone synthesis, but levels weren't very affected.88AgRP -/-110%2006Neuropeptide that is appetite stimulator, overexpression leads to hyperphagia and obesity.89Bone marrow transplantation106%2013Bone marrow transplantation from young to old mice was claimed to extend lifespan90Young blood injections94%2014Resulted in decreased lifespan91Nas(-/-) mice125%2011Hyposulfatemic NaS1 null mice (Nas1 -/-) had an increased lifespan compared to wildtype control.92Cyclophilin D (+/-)119%2017Decrease in maximum lifespan93PAPP-A in adults120%2017Tamoxifen-induced knockdown94Mtbp (+/-)120%2016Rotarod, open field, blood glucose, insulin, IGF-1 were the same.95

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Longevity FAQ Laura Deming

This is a shattering work by a literary master.The Boston Globe

This is an important book, one that is unafraid to face all of the horrors of the century.The Washington Post

Symphonic . . . [There is] a clear-eyed and compassionate acknowledgment of things as they are, a quality that can only honestly be termed wisdom. We should be grateful when it is handed to us in such generous measure.The New York Times Book Review

Saramago's surreal allegory explores the ability of the human spirit to prevail in even the most absurdly unjust of conditions, yet he reinvents this familiar struggle with the stylistic eccentricity of a master.The New Yorker

Extraordinarily nuanced and evocative . . . This year's most propulsive, and most profound, thriller.The Village Voice

Like Jonathan Swift, Saramago uses airily matter-of-fact detail to frame a bitter parable; unlike Swift he pierces the parable with a dart of steely tenderness . . . out of leisurely prose, the ferocity and tenderness shoot suddenly: arrows set alight. . . . Enchanting, sinuous dialogue.TheLos Angeles Times

Blindness may be as revolutionary in its own way and time as were, say, The Trial and The Plague in theirs. Another masterpiece.Kirkus Reviews (starred review)

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Blindness (Harvest Book): Jose Saramago, Giovanni Pontiero ...

91607Demonstrate understanding of human manipulations of genetic transfer and its biological implicationsIntroduction to the standard and key words listA super amazing (it really is) place to start.This assessment could be run as a research task by your teachers so the content will only be provided to understand the concepts around the standard. The main idea is that you will be looking at two biological manipulations (that's something that us humans have done directly to a genome of an animal or plant) and linking this to multiple implications for THAT organism. Remember this standard is not about the human implications and only how it affects the organism or populations. Make sure you build a good understanding as whatever you do will have to be from your own perspective/ words. The big idea for 91607 is on how humans are potentially impacting on and changing the rate and direction of the evolution of populations so make sure you focus on this during your research/ classroom learning.You will need to know about the following topics before doing your assessment. Down the bottom of the page many of these are covered.

As biological knowledge and techniques have developed the actual processes used change. When you are researching you have to try to sort out what techniques have been used in the past and what are being used now. Usually the longer a process has been used the more automated it becomes. Another change, for example, is that when the sequence of a gene becomes known the gene can be produced rather than isolated from the genes in an organism.

When researching on the internet it is important to look at the age of the info you are reading.....one way is to use the dates of any material being referenced and a second is to look at the last date the info was updated. eg look at this site which contains good basic info about how the processes used to be carried out Transgenic cropsLook at the dates of referenced material - 1997, 1998, 1999, and last updated says "March 11, 2004"(from studyit.org ST5)

term

Link to information covering this

annealing

How PCR Works

An animation of the process.

blunt ends

cloning

Animation

Early experiments

Animation

DNA profiling

DNA Applications Choose "Recovering the Romanovs" from the bottom of this page

Fish http://www.thefishsite.com/articles/336/fish-fingerprints-dna-screening-tracks-and-monitors-offenders

DNA sequencing

gel electrophoresis

Link to interactive gel - awesome, unplug your headphones!

gene cloning

Animation

genetic engineering

Genetic engineering, also calledgenetic modification, is the direct manipulation of an organism's genome using biotechnology

GMO

A good online interactive quiz

ligase enzyme

microsatellite

Interesting powerpoint

plasmid

PCR

Another one

The purpose of PCR is to amplify a small amount of DNA into a huge amount of DNA so it can be used in techniques such as gel electrophoresis.

primer

Work through this

recognition site

recombinant DNA

restriction enzyme

extracting DNA

Workshop

Marker assisted selection

A good website.There is a growing arsenal of molecular markers (polymorphisms) that aid in identifying QTL and selecting them for crop and animal enhancement. The process of using such markers is called marker-assisted selection (MAS), which differs from genetic modification because the genes being selected for crop or animal improvement are not altered in any way.

Once you have worked out the manipulation your animals go through for your 2 topics you will have to research the effect of these changed on the gene pools and evolution of the organisms. Remember that with natural selection it happens on POPULATIONS and not individuals. Individuals need to reproduce and then survive in theirhabitatto reproduce or else their alleles will be removed from the population. What implications with this in mind has the genetic manipulation caused? The term 'biological implications' means the biological consequences or changes that are caused or could be caused by the manipulation you are studying. The list of implications you are given is written in broad terms that are often linked together but the terms give you a good starting point for your research. Each different manipulation and species studied has different implications. Remember to look for both positive and negative implications.(From Studyit.org.nz)

All the examples below may not be isolated case but be linked. Forexample (in brief), Bt cotton has been genetically engineered to include a genethat is toxic to bollworm, a parasite that kills the cotton plant. This removes the need for chemical sprays onBt cotton crops. This modificationincreases the survival of individualsand the population in relation to bollworm, so crop size increases but,because it is a monoculture, Bt cotton has reduced genetic biodiversity and a limited gene pool. This means that if the organism issusceptible to another disease or parasite, the whole population is susceptibleso affects the survival of thepopulation as a whole where other risks are concerned. The absence of chemical sprays increases theoccurrence of other non-target pests, which in turn not only damage cotton butalso other crops, affecting the ecosystem.

eg plant species with low genetic diversity (eg wheat) are more likely to all suffer from the same disease. eg populations a transgenic plant species such as Bt-corn have increased survival due to resistance to certain pest insects. (From Studyit.org.nz)

PowerPoint looking at how populations survive.

Plant species with low genetic diversity (eg wheat) are less likely to under go evolution because the population has more fixed alleles so when the environment changes the population has less opportunity to change allele frequency.

Some excellent places to start your research

http://www.biotechlearn.org.nz/ The Biotechnology Learning Hub provides teaching resources for primary and secondary schools.

https://blogs.otago.ac.nz/ouassa/category/resources/biology-resources/ Another great website run by the University of Otago.

The three principal methods used for the creation of transgenic animals are DNA microinjection, embryonic stem cell-mediated gene transfer and retrovirus-mediated gene transfer.a) DNA microinjection.

This method involves the direct microinjection of a chosen gene construct (a single gene or a combination of genes) from another member of the same species or from a different species, into the pronucleus of a fertilized ovum. It is one of the first methods that proved to be effective in mammals (Gordon and Ruddle, 1981). The introduced DNA may lead to the over- or under-expression of certain genes or to the expression of genes entirely new to the animal species. The insertion of DNA is, however, a random process, and there is a high probability that the introduced gene will not insert itself into a site on the host DNA that will permit its expression. The manipulated fertilized ovum is transferred into the oviduct of a recipient female, or foster mother that has been induced to act as a recipient by mating with a vasectomized male.

