StemCell Therapy

This past year proved profitable for investors in Incyte (NASDAQ:INCY) and Seattle Genetics (NASDAQ:SGEN). Handily beating broad market and biotech indexes, these two drug manufacturers hit the $20 billion valuation mark and are poised to continue growing in the coming year -- unless, of course, an acquirer emerges.

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2019 was a solid year for Incyte, with its stock rising approximately 42%. Sales of its lead drug Jakafi exceeded $1.2 billion in the first nine months of the year. The company expects full-year sales of Jakafi to reach $1.65 billion to $1.68 billion. Royalties and sales of leukemia drug Iclusig in Europe added another $283 million over the first three quarters of the year.

Incyte's pipeline remains one of the most extensive in biotech. With nine late-stage drug candidates, seven have two or more phase 2 or phase 3 clinical trials under way. Its early stage portfolio sports another dozen drug candidates.

What does this mean for investors? Expect to see continuous program updates and clinical trial results throughout 2020 and 2021. Also, the breadth of the research and development pipeline coupled with revenues approaching $2 billion in 2020 should be able to absorb any R&D setbacks or failures.

Seattle Genetics flourished in 2019 with its stock more than doubling on the heels of positive news. Adcetris, Seattle Genetics' first approved cancer drug, continued to reach record sales levels each quarter, representing growth between 30% and 42% compared to the corresponding periods in 2018. The company expects the total year revenue to range between $625 million to $640 million for Adcetris.

This week the U.S. Food and Drug Administration granted accelerated approval three months ahead of schedule for Seattle Genetics' drug Padcev to treat the most common form of bladder cancer.Earlier this month, the company highlighted promising clinical trials results for a novel breast cancer drug called tucatinib. While Seattle Genetics feverishly readies tucatinib's New Drug Application (NDA) for approval, the FDA designated the drug as a Breakthrough Therapy.

Seattle Genetics is a stock to own for 2020.Padcev's approval means another revenue stream in addition to Adcetris. Importantly, three products could be marketed by the end of 2020. The company's management announced that it expects to file the NDA for tucatinib in the first quarter. This promising breast cancer drug also showed the ability to combat cancer that spread to the brain.

Incyte and Seattle Genetics are both perennial M&A targets. However, since both companies boast valuations of $20 billion, any acquirer needs to be able to afford that plus the premium to make a buyout attractive. Only big pharmaceutical companies can afford to shell out $20 billion to $40 billion, assuming a 100% acquisition premium at the top end of the range.

Currently, several big pharmaceutical companies are trying to digest recent or on-going acquisitions, taking them off the table as prospective near-term buyers. In January, Takeda Pharmaceuticalclosed its $62 billion acquisition of Shire. Bristol-Myers Squibbconcluded its $74 billion acquisition of Celgene in November. AbbVieremains in the thick of its $63 billion deal with Allergan. And by mid-2020, Pfizerhopes to complete the Viatris transaction, formed through the spinoff and merger of its Upjohn business unit with Mylan.

Japanese pharma Astellas(OTC:ALPMF) stands out as the natural buyer for Seattle Genetics. The companies enjoy a long-standing partnership dating back to 2007, which yielded Adcetris and now Padcev. However, Astellas' market cap is just $33 billion. Therefore, it would likely need to be a merger instead of an acquisition. Culturally, the existing partnership may be more productive than forcing a cross-border merger. Astellas traces its roots back to 1894and may prefer smaller, less dilutive acquisitions, like its recent $3 billion buyout of gene therapy companyAudentes Therapeutics.

Incyte partners Novartis (NYSE:NVS) and Eli Lilly (NYSE:LLY) seem like the most likely buyers. Even for Eli Lilly, the smaller of the two, an acquisition could be manageable. Earlier this month, Eli Lilly appointed Josh Bilenker and two of his key lieutenants to run oncology R&D. Eli Lilly bought their company Loxo Oncology earlier this year for roughly $8 billion. Could this changing of the guard with a deep background in targeted small molecules look to make a statement by acquiring Incyte?

Since we're speculating, here's another food for thought scenario. What if Incyte and Seattle Genetics merged? It's not so far-fetched...at least, on paper.

Both companies focus on oncology, while Incyte would bring diversification through its R&D in immunology, rheumatology, and dermatology. The merged company would have five marketed drugs. That could easily reach seven if Seattle Genetics' tucatinib and Incyte's pemigatinib gain approval in 2020.

Jakafi and Adcetris combined should generate more than $2.25 billion in sales in 2019. Incyte also sells the leukemia drug Iclusig in Europe. This commercial infrastructure and capability could be leveraged to market tucatinib, assuming approval. Seattle Genetics owns worldwide rights to the drug.

What about the R&D fit? Historically, Incyte discovered and developed small molecule drugs to inhibit specific enzymes called kinases. Through recent partnerships with Agenusand Merus, Incyte expanded into therapeutic antibodies and bispecific antibodies. This allowed it to get into the ultra-hot immuno-oncology field.

Seattle Genetics' platform seeks to develop antibody-drug conjugates, a "smart bomb" cancer therapy that tethers highly potent cancer-killing small molecules to an antibody that recognizes a specific molecular target on a cancer cell. Seattle Genetics' 2018 acquisition of Cascadian Therapeutics gave it tucatinib, a kinase inhibitor for breast cancer that could be FDA-approved next year, and an early stage immuno-oncology program. Thus, the R&D efforts of both companies can be viewed at a high level as complementary.

The biggest potential roadblock in a deal like this comes down to management. Who will run the combined company? Arguably, both management teams have done tremendous jobs at creating shareholder value and delivering new therapies to patients, with more to come.

If the personnel issues can be worked out, and with some additional creative deal-making, I can envision a dynamic entity able to step in to fill the hole left by Celgene. Willing to bet on cutting-edge science, Celgene transformed into one of the most prolific dealmakers sought out by emerging biotech companies as their partner of choice. Can Incyte and Seattle Genetics do the same? If $1 plus $1 can equal $3, will $20 billion plus $20 billion equal $60 billion?

I hope readers fully grasp the speculative nature of my idea. Incyte and Seattle Genetics are great companies in their own right. Creating much-needed therapies for patients remains the backbone of their businesses. The two companies benefit from approved drugs providing attractive cash flow to support the additional promising R&D. Will either or both companies get acquired? Nobody knows for sure. However, the stock prices should be higher this time next year making them each a worthy investment opportunity today.

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A $20 Billion Sweet Spot in Biotech - The Motley Fool

This is the fourth of several posts written by students at the North Carolina School of Science and Math as part of an elective about science communication with Dean Amy Sheck.

Dr. Giny Foudas research focuses oninfant immune responses to infection and vaccination.

Her curiosity about immunology arose during her fourth year of medical school in Camaroon, when she randomly picked up a book on cancer immunotherapy and was captivated. Until then, she conducted research on malaria and connected it to her interest in pediatrics by studying the effects of the parasitic disease on the placentas of mothers.

As a postdoctoral fellow at Duke, shethen linked pediatrics and immunology to begin examining mother to childtransmission of disease and immunity.

Today she is an M.D. and a Ph.D. and amember of the Duke Human Vaccine Institute. Shes an assistant professor inpediatrics and an assistant research professor in the Department of Molecular Geneticsand Microbiology at Duke University School of Medicine.

Based on the recent finding that children of HIV-positive mothers are more susceptible to inheriting the disease, Fouda believes that it is important to understand how to intervene in passive immunity transmissions in order to limit them. Children and adults recover from diseases differently and uncovering these differences is important for vaccine development.

This area of research is personally important to her, because she learned from her service in health campaigns in Central Africa that it is much easier to prevent disease than to treat.

However, she believes that it is important to recognize that research is a collaborative experience with a team of scientists. Each discovery is not that of an individual, but can be accredited to everyones contribution, especially those whose roles may seem small but are vital to the everyday operations of the lab.

At the Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Fouda enjoys collaborating as a team and contributing her time as a mentor and trainer of young scientists in the next generation.

Outside of the lab, Fouda likes to spend time reading books with her daughter, traveling, decorating and gardening. If there was one factor that improve how science in immunology is conducted, she would stress that preventing disease is significantly cheaper than treating those that become infected by it.

Dr. Fouda has made some remarkable progress in the field of disease treatment with her hard working and optimistic personality, and I know that she will continue to excel in her objectives for years to come.

Post by Vandanaa Jayaprakash NCSSM 2020

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Infants, Immunity, Infections and Immunization - Duke Today

Simon Stevens, head of NHS England becomes a Sir, leading this year's healthcare field in the 2020 New Year Honours List.

