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New research on body fat uncovers the clearest mechanism yet for how the female and male immune systems operate differently.

Men and women are more or less susceptible to different diseases. Women, for example, are more prone to autoimmune diseases like arthritis and lupus where the immune system attacks healthy cells.

We also know men are more prone to metabolic diseases where there are problems in how food is converted into energy, resulting in conditions like obesity, high blood pressure, or high blood sugar levels. This makes men more susceptible to diseases like diabetes, heart disease, and stroke.

While this suggested that men and women have differences in their immune systems, there was little specific proof for that, until now.

The new paper in Nature provides researchers with a new roadmap to look for the precise cellular and molecular mechanisms at work in men and women.

It also opens up the possibility of future drugs tailored to men or women to treat metabolic and immune diseases, as well as the secondary illnesses associated with them, like cancer.

Researchers from the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, and University of Melbourne, set out to understand why men are more prone to obesity and metabolic diseases than are women.

It was already well known that when mice eat a high fat diet, the males become obese much faster than the females. In a bid to find out why, researchers minutely examined the body fat of mice.

Body fat, or what we call the adipose, isnt just fat, says senior author Axel Kallies, professor at the Peter Doherty Institute.

It is actually an organ that plays an important role in making hormones and messenger molecules to regulate metabolism. So we looked at every cell type we could think of by isolating them from the adipose and comparing males and females.

What they found completely surprised them. They discovered that the immune systems operating in the body fat of males and females were starkly different.

The male mice had many more and different types of white blood cells called Regulatory T cells (Treg cells). Indeed, males had three to four times as many Tregs cells as females.

These cells play a crucial role in limiting the otherwise harmful inflammation that is triggered when our immune system is alerted to an infection.

They also found that males had a unique type of stromal cell. These are the cells that make up the connective tissue that shape organs.

Not only did we discover dramatic differences in Treg cells, we also discovered a stromal cell type that responds directly to testosterone and is specific to males, says study lead author Ajithkumar Vasanthakumar.

This was surprising because past research on key organs involved in the immune systemthe lymph nodes, spleen, and bloodhad found no difference in Treg cells between males and females.

When they delved further to understand why males had so many more Treg cells in their body fat, they discovered the male-specific stromal cells. It is these stromal cells that create the environments, or niches, for Treg cells to adapt to specific organs, like body fat.

In this way, stromal cells influence how the immune system in an organ develops, and in body fat these stromal cells are different between males and females.

The team also found that male fat contained many more pro-inflammatory cytokinesthe immune system messenger molecules that allow different cells to communicate with each other and are important in triggering an immune response and inflammation.

This is probably the most striking and clear finding that goes toward explaining the differences in male and female immune systems, says Kallies.

In an earlier study we biopsied human adipose tissue and found the same type of Treg cells as we find in mice, so there is every reason to believe that similar systems are at play.

We now have a fairly complete picture at the molecular, cellular, and hormonal level of what is going on, and it may well apply in different parts of the body, though the details of how it works may vary from organ to organ.

For example, instead of the stroma cell niche in body fat resulting in differences in Treg cells between men and women, in other organs the stroma may affect the female and male immune systems in a different way.

Kallies says the findings show that male body fat is more primed to inflammation than female body fat. That may explain why men are more susceptible to obesity and metabolic diseases, which are associated with high levels of inflammation.

Kallies suggests that the higher levels of Treg cells in men are an adaption to try and control this stronger inflammation. If men didnt have this different Treg cell mechanism in place then they would be even worse off than they are now when it comes to metabolic diseases.

The interaction, via messenger molecules, between stroma cells and the immune system and how this differs between males and females represent a new target for research and possible new drugs, says Kallies.

It means we have a more informed way of targeting these metabolic and autoimmune diseases, and the secondary conditions they are associated with like diabetes, heart disease, and cancer.

But the other key implication is that it underlines the urgent need for medical research to end the bias towards investigating only male physiology, and end the under-representation of women in clinical trials.

A 2018 study reported that between 1997 and 2000, of the 10 prescription drugs the US Food and Drug Administration suspended because of severe side effects, eight caused greater health risks in women.

It is just outrageous that you can have drugs being tested only on male animals and clinical trials only including males when we know the metabolism of men and women is different, says Kallies. We need to be taking into account the differences between males and females from the very start of research.

Source: University of Melbourne

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Body fat reveals immune differences between the sexes - Futurity: Research News

A mothers mental health during pregnancy has a direct impact on the development of her babys immune system, according to a new Canadian study published in the journal Clinical & Experimental Allergy.

Previous research has shown a link between a mothers mental state and the development of asthma and allergies in her babies, but this is the first study in humans to identify the mechanism at work.

Our study shows that what happens to the mother during pregnancy could affect the levels and function of the cells that produce immunoglobulin in children, said Dr. Anita Kozyrskyj, a pediatric epidemiologist and a leading researcher on gut microbes at the University of Alberta (U of A).

The research team analyzed the health records of 1,043 mother-infant pairs who were participating in the CHILD Cohort Study, a project that follows the health of thousands of Canadian children into their teens.

The mothers completed regular questionnaires about their mood during and after their pregnancies, asking, for example, whether they felt sad or overwhelmed. Stool samples from the babies were examined for the presence of intestinal secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA), an antibody that plays a crucial role in immunity.

This immunoglobulin is really important in the microbiome for developing oral tolerance to environmental antigens, said lead author Liane Kang, who conducted the study for her MSc and is now studying medicine at the U of A.

The findings show that moms who reported symptoms of depression during their third trimester, or persistently before and after the birth, were twice as likely to have babies with the lowest levels of immunoglobulin A in their gut. The mothers symptoms did not have to be severe enough for a clinical diagnosis of depression. No link was found with postpartum depression.

The results remained even when variable factors such as breastfeeding and antibiotic use by the mothers and babies were taken into account.

We know that women who have psychological distress are less likely to breastfeed and interact with their children, said Kang. Antibiotic use could also impact how the infant gut microbiome is developing.

Despite all these factors there was still a link between depression and lower immunoglobulin A in the infant.

Kozyrskyj noted that the lowest levels of immunoglobulin A were found in infants between four and eight months old, when they would normally begin to produce their own immunoglobulin.

The largest impact of depression in the mothers was seen in this startup phase of the childs own immune system, she said.

Lowered immunity places the babies at risk for respiratory or gastrointestinal infections, as well as asthma and allergies, and may also lead to a greater risk for depression, obesity and autoimmune diseases such as diabetes, say the researchers.

Kozyrskyj suggests that higher levels of the stress hormone cortisol may be transferred from depressed moms to their fetuses and interfere with the production of cells that will make immunoglobulin after birth. She said more research is required to understand this link between the maternal microbiome and infant immune development.

New mothers are going through a very different stage in their life where they have to take care of another human being, and there are a lot of stressors that come with that, said Kang.

Both researchers said their study indicates that more mental health supports are needed for pregnant women.

These findings should not be used to blame mothers, said Kozyrskyj. Maternal mental health does not occur in isolation.

Source: University of Alberta Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry

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Mom's Mental Health During Pregnancy Tied to Baby's Immunity - PsychCentral.com

One hundred years ago, a world recovering from a global war that had killed some 20 million people suddenly had to contend with something even more deadly: a flu outbreak.

The pandemic, which became known as Spanish flu, is thought to have begun in cramped and crowded army training camps on the Western Front. The unsanitary conditions especially in the trenches along the French border helped it incubate and then spread. The war ended in November 1918, but as the soldiers returned home, bringing the virus with them, an even greater loss of life was just around the corner; between 50 million and 100 million people are thought to have died.

The world has suffered many pandemics in the years since at least three serious flu outbreaks among them but no pandemic has been as deadly, nor as far-reaching.

As the world reacts to a headline-grabbing yet far, far less deadly outbreak of Covid-19, caused by a new coronavirus, BBC Future looks back to our 2018 special marking the 100th anniversary of Spanish Flu to see what we learned from one of the most devastating diseases in recent history.

Pneumonia is often the killer

Many of the people dying from Covid-19 are succumbing to a form of pneumonia, which takes hold as the immune system is weakened from fighting the virus.

This is something that it shares with Spanish flu though it must be said that the death rate from Covid-19 is many times lower than that of Spanish flu. Older people and those with compromised immune systems who make up the majority of those who have been killed by the disease so far are more susceptible to infections that cause pneumonia.

Read more: The flu that changed the world

Few places escaped

Air travel was in its infancy when Spanish flu struck. But there are few places on Earth that escaped its horrific effects. Its passage across the world was slower, carried by railway and passenger steamer rather by airliners. Some places held out for months, or even years, before the flu arrived and wreaked its terrible toll.