A major advantage of this method is its applicability to a wide variety of species.b) Embryonic stem cell-mediated gene transfer.

This method involves prior insertion of the desired DNA sequence by homologous recombination into an in vitro culture of embryonic stem (ES) cells. Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that have the potential to differentiate into any type of cell (somatic and germ cells) and therefore to give rise to a complete organism. These cells are then incorporated into an embryo at the blastocyst stage of development. The result is a chimeric animal. ES cell-mediated gene transfer is the method of choice for gene inactivation, the so-called knock-out method.

This technique is of particular importance for the study of the genetic control of developmental processes. This technique works particularly well in mice. It has the advantage of allowing precise targeting of defined mutations in the gene via homologous recombination.c) Retrovirus-mediated gene transfer.

To increase the probability of expression, gene transfer is mediated by means of a carrier or vector, generally a virus or a plasmid. Retroviruses are commonly used as vectors to transfer genetic material into the cell, taking advantage of their ability to infect host cells in this way. Offspring derived from this method are chimeric, i.e., not all cells carry the retrovirus. Transmission of the transgene is possible only if the retrovirus integrates into some of the germ cells.

For any of these techniques the success rate in terms of live birth of animals containing the transgene is extremely low. Providing that the genetic manipulation does not lead to abortion, the result is a first generation (F1) of animals that need to be tested for the expression of the transgene. Depending on the technique used, the F1 generation may result in chimeras. When the transgene has integrated into the germ cells, the so-called germ line chimeras are then inbred for 10 to 20 generations until homozygous transgenic animals are obtained and the transgene is present in every cell. At this stage embryos carrying the transgene can be frozen and stored for subsequent implantation.

Biological implications may involve the impact on: For this part look at Animal and Plant/ Evolution sections

ecosystems

genetic biodiversity

health or survival of individuals

survival of populations

evolution of populations.

And finally the PCR SONG!! Should be a number 1 download on itunes... or not.

Some examples that may be used - there are many more and some have much more usable information than others.

Selective Breeding

Transgenesis

Horses

Golden rice

Corn

Whiffy wheat

Dogs

Daisys modified milk

Apples

GLO fish

Sheep

"Fish tomato"

Achievement

Merit

Excellence

Demonstrate understanding by using biological ideas to describe:

two human manipulations of genetic transfer

two biological implications for each human manipulation of genetic transfer.

As for Achieved and,

Demonstrate in-depth understanding by using biological ideas to explain how or why:

genetic transfer is manipulated for each human manipulation context

and

explain two biological implications within or between the two human manipulation contexts of genetic transfer.

As for Merit and,

Demonstrate comprehensive understanding by:

linking biological ideas within or between human manipulations of genetic transfer

and

two biological implications

The linking of ideas may involve justifying, relating, evaluating, comparing and contrasting, and analysing.

it could be linking 'one implication with another'. Forming links means putting ideas together to explain something eg how whole organism cloning, of an animal used for food, could result in a specific problem (eg reduced genetic diversity) for humans in the future and what the implication of this problem could be (eg reduced survival leading to reduced food supply).

For your Biotech project a possible format could be (please note this may or may not berelevantto the way your teacher has runyour internal) - please talk to them first..

Intro - Introduction to what genetic manipulation is including a brief description of focus manipulations of manupulation 1 and 2.

P1 - Introduce case study for 1.

P2 - Biological processes of 1 in relation to your case study (e.g. selection, inbreeding and marker assisted selection for selective breeding though your topic may be different)

P3 - Biological implications of selective breeding of your case study (e.g. at least 2 of; ecosystems, genetic biodiversity, health or survival of individuals, survival of populations or evolution of populations)

P4 - Introduce case study for 2.

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Biotechnology - NCEA Biology

Qualifications Overview

Biotechnology is of national and international importance. It considers and develops knowledge about biochemical, molecular, ecological, and evolutionary processes. Biotechnology tools are applied in research underpinning biodiversity and biosecurity throughout Aotearoa NewZealand.

Biotechnology research is directed towards developing technology with both economic and environmental outcomes. The OECD has predicted that, by 2030, biotechnology will assume a major role in the global economy with the advances from research in the tertiary sector.

The School of Biological Sciences | Te Kura Ptaiao Koiora offers the Bachelor of Science endorsed in Biotechnology to students majoring in Biological Sciences. Students follow one of two pathways:

Year 13 biology, statistics, and chemistry is strongly recommended.

For certain disciplines, some knowledge of physics is helpful.

All students should have adequate English skills.

As an emerging field with both national and international importance, biotechnology provides many career opportunities in universities, business, government agencies, Crown Research Institutes, and in ministries concerned with the environment, agriculture, and forestry.

Find out more about what you can do with a degree in Biotechnology.

'Biology at Canterbury is great, and Biotechnology is a very employable, fast-growing and lucrative ...

Anish Shah

Biological Sciences, Biotechnology

'My dream is to be involved in as many ventures as I can, specialising in clean energies...'

Steve Rowe

Biotechnology, Strategy and Entrepreneurship

School of Biological Sciences | Te Kura Ptaiao Koiora

Phone +64 3 369 5200 Email biological-sciences@canterbury.ac.nz

Location See the School's website for up-to-date location details.

Postal address College of Science | Te Rngai PtaiaoUniversity of Canterbury | Te Whare Wnanga o Waitaha Private Bag 4800 Christchurch 8140 New Zealand

Choose an area that you are interested in and learn how UC's extensive range of study options can let you study what you want to.

Biology means the study of living things. Biologists investigate animals, plants, and microbes in many different ways and on a huge range of scales from ...

Chemistry is the central science. It deals with the composition, structure, and behaviour of the atoms and molecules that make up all forms of matter. ...

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Biotechnology | University of Canterbury

UC's School of Biological Sciences is a vibrant research environment, which receives more than $3 million of external research income every year.

Research is fascinating and conducted across three main fields - biotechnology, biodiversity and biosecurity, all of which are exciting and rapidly developing subjects worldwide.

Our students mix and match, according to their needs and interests, from the diverse range of courses including Antarctic ecosystems, marine ecology and climate change. There are opportunities to use gene technologies, electron microscopes and satellite images, and the research can take you to field stations throughout New Zealand's South Island, to Antarctica and the other side of the world.

Areas of current research biomolecular interactionsinclude:

Biomolecular Interaction Centre

Staff actively working in these areas are:

Areas of current research in biosafety include:

Areas of current research in biomedicine include:

Staff actively working in these areas are:

Areas of current research in bioengineering include:

Staff actively working in these areas are:

Areas of current research in Antarctic studies include:

Staff actively working in these areas are:

Areas of current research in atmospheric processes include:

Staff actively working in these areas are:

Areas of current research in aquaculture and marine ecology include:

Staff actively working in these areas are:

Areas of current research in climate change include:

Staff actively working in these areas are:

Areas of current research in free radical biochemistry include:

Staff actively working in these areas are:

Areas of current research in freshwater ecology and management include:

Staff actively working in these areas are:

Areas of current research in plant processes include:

Staff actively working in these areas are:

Continued here:
Biotechnology and biological sciences | University of Canterbury

04Jul

New Zealand is beginning to witness unprecedented opportunities in areas of technology convergence as cutting-edge and world-first technology continues to accelerate and merge.