The recipients in healthcare are alongside stars of sport, entertainment, public service, politics, charity work, and "the outstanding achievements of people across the United Kingdom".

The knighthood for services to health and the NHS in England in this year's list came just days after a study in the BMJ found health professionals are underrepresented by the honours system.

The health, science, and technology sector accounts for around 14.6% of honours, the Cabinet Office said.

Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust chief executive Cally Palmer was already a CBE (Commander of the Order of the British Empire) but is now a dame for services to cancer medicine. She's also National Cancer Director for NHS England and NHS Improvement.

In a statement, she said: "I feel incredibly fortunate to work for the NHS and to be surrounded by brilliant teams making great strides in progress for people affected by cancer. My role is simply to enable them, and all our staff, to do what they do best.

"Weve seen exceptional and very significant advances in our knowledge and understanding about better ways of researching, treating and curing cancer in the time Ive been at The Royal Marsden and it is a joy and a privilege to be able to make these improvements for the benefit of patients in the NHS and worldwide through groundbreaking research."

Prof Lesley Regan, who stood down as president of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists earlier this month, also becomes a dame.

Her successor, Dr Eddie Morris said she was an inspiration. "In her time as President, Lesley has not shied away from controversy or criticism and has infinite energy when defending the rights of women."

There were other health related knighthoods; Chair of Genomics England, Jonathan Symonds became a Sir as did Dr Mene Pangalos, executive vice-president, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit at AstraZeneca for services to UK science.

Professor Dame Sally Davies, former chief medical officer for England, now UK Special Envoy on Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) said on Twitter: "I am thrilled to be recognised in the New Year Honours with a Dame Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath.

"I owe this to the incredible teams I have worked with across the NHS, Govt, third sector, industry, public & global health. There is much to do on AMR so cannot stop yet."

Prof Alan Lehmann, research professor of molecular genetics at the University of Sussex, receives a CBE for services to medical science due to his research into xeroderma pigmentosum and cockayne syndrome.

There's a CBE for Dr Paul Lelliott, former deputy chief inspector of hospitals at the Care Quality Commission, for services to mental health.

Prof Karen Barker, clinical director for trauma and orthopaedics at Oxford University Hospitals, is awarded an OBE (Order of the British Empire). Dr Debra Adams, head of infection prevention and control (Midlands and East), NHS England and NHS Improvement, also gets an OBE for services to infection prevention and nursing.

World Dementia Envoy, Dr Dennis Gillings, is named Knight Bachelor for services to the advancement of dementia and life sciences.

To mark the start of the World Health Organisation's Year of the Nurse and Midwife in 2020, 12 nurses and five midwives receive OBEs, MBEs (Members of the Order of the British Empire), and BEMs (British Empire Medal).

This includes MBEs for midwife Nicolette Peel who supports women affected by cancer during pregnancy, and Elizabeth Evans, who developed special stoma care services.

Also marking the event, the Duchess of Cambridge sent an open letter of appreciation to all midwives for their "amazing work".

Kate wrote: "You are there for women at their most vulnerable; you witness strength, pain and unimaginable joy on a daily basis."

She described the time she spent behind the scenes at Kingston Hospital's Maternity Unit, saying: "It gave me a broader insight into the true impact you have on everybody you help."

She quoted, Florence Nightingale, whose 200th anniversary is marked in 2020: "I attribute my success to this: I never have or took an excuse" and it is that mantra that I have seen time and time again in all of my encounters with you. You dont ask for praise or for recognition but instead unwaveringly continue your amazing work bringing new life into our world. You continue to demonstrate that despite your technical mastery and the advancement of modern medicine, it is the human to human relationships and simple acts of kindness that sometimes mean the most."

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NHS England Boss Knighted in New Year Honours - Medscape

A Sussex University professor has been recognised by the Queen in the New Year Honours List.

Alan Lehmann

Alan Lehmann, a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS), has been made a CBE for services to medical science and to patients and families affected by xeroderma pigmentosum and Cockayne syndrome.

Professor Lehmann is research professor of molecular genetics whose research has helped to show how cells are able to repair damaged DNA and how these repair processes can go wrong in patients with certain genetic disorders.

The Royal Society said: His work has furthered our understanding of the links between DNA repair and cancer.

He identified a faulty gene that is responsible for the skin condition xeroderma pigmentosum (XP), which causes extreme sensitivity to sunlight and a strong predisposition to skin cancer.

He subsequently showed how mutations in the same gene can cause two other conditions that are clinically very different from XP.

He has developed diagnostic tests for XP and his laboratory runs a worldwide diagnostic service for XP, as well as Cockayne syndrome and trichothiodystrophy other conditions resulting from mutations in the same or related genes.

His XP diagnostic service is an integral part of the national XP multidisciplinary clinic.

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Sussex University professor honoured by Queen - Brighton and Hove News

A HOLOCAUST survivor who won the hearts of the nation on a TV dating show has been honoured by the Queen.

As a child, Eastbourne resident Dorit Oliver-Wolff hid from the Nazis in a cellar without light or heating for nine months after her family fled Hungary in 1941.

Earlier this year she achieved fame after a heartwarming date on Channel 4 show First Dates.

Now the 84-year-old has been awarded the British Empire Medal for services to Holocaust education and awareness, having addressed embassies and governments around the world.

She said she was gobsmacked when she received the news.

My head is getting so big, she said.

When I lived in Novi Sad I always thought I lived in the biggest city in the world.

I didnt even know what England was, it was just a little faraway island. Now Im going to Buckingham Palace. Its really exciting.

Just because I have an accent doesnt mean I havent adopted this country, and I am so happy this country has adopted me.

Ms Oliver-Wolff said she wanted to spread the message that life is for living.

A lot of people are only concerned about what happens in front of their house or next door, she said. But what we need to learn is bad things dont happen to them, they happen to us.

Its not just the Jewish people who have had their Holocaust, but so many other groups too.

I love my public speaking and I always tell people life is for living, not for being nasty.

The Holocaust survivor was one of many to have been named in the 2020 New Year Honours list.

Former Argus reporter Annie Nightingale was awarded a CBE for services to radio as BBC Radio 1s longest-serving presenter.

Ms Nightingale, who previously received an MBE, first worked as a journalist in Brighton.

I was rather attracted to the idea of racing around in a sports car with front page news. Of course, it is very different from that in reality, she said. I was interviewing movie stars one day and somebody involved in a murder the next. It was an incredible beginning, it was a great grounding. I met a really amazing team of reporters, all destined for Fleet Street, so I really had to up my game.

Meanwhile 24-year-old Pevensey makeup artist Kaiya Swain earned a British Empire Medal for winning the gold medal for beauty therapy at the Worldskills championship. Ms Swain made her name at the 2017 skills Olympics in Abu Dhabi.

Now one of the best young role models in the country, she has her own home salon. Its incredible. Im so grateful. Ive spent four long hard years of training, she said. I work for myself and I have a salon at home.

I specialise in eyelash extensions and I offer a range of treatments.

The competition was for everyone from cooks and engineers to beauty therapists like me.

Veteran marathon runner Rosie Thompson was awarded an MBE for services to the Armed Forces.

The 62-year-old Hurstpierpoint resident has run more than 36 marathons as part of the Not Forgotten Association, which helps lonely veterans.

In her 21 years at the charity she has raised more than 250,000 for those in need. Im shocked but thrilled. Im just getting used to it, she said.

Im very aware that I get paid to work for a charity, and Ive always wanted to give something back.

Thats why I go out on the streets and run marathons. Its to give something back to the community.

Ms Thompson said she took inspiration from the veterans she helps.

What I like most about my job is seeing the progress of people injured, she said. Veterans who have been shot or lost limbs go on to climb Kilimanjaro.

They often say Im their inspiration, but theyre mine.

Brighton pensioner Peter Burrows receives a British Empire Medal for services to the citys community.

The 78-year-old has raised money for a food bank, an allotment, and a community garden in Queens Park.

But Mr Burrows said he was not worthy of the honour.

I dont think Ive done anything extraordinary. Im just doing my bit, he said. I do a lot of work for the church, I clean up litter, and I clear the pavements of ice just ordinary things that anyone would do. I havent got a clue who recommended me.

Meanwhile in the village of Lodsworth, Martin Lester was very surprised when he got news of his British Empire Medal.

The 76-year-old has helped building a village hall, a community shop, and Lodsworth Larder for sharing food.