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Coronavirus: What can we learn from the Spanish flu? - BBC News

Looking for advice on how to boost your immune system? Whether you find yourself coming down with colds more often than you'd like, or you are (understandably) worried about the Coronavirus, now is a pretty good time to give your immune system a bit of TLC. Late winter is a particularly common time for people to catch cold and flu because our immune systems have been depleted over the harsh winter months. Follow these steps to build up your immune defences and (hopefully) avoid catching anything.

For more health and beauty advice, visit out hub page.

Getting more sleep is probably the single best thing you can do for your health in general, and your immune system in particular. Even a single night of poor sleep or not enough sleep makes you more vulnerable to viruses and infections, to say nothing of chronic sleep deprivation.

Find our how to sleep well in our in-depth guide.

Food is another basic building block of your immune system: we need a varied diet not just to survive, but to keep healthy over time. Eating more vegetables, fruit, lean protein, and fibre has multiple health benefits, including strengthening the immune system. try to avoid processed and fas food as much as you can it's nutritionally poor and doesn't give your body enough of the vitamins and minerals it needs to function optimally.

If you're able to, try cooking at home more check our our food hub page for simple and inspiring recipes, most of which can be made in about half an hour.

While supplements cannot replace a healthy diet (you'll read this on every bottle and packet of vitamins), there are a couple of supplements that have been proven to improve your immune system. One of them is vitamin D, which the NHS recommends we all take between late autumn and early spring if we live in the Northern hemisphere.

The other is vitamin C but in order to get the real benefits, you might need to invest in more than fizzy vitamin C tablets. Look for Liposomal vitamin C instead it won't cure a cold that's already there, but it has been clinically proven to improve your immune system (and your skin, which is a bonus).

It is important not to rely on multivitamins to protect your from colds and flu, though sadly, it really doesn't seem to work that way.

Health Plus Vitamin D 400iu...

Yes, drinking more water boosts your immune system. It does so by improving your kidney function, allowing your kidneys to work more efficiently to flush out toxins from your body, making you less likely to fall ill. Water also helps increase blood supply to the brain, which in turn improves melatonin production that is essential for sleeping well.

There no need buy water for hydration, either tap water is perfectly fine and safe for you to drink. Just remember to refill your reusable water bottle.

Ted Baker water bottle-Pink

Ted Baker Glass Water Bottle...

Ted Baker Hexagonal Drinks...

Aerobic exercise exercise that quickens your breath and increases your heart rate has been proven to boost your immune system by immunoglobulin (infection- and virus-fighting antibodies) levels in your blood. You should aim to do some form of exercise that makes you slightly out of breath every day. This doesn't have to mean going to the gym daily, but can include fast walking, swimming, gardening, and even cleaning.

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How to boost your immune system: 5 ways to fend off cold and flu symptoms - Real Homes

Photo: Courtesy of Dominik Martin via Unsplash By Kristy Or March 05, 2020

Whether youre trying to fight the flu or build up your immunity, these commonly used ingredients in Traditional Chinese Medicine will help keep you feeling at your best

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Traditional Chinese Medicine has been making its way back into the mainstream with the popularisation of more natural methods of achieving health and wellness. In Chinese medicine, Qi is the vital energy that helps regulate the body and keep it functioning normally. Any disruptions in the Qi are primarily seen as the source of physical and mental health issues including common ailments like the flu, fever, cough, depression and anxiety.We spoke to two Traditional Chinese Medicine practitioners - Gianna Buonocore from Integrated Medicine Institute and Cecilia Cheung from Health Wise- for advice on which herbs to add to your diet to help boost your immune system and improve your wellbeing.

The most commonly suggested ingredient by the two experts to add to your routine to boost your immunity is the Astragalus Root - or Huang Qi - as known in Chinese. The root is a principle herb used in Traditional Chinese Medicine for increasing an individuals vitality and promotes immune boosting compounds. Astragalus Root is typically combined with Atractylodes Rhizome (Bai Zhu) and Ledebouriella Root (Feng Feng) to create a soup. According to Cecilia Cheung, this soup is like building a defensive wall to protect your body from cold and flu and is generally good for everyone at all stages of life.

See also:Urban Escapes: Where To Find The Cleanest Air In Asia

Fresh ginger is often prescribed to boost the energy levels in individuals. According to Gianna Buonocore, it not only soothes an upset stomach but helps fire up your immune system and helps clear the pathogen by inducing sweat. Ginger has been used to treat many initial flu and heat symptoms like dry and sore throat, constipation and fatigue. It can also assist with promoting blood circulation and aids in relieving constipation, vomiting symptoms and morning sickness.

Garlic has been widely recognised for its many antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal and anti-inflammatory effects. The active ingredient inside garlic known as allicin, has antimicrobial properties which is activated through the action of chopping, crushing or chewing raw garlic - though Buonocore warns that these properties are destroyed during cooking. It is great for preventing and treating cold and flus, including relieving symptoms such as coughs, clear(ing) phlegm and enhanc(ing) immunity Cheung adds.

Chrysanthemum is a cooling herb and has antimicrobial properties which has a cleansing effect on the body and can help to clear pathogenic heat. Cheung describes chrysanthemums as a lung clearing herb as it is known to treat ailments like headaches, sore, throats, acne and ulcers. It has also been prescribed for issues like sleeplessness, strained eyes and high blood pressure.

Read more:In Good Health: How Traditional Chinese Medicine Is Evolving In Leaps And Bounds

Buonocore states that Goji Berries or Wolfberry Fruit are often used to improve health, vitality, longevity, energy and stamina. In Chinese Medicine, it is typically prescribed to treat poor eyesight, diabetes and anemia. Add them to your breakfast or include them in your tea for extra nutrients.

For those suffering from insomnia, restlessness, fatigue or loss of appetite, red jujube dates have often been used as a treatment by Chinese medicine doctors. The dates are said to have properties to calm the mind, reduce stress and decrease anxiety. Buonocore recommends a cup of jujube tea before bed (as it can) promote a restful nights sleep or treat insomnia.

See also:Hate The Gym? Here Are 8 Alternatives That You Can Try

In Chinese medicine, rose buds have a warming effect, and are used to alleviate abdominal pain, reduce indigestion, improve blood circulation in the body, and help to regulate menstruation and alleviate abdominal cramps. Buonocore suggests that rose bud tea can be combined with goji berries or red dates to combat tiredness, fatigue and sluggishness, however for those suffering from sore, dry throat, or constipation, Cheung recommends limiting your intake.

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The Traditional Chinese Medicine Ingredients That Can Help To Boost Your Health - Hong Kong Tatler

Chronic kidney disease commonly known as CDK is a type of kidney disorder in which there is a gradual loss of kidney function and develops complications of high blood pressure and may also lead to heart attacks if the pressure of blood against the walls of blood vessels is not controlled. The new research reveals that the immune system has some link with hypertension.

The research team from TMDU (Tokyo Medical and Dental University) found that in patients of chronic kidney disease, the Tumor Necrosis factor (TNF- ) signaling factor of the immune system may provoke hypertension.

The complete study results are published in the journal Kidney International.

The immune system works very efficiently to provide protection against any pathogen that permeates the body to sustain normal health by finding out all the health-related threats, delivering the immune cells and changing the expression of a gene.

But the researchers from Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Japan have discovered that there is a link between salt-sensitive hypertension and the immune system in individuals suffering from CKD (chronic kidney disease).

Also read- Mental Health of a Pregnant Mother may Influence the Immunity of her Unborn Child

Chronic kidney disease is a fundamental cause of about million deaths and has influenced over eight hundred million individuals worldwide. The substantial intricacy of chronic kidney disease is hypertension or high blood pressure.

The researchers have found that the development of CKD can be controlled by regulating normal blood pressure. High blood pressure is the main cause of CKD. Many individuals suffering from CKD have shown an increased sensitivity to salt. Increased salt sensitivity is a condition that is very hard to control because the salt intake from the diet has an excessive impact on blood pressure.

Salt sensitive hypertension is caused by a pathway known as WNK-SPAK-NCC phosphorylation cascade if over activated unsuitably because it causes increased reabsorption of salts in the kidney. it has not been assured that WNK-SPAK-NCC causes high blood pressure in patients of CKD or not and the regulation of phosphorylation cascade is still unknown.

Researchers used a diseased mouse model and found high levels of lysine deficient protein kinase 1 protein (WNK1) in the kidneys of mice suffering from CKD. High levels of WNK 1 protein causes an elevated triggering of the proteins SPAK and NCC. In mice suffering from CKD, the WNK-SPAK-NCC pathway stayed triggered when fed a diet with a high amount of salt, causing salt-sensitive hypertension.

The investigators also studied recent researches indicating that the immune system has a great impact on salt sensitivity. High levels of TNF- (a pro-inflammatory cytokine) were certain in the kidney of mice bearing CKD and stipulation of TNF- causes and elevated levels of WNK 1.