NZTech chief executive Graeme Muller says New Zealand has a history of innovation in the biotech and biosciences areas, often driven by strong Kiwi foundations in the primary sectors.

So, it is no surprise NZBio is merging with the NZTech Alliance of 18 tech sector areas.

We have seen biotech companies like Comvita merging their knowledge of a natural product like honey with biotech to create world-leading honey-based medicinal products, Muller says.

We have also seen New Zealand-founded carbon recycling company Lanzatech merging biotech with manufacturing.

As biotechnology, high-tech manufacturing and ICT such as artificial intelligence begin to cross over, the New Zealand tech ecosystem is now well placed to identify and support future growth companies through this coming together of NZBio and NZTech.

At the heart of this amazing period in human history is the convergence of atoms, bits and genes, the ability to use technology to do amazing things like New Zealands Revolution Fibres which is using electrospinning to produce collagen nanofibres and create artificial skin.

NZBio chief executive Dr Zahra Champion says merging with NZTech was a natural fit.

In todays world, the importance of biotech is increased in many fields, from medicines to agriculture, from animal husbandry to textiles, from defenceless to energetic, Dr Champion says.

New Zealand is fragmented across all sectors with large number of industry bodies across all sectors. We are seeing the blurring of the lines between bioscience and technology.

Biotech is everything bio-based such as bioscience, biochemistry, biotechnology, biomanufacturing and life sciences within the agritech, health diagnostics and therapeutics, industrial, environmental and foodtech sectors.

Dr Champion says the industry brings with it high-paying jobs and innovative ideas in an industry that encompasses a huge diversity of applications and being part of the NZTech Alliance, will enable us to maximise New Zealands bio-base technology capability to create a strong and prosperous New Zealand bio economy.

More than 70 percent of New Zealands export earnings are derived from biology-based industries spanning human and animal health, agriculture, horticulture and other natural products. Exports include finished products and ingredients destined for the food, cosmetics, nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries.

The OECD has estimated the potential contribution of the bio-economy to New Zealands GDPWill climb to $NZ182 billion by 2030.

For further information contact Make Lemonade editor-in-chief Kip Brook on 0275 030188.

Photo: Zahra Champion

Originally posted here:
NZTech and NZBio combine tech forces - BIOTechNZ

Biotech, life science and pharmaceutical innovations are at the cutting edge of technology and research and development. The risks and challenges are huge, but so are the potential rewards.

The complexity of biotechnology, life sciences and pharmaceutical patents means that you need access to a team of highly specialised advisors. And when you need to protect and exploit your biotech, life sciences and pharmaceutical innovations, its essential you are advised by a team that has a thorough understanding of the technology as well as the business issues facing the international industry.

AJ Park has a dedicated team of experts who specialise in biotechnology, life sciences and pharmaceuticals. Our specialist team of patent attorneys includes many with dual science and law qualifications, and several with PhDs. Some have benefited from industry experience or research tenures at universities throughout the world, and others have trained as intellectual property office examiners.

Our team works with a range of entities involved in biotech, life sciences and pharmaceuticals. Our clients include start-up companies, food technology companies, life sciences companies, multi-national pharmaceutical companies, Crown Research Institutes and universities.

We are a committed sponsor of the New Zealand biotechnology industry body NZBio, and a member of the Australian equivalent AusBiotech, which gives us the opportunity to work with many of Australasias most innovative biotech companies.

Our investment in keeping up-to-date with international developments in biotech, life sciences and pharmaceuticals means you can be confident that the advice we give you is world-class.

Although the technology and processes can be complex, we will communicate clearly and make sure you understand what you need to know.

For plain English advice on biotech, life sciences and pharmaceutical inventions, get in touch with one of our experts below.

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Biotech, life sciences & pharmaceuticals - AJ Park

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Kotsanis Institute offers a patient-centered approach to health that combines the best of traditional andcomplementary medicine with nutrition called integrative medicine.We welcome you to stop by our clinic for a free tour and brief consultation with a staff member to learn about what we do here at the Kotsanis Institute. We listen to your goals, draw a roadmap to achieve your goals, and guide you every step to a symphony of health.

Dr. Kotsanis practice integrates elements of both mainstream and complementary medicine. This practice, known as integrative medicine, embraces principals and treatment methods which may or may not be accepted or embraced by conventional medicine providers, individual physicians or other health care institutions.

Originally posted here:
Kotsanis Institute - Integrative Medicine and Natural Pain ...

Molecular geneticists with a BS degree often work as laboratory technicians. They are in demand to work on research projects in universities. Federal and state government agencies such as the National Institutes of Health, the Department of Energy, the Department of Agriculture and the Environmental Protection Agency hire molecular geneticists to work on a variety of applied research problems. In the private sector, agricultural and pharmaceutical companies are increasingly hiring molecular geneticists to apply their skillsto genetic engineering as well as classical breeding programs. The newand growing biotechnology industry is largely based on the expertise of molecular geneticists.

Many molecular genetics majors go to medical or other professional schools. The major program is rigorous, and molecular genetics is an important area in modern medicine. Also, well-qualified majors are encouraged to participate in the facultys research programs. As a result, molecular genetics majors have been successful in gaining entrance to professional schools.

Many molecular genetics graduates go on to graduate school. A few of these get an MS degree, which qualifies them for higher-paying laboratory technician jobs. Most go directly to the PhD program. Molecular geneticists with a PhD are widely employed by government and industry to design and supervise research and development projects. Nearly all colleges and universities have molecular geneticists on their faculties, teaching and doing research. Molecular geneticists with a PhD plus postdoctoral research training are eligible for faculty positions at research-oriented universities like Ohio State.

An undergraduate major in molecular genetics does not limit ones options to careers in medicine or biological research. Because this major provides the academic preparation and strong science background appropriate for students who plan careers in marketing, business or management in high technology industries, some molecular genetics students choose to use their science background to pursue a professional degree in business or law. A few students choose to put their molecular genetics training to use by obtaining a masters degree in education and becoming science teachers.

Link:
Molecular Genetics - The Ohio State University

Stem Cell Therapy dangers and risks December 13, 2013 December 13, 2013

I received a disturbing call from a woman in Texas recently. She was having some complications from the stem cell treatment that she received in her hometown.

In what is becoming a more common email or call from people not our patients, she revealed that she believed that her doctor was inexperienced in the Stem Cell procedure and did not know how to address her complications.

Even though I did not have the luxury of examining her, I tried to ask some questions to help her with her situation.

It seems, that she had received placental cells.They were injected into her knee and it caused a severe inflammatory response that left her with a great deal of pain. I did wish her the best and try to offer some advice, but also let her know that it is not legal nor recommended to inject placental cells into a patient.