But he felt the entire community deserved the award.

The larder was probably the best thing thats happened to this village, but it was the local pub that really helped out, he said.

Weve got one of the best village halls in Sussex that we keep updating and everyone in this village is fantastic. Ive been working on the parish council for 20 years and it has been a full team effort.

When I got the letter about the award I was told to keep schtum, which has been difficult. But its good fun.

University of Sussex Professor Alan Lehmann has been made a CBE for service to medical science.

The professor of molecular genetics has made groundbreaking research into two rare genetic conditions.

Jane Goldingham, 62, from Brighton, was awarded an MBE for services to social work. She has taken a leading role in East Sussex and across the South East to improve learning, practice and support for social workers.

She was a frontline social worker for 16 years, and more recently, she has worked in adult social care.

Samson Rattigan, 28, from Brighton, was awarded a BEM for services to young people and families from gypsy and traveller communities in Sussex.

And Lindfield charity chief Paul Ramsbottom has been given an OBE.

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Dorit Oliver-Wolff on New Year's Honour's list - The Argus

Smoking is bad and it can affect almost every aspect of your life. Passive smoking is also as bad as active smoking. In fact, some of the effects of smoking cannot be reversed even after you stop. But if you stop, then, you bring down your risk of many unwanted health complications. A study at Uppsala University and Uppsala Clinical Research Center says that smoking alters several genes that can be associated with health problems for smokers, such as increased risk for cancer and diabetes. The journal Human Molecular Genetics published this study.

Health complications due to smoking is a leading cause of death globally. In fact, cigarette smoking causes more deaths today than any other diseases including HIV, accidents, drug and alcohol abuse and firearm mortality.

Let us take a look at how smoking affects your body.

Cigarettes contain nicotine that can reach your brain within seconds of lighting up. As it is a stimulant, it gives you an energy rush for a while, but once the smoke subsides, it can make your brain feel tired and crave for more kicks of energy and pleasure.

Smoking also alters your brains response to senses such as taste and smell and can make you want to eat less while you smoke. Any time that you do not smoke, your body goes into a withdrawal mode that can have a negative effect on your cognitive abilities and lead to depression, anxiety and restlessness. It can also trigger headaches, blurry vision and insomnia.

Your lungs help to filter out any harmful chemicals that you may inhale, but inhaling smoke over a long period of time can damage your lungs ability to do so. Even though you may cough frequently as a result of smoking, the toxins will still remain inside your lungs and can lead to various respiratory diseases such as cold, flu and other infections.

Smoking can have a significant impact on your digestive system and increases your risk of certain types of cancer, such as cancer of the pancreas, kidneys and the mouth. It can also cause inflammation of the gums, known as gingivitis as well as infection in the gums, also known as periodontitis. It is also directly related to poor oral health, and can cause oral decay, bad breath as well as loss of tooth earlier as compared to those who are not exposed to smoke.

Smoking can directly impact the way your body reacts to insulin and can put you at a higher risk of having insulin resistance. It means that if you are regularly exposed to smoke, your chances of developing type 2 diabetes are very high and you will develop complications related to diabetes faster as compared to those who are not exposed to cigarette smoke.

Smoking can restrict the flow of blood to vital organs in your body and can limit the ability of erection in males. It can also make it more difficult for you to reach an orgasm as your brain does not get enough stimulus from the act.

Smoking can also lead to various complications in your pregnancy, put you at risk of miscarriage, premature delivery and birth defects. Mothers with exposure to secondhand smoke during pregnancy have a higher risk of having babies who will be prone to sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Female smokers are also at a higher risk of reaching menopause earlier than those who do not smoke. They are more prone to cervical cancer.

Text sourced from zliving.com

Published : December 28, 2019 2:40 pm | Updated:December 28, 2019 2:40 pm

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Are you a chain smoker? Beware of blurry vision and diabetes - TheHealthSite

Washington D.C. (USA), Dec 29 (ANI): A recent study has suggested that food items containing more grease and fat can put the communication between intestine and rest of the human body to stop.

A team of Duke researchers has discovered that a high-fat meal completely shuts down the communication for a few hours. After they observed using the fish to examine cells that normally tell the brain and the rest of the body what's going on inside the gut after a meal.

The cells they were looking at are the enteroendocrine cells, which occur sparsely throughout the lining of the gut, but play a key role in signalling the body about the all-important alimentary canal. In addition to releasing hormones, the cells also have a recently-discovered direct connection to the nervous system and the brain.

These cells produce at least 15 different hormones to send signals to the rest of the body about gut movement, feelings of fullness, digestion, nutrient absorption, insulin sensitivity, and energy storage.

"But they fall asleep on the job for a few hours after a high-fat meal, and we don't yet know if that's good or bad," said John Rawls, an associate professor of molecular genetics and microbiology in the Duke School of Medicine.

Since enteroendocrine cells are key player's indigestion, the feeling of being full and subsequent feeding behaviour, this silencing may be a mechanism that somehow causes people eating a high-fat diet to eat even more.

"This is a previously unappreciated part of the postprandial (after-meal) cycle," Rawls said.

"If this happens every time we eat an unhealthy, high-fat meal, it might cause a change in insulin signalling, which could, in turn, contribute to the development of insulin resistance and Type 2 diabetes."

To understand the silencing better, the researchers tried to break the process down step by step in zebra-fish, reports the study published in 'eLife'.

After they first sense a meal, the enteroendocrine cells trigger a calcium burst within seconds, initiating the signalling process.

But after that initial signal, there's a delayed effect later in the after-meal period. It's during this later response that the silencing occurs, said Rawls, who also directs Duke's Microbiome Center.

The silenced cells change shape and experience stress in their endoplasmic reticulum, a structure that assembles new proteins. It seems that these enteroendocrine cells, which are specialized to synthesise and secrete proteins like hormones and neurotransmitters, become overstimulated and exhausted for a while.

The team tried the high-fat diet on a line of germ-free zebrafish raised in the absence of any microbes and found they didn't experience the same silencing effect. So they began looking for gut microbes that might be involved in the process.

After screening through all the kinds of bacteria found in the gut, they saw that the silencing appeared to be the work of a single type of gut bacteria, called Acinetobacter. (ANI)

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Fatty food can restrict gut communication with body: Study - Yahoo India News

For all of the wondrous potential of immunotherapies, there have been some notable obstacles in the early goings. Engineering immune cells to attack cancerous tumors can lead to solid results shortly after administering a dose, but for many patients the effects wear off once rapidly mutating tumor cells acquire new defense mechanisms.

Cellectis (NASDAQ:CLLS) thinks it may have a partial solution. In mid-November, the gene editing company published the results from a proof of concept study for its "smart" immunotherapy approach. Is the technique the future of cellular medicine?

Image source: Getty Images.

Today, cellular oncology therapies genetically engineer immune cells to bolster their safety and efficacy as a cancer treatment. There are T cells, natural killer (NK) cells, tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), and others. They're often engineered with chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) or T cell receptors (TCRs), which allow them to home in on and suppress specific genes in cancer cells.

While current-generation CAR T cells or CAR NK cells are capable of mounting formidable attacks on tumors at first, treatment responses aren't durable for all patients. That's because cancer cells mutate to rely on different proliferation genes, or secrete new molecules into the tumor microenvironment that neutralize immune cells. Meanwhile, overstimulating the immune system can reduce the potency of immune cells and lead to devastating side effects, such as cytokine release syndrome.

That prompted Cellectis to design "smart" CAR T cells capable of adapting to changes in the tumor microenvironment. In a proof of concept study, the company utilized synthetic biology concepts to rewire genetic circuits in three different genes of the initial T cells.

One edit made the immunotherapy more potent, but in a controlled manner to reduce off-target toxicity. The other two edits imbued CAR T cells with the ability to secrete inflammatory proteins inside the tumor microenvironment in proportion to the concentration of cancer cells.

In other words, the smart CAR T cells only asked for help from the rest of the immune system when it was needed most, which increased the anti-tumor activity of treatment and made native immune cells less likely to become neutralized. That should reduce the likelihood of triggering cytokine release syndrome, the most common (and potentially fatal) side effect of cellular medicines, which is caused by high concentrations of immune cells.

The study was conducted in mice, which means the safety and efficacy observations can't be extrapolated into humans. But that wasn't the point. The proof of concept demonstrates that the basic idea of engineering tightly controlled genetic circuits into immunotherapies is feasible. It could even allow multiple genetic circuits of the same drug candidate to be tested against one another in parallel, hastening drug development and lowering costs. Is it the inevitable future of cellular medicine?