Also read- Duration of a Pregnancy is Linked With the Changes in Newborns DNA

Dr. Eisei Sohara, the first author of this study says that the transcription of WNK1 was not increased by TNF- but TNF- controlled the degeneration of mature WNK1 protein.

Normally a protein NEDD4-2E3-ligase degenerates mature WNK1 and it was found that TNF- increases the levels of WNK1 protein and prevents the transcription of protein that degenerates WNK1. Investigators confirmed the relation between salt sensitivity and immune system by restraining TNF- and found that the salt sensitivity of mice bearing CKD fed a diet with a high amount of salt was reversed.

The widely used antihypertensive drugs are thiazide diuretics that are NCC inhibitors but the effectiveness of these drugs vary among chronic kidney disease patients. Considerable response to thiazide diuretics is usually observed from individuals with high activity of NCC. The results of this research play a significant role to choose better NCC inhibitors in the future

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Immune System May Provoke Salt Sensitive Hypertension in CDK - Spark Health MD

KIRKLAND, QC, March 4, 2020 /CNW/ - Merck (NYSE: MRK), known as MSD outside the United States and Canada launches a new public awareness campaign about cancer immunotherapy, a type of cancer treatment that uses the body's own immune system to fight cancer.1 The campaign, Redefining Cancer Treatment, aims to raise awareness and inform Canadians about cancer immunotherapy by sharing the stories of four Canadians from different parts of the country and their personal journeys.

"When most Canadians think of cancer treatment, typically cancer immunotherapy is not on their radar," said AnnA Van Acker,President and Managing Director, Merck Canada. "The goal of this campaign is to help educate Canadians about the different types of cancer treatments to help empower us all to have more informed conversations with our caregivers."

Shannon, a B.C. local, is one of the patients featured in the campaign. In 2005, not long after she was married, Shannon was diagnosed with melanoma. Despite precautionary methods, she got pregnant. By 2011, her cancer had significantly progressed, and she and her husband were told there was a strong chance neither she nor her unborn child would survive.

"Having cancer was hard enough but learning that there was a strong chance that neither myself nor our child would survive was devastating," said Shannon. "Despite the odds, I gave birth to our daughter, and then started on cancer immunotherapy. Being a mother has changed my life and motivated me to help others with advanced cancer learn about the treatment options available."

The campaign will run on Facebook, YouTube and Twitter, and the patient stories will be also featured on the website, http://www.redefining-cancer-treatment.ca. Here, Canadians can learn more about different cancer treatment options and find useful resources for care and support.

"Cancer immunotherapy is a pillar in cancer care, alongside surgery, radiation and chemotherapy," said Dr. Krista Noonan, medical oncologist, B.C. Cancer Agency. "Continued research and development of cancer treatments are important and can contribute to improved outcomes for patients."

About Cancer ImmunotherapyCancer patients are treated with surgery, chemotherapy and/or radiation, and cancer immunotherapy. Immuno-oncology, a field of medical research which uses the body's own immune system to fight cancer, is an additional pillar in cancer-care treatment.2 Cancer immunotherapyis used to stop or slow the growth of cancer, stop cancer from spreading to other parts of the body, help the immune system work better to destroy cancer cells, and deliver toxins, such as radiation or chemotherapy, directly to cancer cells.3

There are several different types of cancer immunotherapy used to treat cancer.

Canadians are encouraged to visit http://www.redefining-cancer-treatment.ca to learn more.

About Merck CanadaFor more than 125 years, Merck, known as MSD outside of the United States and Canada, has been inventing for life, bringing forward medicines and vaccines for many of the world's most challenging diseases in pursuit of our mission to save and improve lives. We demonstrate our commitment to patients and population health by increasing access to health care through far-reaching policies, programs and partnerships. Today, Merck continues to be at the forefront of research to prevent and treat diseases that threaten people and animals including cancer, infectious diseases such as HIV and Ebola, and emerging animal diseases as we aspire to be the premier research-intensive biopharmaceutical company in the world.

In Canada, Merck markets a broad range of vaccines, pharmaceutical and animal health products and is one of the top R&D investors in Canada, with investments totaling $69 million in 2018 and more than $1 billion since 2000. Based in Kirkland, Qubec, Merck employs approximately 680 people across the country. For more information about our operations in Canada, visit http://www.merck.ca and connect with us on YouTubeand Twitter @MerckCanada.

SOURCE Merck

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Redefining Cancer Treatment Shines Light on Cancer Immunotherapies - BioSpace

In its recently added report by MRInsights.biz with the title Global Stem Cell and Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP) Alopecia Therapies Market has provided a comprehensive analysis of the market structure which includes unique insights about the market for the given period. The report covers the competitive landscape and the conspicuous market players anticipated to lead the global Stem Cell and Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP) Alopecia Therapies market for the forecast period, 2019-2024. One of the main targets of this report is to classify the various dynamics of the market. The forenamed market is greatly transforming because of the moves of the key players and brands including developments, product launches, joint ventures, mergers and acquisitions that in turn change the view of the global face of the industry.

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List of some major players from a wide list of coverage used under the bottom-up approach is: Orange County Hair Restoration Center, Colorado Surgical Center & Hair Institute, Evolution Hair Loss Institute, Hair Sciences Center of Colorado, Hair Transplant Institute of Miami, Anderson Center for Hair, Virginia Surgical Center, Savola Aesthetic Dermatology Center,

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Europe (Germany, France, UK, Russia and Italy)

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Middle East and Africa (Saudi Arabia, UAE, Egypt, Nigeria and South Africa)

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Global Stem Cell and Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP) Alopecia Therapies Market Recent Study Including Business Growth, Development Factors and Growth...

london-based photographers david vintiner and gem fletcher document individuals who form part of the transhumanism culture throughout europe, russia and the united states in their latest collaborative photo series, I want to believe an exploration of transhumanism. the five-year-long project explores the core idea behind transhumanism the belief that human beings are destined to transcend their mortal flesh through technology.

neil harbisson hears color neil harbisson was born with achromatism, a rare disease that renders him colourblind. rather than overcome achromatism, harbisson created a new sense to go beyond the human visual spectrumin 2004 he had an antenna implanted into his skull. the antenna allows him to perceive visible and invisible colours as audible vibrations, including infrareds and ultraviolets.

the photo series by vintinerand fletcher illustrates three gradual stages of transhumanism from testing ground, patient zero to humanity 2.0. at the lowest tier, testing ground looks into individuals who have created wearable technology to expand their human abilities, improving everything from concentration to mental health.patient zero studies those who have taken permanent action to become half human and half robot. in the final chapter, humanity 2.0, the transhumanist subjects focus on life extension and immortality.

the work of the individuals in this book demonstrates how optimizing our brains and bodies could revolutionize and redefine humanity. as human architects, we are only limited by our imagination, explains vintiner and fletcher.

kevin warrick widely considered as one of the first cyborgs.kevin warrick is a pioneering professor in cybernetics and considered by many as the worlds first cyborg. kevin instigated a series of experiments involving the neuro-surgical implantation of a device into the nerves of his left arm in order to link his nervous system directly to a computer. this enabled him to have a symbiotic connection with a robotic hand. he could control the hand using his own brain signals from anywhere in the world, as well as sense what the robot hand was feeling.

humans are now gods. we are now able to create and design humans, but do humans have the foresight to do it in the right way? questions the photographers.

cyborg arm

for many transhumanists, life extension and immortality is the goal. transhumanism started as early as 1923 and has developed over recent years through the rise of sci-fi themed books, movies and the democratization of technology. as studies on experimental genetic engineering, tissue regeneration and stem cell treatments are also becoming more apparent in todays world, transhumanists hope to extend the life of the human body anywhere from twenty to 500 years longer than the average lifespan.

vintiner and fletcher are working together on releasing the photo series as a book, which can be funded on crowd-funding platform kickstarter, here.

moon ribas sensing earthquakesmoon ribas is connected to online seismographs allowing her to perceive the seismic activity of the planet through vibrations in her body. the vibration she feels depends on the intensity of the earthquake. if she is standing in newcastle, she can sense earthquakes happening everywhere from japan to greece. she describes the sensation as having two heartbeats, her biological heartbeat and the earthbeat, which has its own rhythm inside her body.

dr natasha vita-more a leading expert on human enhancement and emerging technologies

dr. aubrey de grey biomedical gerontologist and the chief science 0fficer of SENS research foundation

liz parrish founder of bioviva

dr max more president and CEO of the alcor life extension foundation

patient zero - james young after an accident that left him a double amputee, james young turned to bionics to redesign his body. obsessed with the metal gear solid, he worked with gaming giant konami and prosthetic sculptor sophie de oliveira barata to develop an advanced bionic arm inspired by the computer game.