While we have found the use of stem cells for the symptomatic treatment of arthritis and pain to be very helpful in our practice, one must be very cautious as to know what they are receiving.

As I mentioned, placental cells are not only illegal, but are immature cells that can have mutagenic properties. That is, they have the ability to turn into cancer cells and furthermore it is uncertain if the body can reject them since they are not harvested from the person who is receiving the treatment. These cells, also differentiate to form both blood cells and tissue cells so there is a great deal of insufficiency if you are looking to heal damaged tissue.

Bone marrow derived stem cells also have this same property of containing cell lines that turn into blood cells. There are certain areas, like the tibia, where the bone marrow contains many more blood cells then areas such as the hip, which contain more mesenchymal cells. Certain doctors have recommended tibial bone marrow draws for the use of bone marrow prolotherapy from the tibia, but this has very little scientific backing to be included as a stem cell source. There is also no research whatsoever showing its efficacy.

Many other doctors use bone marrow from the hip in their stem cell procedure. While this is a richer source of mesenchymal cells when compared to the tibia it is still a very poor source of stem cells.

Results from stem cell procedures not only depend on the cell type and where they are injected, but also the diagnostic skill and approach of the physician. While stem cells may have amazing properties, they are not so magical where we can just inject stem cells into a joint and hope for good results. As a physician, it is our job to evaluate and treat any problem surrounding, above and below the joint using a very careful physical examination. A comprehensive approach, not a single sided approach, will yield the best results for the patient.

Growth hormone has also been touted by one physician as useful in a stem cell mixture. That physician is conducting a study on this, but it still remains unproven. We had used this in power injection solution well over 10 years ago and stopped because it did not produce any significant clinical benefit. Furthermore, stem cells do need to be combined with a variety of growth factors in order to further their differentiation into new tissue. This can be achieved by using specialized forms of PRP along with the stem cell mixture. Both ourselves with our partners at Kensey and Dr. Centeno from Regenexx has done laboratory tests to look at the importance of this. There is a large variation in how stem cells perform based upon the environment that they are given with the PRP.

In summary, while these procedures have tremendous potential, we need to follow in the best of our knowledge base and follow our outcomes. Eventually, our technology will expand, and in the future we will have the capability to harvest stem cells in less than a half hour But this will take several years of development.

Scott Greenberg MD

See the rest here:
Stem Cell Therapy dangers and risks - Magaziner Center for ...

Short Communication

Jessica Petrakovsky*, and Andrea Antonuci

The concept of "One Health" starts from the awareness of the important possibilities that exist to protect public health through policies aimed at preventing and controlling the pathogens present in animal populations, acting at the interface between people, animals and the environment. Controlling zoonotic pathogens at their animal source is the most effective and economic way of protecting people. A "One Health" approach to leptospirosis control is essential because human infection almost invariably results either from direct animal exposure or from contaminated environments. Leptospirosis is a zoonosis of worldwide distribution. It is to be controlled because it is extremely difficult to eradicate. The prevention of animal leptospirosis directly impacts the incidence/prevalence of the human disease. The main control measures in veterinary medicine are vaccination, hygienic-sanitary measures and epidemiological surveillance. Veterinary Services, in both their public and private components, play an essential role in the development and implementation of policies to manage animal health risks. In conclusion, the control of zoonoses requires the joint work of several sectors, which involve human and animal public health, contemplating the care of the environment.

Review Article

Marina Pinheiro de Castro, Fabiano Borges Figueiredo, Ilana Teruskin Balassiano, Tatiane Mendes Varela, and Martha Maria Pereira*

Leptospirosis is a worldwide zoonosis which has been recently recognized as a paradigm to the One Health approach due to the interface of human-animal-environment observed in the transmission cycles. A total of 40 opossums identified as Didelphis aurita were captured at the Campus FIOCRUZ within the Atlantic Forest, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil to evaluate their possible role as carriers of Leptospira spp. The 40 serum samples were submitted to the microagglutination test using a panel of 19 reference strains. Kidney fragments of 13 animals out of 40 were used to perform PCR and standard procedures to isolate leptospires in culture. The percentage of positive sera was 10% (4 out of 40). The PCR showed 4 positive kidney samples out of 13 (31%). Two strains were isolated in culture medium (15.4%). Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) analysis of both isolates did not show a 100% match with any other sequence types deposited at the database used (http://pubmlst.org/leptospira/). The closest match of one isolate was with ST 177 represented by one strain of L. santarosai and the closest match of the other isolate was with STs 166 and 171 represented by strains of L. noguchii. It is the first report indicating the potential of opossums Didelphis aurita as a carrier of Leptospira spp.

Joao Carlos Gomes Borges*, Danielle dos Santos Lima, Vitor Luz Carvalho, Miriam Marmontel, Rodrigo de Souza Amaral, Stella Maris Lazzarini, Victor Fernando Santana Lima, and Leucio Camara Alves

Infections caused by Cryptosporidium and Giardia are among the main gastro enteric diseases affecting a large number of animals and humans. Oftentimes the disease is asymptomatic, which may render the diagnosis involving aquatic mammals difficult. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of an immunological technique with parasitological methods in the diagnosis of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in aquatic mammals. A total of 553 fecal samples and intestinal contents of mustelids, cetaceans and sirenians were submitted to laboratory processing. Cryptosporidium oocysts were identified with Kinyouns technique. Giardia cysts were identified using the centrifugation-flotation method. All samples underwent immunological tests through direct immunofluorescent antibody (DFA). The Kappa Index k was used to measure the agreement between techniques used for the detection of each parasite addressed in this study. Sensitivity, specificity, real prevalence, estimated prevalence, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, correct classification and incorrect classification were evaluated. Cryptosporidium were found in Pteronurabrasiliensis [10/24 (41.66%)], Trichechus inunguis [22/131 (16.79%), Lontra longicaudis [48/314 (15.28%)], Trichechus manatus [04/29 (13.79%)] and Sotalia guianensis [03/31 (9.67%)]. Giardia was identified in Kogia breviceps [01/01 (100%)], Pteronurabrasiliensis [07/24 (29.16%)], Kogia sima [01/04 (25%)], Trichechus manatus [04/29 (13.79%)], Sotalia guianensis [03/31 (9.67%)], Lontra longicaudis [30/314 (9.55%)] and Trichechusinunguis [05/131 (3.81%)]. The k value for the diagnosis of Cryptosporidium was 0.86; for Giardia cysts the k-value was 0.27. Therefore, the direct immunofluorescent technique demonstrated greater sensitivity both in the diagnosis of Cryptosporidium and Giardia where the combination of more than one laboratory technique is recommended.