Image source: Getty Images.

Gene editing tools are required to engineer immune cells. In fact, immunotherapies are the lowest hanging fruit for gene editing technology platforms today. It's simply easier to engineer immune cells in the lab (ex vivo) than it is to engineer specific cell types in the complex environment of the human body (in vivo).

That explains why nearly every leading gene editing company has immunotherapy programs in its pipeline. Coincidentally, all of the leading drug candidates in the industry pipeline are off-the-shelf CAR T cells engineered to treat CD19 malignancies such as non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) and B-acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL), regardless of the gene editing approach used. The smart CAR T cells designed by Cellectis targeted CD22 malignancies, but the approach could be adapted to CD19 antigen.

Developer(s)

Drug Candidate

Gene Editing Approach

Development Status

Cellectis and Servier

UCART19

TALEN

Phase 2

Precision BioSciences (NASDAQ:DTIL)

PCAR0191

ARCUS gene editing

Phase 1/2

CRISPR Therapeutics (NASDAQ:CRSP)

CTX110

CRISPR-Cas9

Phase 1/2

Sangamo Therapeutics (NASDAQ:SGMO) and Gilead Sciences (NASDAQ:GILD)

KITE-037

Zinc finger nuclease

Preclinical

Data source: Company websites.

Will these companies eventually turn to "smart" immunotherapies with regulated genetic circuits? It does seem inevitable, especially if the approach can reduce or eliminate cytokine release syndrome and enable more durable responses.

For example, Cellectis reported that all seven patients taking part in the phase 1 trial of UCART19 suffered from at least grade 1 cytokine release syndrome, which caused complications that led to the death of one patient. Five of the seven patients achieved molecular remission, but one relapsed (and remained alive) and one died. To be fair, all patients taking part in the trial had advanced, heavily pretreated B-ALL.

Precision BioSciences has encountered similar obstacles in an ongoing phase 1/2 trial of PBCAR0191. The company's lead drug candidate was administered to nine patients with NHL or B-ALL. Three cases of cytokine release syndrome were reported, but all were manageable. Seven responded to treatment, including two that achieved a complete response, but three eventually relapsed.

CRISPR Therapeutics recently began dosing patients with CTX110 in a phase 1/2 trial that will eventually enroll up to 95 individuals, but initial results won't be available until 2020. Sangamo Therapeutics and Kite Pharma, a subsidiary of Gilead Sciences, are plowing ahead with zinc fingers,but are still in preclinical development.

Investors seem pleased with most of these gene editing stocksright now. After all, despite the obstacles, current-generation cellular medicines are delivering impressive results in patient populations with relatively few options. But upcoming data readouts could easily differentiate the pack. That could increase the need to invest in augmented capabilities, such as smart immunotherapies.

There's plenty of untapped potential in cellular medicine. Today, companies are developing drug candidates with engineered CARs and TCRs designed to test hypotheses about the function of immunotherapies. As approaches find success, measured in safer and more durable responses, the next layer of complexity will be added in an effort to find even more successful therapies. And the cycle will continue.

Therefore, it seems inevitable that the field of cellular medicine will turn to smart immunotherapies with more complex genetic edits, much like the field quickly embraced the need for engineered immune cells and off-the-shelf manufacturing processes. That said, the immediate focus for Cellectis and its peers is building a stable foundation -- and those efforts have only just begun.

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Did Cellectis Just Provide a Glimpse of the Future of Cellular Medicine? - The Motley Fool

Media Advisory

Friday, December 27, 2019

Findings from NIH-funded study could inform treatment strategies.

Identical twins with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often experience large differences in symptom severity even though they share the same DNA, according to an analysis funded by the National Institutes of Health. The findings suggest that identifying the causes of this variability may inform the treatment of ASD-related symptoms. The study was conducted by John Constantino, M.D., of Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, and colleagues. Funding was provided by NIHs Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD). The study appears in Behavior Genetics.

ASD is a developmental disorder that affects how a person behaves, interacts with others and learns. Previous studies have found that when one identical twin has ASD, chances are extremely likely that the other twin has it, too.

The authors analyzed data from three previous studies comprising a total of 366 identical twin pairs with and without ASD. The severity of autism traits and symptoms in the twins was measured by a clinicians assessment or by parents ratings on a standardized questionnaire. Some cases were diagnosed by both methods. The researchers determined a 96% chance that if one twin has ASD, the other has it, too. However, symptom scores varied greatly between twins diagnosed with ASD. The researchers estimated that genetic factors contributed to only 9% of the cause of trait variation among these twins. In contrast, among pairs of identical twins without ASD, the scores for traits were very similar.

The study authors do not know the reasons for differences in symptom severity, but they rule out genetic and most environmental causes because the twins share the same DNA and were raised in the same environment. Additional studies are needed to determine the cause.

Alice Kau, Ph.D., NICHD Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Branch, is available for comment.

Castelbaum, L. On the nature of monozygotic twin concordance for autistic trait severity: A quantitative analysis. Behavior Genetics.2019.

About theEunice Kennedy ShriverNational Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD): NICHD conducts and supports research in the United States andthroughout the world on fetal, infant and child development; maternal, child and family health; reproductive biology and population issues; and medical rehabilitation. For more information, visitNICHDs website.

About the National Institutes of Health (NIH):NIH, the nation's medical research agency, includes 27 Institutes and Centers and is a component of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. NIH is the primary federal agency conducting and supporting basic, clinical, and translational medical research, and is investigating the causes, treatments, and cures for both common and rare diseases. For more information about NIH and its programs, visit http://www.nih.gov.

NIHTurning Discovery Into Health

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See the rest here:
Severity of autism symptoms varies greatly among identical twins - National Institutes of Health

Filmmaker and actor Xavier Dolan and the co-founders of the Montreal International Jazz Festival, Andr Mnard and Alain Simard, were among those who were inducted into the Order of Canada on Friday. Legendary Quebec actor Marcel Sabourin, 84, was named an Officer of the Order.

Artists, former politicians, scientists and community leaders were recognized for their extraordinary contributions. A total of 120 people were either appointed to the Order or received promotions.

Former prime minister Stephen Harper and former ambassador Raymond Chrtien received the highest rank of Companion to the Order.

Mnard and Simard were appointed Officers Mnard for his contribution to the Montreal cultural scene, notably as artistic director of the (jazz festival), Simard for his key role in positioning Montreal as a city of festivals and for his leadership as the head of quipe Spectra.

Among the other new Officers of the Order are four-time Olympic womens hockey gold medallist Caroline Ouellette and former Quebec cabinet minister Raymond Bachand.

Denyse McCann, a co-founder of quipe Spectra, was selected as a Member of the Order. Dolan received the same honour for his talent, which has earned him international recognition as an actor, screenwriter and director. Gilles Ste-Croix was also appointed as a Member for his creativity and imagination as co-founder and director of the Cirque du Soleil.

In the university and scientific sector, UQAM professor Alain-G. Gagnon (Officer) was recognized for his contribution to the social sciences, notably for his research into federalism, francophone-anglophone relations, and national identities.

McGill University Professor Daniel Jutras (Officer), was honoured for his contributions to the development of pluralist law internationally and for his contributions as a lawyer, professor and university administrator.

CHUM researcher Pavel Hamet (Member), was recognized for his contributions to genetic medicine and to the development of new clinical treatments for hypertension and diabetes.

Jean-Charles Coutu, the former mayor of Rouyn-Noranda (Officer), was praised for his contributions to the legal profession in the area of Indigenous justice and for his community involvement.

Elsewhere in Canada, biologist Anne Dagg, known as the queen of giraffes, became a Member of the Order for her contributions to the modern scientific understanding of the giraffe.

Dagg was one of several women honoured by the Order for their scientific work, including 2018 Nobel Prize winner Donna Strickland (Companion) and Noni MacDonald of Halifax (Officer), a pediatrician who has served on behalf of the World Health Organization.

Other Montrealers named to the Order:

Officers

Annette av Paul, for her contributions to ballet and for her mentorship as a dancer, teacher and director.

Karen Messing, for her pioneering research into ergonomic work conditions, particularly as they affect womens health.

Members

Maurice Brisson, for his expertise in designing electrification plans and for his philanthropic contributions to electrical engineering education.

Marie Gigure, for her leadership in commercial and corporate law, for her commitment to increasing the role of women in business, and for her dedication to the community.