carbon fibre bionic limb

patient zero - rob spence known as the eyeborg, rob spence lost an eye as a child while playing with his grandfather's shotgun. inspired by a love of the bionic man and his interest in documentary filmmaking, spence created an eye with a wireless video camera inside. the camera is not connected to his optic nerve but sends footage to a remote receiver. over the years, he has created several different aesthetics for the eye, from a realistic 'hidden camera' version to a terminator inspired glowing red version.

patient zero - neil harbisson neil harbisson was born with achromatism, a rare disease that renders him colourblind. rather than overcome achromatism, harbisson created a new sense to go beyond the human visual spectrumin 2004 he had an antenna implanted into his skull. the antenna allows him to perceive visible and invisible colours as audible vibrations, including infrareds and ultraviolets.

image out of rob spence's eyes

new ways of seeing - EYEsect the experimental device aims to recreate the experience of seeing the world like a chameleon, with two single steerable eyes. in changing the way we perceive the world around us, eyesect alters our version of reality enabling new ways to sense and experience our environment.

new ways of seeing - north sense created by liviu babitz and scott cohen, north sense is a small matchbox-sized artificial sense organ that delivers a short vibration every time the user faces north, similar to the biological abilities of migratory birds, extending the human perception of orientation.

new ways of seeing - aisen caro chacin / echolocation the echolocation headphones are a pair of goggles that aid human echolocation. it is designed to substitute the users vision augmenting our spatial awareness with sound, similar to the abilities of bats and whales. the device has both the potential to aid the visually impaired and provide sighted individuals with a new sense.

project info:

title:I want to believe an exploration of transhumanism

artistic director: gem fletcher

photographer: david vintiner

kick starter page: I want to believe

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cyborgs, robots, and biohackers: the first-ever survey of transhumanism - Designboom

Systematic paleontology

Aneuretopsychidae Rasnitsyn and Kozlov, 1990.

Burmopsyche gen. nov.

LSID (Life Science Identifier). urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:15E5EB7B-004B-4AA7-A807-F2EE5C095EF0.

Etymology. The generic name is derived from Burma, the original English name of Myanmar, and -psyche, a typical suffix of generic names in Aneuretopsychidae. Gender: feminine.

Type species. Burmopsyche bella sp. nov.

Other species included. Burmopsyche xiai sp. nov.

Diagnosis. Head triangular in dorsal view, with ocelli raised on ocellar dome, with lateral and medial ocelli at edges of dome. Maxillary palps three-segmented. Antennae moniliform, slender, shorter than proboscis. Wings membranous, without spots or patterns of infuscation aside from pigmented pterostigma between termination of Sc and R1. Forewing ovate to subtriangular, relatively broad at base, with more or less distinct tornus and narrow but extended clavus; Sc reaching middle of wing length or beyond, with strong humeral vein and short distal branch to costal margin; R1 long and simple, braced to Rs by three crossveins; Rs separating from R1 proximally, in basal one-fifth of wing; Rs four-branched with two forks, of which Rs1+2 fork distinctly shorter than that of Rs3+4; stem of M elongate and straight, forking nearly at wing midlength, distal to Rs fork; M three-branched; connection between M and CuA obtuse Y-shaped, with prominent, strong upper arm (M5) and lower arm (base of CuA) much shorter, crossvein-like; CuA long, reaching at least three-fourths of wing length or more, straight in basal half, then broken lineshaped, with three crossveins to M; CuP long, braced to CuA by two strong crossveins, which form a characteristic hexagonal cell; three anal veins long and subparallel to CuP and to each other; A1 and A2 connected by strong, oblique crossvein forming pseudo-loop (apomorphy of family); A3 with long oblique crossvein to wing margin. Hind wing subtriangular, with wide folding vannus and well-developed jugum; hind wing R1 bearing a distinctive row of setal hooks along its medial third (potentially to link with posterior portion of forewing during flight); venation of remigium more or less similar to forewing. Legs slender, with setation of femora and especially tibiae arranged in transverse linear series, those of tibiae and tarsi longer and stiffer on inner surfaces; distitarsi slightly expanded with ventral surfaces flattened to faintly concave and covered in microtrichia; pretarsal claws large, broadly arched, and widely separated by broad and blunt unguitractor. Female cercus dimerous (two cercomeres).

Remarks. The new genus undoubtedly belongs to Aneuretopsychidae based on the opisthognathous siphonate mouthparts, the presence of pseudo-loop in the anal area of the forewing, and the well-developed jugum of the hind wing. It differs from other genera of Aneuretopsychidae by the relatively small body size [except for Aneuretopsyche minima; Rasnitsyn and Kozlov, 1990 (2)], three-segmented maxillary palps, and three-branched M in both fore- and hind wings.

In addition to the two species described here, there are two additional undetermined specimens embedded in the same piece of amber, at least one of which may represent a third species of the genus (see note S1 and fig. S1).

Burmopsyche bella sp. nov. (Figs. 1, A to J, and 2, A, C, D, and fig. S2)

(A) Burmopsyche bella gen. et sp. nov.; holotype, NIGP166158a (left); paratype, NIGP166158b (right). (B and C) Burmopsyche bella gen. et sp. nov.; holotype, NIGP166158a. (B) Habitus in lateral view. (C) Head and proboscis, enlarged from the red template in (B). (D to F) Burmopsyche bella gen. et sp. nov.; paratype, NIGP166158b. (D) Habitus in lateral view. (E) Head and proboscis, enlarged from the red template in (D). (F) Genitalia, enlarged from the green template in (D). (G to J) Burmopsyche bella gen. et sp. nov.; paratype, NIGP166159. (G) Habitus in dorsal view. (H) Line drawing of (G). (I) Proboscis. (J) Genitalia, enlarged from the green template in (G). (K) Reconstruction of mouthparts of Aneuretopsychidae (note the opisthognathous orientation of mouthparts). (L to P) Burmopsyche xiai sp. nov.; holotype, NIGP171685. (L) Genitalia, enlarged from the green template in (O). (M) Habitus in right lateral view. (N) Proboscis, enlarged from the red template in (M). (O) Habitus in left lateral view. (P) Proboscis, enlarged from the red template in (O). An, antennae; Ce1, cercus segment 1; Ce2, cercus segment 2; Fc, food channel; Ga, galea; Hy, hypopharynx; Mxp, maxillary palp. Scale bars, 2 mm (A, B, D, M, and O), 1 mm (G and H), 0.5 mm (C, E, and P), and 0.2 mm (F, I, J, L, and N). Photo credit: B.W., Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences.

(A) Burmopsyche bella gen. et sp. nov.; holotype, NIGP166158a. (B) Burmopsyche xiai sp. nov.; holotype, NIGP171685. (C) Burmopsyche bella gen. et sp. nov.; paratype, NIGP166158b; forewing. (D) Burmopsyche bella gen. et sp. nov.; paratype, NIGP166159; forewing. Scale bars, 1 mm.

LSID. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 204B591A-2B9F-40F8-88C0-67D8C5FB5BFC.

Etymology. The specific epithet is from the Latin bellus, meaning beautiful.

Materials. NIGP166158, two adults preserved in an amber piece: holotype, NIGP166158a, a well-preserved incomplete specimen of unknown sex (distal part of abdomen is missing, legs partly preserved); paratype, NIGP166158b, a nearly complete female (forewings apices missing) embedded in the same piece of amber. Paratype, NIGP166159, a nearly complete female of somewhat smaller size, with right wings partially destroyed.

Locality and horizon. Noije Bum Village, Tanaing Town, northern Myanmar; lowermost Cenomanian, Upper Cretaceous.

Diagnosis. Body length 7 to 8 mm. Forewing length 8 to 10 mm; fork of Rs1+2 slightly shorter than stem; fork of Rs3+4 about 1.3 as long as its stem, longer than fork of Rs1+2; M1 simple, M2+3 with distinct fork; CuA long, in basal half straight, in distal half broken linelike, hexagonal cell as long as distal portion of CuA.

Description. Head spheroidal in lateral view, length 1.02 mm, width 0.77 mm, approximately half of greatest width of thorax, with prolonged siphonate mouthparts. Three prominent ocelli present on vertex (not visible in holotype, but well preserved in paratype NIGP166159); compound eyes large and rounded, occupying most of the head. Antennae connected to head in frontal region below ocelli; scapus poorly visible, elongate; pedicellus relatively large, apically dilated; flagellum moniliform, with approximately 49 to 50 flagellomeres (42 in paratype NIGP166159), up to three times wider than long; each flagellomere slightly flattened, with three setal whorls (proximal, medial, and distal), with medial whorl composed of the most prominent setae and positioned slightly closed to proximal whorl. Entire length of antenna (in holotype) 4.10 mm. Proboscis thin, flexible, consisting of three lobes, apparently lacking any terminal absorptive structures such as pseudolabellae. Hypopharynx greatly slender, about 3.80 mm long, needle-like at tip; galeal sheaths of proboscis as long as hypopharynx. Other head and mouthpart structures, including clypeus, labrum, and maxillary palpi not visible as preserved.