SP Angel, JP Amitha, VP Rashamol, GD Vandana, ST Savitha, A Afsal, M Bagath, G Krishnan, and V Sejian*

Climate change has far-reaching consequences on several sectors of agriculture. Cattle production within animal agriculture is one of the most susceptible sectors for the devastating effects of climate change. Climate change associated heat stress negatively impacts cattle production both directly and indirectly. Heat stress reduces the feed intake which ultimately reduces the body weight, average daily gain and body condition scoring in cattle. Further, heat stress associated reduced feed intake also affects the milk production, meat production and reproduction in cattle. The high producing cattle are more vulnerable to heat stress than the low producing animals. Livestock exhibits a wide range of adaptive mechanisms to cope with environmental challenges. The classical adaptive mechanisms include morphological, behavioral, physiological, neuroendocrine, blood biochemical and cellular responses that act in coordination to promote the welfare and favour their survival in a specific environment. The detailed studies on these adaptive mechanisms have identified respiration rate, rectal temperature, Hb, PCV, cortisol, thyroid hormones to be reliable phenotypic markers and HSP70 as a confirmatory genotypic biomarker to assess the impact of heat stress in dairy cattle.

Research Article

Nihal Dogan*

Background: Enteric protozoon infections in children are related to morbidity and mortality in the worldwide. Cryptosporidiumspp. is a zoonotic infection, now being recognized as a significant cause of diarrhea in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised hosts. Current modes of cryptosporidiosis diagnosis involve procedures which are costly and require both a well-equipped laboratory and technical expertise. Our aim was to evaluate the performances of the unidentified Cryptosporidium spp. presence during routine parasitological examinations and diagnostic methods. Methods: 1050 stool samples were collected in children who visited the University hospital with abdominal pain and diarrhea complaints, and additionally selected from seven different regions in primary school students. All stool specimens were examined macroscopically and microscopically by direct microscopic examination, and also were examined by Modified ZiehlNeelsen [mZN] staining method. Enzyme Immuno Assay [EIA] and Multiplex PCR methods could only be used in 450 stool specimens selected from samples showing suspect cyst structures and watery stool specimens on direct microscopic examinations [to the extent that is possible].Results: We detected, that of the 450 stool specimens examined by mZN stain with microscopic examination 39 [3.7%] are defined Cryptosporidium. Spp oocysts. Working on 450 stool samples with ELISA and multiplex PCR results respectively; in 28 [7.5%] by ELISA, and in 2 [0.4 %] by Multiplex PCR is defined positive Cryptosporidium spp ..Only 2 cases with positive results were detected with 3 methods used in the diagnosis.Conclusions: Microscopy is the reference standard method for routine diagnosis in stool intestinal parasites, but it requires experience. There are growing interests in the alternative methods due to the limitations of microscopic examination since it requires more time and experienced users. At least two methods must be used together for the diagnosis and attention should be paid to the selection and implementation of the methods.

See more here:
Veterinary Medicine - JSciMed Central

Minnesota law and Board policy now require that all applicants for initial licensure or license reinstatement must complete a fingerprint-based criminal background check (Minn. Stat. 214.075). Veterinarians with existing licenses may be required to have a one-time criminal background check (CBC) in the future in conjunction with license renewal.

The Minnesota Health Licensing Boards have cooperatively established the Criminal Background Check Program to help you efficiently complete this mandatory background check. Fingerprints are crosschecked with databases of the Bureau of Criminal Apprehension and Federal Bureau of Investigation.

When you apply for licensure, the criminal background check fee ($32) must be bundled into your other licensing fees and paid at the same time. After you have paid all required licensing fees and the criminal background check fee, you will be sent a packet containing additional information and directions from the Criminal Background Check Program. You are responsible for having your fingerprints taken promptly and for completing all required paperwork so as to not delay finalizing your license application. Previously taken fingerprints cannot be used. Some agencies charge a fee for fingerprinting services. Fingerprinting can be done without a fee at the Criminal Background Check Program office at the address below. Please contact that office to make an appointment after you receive the information packet.

See the Criminal Background Check information page on our website for more details.

REVISED: Urgent and Emergency Veterinary Compounding Guidance office supply limit extended to 7 days.

Minnesota Opioid Overdose Deaths Continue to Rise. Minnesotas Department of Health has released preliminary numbers for 2017 which show a 74% increase in deaths due to synthetic opioidsfrom 2016. Much of this increase is attributed to more fentanyl-related deaths. The final report is expected in 2017. Veterinarians are encouraged to be vigilant to avoid diversion from veterinary sources.

Source: MN Department of Health, May 15, 2018

Minnesota Department of Human Services has provided opioid prescribing guidelines for health care providers. Information in the guidelines may be useful to veterinarians in clinical practice as well. You may view the guidelineshere.

The Secretary of State has an updated website featuring details and contact information for members of the Board of Veterinary Medicine. You may view the site here.

View post:
Board of Veterinary Medicine / The Minnesota Board of ...

Course outline

At Cambridge, you study the basic veterinary sciences first before learning to apply that knowledge to veterinary practice as a clinical student.

During your pre-clinical studies (Years 1-3), you are taught through lectures and practical classes (including 120 hours of dissection across the three years) in the central science departments, and College supervisions you can typically expect 20-25 timetabled teaching hours each week. The clinical studies teaching is a mixture of lectures (in Years 4 and 5), practicals, tutorials, supervisions and clinical rotations.

In addition, you must complete a minimum of 12 weeks work experience (pre-clinical extramural study) during the University vacations in Years 1 and 2 to gain knowledge of animal husbandry. During your clinical studies, you must complete at least 26 weeks of clinical extramural study, some of which may be undertaken abroad. You are supported in the activities by your Vet School Clinical Supervisor.

Your progress is continually reviewed by your supervisors and your Director of Studies. Formal assessment, which determines your progression through the course, takes a variety of forms including written essays, short answer questions and practical examinations.

In Years 1 and 2, you are taught the core scientific knowledge and skills needed as a veterinary professional.

Taught by some of the worlds top academic scientists and veterinary surgeons, we provide you with the scientific and practical basis that will allow you to develop your veterinary career to the full, whether your aim is to deliver outstanding care or to push forward the boundaries of academic veterinary medicine.

In addition to core science, you follow the Preparing for the Veterinary Profession course (an introduction to the ethical, social and professional responsibilities of the profession) and courses in animal handling and management.

The main areas of learning are covered by courses in:

Read more about Years 1 and 2 on the Faculty of Biology website.

You specialise in one of a wide range of other subjects offered by the University to qualify for the BA degree. Options include:

This is a feature distinctive to our course and one which offers significant advantages to our undergraduates. As well as considerable satisfaction and enjoyment, this extra year has been pivotal to many graduates career progression and all benefit from the global recognition of the Cambridge BA. You then continue to the three years of clinical studies at the Department of Veterinary Medicine, which is just a short walk or bike ride from the city centre.

The emphasis of the clinical studies is to give you sufficient clinical knowledge and skills to begin to practise veterinary medicine (day one competencies) and also to provide you with the scientific background you need to benefit from future trends and advances in veterinary medicine.

In Year 4, you study topics including:

You also learn about veterinary public health, including food hygiene, state veterinary medicine and the medicine of rabbits, rodents, reptiles and birds.

Clinical tuition begins with basic clinical methods and integrated teaching in the husbandry/management and medicine of horses and farm species. Two mornings each week are given over to practical clinical work including basic clinical examination of the main domestic species, radiography and post-mortem investigation. You also develop a range of technical and practice-related skills in the Clinical Skills Centre.