Arshavir Gundjian, for his contributions to recognizing and promoting Armenian culture in Canada and abroad.

Alcides Lanza, for his decades-long contributions to the contemporary music scene and for championing Canadian music here and abroad.

Isabelle Marcoux, for promoting diversity within Quebecs economic community and for her involvement in numerous fundraising campaigns.

Robert Dick Richmond, for his innovative designs as an aeronautical engineer and for his contributions to the aviation industry.

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Xavier Dolan, Andr Mnard and Alain Simard appointed to the Order of Canada - Montreal Gazette

Disease-causing changes or mutations found only in the sperm of the father could predict the risk of autism in children.

A team of scientists, led by researchers from the University of California (UC) San Diego School of Medicine tested the sperm of fathers who were already parents of children with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD). They found that the disease-causing mutations were present in up to 15% of the fathers sperm cells -- information that could not be determined through other means such as blood samples.

The causes of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in children are not fully understood, and researchers believe that both genetics and the environment have a role to play. In some cases, the disorder is linked to mutations that appear only in the child and are not inherited from either parents DNA.

Clinicians continue to face an ever-increasing incidence of autism spectrum disorders, without effective strategies available to prevent disease or counsel families.

Recent studies suggest gene-damaging spontaneous mutations are involved in at least 10% to 30% of ASD cases. Researchers believe that the number of mutations increases with the fathers age at time of conception. Such mutations occur spontaneously in parents sperm or eggs or during fertilization. When a disease-causing mutation occurs for the first time in a family, the probability that it could happen again in a future child is not known. Thus, families must make a decision with a great deal of uncertainty, say experts.

According to the researchers, they have developed a method to measure disease-causing mutations found only in the sperm of the father and assess chances the mutations will cause disease. The team says the new method -- described in Nature Medicine -- provide expectant parents with a more accurate assessment of autism risk in future children.

Autism afflicts 1 in 59 children and we know that a significant portion is caused by de novo (spontaneous) DNA mutations, yet we are still blind to when and where these mutations will occur, says Dr. Jonathan Sebat, professor and chief of the Beyster Center for Molecular Genomics of Neuropsychiatric Diseases at UC San Diego School of Medicine, in the analysis.

With our new study, we can trace some of these mutations back to the father, and we can directly assess the risk of these same mutations occurring again in future children, says Dr. Sebat, a co-senior author of the study.

The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) describes autism spectrum disorder as a developmental disability that can cause significant social, communication and behavioral challenges. For 2014, the overall prevalence of ASD in the US was estimated at 16.8 per 1,000 (one in 59) children aged 8 years.

There are likely many causes for multiple types of ASD. There may be many different factors that make a child more likely to have an ASD, including environmental, biologic and genetic factors. Most scientists agree that genes are one of the risk factors that can make a person more likely to develop this disorder, says CDC.

For their study, the researchers analyzed the sperm of eight fathers of autistic children. The objective, says the team, was to look for the presence of multiple, genetically different sets of cells in the same person, a condition called mosaicism.

While medical textbooks teach us that every cell in the body has an identical copy of DNA, this is fundamentally not correct. Mutations occur every time a cell divides, so no two cells in the body are genetically identical, says first author Dr. Martin Breuss, an assistant project scientist in the lab of Dr. Joseph Gleeson, also a co-senior study author.

The researchers explain that mosaicism can cause cancer or can be silent in the body. If a mutation occurs early in development, then it will be shared by many cells within the body. But if a mutation happens just in sperm, then it can show up in a future child, but not cause any disease in the father, says Breuss.

The researchers used a technique called deep whole-genome sequencing. They found genetic variants in the children that were matched only in the fathers sperm.

Previously research by the team, says Dr. Gleeson, showed that mosaicism in a child can lead to diseases like epilepsy. Here, we show that mosaicism in one of the parents is at least as important when thinking about genetic counseling, says Dr. Gleeson, professor of neuroscience at UC San Diego School of Medicine and director of neuroscience research at the Rady Childrens Institute for Genomic Medicine.

The researchers said that if the study is developed into a clinical test, fathers could have their sperm studied to determine their precise risk of recurrence in future children. The method might also be applied to men who have not had children yet, but who want to know the risk of having a child with a disease, says the team.

Continued here:
Mutations in a fathers sperm could predict the risk of autism in children: Study - MEAWW

Its been a banner year for First Opinion. We published nearly 500 essays written by more than 600 authors from industry, academia, government, and private life in the United States and beyond. They took on the mundane, like the implications of the Elijah E. Cummings Lower Drug Costs Now Act (aka H.R. 3), and the fanciful, like why we need a Public Domain Day to highlight when drugs go off patent.

Authors addressed the opioid crisis, patent thickets, the personal toll imposed by drug shortages, drug costs, deaths of despair, the oxymoron of having a waiting room in an emergency department, shoddy production of generic drugs by foreign manufacturers, the burgeoning use of artificial intelligence and machine learning in new drug research and development and health care, and much, much more.

Here are the five most widely read First Opinions of 2019. If you didnt get to read them when they first appeared, now is as good a time as any:

advertisement

1. 23andMe had devastating news about my health. I wish a person had delivered it Dorothy Pomerantz thought it would be fun to have her DNA analyzed, so she sent her spit to 23andMe. A link in an email took her to the companys website, where she learned she was at very high risk of developing breast and ovarian cancer. Im not the first person to get surprising and terrible news from an at-home genetic testing company. With the increasing popularity of 23andMe, and other companies like it, I wont be the last. But she wished she had gotten the news from a person.

2. Time in range: a new way for people with diabetes to monitor blood sugar More and more people with diabetes are using continuous glucose meters, which measure blood sugar every few minutes. That information offers a new way to evaluate how well someone is controlling his or her diabetes: time in range. The University of Washingtons Dr. Lorena Alarcon-Casas Wright explains how it works.

3. Our child received a devastating diagnosis before she was born. We decided to protect her Allison Chang learned that, at 15 weeks of gestation, her daughter had severe malformations due to trisomy 18, a deadly genetic condition. She and her husband could not protect our daughter from trisomy 18, but we could shield her from any pain or agony that would come with it.

4. I have spinal muscular atrophy. Critics of the $2 million new gene therapy are missing the point Nathan Yates has lived with spinal muscular atrophy for all 30 years of his life. He answers critics upset over the $2.1 million cost of Zolgensma, a new drug to treat the condition, and asks them to take into account its long-term benefits.

5. Ghost networks of psychiatrists make money for insurance companies but hinder patients access to care When Jack Turban started his training to become a psychiatrist, he went looking for a therapist of his own. What he found were ghost networks of mental health providers.

And heres a bonus: Published in July 2018, the essay Physicians arent burning out. Theyre suffering from moral injury was the third most widely read First Opinion of 2019.

On to 2020!

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5 most widely read First Opinions of 2019 - STAT

Scientists adding human brain genes to monkeys its the kind of thing youd see in a movie like Rise of the Planet of the Apes. But Chinese researchers have done just that, improving the short-term memories of the monkeys in a study published in March in the Chinese journal National Science Review. While some experts downplayed the effects as minor, concerns linger over where the research may lead.

The goal of the work, led by geneticist Bing Su of Kunming Institute of Zoology, was to investigate how a gene linked to brain size, MCPH1, might contribute to the evolution of the organ in humans. All primates have some variation of this gene. However, compared with other primates, our brains are larger, more advanced and slower to develop; the researchers wondered whether differences that evolved in the human version of MCPH1 might explain our more complex brains.

Su and his team injected 11 rhesus macaque embryos with a virus carrying the human version of MCPH1. The brains of the transgenic monkeys those with the human gene developed at a slower pace, akin to that of a human, than those in transgene-free monkeys. And by the time they were 2 to 3 years old, the transgenic monkeys performed better and answered faster on short-term memory tests involving matching colors and shapes. However, there werent any differences in brain size or any other behaviors.

But the results arent what has the scientific community buzzing. Some individuals question the ethics of inserting a human brain gene into a monkey an action Rebecca Walker, a bioethicist at the University of North Carolina, argues could be the start of a slippery slope toward imbuing animals with humanlike intelligence. In a 2010 paper, James Sikela, a geneticist at the University of Colorado School of Medicine, and coauthors asked whether a humanized monkey would fit into its society, or would live in inhumane conditions due to its altered genes.

To justify the work, Su and his co- authors suggested that it could provide insights into neurodegenerative and social disorders but they dont describe what those applications might be. I dont really see anything in the paper that would make me think that [the experiment] was necessarily a good idea, says Walker.