Thorax length 3.12 mm, width 1.79 mm, pronotum very small, mesonotum and metanotum subequal in size. Legs entirely covered with annulate setae (shown in paratype NIGP166158b); coxae and femora not shortened; tibiae slightly longer than femora; tarsi five-segmented, basitarsus longest, nearly as long as remaining tarsomeres combined; pretarsi with two curved claws and unpaired arolium. Abdomen (based mainly on the paratype NIGP166158b) stout, slightly shorter than wings, preabdominal segments obscured, postabdominal (VI to XI) segments tapering apically. Cerci dimerous, distal cercomere filamentary (in paratype NIGP166158b, dorsally curved as preserved; in NIGP166159, straight), with dense, nonisometric setae.

Forewing oblong-subtriangular, with distinct tornal angle at about 0.7 wing length with blunt apex. Forewing length about 10.5 mm, maximum width 4.15 mm, length/width ratio 2.5:1. Sc long, straight, reaching beyond middle of wing, with strong humeral vein at base and short distal branch to costal margin, in apical portion connected to R1 by short crossvein sc-r1. R1 long, simple, in distal third gently curved toward wing apex. Pterostigma well developed, extensive, at base extending toward RS1+2 along r1rs1+2 crossvein, in distal part bounded by R1. Rs separating from R1 in basal one-fifth of wing, four-branched, forking somewhat before middle of wing; fork of Rs1+2 slightly shorter than stem; fork of Rs3+4 about 1.3 as long as its stem, longer than fork of Rs1+2; stem of Rs3+4 with distinct curve at first crossvein to M. Base of medial vein braced to base of R1 by short crossvein r-m. M forking at center of wing distal to Rs fork, having three branches meeting wing margin, M1 simple, M2+3 with distinct fork. CuA long, ending nearly at three-fourths of wing length just beyond tornus, in basal half straight, in distal half broken linelike, braced to CuP by two long crossveins, of which distal one is strongly oblique; hexagonal cell as long as distal portion of CuA. CuP long, ending somewhat before or beyond level of Sc apex, apical portion of CuP after distal cua-cup crossvein sharply curved toward wing margin. Three anal veins long and subparallel to CuP and to each other, A2 reaching middle of wing length, at level of M fork; A1 and A2 connected by strongly oblique crossvein, which is relatively short and located slightly distal to cubito-medial Y-vein; A2 markedly curved at this point. Space posterior to third anal vein wide, crossed by oblique crossvein from A3 to wing margin. Crossveins numerous, concentrated mainly in distal half of wing, arranged in three more or less distinct rows; crossveins mostly forwardly inclined or upright.

Hind wing delicate, somewhat smaller than forewing, subtriangular in shape, with distinct apical angle and smooth tornus. Hind wing length about 8.45 mm, width of remigium about 3.6 mm. Bases of all main veins close to wing base. Costal space narrow, Sc long and simple, with short apical crossvein to R1. Pterostigma not developed. Vein R1 with distinctive row of long, anteriorly directed hooked setae. Branching pattern of Rs and M and arrangement of crossveins similar to forewing. Spaces between cubital and anal veins expanded, crossed by long crossveins: three in intercubital space, one in space CuP-A1, and one in space A1-A2 (in addition to two short basal crossveins a1-a2). Veins CuP and A1 fused for short distance before separating close to wing base. Vannus folded twice, vannal (claval) fold apparently located behind A1; vein A3 and jugal (anal) fold not discernible, as well as jugal veins, if present.

Burmopsyche xiai sp. nov. (Figs. 1, L to P, and 2B)

LSID. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: C925539E-A099-47F8-A9AA-4537153887DC.

Etymology. The specific name honors Mr. Fangyuan Xia, director of the Lingpoge Amber Museum in Shanghai.

Holotype. NIGP171685, a nearly complete female with distal parts of antennae missing.

Locality and horizon. Noije Bum Village, Tanaing Town, northern Myanmar; lowermost Cenomanian, Upper Cretaceous.

Diagnosis. Body length about 12 mm. Forewing length about 9 mm; fork of Rs1+2 about as long as its stem; fork of Rs3+4 about 2.5 as long as stem; M1+2 with deep fork, M3 simple and more or less smooth at crossvein junctions; CuA long, ending nearly at 0.8 of wing length just beyond tornus, hexagonal cell relatively short, half as long as distal portion of CuA.

Description. Body length 12.1 mm, thorax length 3.0 mm, abdomen length 7.2 mm. Head length 1.9 mm, seriously distorted; with prolonged siphonate mouthparts. Most of the head and body structures obscured. Preserved part of antenna, 1.63 mm. Maxillary palpi short, about 0.53 mm long, three-segmented. Proboscis about 3.08 mm long.

Thorax length 3.07 mm, width 0.62 mm. Legs with short, dense setae (visible only in hind tibiae and tarsi), hind legs distinctly longer than fore and mid legs. Length: profemur 1.31 mm, protibia 1.92 mm, protarsus 1.48 mm; mesofemur 1.54 mm, mesotibia 1.97 mm, mesotarsus 1.64 mm; metafemur 2.28 mm, metatibia 2.08 mm, metatarsus 1.81 mm; tarsus pentamerous, basitarsus longest, but shorter than other four tarsomeres combined; pretarsus obscured. Abdomen slender, tapering apically, length 7.16 mm, with two cercomeres.

Forewing ovate, with rounded apex, claval area and posterior (inner) margin not visible (overlapped by hind wing), tornal angle unclear. Forewing length 8.95 mm, maximum width 4.3 mm, length/width ratio 2:1. Sc long, straight, reaching beyond middle of wing, with strong humeral vein at base possibly having a short vein to costal margin at about middle of wing length; Sc near apex connected to R1 by short crossvein sc-r1. R1 long, simple, gently curved toward apex of wing. Pterostigma not preserved. Rs separating from R1 in basal one-fifth of wing length, forking somewhat before middle of wing; fork of Rs1+2, about as long as its stem; fork of Rs3+4, about 2.5 as long as stem, longer than fork of Rs1+2; stem of Rs3+4 with distinct curve at first crossvein to M. Medial vein fork near center of wing somewhat distal to Rs fork, having three branches meeting wing margin, M1+2 with deep fork, M3 simple and more or less smooth at crossvein junctions. Base of CuA slightly inclined backward, forming an obtuse Y-vein with long M-arm (M5). CuA long, ending nearly at 0.8 of wing length just beyond tornus, in basal half straight, in distal half broken lineshaped, braced to CuP by two relatively short crossveins; hexagonal cell relatively short, half as long as distal portion of CuA. CuP long, ending at least at the level of Sc apex or beyond; apical part of CuP not visible but must be quite long and without sharp curve to wing margin. A1 long and subparallel to CuP, its distal portion not visible; other anal veins visible only at their bases. A1 and A2 connected by long, strongly oblique crossvein possibly located somewhat before cubito-medial Y-vein; portion of A2 distal to this crossvein not visible. Space posterior to A3 narrow, crossed by short oblique crossvein from A3 to wing margin. Crossveins numerous, concentrated mainly in distal half of wing, indistinctly arranged in three rows, mostly upright or inclined backward.

Hind wing subtriangular in shape, with obtuse apex and smooth tornus; length about 7.6 mm, width of remigium 3.35 mm. Both hind wings slightly bent at costal margin toward wing plane, such that Sc not visible. Pterostigma not developed. Branching pattern of remigium more or less similar to forewing, except for more expanded intercubital space crossed by three long crossveins instead of two as in forewing. Vannus folded, details of venation not discernible.

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Mouthpart homologies and life habits of Mesozoic long-proboscid scorpionflies - Science Advances

The market study on the global Cell Isolation/Cell Separation Market will include the entire ecosystem of the industry, covering five major regions namely North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America and Middle East & Africa, and the major countries falling under those regions. The study will feature estimates in terms of sales revenue and consumption from 2019 to 2026, at the global level and across the major regions mentioned above. The study has been created using a unique research methodology specifically designed for this market.

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Cell Isolation/Cell Separation Market Incredible Possibilities, Growth With Industry Study, Detailed Analysis And Forecast To 2026 - News Times

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Magnetic Separation Devices Market Report 2020: Acute Analysis of Global Demand and Supply 2024 with Major Key Player: IMA, Thermo Fisher Scientific,...

When it comes to tropical fruits, Norwich probably isnt the first place that springs to mind. But here, in a drab research park at the edge of the East Anglian city, a team of banana experts led by a former Israeli naval commander is working feverishly to save the fruit from extinction.