You continue the different courses in species medicine started in Year 4, and instruction is given in subjects including:

Five mornings every week are again set aside for practical clinical work. This includes visits to external establishments such as the University-affiliated RSPCA clinic, and opportunities to further hone your consultation and practical skills in the Clinical Skills Centre.

Part II of the Final Veterinary Examination tests your understanding of principles and concepts of veterinary medicine, as well as your ability to integrate information across the Part I series of subjects.

This is a 40-week lecture-free year with tuition centred on clinical teaching, in which groups of just three or four students rotate through different disciplines in the hospital with individual clinicians. The small size of these groups means each students caseload is higher and they are given the maximum possible responsibility for the management of clinical cases. This allows you to develop your clinical and problem-solving skills and client communication skills in a real clinical practice environment.

Subjects covered during the year include:

Finally, you have a period of eight weeks elective study in which to explore a special interest.

During the year, marks awarded in continuous assessment count towards Part III of the Final Veterinary Examination, which is examined in May of the final year.

Achievement of the VetMB degree allows you to become a Member of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons (MRCVS), which is the professional qualification required to enter practice.

For further information about studying Veterinary Medicine at the University of Cambridge see the Department of Veterinary Medicine website.

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Veterinary Medicine | Undergraduate Study

Depending on the college, veterinary technology is a 2- or 4-year program that may be found at community colleges, technical schools and 4-year colleges and universities. Veterinary medicine programs are found exclusively at 4-year colleges and universities. The Doctor of Veterinary Medicine (DVM) is a 4-year, postgraduate program that might be called a medical school for students who want to treat animals instead of humans.

Veterinary technology programs are 2- or 4-year programs, while veterinary medicine programs are found only at 4-year colleges and universities. A student should consider their career goals to determine which program is best suited for them.

Sources: *School websites and **NCES College Navigator

Find schools that offer these popular programs

More Programs

When choosing a program, students may want to consider their career goals. Here are some things to consider when choosing a veterinary program:

Students examine the biological processes of animals and learn basic animal care. They also are required to complete clinical rotations or work experiences in an animal hospital or clinic.

To be accepted into a DVM program, a student must have documented experience working with animals, as well as a minimum of 60 college-level credit hours. The program includes coursework and clinical experiences. Toward the end of the program, students complete clinical rotations in different areas of veterinary medicine.

Students who wish to pursue a career in the veterinary field have options for associate's and bachelor's degree programs in veterinary technology, or a Doctor of Veterinary Medicine (DVM) from an accredited four year school. The specialty they wish to have, school accreditation and school location are all factors which will guide the selection of a college.

More here:
List of Veterinary Schools, Colleges and Universities

The old axiom, health is wealth is undoubtedly true in every sense of the word. Without good health, you will not be able to live and relish life to the maximum. Good health is not something to be taken for granted. One will never understand how vital it is until its gone. These days, with a swarm of heath ailments and complications, maintaining good health has become a challenge for people. Fortunately, you can successfully pull through from health challenges with the stem cell therapy in India that StemCellCareIndia offers.

StemCellCareIndia, being a renowned stem cell therapy hospital India, offers a widespread array of stem cell solutions for the treatment of diverse kinds of health ailments. This stem cell therapy center in India focuses to individualistically to good health through stem cell therapy in Delhi. We have association with many leading hospitals, research organizations and medical universities specializing in regenerative medicine to offer economical healthcare.

At SCCI, stem cell therapy in India is implemented by highly skilled and practiced doctors and surgeons in India. Our hospital has state-of-the-art equipment that upsurge success rate of stem cell therapy in India. StemCellCareIndia is a medical value provider that offers access to the stem cell therapy for patients from any junction of the world. We are in incredibly low-cost stem cell therapy centre in India. If you approach us, we take pride in letting you know that we are amid the best stem cell therapy hospitals in India. With the years with all-encompassing research and sheer hard work and clinical trials, we have embarked on with one of the finest practices pursued with competitive doctors and medical experts giving your safer and non-toxic solutions with brilliantlikelihood of healing. We have accelerated countless treatments for global patients coming to our place for catholic range of surgeries. This has been the feature of our treatment strategy for you. We are the best stem cell therapy hospital India that you can rely on.

India is progressively becoming the prowess in the scope of medical health care. Well, the fact is there is no scarcity of hospitals of international standard over the Indian land. A number of hospitals and clinics are acknowledged for giving stem cell therapy to overseas and other patients at much reasonable cost. There are some of the finest treatment options available with state-of-the-art techniques backed by latest equipments that play a vital role in catering high-quality stem cell surgeries. The Indian hospitals catering stem cell therapies are identified to have topnotch hospitals infrastructure with committed medical staff and exceedingly qualified surgeons and doctors specialized in rendering stem cell remedies. Virtually all the Indian cities are known to have the first-class results.In terms of having high-quality stem cell therapy in India, the global patients often contemplate this place for having the high quality and reasonable healthcare services. When it comes to success rate of the surgery, these testified to be around 50 to 60 percent both for the local and international patients. However, the success rate would differ from one ailment to the other, in addition to the choice of treatment option meant for the same.

Individuals all over the world are known to look out for India to be the hub of medical tourism for greatly affordable stem cell therapy. The treatment cost here to be around 25 percent of what it would cost in other countries, besides having no waiting period for the operation here. The cost differs depend upon this therapy, while the normal procedure that goes this way while in the US it cost around 50,000 dollars and same in Singapore could cost you around 22,000 dollars. However, in India it will cost you virtually 50 to 60 % less than that.

If you are eyeing for the stem cell therapy in India or stem cell therapy Delhi, all you need to do is get in touch with us for the most cost-effective solutions for you. So, what are you waiting for, get the best results here!

Read more here:
Stem Cell Therapy Hospital & Centre In Delhi India ...

Stem cell transplant and stem cell treatment are nothing alike.A HSCT wipes out the old bone marrow and replaces it with a new one. Auto=patients own stem cells, Allo= a donor's. Also, mesenchymal stem cells and hematopoietic stem cells are different. Mesenchymal stem cells do have successfully immunomodulatory effect in GVHD, for example. The donor is the same donor who donated for the HSCT. There was a phase I or II trial in the UK using the patient's own mesenchymal stem cells as pure IV with no other therapies. I need to follow-up on their results, but given that there are no further trials, I presume this was unsuccessful. It's true that the umbilical stem cells have high hopes. It is also true that selling cells or organs is illegal in the US. This would be one argument for the use in Panama but not in the US. On the other hand, this will not be a cure. It could, potentially, exert a temporary effect or perhaps some effect after SEVERAL treatments. But it isn't a cure. Also, a 'universal cure' makes it sound fishy.Having said that about Panama, there is legitimacy in HSCT, with success. This is a treatment in clinical trials. It was done in the US and Canada for SPS. Now there is a trial going on in the Philippines. It's listed on clinicaltrials.gov