Su declined Discovers request for comment, but said in an article for China Daily, Scientists agree that monkey models are at times irreplaceable for basic research, especially in studying human physiology, cognition and disease. And in the research paper, the authors contend that the relatively large phylogenetic distance (about 25 million years of divergence from humans) alleviates ethical concerns. (Rhesus macaques are less like humans in terms of social and cognitive capacities than primates such as chimpanzees, which are more closely related to us.) This greater evolutionary distance suggests it would be harder to wind up with a macaque that acts like a human.

But that reasoning falls flat for Walker. It doesnt really matter when they became differentiated from humans on the phylogenetic tree, she says. Theyre talking about improved short-term memory, which would be putting them sort of closer to us in terms of those cognitive abilities. She thinks manipulating these skills makes the work ethically dubious and requires stronger justification.

While monkeys and humans have similar genomes, Su said in the China Daily article, there are still tens of millions of genetic differences. Changing one gene carefully designed for research will not result in drastic change.

Sikela agrees that such a change may be minor. Still, he wonders about the possibility of finding a gene with a large effect on cognition.

Theres some risky elements to going down this road, Sikela says. One needs to think about the consequences of where this is leading and whats the best way to study these kinds of questions.

Walker also worries about where this work leads. Could we enhance human brains through these methods? she asks. While she thinks were nowhere close to that yet, she notes that science can advance surprisingly quickly. For instance, CRISPR the gene-editing technique that once seemed far removed from human research was used in China to edit the genomes of twins in 2018. (See our No. 11 story of the year, page 32.)

It does feel worrisome to be doing this research in primates, Walker says. And then potentially thinking about how that could be used in humans.

[This story originally appeared in print as "Researchers React to Human Genes in Monkeys."]

Read this article:
Scientists Put a Human Intelligence Gene Into a Monkey. Other Scientists are Concerned. - Discover Magazine

P. Todd Stukenberg, PhD, of UVAs Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and the UVA Cancer Center, works in his lab. Credit: Dan Addison | UVA

Scientists at the University of Virginia School of Medicine have discovered a strange new organelle inside our cells that helps to prevent cancer by ensuring that genetic material is sorted correctly as cells divide.

The researchers have connected problems with the organelle to a subset of breast cancer tumors that make lots of mistakes when segregating chromosomes. Excitingly, they found their analysis offered a new way for doctors to sort patient tumors as they choose therapies. They hope these insights will allow doctors to better personalize treatments to best benefit patients sparing up to 40 percent of patients with breast cancer, for example, a taxing treatment that wont be effective.

Some percentage of women get chemotherapy drugs for breast cancer that are not very effective. They are poisoned, in pain and their hair falls out, so if it isnt curing their disease, then thats tragic, said researcher P. Todd Stukenberg, PhD, of UVAs Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and the UVA Cancer Center. One of our goals is to develop new tests to determine whether a patient will respond to a chemotherapeutic treatment, so they can find an effective treatment right away.

The organelle Stukenberg and his team have discovered is essential but ephemeral. It forms only when needed to ensure chromosomes are sorted correctly and disappears when its work is done. Thats one reason scientists havent discovered it before now. Another reason is its mind-bending nature: Stukenberg likens it to a droplet of liquid that condenses within other liquid. That was the big wow moment, when I saw that on the microscope, he said.

These droplets act as mixing bowls, concentrating certain cellular ingredients to allow biochemical reactions to occur in a specific location. Whats exciting is that cells have this new organelle and certain things will be recruited into it and other things will be excluded, Stukenberg said. The cells enrich things inside the droplet and, all of a sudden, new biochemical reactions appear only in that location. Its amazing.

P. Todd Stukenberg, PhD, of UVAs Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and the UVA Cancer Center, discovered an unknown organelle in our cells that helps ensure genetic material is sorted correctly when cells divide. Credit: Dan Addison | UVA

Its tempting to think of the droplet like oil in water, but its really the opposite of that. Oil is hydrophobic it repels water. This new organelle, however, is more sophisticated. Its more of a gel, where cellular components can still go in and out but it contains binding sites that concentrate a small set of the cells contents, Stukenberg explained. Our data suggests this concentration of proteins is really important. I can get complex biochemical reactions to occur inside a droplet that Ive been failing to reconstitute in a test tube for years. This is the secret sauce Ive been missing.

While its been known for about eight years that cells make such droplets for other processes, but it was unknown that they make them on chromosomes during cell division. Stukenberg believes these droplets are very common and more important than previously realized. I think this is a general paradigm, he said. Cells are using these non-membranous organelles to regulate much of their work.

In addition to helping us understand mitosis how cells divide Stukenbergs new discovery also sheds light on cancer and how it occurs. The organelles main function is to fix mistakes in tiny microtubules that pull apart chromosomes when cells are dividing. That ensures each cell winds up with the correct genetic material. In cancer, though, this repair process is defective, which can drive cancer cells to get more aggressive.

He has also developed tests to measure the amount of chromosome mis-segregation in tumors, and he hopes that this might allow doctors to pick the proper treatment to give cancer patients. We have a way to identify the tumors where the cells are mis-segregating chromosomes at a higher rate, he said. My hope is to identify the patients where treatments such as paclitaxel are going to the most effective.

Having looked at breast cancer already, he next plans to examine the strange organelles role in colorectal cancer.

###

Stukenberg and his colleagues have described their discovery in the scientific journal Nature Cell Biology. The research team consisted of Prasad Trivedi, Francesco Palomba, Ewa Niedzialkowska, Michelle A. Digman, Enrico Gratton and Stukenberg.

Reference: The inner centromere is a biomolecular condensate scaffolded by the chromosomal passenger complex by Prasad Trivedi, Francesco Palomba, Ewa Niedzialkowska, Michelle A. Digman, Enrico Gratton and P. Todd Stukenberg, 3 September 2019, Nature Cell Biology.DOI: 10.1038/s41556-019-0376-4

The research was supported by the National Institutes of Health, grants R01GM124042, R24OD023697 and P41-GM103540; and the National Science Foundation, grant MCB-1615701.

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Strange New Organelle That Helps Prevent Cancer Discovered in Our Cells - SciTechDaily

Illustration by Andy Potts

Say goodbye to insulin injections and hello to snake toxins.

From penicillin to 3D-printed kidneys, the medical field has long served as a major catalyst of human ingenuity. In Colorado, that innovation doesnt appear to be slowing down. Centennial State institutions are helping pioneer treatments that could revolutionize health careboth today and in the years ahead.

A Gilded PillAbout 416,000 adults in Colorado suffer from diabetes. No wonder, then, that oral insulin (read: no more needles) is considered the holy grail of diabetes care. Denvers Creekside Endocrine Associates is part of the quest as one of only 37 places in the country testing an insulin pill developed by New Yorks Oramed Pharmaceutical. The key is ensuring the capsule reaches the liver before dissolving in stomach acid. If successful, the pill could also drastically lower the average cost of diabetes care, which is currently nearly $10,000 a year in the United States.

Conversation StarterThis past August, UCHealth introduced the world to Alexas nerdy cousin, Livi. An artificial-intelligence-based virtual assistant, Livi can be summoned on an Amazon Echo by saying Alexa, ask UCHealth. Users can then pepper her with commands like Email me information on Crohns disease or Find me a neurologist, and Livi will consult network sources to locate the information. UCHealth hopes to expand Livis capabilities over the next few years. This fall, for example, she was integrated into its electronic medical record system and mobile app so she can check your test results and appointment times.

Game TheoryIn 2017, Childrens Hospital Colorado unveiled one of the first full-time hospital gaming and technology departments in the world. Patients with movement-debilitating illnesses such as cerebral palsy get the much-needed, potentially dexterity-improving activity they require by donning virtual reality and augmented reality headsets and, for example, exploring alien planets. The diversions can also make it easier for kids to undergo difficult treatments: The anxiety a child feels before a lumbar puncturean injection of medicine into her spinal fluidmight be lessened if she can confront the procedure while wielding a lightsaber.

Snake Venom SalesmanA professor at the University of Northern Colorado might have finally found a way for serpents to pay penance for the whole exile-from-Eden thing: Stephen Mackessys Venom Analysis Lab, which launched in the mid-1990s, has shown that toxins from some venomous snakes are capable of preventing cancer cells from metastasizing. The next step (likely still years away) is finding an application method that would weaponize compounds in the venom against a humans cancer without harming the humans body.