Bananas are the fourth most important food crop globally, its the most consumed and produced food, says Gilad Gershon, chief executive of Tropic Biosciences.

The start-up, which moved to Norwich in 2016, consists of a team of almost 50 scientists and researchersworking onediting the genes of bananas to protect them againstdiseases.

Its for a good reason. For more than 20 years, tropical race 4 (TR4), a soil-borne strain of the Fusarium wilt fungus, has been slowly making its way across the world from south-east Asia, threatening to wreak havoc on the global banana industry.

In 2013, the fungus was discovered on a farm in northern Mozambique, before making its way to Colombia, where it was detected last year, leading to a national state of emergency.Bananas are a major crop and a mainstay of the countrys agricultural economy.

As the worlds fourth largest exporter of bananas, the arrival of the disease in South America has created a problem for the industry. The disease disrupts the vascular systems of plants and can live in the soilfor decades.

There is an additional problem.

Bananas are uniquely vulnerable to disease because a single strain of the fruit, known as theCavendish banana, overwhelmingly dominates the global industry making it highly susceptible.

According to the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, the Cavendish banana accounts for50pc of global production, while constituting almost 100pc of the global export market, worth more than $13.6bn (10.6bn).

The disease is a significant threat for the banana sector, particularly for the Cavendish bananas, not only from the supply point of view but also for the economies of the banana producing countries and livelihoods of smallholder producers, says Fazil Dusunceli, agriculture officer at the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation.

Tropic Biosciences, which raised $10m in a Series A round in 2018, has since been doubling down on efforts to find ways of protecting the Cavendish banana from wipeout.

Cavendish bananas are asexual, which means they cant be bred in a way that eliminates the genes putting them at risk, according to Gershon. So the company has put its gene-editing technology to work to mitigate challenges from the fungus.

The impact is potentially catastrophic for the banana industry the exposure here is massive because you have a single banana, he says. The weight on our shoulders as a company today is very high. Theres not a lot of people solving this massive banana issue in the world.

There is a lot at stake. The population of the Tropics will grow by over 500m people by 2030, accounting for half the worlds population. This creates an unprecedented need for more productive and environmentally friendly agricultural production. Nor are concerns over a banana plight unwarranted.

In the first half of the 20th century, the Gros Michel banana, which went by the nickname Big Mike, was the most popular variant of the fruit, with exports from Central America to the US and Europe dominating the trade.

The singular focus on Gros Michel, a small banana described as having a tartish aftertaste, proved to be lucrative but ran a risk. In the Fifties, the United Fruit Company, a US firm that established sprawling plantations in places such as Costa Rica and Guatemala, led to the development of so-called banana republics that forced economies into a dependence on a genetically limited crop.

A collapse was inevitable. Amid growing rebellion from locals who demanded higher wages, the United Fruit Companys annual profits of $65m came under pressure when tropical race 1, a strain, of the fungal Panama disease, infected the fruit and brought commercial production to a screeching halt.

Its the kind of threat banana producers are desperate to prevent but the risk of history repeating itself, with an industry dependent on the export of a single type of banana again, is obvious.

For Gershon, it means that there is work to be done. After six years in the Israel Defence Forces, where he commanded a ship as a Lt Commander, the Tropic Biosciences boss made a foray into venture capital, becoming a senior investor at Pontifax Agtech, a Los Angeles-based fund specialising in food and agriculture technology.

In that capacity I became more and more aware of the promise of gene editing from a financial perspective. Its a technology that significantly speeds up and simplifies the process of developing genetically-engineered plant products, he says.

For Gershons Norwich-based start-up, which is also working on cutting the caffeine content of coffee, gene editing technologies have become a critical tool to protect thebanana.

Originally based in Israel and the US, Tropic Biosciences picked Norwich as a location four years ago because of the supply of skilled local scientists from the university and the John Innes Centre, an independent international centre of excellence in plant science, genetics and microbiology.

Specifically, one of the main tools in the firms arsenal of tools is CRISPR, a technology that significantly reduces the cost of editing genes the essential coding for biology. It works by using a protein to cut away at sequences of DNA that might code for unfavourable traits.

At first, when the start-up began to look at bananas, it picked traits it described aslow-hanging fruit: extending the shelf-life of bananas and reducing the speed at which they turnbrown. Then it recognised their potential to tackle the impending threat to the bananas survival.

Its technology works by taking a banana flower from a place like Colombia and reducing it to millions of stem cells in cultures. Then,sequences of the Cavendish banana genes that make it susceptible to TR4 fungus are cut out.

The cells grow back in a room lit with pink neon lights, set to a temperature of 26C. They then become edited seedlings that can be sent back out to the world for full-scale growth.

According to Dusunceli, emerging technologies like this offer the chance to develop resistant varieties, but pose some issues. The issue is agronomic performance of the products and acceptance by the producers and consumers, he says.

Gershon recognises the challenges some people face in embracing food that has been edited, but is keen to highlight that the bananas it grows do not involve the injection of foreign DNA.

People have very strong feelings towards bananas and the idea of this crop being potentially lost due to this disease highlights the need to address it, he says.

There are other difficulties. Once the disease is established in a field there is no way of eradicating it, which means the plot can no longer be used to grow the fruit. Areas impacted by the latest strain have reached 100,000 hectares globally, and as Dusunceli explains: The risk of expansion isreal.

The technology may also face some barriers. The efficiency of taking the CRISPR into the cells is low. Its not like in humans, the plants have cell walls, says Dr Ofir Meir, chief technology officer at Tropic Biosciences.

But there appear to be few other options, particularly as the banana industry already walks a tightrope. Panama disease and a few other very big diseases that are already quite spread have the potential to shift the balance from a slim margin to a losing industry, Gershon says.

The ultimate solution for experts would be the prevention of the disease with expert control and management before it reaches a banana field, but as Gershon indicates, the future of the banana could depend on the willingness of people to accept an artificially altered fruit.Its hard for me to imagine today any solution not coming from gene editing.

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The race to save the banana from extinction - Telegraph.co.uk

The road to achieving a long life is littered with hype. The usual life-extension suspects include pricey pills and supplements; the peculiar involve infusions of young blood and chambers pumped with sub-zero temperatures.

Then there's science. And one scientific factor that has long been presumed to dictate much of how long we live is our DNA. For decades, it was assumed that the genes we inherit from our parents explain anywhere from 15% to 30% of the variations in longevity that are observed between people.

But a new study that came from quiet collaboration between genetics company Ancestry and a Google life-extension spinoff called Calico suggests that our genes play less of a role in our lifespan than we thought.

Instead, traits and behaviors that include everything from diet and exercise to friendliness appears to play a strong role in longevity. Surprisingly, we still pass these traits on through generations mostly by picking partners who look and act like us, the researchers report.

In essence, the findings suggest that people effectively transfer longevity from one generation to the next much in the same way that wealth and socioeconomic status are passed from parents to children: by choosing partners with attitudes and attributes that mirror our own, regardless of how different their DNA may be.

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For decades, researchers studying longevity and genetics had estimated that the genes we inherit from our parents play a significant role in determining how long we live. Previous studies suggested that genes account for as much as 30% of the total variability in lifespan between individuals.

But the new study from Ancestry and Calico indicates that our DNA may be much less important in determining longevity than traits and behaviors like diet, exercise, and personality. After looking at data from more than 54 million family trees and the birth and death information for over 400 million individuals, the researchers concluded that our DNA accounts for less than 10% of lifespan variability.

Instead, we pass on longevity through generations by choosing partners whose attitudes and attributes look much like our own. In research parlance, that's known as "assortative mating."

"The true heritability of human longevity or birth cohorts across the 1800s and early 1900s was well below 10%, and ... has been generally overestimated due to the effect of assortative mating," the scientists wrote.

Put another way, we tend to pick partners with attitudes and attributes from eating and exercising to friendliness that mirror our own. And as a result, we tend to live similar amounts of time, and have children who do as well.

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Previous studies shed light on how important lifestyle factors are when it comes to how long we live. In a recent study published in the journal Circulation, for example, scientists pinpointed five lifestyle factors that appear to be linked with a significantly longer lifespan, judging by the outcomes of two long-term studies that involved about 123,000 adults.

People in the study who lived long lives tended to:

As part of several other recent studies, scientists have uncovered a handful of personality traits that also appear to be strongly linked to longer-than-average lives. They include:

Taken together, the findings suggest that how long we live may be less a matter of what we're born with than the circumstances in which we live and the choices that we make. Those choices, as the Ancestry and Google researchers acknowledge in their new paper, tend to be based on everything from social status to wealth and then, just like genetics, passed on from one generation to the next.

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Ancestry releases longevity study from partnership with ...