See the article here:
Stem Cell Institute - Panama - Inspire

Stem cell therapy can be described as a means or process by which stem cells are used for the prevention, treatment or the cure of diseases. Stem cells are a special kind of cells that have features other types of cells dont have. As an illustration, stem cells are capable of proliferation. This implies that they can develop into any type of cell, and grow to start performing the functions of the tissue. In addition, they can regenerate. This means they can multiply themselves. This is most important when a new tissue has to be formed. Also, they modulate immune reactions. This has made them useful for the treatment of autoimmune diseases, especially those that affect the musculoskeletal system such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus and so on. Stem cells can be derrived from different sources. They can be extracted from the body, and in some specific parts of the body. This includes the blood, bone marrow, umbilical cord in newborns, adipose tissue, and from embryos. There are 2 main types of stem cell transplant. These are autologous stem cell transplant, and allogeneic stem cell transplant. The autologous stem cell transplant means that stem cells are extracted from the patient, processed, and then transplanted back to the patient, for therapeutic purposes. On the other hand, allogeneic stem cell transplant means the transplant of stem cells or from another individual, known as the donor, to another person, or recipient. Some treatments must be given to the receiver to prevent any cases of rejections, and other complications. The autologous is usually the most preferred type of transplant because of its almost zero side effects. Below are some of the stem cell treatments. Our goal is to provide education, research and an opportunity to connect with Stem Cell Doctors, as well as provide stem cell reviews

Adipose Stem Cell TreatmentsAdipose stem cell treatment is one of the most commonly used. This is because large quantities of stem cells can be derrived from them. According to statistics, the number of stem cells in adipose tissue are usually hundreds of times higher than what can be obtained from other sources, such as the bone marrow stem cells. Adipose stem cells have taken the center stage in the world of stem cell therapy. Apart from the ease that comes with the harvesting of these cells from the adipose tissue, they also have some special features, that separates them from other types of cells. Adipose stem cells are capable of regulating and modulating the immune system. This includes immune suppression, which is important for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. In addition, adipose stem cells can differentiate to form other types of cells. Some of them include the bone forming cells, cardiomyocytes, and cells of the nervous system.

This process can be divided into four parts. These are

Stem cell joint injection is fast becoming the new treatment of joint diseases. Stem cells derived from bone marrow, adipose and mesenchymal stem cells are the most commonly used. The stem cells are injected into the joints, and they proceed to repair and replace the damaged tissues. The cells also modulate the inflammatory process going on. Overall, stem cell joint injections significantly reduce the recovery time of patients and also eliminates pain and risks associated with surgery. Examples of diseases where this treatment is used include osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and so on. Researchers and physicians have rated this procedure to be the future of joint therapy.

Losing a tooth as a kid isnt news because youd eventually grow them back, but losing one as an adult isnt a pleasant experience. Youd have to go through the pains of getting a replacement from your dentist. Apart from the cost of these procedures, the pain and number of days youd have to stay at home nursing the pain is also a problem. Nevertheless, there are great teeth replacement therapies available for all kinds of dental problems. Although there are already good dental treatment methods, stem cell therapy might soon become the future of dental procedures. Currently, a lot of research is being done on how stem cells can be used to develop teeth naturally, especially in patients with dental problems. The aim of the project is to develop a method whereby peoples stem cells are used in regenerating their own teeth and within the shortest time possible. Some of the benefits of the stem cell tooth would be:

The quality of life of those that underwent serious procedures, especially those that had an allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation done was studied. It was discovered that this set of people had to cope with some psychological problems, even years after the procedure. In addition, allogeneic stem cell transplantation often comes with some side effects. However, this a small price to pay, considering that the adverse effects are not usually life-threatening. Also theses types of procedures are used for severe disorders or even terminal diseases. On the other hand, autologous stem cell transplantation bears the minimum to no side effects. Patients do have a great quality of life, both in the short term and in the long term.

This is one of the many uses of stem cells. The stem cell gun is a device that is used in treating people with wounds or burns. This is done by simply triggering it, and it sprays stem cells on the affected part. This kind of treatment is crucial for victims of a severe burn. Usually, people affected by severe burns would have to endure excruciating pain. The process of recovery is usually long, which might vary from weeks to months, depending on the severity of the burn. Even after treatment, most patients are left with scars forever. However, the stem cell gun eliminates these problems, the skin can be grown back in just a matter of days. The new skin also grows evenly and blends perfectly with the other part of the body. This process is also without the scars that are usually associated with the traditional burns therapy. The stem cell gun is without any side effects.

There is one company that focuses on the production of stem cell supplements. These stem cells are usually natural ingredients that increase the development of stem cells, and also keeps them healthy. The purpose of the stem cell supplements is to help reduce the aging process and make people look younger. These supplements work by replacing the dead or repairing the damaged tissues of the body. There have been a lot of testimonials to the efficacy of these supplements.

It is the goal of researchers to make stem cell therapy a good alternative for the millions of patients suffering from cardiac-related diseases. According to some experiments carried out in animals, stem cells were injected into the ones affected by heart diseases. A large percentage of them showed great improvement, even within just a few weeks. However, when the trial was carried out in humans, some stem cells went ahead to develop into heart muscles, but overall, the heart function was generally improved. The reason for the improvement has been attributed to the formation of new vessels in the heart. The topic that has generated a lot of arguments have been what type of cells should be used in the treatment of heart disorders. Stem cells extracted from the bone marrow, embryo have been in use, although bone marrow stem cells are the most commonly used. Stem cells extracted from bone marrow can differentiate into cardiac cells, while studies have shown that other stem cells cannot do the same. Even though the stem cell therapy has a lot of potential in the future, more research and studies have to be done to make that a reality.

The use of stem cells for the treatment of hair loss has increased significantly. This can be attributed to the discovery of stem cells in bone marrow, adipose cells, umbilical cord, and so on. Stem cells are extracted from the patient, through any of the sources listed above. Adipose tissue stem cells are usually the most convenient in this scenario, as they do not require any special extraction procedure. Adipose tissue is harvested from the abdominal area. The stem cells are then isolated from the other cells through a process known as centrifugation. The stem cells are then activated and are now ready for use. The isolated stem cells are then introduced into the scalp, under local anesthesia. The entire process takes about three hours. Patients are free to go home, after the procedure. Patients would begin to see improvements in just a few months, however, this depends largely on the patients ability to heal. Every patient has a different outcome.

Human umbilical stem cells are cells extracted from the umbilical cord of a healthy baby, shortly after birth. Umbilical cord tissue is abundant in stem cells, and the stem cells can differentiate into many types of cells such as red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. They are also capable of differentiating into non-blood cells such as muscle cells, cartilage cells and so on. These cells are usually preferred because its' extraction is minimally non invasive. It also is nearly painless. It also has zero risks of rejecting, as it does not require any form of matching or typing.Human umbilical stem cell injections are used for the treatment of spinal cord injuries. A trial was done on twenty-five patients that had late-stage spinal cord injuries. They were placed on human umbilical stem cell therapy, while another set of 25 patients were simultaneously placed on the usual rehabilitation therapy. The two groups were studied for the next twelve months. The results of the trial showed that those people placed on stem cell therapy by administering the human umbilical cell tissue injections had a significant recovery, as compared to the other group that underwent the traditional rehabilitation therapy. It was concluded that human umbilical tissue injections applied close to the injured part gives the best outcomes.