Good GenesBoth Lutheran Medical Center and Kaiser Permanente are early practitioners of pharmacogenomicsbasically, how your DNA affects your bodys reactions to medicines. In Lutherans pilot program, primary care providers give some patients the option of a 20-second cheek swab. Pharmacists and doctors can use subsequent genetic-testing reports to provide recommendations, such as lowering a dosage because genetic traits reveal your body might absorb drugs faster or suggesting you avoid a particular medication.

This article appeared in the 2020 issue of 5280 Health.

Excerpt from:
The Innovations That Will Revolutionize Health Care in Colorado - 5280 | The Denver Magazine

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8.1 Overview 8.2 North America 8.2.1 U.S. 8.2.2 Canada 8.2.3 Mexico 8.3 Europe 8.3.1 Germany 8.3.2 U.K. 8.3.3 France 8.3.4 Rest of Europe 8.4 Asia Pacific 8.4.1 China 8.4.2 Japan 8.4.3 India 8.4.4 Rest of Asia Pacific 8.5 Rest of the World 8.5.1 Latin America 8.5.2 Middle East

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9.1 Overview 9.2 Company Market Ranking 9.3 Key Development Strategies

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11.1 Related Research

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Stem Cell Alopecia Treatment Market Segmentation, Top Companies, Applications, Comprehensive Research Report and Forecast to 2026 - Market Research...

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Hospitals & ClinicsAmbulatory Surgical Centers

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Stem Cell Cartilage Regeneration Market Key players, Geographical Regions and Growth Analysis Outlook Up To 2028 - Sound On Sound Fest

The end of privacy

Vanessa Walker is the Morgan assistant professor of diplomatic history at Amherst College.

At the close of the 2010s, political polarization, reactionary nationalism and escalating public conflict over systemic racism, gender inequality and climate change dominated characterizations of the decade. Less noticed, the decade marked the end of privacy. State surveillance was nothing new. The war on terror in the aughts had already ushered in new invasive profiling practices. But the pervasive, hyper-individualized, corporate-based collection and aggregation of personal data in partnership with government marked a new frontier in surveillance. The collection of personal information through individuals phones, computers and virtual assistantsand the social media and online platforms they utilizedinformed almost every aspect of social and political interactions. Over the decade, these instruments insinuated themselves into peoples everyday lives for convenience, for entertainment, for basic daily information and communication in a way that made it difficult to imagine functioning without them. Like the proverbial frog being boiled alive, people became accustomed not only to trading their personal information for basic services, but also the idea that they were always being watched. Appeased by the pretense of being able to opt out, consumers accepted vague assertions that data collection was consensual, anonymous and secure. Yet, as the decade drew to a close, law enforcement officials, political campaigns and foreign governments increasingly used information gathered for commercial purposes in ways completely at odds with the assurances of privacy and consent. As scandals like Cambridge Analytica revealed, the use of this data was also at odds with the integrity of democratic institutions and confidence in the electoral process. Big data clearly contained potential benefits for society in terms of health innovations, service optimization and energy efficiencies. However, without meaningful transparency over what was collected, who had access and how it was used, the looming surveillance states threat to individual freedom and collective security dwarfed those potential benefits.

James Goodman is a history professor at Rutgers.

The decade that began with hard times ended like the Wizard of Oz. The recovery from the Great Recession was slow and uneven. The backlash against Barack Obama, the country's first black president, was swift and sustained. Obama won a second term in 2012, but four years later that backlash, combined with economic insecurity and a successful effort to portray Hillary Clinton as corrupt, led to the election of Donald Trump, a New York City real estate developer and reality television host, who promised to "Make America Great Again." Trump attempted to keep Muslims out with a travel ban and Central Americans migrants out with a wall across the Mexican border. He resumed deportation of undocumented immigrants brought here as children. He won a huge tax cut for corporations and the wealthiest Americans, and he reversed or weakened dozens of Obama era rules designed to regulate the financial industry, reduce greenhouse gases, clean up the air and water, and expand civil rights. Even as Trump cozied up to the U.S.'s longtime rival Russia and undermined free trade with punishing tariffs, the vast majority of Republicans stuck with him. He himself bragged that he could shoot someone without alienating his base. In late 2019, a whistleblower charged that Trump had pressured the president of the Ukraine to announce a corruption investigation of former Vice President Joseph Biden, his leading political rival: No announcement, no military aid. The Democratically controlled House of Representatives launched an inquiry, which led to two counts of impeachment, charging him with abuse of power and obstruction of Congress. He was impeached along strict party lines and then acquitted the same way. Extreme polarization appeared to be a permanent feature of American politics. But just 11 months later, in the presidential election of 2020, Trump was handily defeated by Joseph Biden and Stacey Abrams. Perhaps even more surprising, Trumps spell was broken. His base turned like the Winkie Guards in the castle of the Wicked Witch of the West. They made heroes of the "Never Trumpers," the handful of Republicans who had resisted the president and who now gained control of a more moderate, temperate GOP. In the 1980s, Ronald Reagan had pushed the political center of gravity well to the right. In the late 2010s, Bernie Sanders, Elizabeth Warren, and a "squad" of fiery young congresswomen pushed it back the other way. In office, Biden and his team of rivals worked with Congress on the party's agenda: health care, economic inequality, climate change, racial disparities in the criminal justice system, immigration reform and infrastructure. The Supreme Court played nice, realizing that in America there is no place like the center, wherever the center happens to be.

Sarah E. Igo is a professor of history and political science at Vanderbilt.

In the 2010s, Americans reckoned with their neglect of vital infrastructures: political, technological and environmental. Their constitutional democracy was the most obvious system in disarray. Vulnerable to Russian cyberattacks during the 2016 election, U.S. political institutions suffered equally from the unchecked flouting of governing norms by the reality-TV star president, Donald Trump, who was the beneficiary of those attacks. Americans communications infrastructure also proved precarious. As news and exchanges of all sorts moved onto electronic platforms in that decade, they became ever-more captive to corporate profits, eroding individual privacy as well as the means for achieving verifiable facts. Finally, in common with people around the world, Americans grasped in that decade the potentially irreversible harm humans had done to the natural systems supporting life on the planet. Raging fires, hurricanes and floods; attacks on democratic processes; social media surveillance and fake news. These were the shocks that exposed the fragility of the systems Americans depended onbut that also galvanized citizens to repair them in the 2020s.

David M. Kennedy is professor emeritus of history at Stanford University.

Still waters run deep. Sometimes turbulent waters do too. In the 21st centurys tumultuous second decade, several currents flowing out of the previous centurys closing years swelled to a torrential maelstrom that swept away the very foundations of the social and political order that had prevailed since World War II. Irony abounded. The internet, hailed at its birth in the 1960s as heralding an emerging global village, instead helped to spawn rancorous tribalism around the globe, conspicuously including the United States, where toxic political rivalries bred cynical disillusionment with established institutions and parties, paralyzed governance in the face of systemic threats from climate change and economic dislocation, and fed a resurgent isolationism. The end of the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 gave promise of a permanently pacified, united Europe and even an end of history. But ethno-nationalist sentiments welled up across the former Soviet states and satellites alike, while Britains decision to exit the European Union in 2016 ended an era of building multi-lateral institutions and put paid to the dream of European unity. In perhaps the greatest irony of all, the supposedly enervated capitalist economic system whose massive financial crisis had opened the decade, loudly blamed for widening inequality and populist anger in the West, picked up phenomenal energy, volume and velocity in nominally communist China, lifting hundreds of millions of people into the global bourgeoisie in less than two generations, and acutely stressing the rich western societies that had given birth to capitalism some four centuries earlier. The combined force of these technological, political and economic tsunamis opened the floodgates to the massive transformations that have washed over the planet in succeeding decades, including deepening social fragmentation in all societies, intensifying competition among them, and the dramatic shift of geopolitical power from the West to Asia.

Tom Nichols is a professor at the U.S. Naval War College.