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF CARDIOLOGY

VOL. 75, NO. 8, 2020

2020 BY THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF CARDIOLOGY FOUNDATION PUBLISHED BY ELSEVIER

The Contextualized Genetics of Human Longevity JACC Focus Seminar Claudio Franceschi, MD,a,b,* Paolo Garagnani, PHD,a,* Fabiola Olivieri, PHD,c,d Stefano Salvioli, PHD,a,y Cristina Giuliani, PHDe,y ABSTRACT The genetics of human longevity has long been studied, and in this regard, centenarians represent a very informative model. Centenarians are characterized by 2 main features: 1) the capability to avoid or postpone the major age-related diseases; and 2) a high level of heterogeneity of their phenotype. The rst suggests that longevity and resistance to diseases are mediated by shared mechanisms, the latter that many strategies can be used to become long lived, likely as a result of variable genome-environment interactions. The authors suggest that the complexity of genome-environment interactions must be considered within an evolutionary and ecological perspective and that the concept of risk allele is highly context dependent, changing with age, time, and geography. Genes involved in both longevity and cardiovascular diseases, taken as a paradigmatic example of age-related diseases, as well as other emerging topics in genetics of longevity, such as microribonucleic acid (miRNA) genetics, polygenic risk scores, environmental pollutants, and somatic mutations are discussed. (J Am Coll Cardiol 2020;75:96879) 2020 by the American College of Cardiology Foundation.

I

n recent decades the brand-new phenomenon

considered, compared with large genome-wide as-

of worldwide longevity is emerging, boosting

sociation studies (GWAS), and starting from 2 of

the

to

their peculiar features: 1) the heterogeneity of cen-

longevity. However, the results of this research

tenarians phenotype; and 2) the fact that they

have

avoid

study

been

of

the

sometimes

genetic extremely

contribution

heterogeneous

and often contradictory, possibly at least in part

or

postpone

major

age-related

diseases

(ARDs).

because of the denition of long-lived people that

Starting from this viewpoint, we will try to illus-

applies. In this regard, centenarians (age $100

trate some informative examples of genetic de-

years), semi-supercentenarians (age $105 years),

terminants of longevity, showing that: 1) genetics is

and supercentenarians (age $110 years) are people

context dependent; 2) the genetics environment

who are not only indisputably long lived but also

equation has multiple solutions, accounting for the

those

heterogeneity of the phenotype in centenarians;

who

better

exploited

the

potential

lifespan of Homo sapiens as a species. In fact, no

and

one has been reported so far to live more than

diseases such as cardiovascular ones are highly

about 120 years. We thus focus this review on the

interconnected, suggesting that they may be consid-

results

ered 2 sides of the same coin.

of

studies in

which

centenarians were

3)

genetic

determinants

of

longevity

and

From the aDepartment of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; bDepartment of Listen to this manuscripts

Applied Mathematics, Institute of Information Technology, Mathematics and Mechanics, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny

audio summary by

NovgorodNational Research University, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; cLaboratory of Experimental Pathology, Department of

Editor-in-Chief

Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Universit Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy; dCenter of Clinical Pathology and Regenerative

Dr. Valentin Fuster on

Therapy, IRCCS INRCA, Ancona, Italy; and the eLaboratory of Molecular Anthropology and Centre for Genome Biology, Depart-

JACC.org.

ment of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy. *Dr. Franceschi and Dr. Garagnani contributed equally to this work. yDr. Salvioli and Dr. Giuliani are co-senior authors. This study was supported by a grant from the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation Agreement (075-15-2019-871) and by ALMA IDEA-2017 project from the University of Bologna to Dr. Giuliani. The authors have reported that they have no relationships relevant to the contents of this paper to disclose. Manuscript received November 14, 2019; revised manuscript received December 13, 2019, accepted December 17, 2019.

ISSN 0735-1097/$36.00

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2019.12.032

Franceschi et al.

JACC VOL. 75, NO. 8, 2020 MARCH 3, 2020:96879

However,

HIGHLIGHTS

The effect of nuclear DNA variants (single or combinations) on longevity is context dependent. The genetics of longevity is informative to identify GxE interactions that protect against ARDs.

have

mixed

extreme limits of human life thanks to their capability to successfully adapt to a variety of stressors and to remodel better and more harmoniously (1). The prevalence of centenarians in a population can be assumed as an ecological indicator of optimization of the anthropological environment (2). The peculiar characteristics of centenarians are reported in Table 1. As a whole, centenarians maximized the product of their personal gene environment (GxE) equation, which is dynamic and dependent on a variety of historical and ecological factors (such as individual and population genetics, demography, sex, family and and

geographic environment, cultural and anthropological environment, social networks, and socioeconomic status) that we term ecological space, according to the evolutionary and anthropological concept of niche construction (3). This concept may help in understanding why only a few longevity variants and genes shared among different populations have been identied in GWAS, as recently reviewed consequence

of

this

concept

is

that

longevity variants are strongly context dependent. The following evidence supports this idea. First, it is known that longevity runs within families, as demonstrated by many studies, including those conducted on Sardinian people (3). Assortative mating (based on behavioral and cultural traits), favoring an excess of homozygosity, may play a role in the genetics of longevity in some populations (6) but not in others (such as in Utah and among the Dutch), as suggested by spouse data (7,8). On the whole, these data support the importance of context.

example, the European project GEHA (Genetics of Healthy Ageing) considered 2,118 nonagenarian sibling pairs enrolled at 15

ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ARD = age-related disease CVD = cardiovascular disease DNA = deoxyribonucleic acid GxE = gene 3 environment

centers from 11 European countries. The re-

GWAS = genome-wide

sults highlighted the importance of APOE and

association studies

TOMM40, as well as the possibility to identify

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The Contextualized Genetics of Human Longevity - PDF Free ...

San Diego, California-based Human Longevity Inc. (HLI) was founded in 2013 with the audacious mission of radically extending the human lifespan through better understanding of peoples genetic makeup.

Back then the promise created by lower cost genetic sequencing seemed ripe for HLI co-founder and genetic sequencing pioneer Craig Venter to take to market. Venter is a legend in the field of genetics known for his efforts at Celera Genomics on one of the first attempts to successfully map the human genome.

Investors like Celgene, Illumina and GE Ventures agreed, pouring hundreds of millions into the company, including a funding round in 2017 that valued HLI at more than $1.6 billion.

Since that peak, however, the companys value has declined 80 percent to $310 million, according to a recent story in The Wall Street Journal.

Citing documents acquired by Lagniappe Labs and a letter to shareholders from HLI,the newspaper reported that the company is attempting to raise $25 million from existing investors at the new valuation.

The terms of the current funding roundinclude priority payments to those investors in the case of a liquidation event and an anti-dilution provision called full-ratchet that allows investors to keep their ownership stakes constant by adjusting their own share prices if HLI decides to raise capital again at a lower price.

The Journal reports that the companys employee count has dropped from 300 workers in 2016 to 150 today. Over the past few years, HLI has also had a virtual revolving door among its C-suite ranks.

Company co-founder Venter stepped down as CEO in 2017 and was replaced by Cynthia Collins, a former executive at GE Healthcare.

Collins herself left the company in less than a year later,along with a handful of other high level executives, and Venter again took the role of CEO.

Venter stepped down from the company for the second time in May and was subsequently sued by HLI for allegedly stealing trade secrets and trying to poach employees. Earlier this year, Saturnino Fanlo, Human Longevitys chief financial officer and chief operations officer alsodeparted.

Currently, Human Longevity is being led by its chief of radiogenomics and interim CEO David Karow which telegraphs the companys new focus on its Health Nucleus business line, which sells a package consisting of full DNA sequencing alongside a battery of tests including a whole body MRI, heart rhythm monitoring andneurocognitive testing.

The diagnostic focuses on early detection and prevention of disease like cancer and cardiac disease,as well as metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases. While HLI has said the test has found early-stage issues in seemingly healthy patients,critics have often cited the lack of peer-reviewed validation for the companys claims.

Health Nucleus, which is not covered by insurance, ranges in price from $4,950 to $25,000 for the most robust diagnostic. It is currently only offered at HLIs San Diego headquarters, but the company said it plans to expand availability to other locations around the country.

Picture: Creative-Touch,Getty Images

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Former unicorn genetics startup Human Longevity loses its ...

From humans to black-tailed prairie dogs, female mammals often outlive males but for birds, the reverse is true.

Now researchers say they have cracked the mystery, revealing that having two copies of the same sex chromosome is associated with having a longer lifespan, suggesting the second copy offers a protective effect.

These findings are a crucial step in uncovering the underlying mechanisms affecting longevity, which could point to pathways for extending life, the authors write. We can only hope that more answers are found in our lifetime.

The idea that a second copy of the same sex chromosome is protective has been around for a while, supported by the observation that in mammals where females have two of the same sex chromosomes males tend to have shorter lifespans. In birds, males live longer on average and have two Z chromosomes, while females have one Z and one W chromosome.