Stem cell therapy has been used for the treatment of many types diseases. This ranges from terminal illnesses such as cancer, joint diseases such as arthritis, and also autoimmune diseases. Stem cell therapy is often a better alternative to most traditional therapy today. This is because stem cell procedure is minimally invasive when compared to chemotherapy and so on. It harnesses the bodys own ability to heal. The stem cells are extracted from other parts of the body and then transplanted to other parts of the body, where they would repair and maintain the tissues. They also perform the function of modulating the immune system, which makes them important for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Below are some of the diseases that stem cell therapies have been used successfully:

A stem cell bank can be described as a facility where stem cells are stored for future purposes. These are mostly amniotic stem cells, which are derived from the amnion fluid. Umbilical cord stem cells are also equally important as it is rich in stem cells and can be used for the treatment of many diseases. Examples of these diseases include cancer, blood disorders, autoimmune diseases, musculoskeletal diseases and so on. According to statistics, umbilical stem cells can be used for the treatment of over eighty diseases. Storing your stem cells should be seen as an investment in your health for future sake. Parents do have the option of either throwing away their babys umbilical cord or donating it to stem cell banks.

The adipose tissue contains a lot of stem cells, that has the ability to transform into other cells such as muscle, cartilage, neural cells. They are also important for the treatment of some cardiovascular diseases. This is what makes it important for people to want to store their stem cells. The future health benefit is huge. The only way adults can store their stem cells in sufficient amounts is to extract the stem cells from their fat tissues. This process is usually painless and fast. Although, the extraction might have to be done between 3 to 5 times before the needed quantity is gotten. People that missed the opportunity to store their stem cells, using their cord cells, can now store it using their own adipose tissues. This can be used at any point in time.

Side effects often accompany every kind of treatment. However, this depends largely on the individual. While patients might present with side effects, some other people wouldnt. Whether a patient will present with adverse effects, depends on the following factors;

Some of the common side effects of stem cell transplant are;

Stem cell treatment has been largely successful so far, however, more studies and research needs to be done. Stem cell therapy could be the future.

Stem cells are unique cells that have some special features such as self-regeneration, tissue repair, and modulation of the immune system. These are the features that are employed in the treatment of diseases.

Our doctors are certified by iSTEMCELL but operate as part of a medical group or as independent business owners and as such are free to charge what the feel to be the right fit for their practice and clients. We have seen Stem Cell Treatment costs range from $3500 upwards of $30,000 depending on the condition and protocol required for intended results. Find the Best Stem Cell Doctor Near me If you are interested in saving money, try our STEM CELL COUPON!

Travel Medcations are becoming very popular around the globe for several reasons but not for what one might think. It is not about traveling to Mexico to save money, but to get procedures or protocols that are not yet available in your home country. Many procedures are started in your home country, then the tissue is set to the tissue lab where it is then grown in a process to maximize live cells, then sent to a hospital in Mexico designed to treat or provide different therapies for different conditions. If you're ready to take a medical vacation call 972-800-6670 for our"WHITE GLOVE" service.

Chen, C. and Hou, J. (2016). Mesenchymal stem cell-based therapy in kidney transplantation. Stem Cell Research & Therapy, 7(1).

Donnelly, A., Johar, S., OBrien, T. and Tuan, R. (2010). Welcome to Stem Cell Research & Therapy. Stem Cell Research & Therapy, 1(1), p.1.

Groothuis, S. (2015). Changes in Stem Cell Research. Stem Cell Research, 14(1), p.130.

Rao, M. (2012). Stem cells and regenerative medicine. Stem Cell Research & Therapy, 3(4), p.27.

Vunjak-Novakovic, G. (2013). Physical influences on stem cells. Stem Cell Research & Therapy, 4(6), p.153.

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Stem Cell Therapy and Stem Cell Injection Provider Finder ...

The A.A. Maximov Hematology and Cell Therapy Department of the National Pirogov Medical Surgical Centre specializes in the state-of-the-art treatment of hematological, oncological and autoimmune diseases. The accommodation standards and quality of medical care in the Department are at least equal to those of leading American and Western European medical centers.

Of special interest for our foreign guests is an innovative technology of high-dose immunosuppressive therapy with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in autoimmune diseases.

Autoimmune diseases are a heterogeneous group of disorders caused by an attack of a patient's own healthy tissues by his/her immune system. This group includes multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, systemic lupus erythematosus and many other diseases.

Multiple sclerosis is one of widespread autoimmune diseases of the nervous system. It is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the central nervous system, caused by autoimmune reactivity of T-cells towards components of neural cells. Although multiple sclerosis is a non-life-threatening disorder, its progression inevitably leads to impairment of the patient's ability to move, sensitive disturbances and cognitive impairment. The disease progresses slowly and, at the end, the patient is essentially confined to a wheelchair.Conventional therapies do not provide satisfactory control of multiple sclerosis. Hormonal therapy helps to limit acute manifestations of the disease, but it cannot stop its progression. Interferon therapy may help some patients, but in most cases it does not provide a stable long-term effect.

NEW PROMISING THERAPY FOR MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS PATIENTS IS HIGH-DOSE IMMUNOSUPRESSIVE THERAPY WITH HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION.

Chemotherapy eliminates the cause of the disease - autoimmune T-cells that are responsible for the nervous tissue damage. Then the patient is transplanted with his/her own (autologous) stem cells, which were collected and frozen in advance. This approach may stop the progression of the disease in most patients and prevent further decrease of their quality of life. Importantly, multiple sclerosis patients do not need any maintenance therapy after transplantation.

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in multiple sclerosis has been studied in the USA and Europe since 1995. During last decade more than 700 patients have received this treatment. According to the European Registry, the efficiency of high-dose immunosuppressive therapy with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in multiple sclerosis approximates 75%-80%. It is most effective in young patients with rapidly progressing multiple sclerosis in its early stages, when the leading mechanism of the damage to the nervous system is autoimmune inflammation. Later in the course of the disease, when the irreversible damage is done, the effect of the transplantation is limited.

High-dose immunosuppressive therapy with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation holds great promise as an effective tool for treatment of other autoimmune diseases, namely rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, pemphigus vulgaris and systemic lupus erythematosus.

The specialists of our Department have accumulated vast experience in applying stem cell transplantation to the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Our results were reported at major international meetings and received an unambiguous support from experts in the field. Importantly, this approach has nothing to do with the so called "cell therapy" approaches that are popular in Russia nowadays. Stem cells which are transplanted to a patient are his own (autologous) stem cells and are by no means of fetal origin. Chemotherapy and stem cell transplantations are performed according to the standards of the European Bone Marrow Transplantation (EBMT) Organization and International Society of Cellular Therapy (ISCT). We carefully weigh risk and benefits of transplantation in every individual case. Detailed examination always precedes the final decision about the appropriateness of high-dose immunosuppressive therapy with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

We will be happy to provide you with further information on the possibility of treatment in our Department.Phone/Fax +7 495 603-72-17Phone +7 915 290-00-67e-mail: info@gemclinic.ru

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Information in English - msclerosis.ru

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