From A Century of Change: The United States from 1945-2045:

Historians have struggled to explain the paradox of the 2010s. On the one hand, it was a decade of economic and military recovery that was by any standard peaceful and prosperous, even under two very different American presidents. And yet, it was characterized by a poisonous anger and extreme polarization that is normally the hallmark of defeated and bankrupted states on the verge of collapse. In retrospect, the 2010s represented an unexpected and politically destructive synergy between peace, affluence and technology. Despite skyrocketing income inequality, for example, an array of technological advances narrowed the daily living standards between rich and poor compared with even a few decades earlier. These advances, in turn, spurred increasingly unattainable demands from the public on both government and industry for even higher living standards and more consumer choices. Universal education produced unprecedented levels of literacy, but electronic entertainment and media undermined the ability of literacy to create informed citizens; by 2020, it was fair to say that never in modern history had a more educated people rejected science and rationalism in such numbers. Abroad, America was still supremely powerful, with interstate war nearly unheard of, and terrorism mostly contained at great distances (albeit at great cost). Yet this increased security reduced the sense of shared threat among Americans and thus dissolved any chance that foreign affairs might prove to be an arena of common interest. And the era of social media, as we refer to it today, not only allowed Americans to peer into heavily edited versions of each others livesthus fueling huge social resentmentsbut encouraged them to voice their views in the most extreme manner, with each citizen offered a chance at notoriety if even for only a moment. By their end, the 2010s raised a question which remains unanswered as America heads toward completing its third century of existence: Can democracies cope with success?

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How Will History Books Remember the 2010s? - POLITICO

Diabetic Neuropathy Market Report 2018-2026includes a comprehensive analysis of the present Market. The report starts with the basic Diabetic Neuropathy industry overview and then goes into each and every detail.

Diabetic Neuropathy Market Report contains in depth information major manufacturers, opportunities, challenges, and industry trends and their impact on the market forecast. Diabetic Neuropathy also provides data about the company and its operations. This report also provides information on the Pricing Strategy, Brand Strategy, Target Client, Distributors/Traders List offered by the company.

Description:

Diabetic Neuropathy is the damage caused to the nerve due to diabetes which often leads to pain and numbness in feet or lower legs. The pain can be experienced in other parts of the body such as hips, wrist and back depending upon the effect of neuropathy. There are different types of neuropathy such as focal neuropathy, proximal neuropathy, peripheral neuropathy and autonomic neuropathy. An estimated 50% of diabetic population suffers from diabetic neuropathy across the globe. Further, as per CDC estimates, 6-7 people per 1000 diabetic population suffer from diabetic neuropathy in the U.S. Rise in aging population coupled with rise in prevalence of diabetes, the patient pool for diabetic neuropathy will increase significantly, in turn fueling growth of the diabetic neuropathy market.

Diabetic Neuropathy Market competition by top manufacturers/players, with Diabetic Neuropathy sales volume, Price (USD/Unit), Revenue (Million USD) and Market Share for each manufacturer/player; the top players including: Eli Lilly and Company, GlaxoSmithKline, Pfizer, Johnson & Johnson and Janssen Pharmaceuticals

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Important Features that are under offer & key highlights of the report:

What all regional segmentation covered? Can the specific country of interest be added?Currently, the research report gives special attention and focus on the following regions:North America (U.S., Canada, Mexico), Europe (Germany, U.K., France, Italy, Russia, Spain etc), South America (Brazil, Argentina etc) & Middle East & Africa (Saudi Arabia, South Africa etc)** One country of specific interest can be included at no added cost. For inclusion of more regional segment quote may vary.

What all companies are currently profiled in the report?The report Contain the Major Key Players currently profiled in this market.** List of companies mentioned may vary in the final report subject to Name Change / Merger etc.

Can we add or profiled new company as per our need?Yes, we can add or profile new company as per client need in the report. Final confirmation to be provided by the research team depending upon the difficulty of the survey.** Data availability will be confirmed by research in case of a privately held company. Up to 3 players can be added at no added cost.

Can the inclusion of additional Segmentation / Market breakdown is possible?Yes, the inclusion of additional segmentation / Market breakdown is possible to subject to data availability and difficulty of the survey. However, a detailed requirement needs to be shared with our research before giving final confirmation to the client.** Depending upon the requirement the deliverable time and quote will vary.

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Diabetic Neuropathy Market Dynamics in the world mainly, the worldwide 2018-2026 Diabetic Neuropathy Market is analyzed across major global regions. CMI also provides customized specific regional and country-level reports for the following areas:

Region Segmentation:

North America (USA, Canada and Mexico)Europe (Germany, France, UK, Russia and Italy)Asia-Pacific (China, Japan, Korea, India and Southeast Asia)South America (Brazil, Argentina, Columbia etc.)Middle East and Africa (Saudi Arabia, UAE, Egypt, Nigeria and South Africa)

Further in the report, the Diabetic Neuropathy market is examined for Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin. These points are analyzed for companies, types, and regions. In continuation with this data, the sale price is for various types, applications and region is also included. The Diabetic Neuropathy industry consumption for major regions is given. Additionally, type wise and application wise figures are also provided in this report.

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In this study, the years considered to estimate the market size of 2018-2026 Diabetic Neuropathy Market are as follows:History Year: 2015-2017Base Year: 2017Estimated Year: 2018Forecast Year 2018 to 2026

This post was originally published on Market Research Sheets

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Diabetic Neuropathy Market Poised to Take Off by 2026 - Market Research Sheets

Nerve pain is a crucial problem that occurs in people who have diabetes or are experiencing the after-effects of chemotherapy. It can be stressful and discomforting if not treated and taken care of by a professional physician. Neuropathy treatment is rather conventional, whereby the physician has to come up with a better way to relieve pain through supplements, vitamins, and herbs. This medication helps in avoiding any treatment that may result in negative side effects on ones nervous system. Consultation is the key approach method once you realize that you have neuropathy. This way, the doctor can guide you on ways that you can avoid nerve pain. Neuropathy mostly affects the hands and feet, making movement challenging to most patients. It also induces muscle weakness and lack of sensation. Nevertheless, there are easy treatments that you can rely on to ensure that your lifestyle does not change. Here are three affordable herbs and vitamins that you should try for nerve pain relief:

1) B Vitamins

Neuropathy is a critical condition that requires you to be keen on the mode of treatment you are taking. Lack of vitamins in the body has been linked with nerve pain, which can develop permanent damage. These vitamins include B1, B6, and B12. You can get these essential vitamins through the consultation of the doctor. You can also check out Neuropathy Relief Guide to understand different ways of handling your condition with good vitamins and herbs. Benfotiamine, which is also vitamin B1, is said to reduce nerve pain by a high percentage. It is also used in getting rid of inflammation in the legs and hands.

On the other hand, vitamin B6 is recommended since it helps in covering nerve ends to avoid any further damages that may occur to the nervous system. However, it is advised that you do not take any extra dosage since it can interfere with the nerves leading permanent damage. Vitamin B6 has proven to improve the immune system, which is linked with healing any nerve damage present in the body.

2) Fish Oil

Nerve pain is a progressive condition that can lead to serious damage to the body organs. This is because it causes numbness and weakness to the body muscles. This way, you have a better approach method on how you can ensure your nerves are healthy. If you are undergoing chemotherapy or suffering from diabetes, it is easy to have complications like neuropathy. Therefore, you are advised to take fish oil, which is a natural medication. Through research, it was proven that fish oil is beneficial since it has an anti-inflammatory effect that has posed a positive impact on healing the nerves.

Moreover, it has shown to help in reducing pain and decreasing muscle soreness, which is a great challenge for most patients. Fish oil contains omega-3 fatty acids, which are the main acting agents in stimulating the growth of nerves instead of damaging. This is similar to vitamin B6, which is used in covering the ends of nerves to prevent further complications. Fish oil has been encouraged by most physicians since it is highly available and can help in healing other diseases that may be chronic. Moreover, it is a cheap product, yet it can have significant benefits in preventing any nerve pain.

3) Capsaicin

Herbal treatment has been there for decades, making it the best method of treating any disease due to its natural effect on the body. This is unlike other medications that come with side effects that may lead to permanent damage. Neuropathy is a manageable condition that requires a patients attention and effort to avoid pain. Capsaicin is a component found in pepper, which makes your mouth hot once you consume it. Despite its hotness, it has proved to be beneficial in the treatment of peripheral neuropathy. Here, you are required to apply it on the skin where it blocks any transmission of pain. It also comes into two forms, capsaicin cream, and capsaicin patches. These two have helped patients to avoid inflammation on the joints and muscles, making you relieve any pain present on the body. This is has been considered the most affordable herb for treating neuropathy since it is highly available and easy to use. The bottom line in this is that capsaicin makes the nerves numb and insensitive. Therefore, you cannot experience any pain. You are also recommended to use ginger or turmeric if you experience any allergic reactions with capsaicin. This way, it will be comfortable to ease pain rather than inducing any further problems.

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3 Affordable Herbs & Vitamins that you should try for nerve pain relief - Explosion