Scientists say they have found the trend is widespread. Writing in the journal Biology Letters, the team report that they gathered data on sex chromosomes and lifespan across 229 animal species, from insects to fish and mammals. Hermaphroditic species and those whose sex is influenced by environmental conditions such as green turtles were not included.

The results reveal that individuals with two of the same sex chromosomes live 17.6% longer, on average, than those with either two different sex chromosomes or just one sex chromosome.

The team say the findings back a theory known as the unguarded X hypothesis. In human cells, sex chromosome combinations are generally either XY (male) or XX (female). In females only one X chromosome is activated at random in each cell.

As a result, a harmful mutation in one of the females X chromosomes will not affect all cells, and hence its impact can be masked. By contrast, as males only have one X chromosome, any harmful mutations it contains are far more likely to be exposed.

The team found that in species where males have two of the same sex chromosomes, these males live on average 7.1% longer than females. However, in species where the sex chromosome pattern is the other way around, such as humans, females live 20.9% longer on average than males.

The researchers say the extent of the longevity gap may reflect other factors at play, including that males tend to take more risks when it comes to securing a sexual partner, including fighting. These pressures to travel far to find a mate, establish a territory and compete with other members of your sex are not seen often in females, said Zoe Xirocostas, a co-author of the research from the University of New South Wales.

But there are also other possibilities as to why the longevity gaps differ in size, including that oestrogen appears to protect the ends of chromosomes from being damaged a process linked to ageing.

Our study suggests that the unguarded X is an underlying genetic factor that can influence lifespan, but many external factors can influence longevity in different ways such as predation, risky behaviours, establishing territories and access to quality nutrition, said Xirocostas.

Prof Steven Austad, an expert on ageing at the University of Alabama at Birmingham, who was not involved in the study, said the theory that having two of the same sex chromosomes is beneficial for longevity was appealing.

I would think that it plays some role in understanding sex differences in longevity but it certainly isnt the only factor, he said, noting that both risk-taking behaviour and parental roles also appeared to be important. For instance, owl monkey males live longer than females and the males play a big role in infant care in that species, he said, noting such males have two different sex chromosomes.

Austad said the upshot was that longevity is not only about sex chromosomes. There is a general trend, but with numerous exceptions, he said.

Excerpt from:
Mystery of lifespan gap between sexes may be solved, say researchers - The Guardian

Life expectancy in England surged in 2019 for both men and women, in a surprise rebound after years of stagnation, according to official government figures. The Office for National Statistics (ONS) said life expectancy for women at birth increased to 83.6 years in 2019, up four months compared with 2018. For men the increase was three months, taking their life expectancy to 79.9 years.

The rises represent the biggest jump since the start of the decade. Longevity improvements in England first faltered in 2011 and had plateaued since 2013, with critics blaming austerity and NHS cuts. Among women, life expectancy fell in both 2012 and 2015.

Increases in life expectancy in 2019 were across the board at all age levels. The ONS said a woman who has reached 65 years old can now expect to live another 21.5 years, up three months on the figure it reported in 2018. Men at age 65 will live on average another 19.1 years, up from 18.8 years in 2018.

Changes to longevity have huge implications for pensions. The slowing in life expectancy had prompted some calls for a review of the increase in the state pension age.

Former pension minister Steve Webb, now a consultant with actuaries LCP, cautioned against reading too much into any one set of figures, saying that a cold winter, a warm summer or viruses can have a big impact on the data. The ONS said the figures for 2019 were provisional.

An improvement in life expectancy data is very good news, though we should be wary of reading too much into a single years figures, Webb said.

It is also true that these averages conceal a great deal of variation between different parts of the country and different groups. Assuming these new figures represent a return to the upward trend of life expectancy, this should put an end to insurance companies being able to bank profits where their assumptions about improving life expectancy has not been met.

From the point of view of the individual saver, these figures are reminder that the average man or woman at 65 can expect to have to manage their pension pot for a good two decades. For all the talk of working til we drop, in reality retirements for many people are going to be longer than in the past and we need to think hard about helping people make good choices with their money not just at retirement but all the way through retirement, said Webb.

The figures are also likely to prompt fresh debate about the impact of austerity. Last month a landmark review by Sir Michael Marmot found that life expectancy had stalled for the first time in more than 100 years and even reversed for the most deprived women in society. It found that not only were lifespans stalling, but people are living longer in poor health.

Pensions and investments adviser Tom Selby, of stockbroker AJ Bell, said: Politically speaking, some people might take these ONS figures as confirmation of the impact of austerity in that the halt in longevity increases coincided with cuts to services. But the figures are quite volatile and, while its positive news that longevity is increasing again, we cant be sure they are not going to plateau again.

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Life expectancy in England rebounds after years of stagnation - The Guardian

NIBONG TEBAL: A village here has earned the moniker: Penangs Longevity Village.

At Jawi New Village, many senior citizens are past the age of 80, and are still going strong.

Among the top scorers is 102-year-old Tan Geek Kim, a great-great-great-grandmother of five generations who still moves about actively.

Her MyKad states that she was born on Feb 22,1918.

Doing house chores: Tan watering plants at her home.I left China after getting married and we settled down here.

I planted betel leaves and vegetables while my husband worked as a logger who harvested mangrove trees for charcoal factories.

For almost 80 years living here, Ive seen the population evolved and wooden houses became brick homes, said Tan, who was recently spotted by The Star taking a walk around the village.

Tan has lost count of her descendants.

I have 10 children and some of my grandchildren are grandparents now.

There should be at least 150 direct descendants in the family by now but Ive lost track, said Tan, who attributes her longevity to a healthy diet.

My regular meals are food which is neither too salty nor sweet.

I dont snack and breakfast is always oats and milk, she added.

Not far away is her neighbour, Lau Kuang Joo, 92, who is still farming and riding a bicycle around.

I have a small farm with a variety of vegetables beside my house to keep me occupied.

It provides me with activities to do in the evenings.

If I go out, such as to the hospital about 2.5km away to collect medication, Ill take the bicycle as it is faster than walking, said Lau, who was once a rubber tapper.

The growing number of seniors became noticeable to the villages Thean Hou temple secretary, Lim Hee Kian, because anyone above 80 gets a hamper every year.

In 2010, we decided to reward them with hampers and at that time, 48 of them registered.

This year, 101 villagers are coming to collect their hamper.

I know of a couple who live together. The husband is 90 and wife is 87.

The elderly prefer to stay in the peaceful village and spend their remaining days here while their children go out to work, he added.

Jawi New Village has 300 houses with about 2,000 residents.

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Longevity is normal in this village - The Star Online

KEY POINTS

Improving the quality of life has always been the subject of much interest. A lot of older adults find themselves at the mercy of various ailments because of poor lifestyle choices and unhealthy diets during their younger years. While this situation may seem hopeless for some, a new study has revealed that older adults can still improve their longevity. The key is the quantity of food being consumed.

Lesser Food Intake

According to this new study, consuming less food daily could hold the key to enjoying a longer life.Limiting your calorie intake could improve your immune system, and at the same time, it also reduces inflammation levels throughout your body. A reduction in your intake of calories could also delay the development of age-linked diseases, thus helping you live longer. decreasing calorie intake longer life Photo: silviarita - Pixabay

A Study on Food Consumption

Scientists from China and the United States underscored the benefits of consuming less food. According to them, they already know that limiting your calorie intake can increase your life span. Today, findings from their new study show that all the changes occurring at a single-cell level causes such to happen.

With their findings, it has given the scientists goals that they hope could eventually be acted on with drugs to treat aging.Aging is the biggest risk factor for many diseases that beset humans. These include dementia, stroke, cancer, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome.

According to scientists, calorie reduction has been proven to be one of the best interventions to combat age-related diseases. The findings of this new study were published in the scientific journal Cell. It revealed how lab mice that consumed 30% fewer calories had their health improve compared to mice feeding on normal diets.

The test animals diets were controlled when the mice were still 18 months old, and this went on until they are 27 months old. The animals age was equivalent to the human age of between 50 and 70 years old.Scientists then compared old and young rats on each diet and discovered much of the changes occurring in mice on normal diets did not happen to mice on restricted diets.

The researchers also found that even in their old age, most of the cells and tissues of mice on a reduced diet closely resembled those found on young mice. This study is the most detailed and comprehensive research to date of the cellular effects of calorie-restricted diet in laboratory mice.

Recommended Calorie Consumption

According to the National Health Service, an ideal regular intake of calories vary and would often depend on metabolism, age, and levels of physical activities.In general, however, the recommended daily intake is 2,500 calories for men and 2,000 for women.

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Life Longevity Is Affected By Quantity Of Food According To Recent Study - International Business Times