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This article, part 3 in a six-part series on the lymphatic system, discusses its role in protecting the body from invasive pathogens and toxins

The lymphatic system plays an important role in providing immune responses to harmful micro-organisms and toxins that enter the body. This article, the third in a six-part series on the system, discusses its main functions in providing immunity.

Citation: Nigam Y, Knight J (2020) The lymphatic system 3: its role in the immune system. Nursing Times [online]; 116: 12, 45-49.

Authors: Yamni Nigam is professor in biomedical science; John Knight is associate professor in biomedical science; both at the College of Human and Health Sciences, Swansea University.

Potential pathogens (micro-organisms capable of causing disease) are ubiquitous in the environment and can enter the body via the skin (through direct contact, particularly if the epidermis is injured through cuts, grazes or burns), the respiratory system (through inhalation), the gut (through ingestion) and the genito-urinary tract (through sex or the insertion of invasive devices such as catheters). Although each of these sites is protected by unique barriers and defences, some pathogens can breach these preliminary defences and enter the body.

The immune system comprises a range of cells some basic and innate, others extremely specialised to detect and remove pathogens from the body. The lymphatic system works alongside the immune system to destroy unwanted pathogens either locally and directly, or by alerting the whole body to the infection and helping to mount a wider systemic immune response.

The first two articles in this series discussed the role of lymph in supporting the cardiovascular system, and examined the organs and tissues that make up the lymphatic system. This article focuses on the immune function of the lymphatic system.

The spleen is often considered to be a structurally larger version of a lymph node

The immune system includes a vast range of distributed defence cells: these are the leucocytes (white blood cells). The more-basic innate immune leucocytes are the first responders, responsible for immediate and non-specific engagement with a pathogen; they include phagocytes (cells capable of engulfing and absorbing bacteria and other small cells and particles) such as macrophages and dendritic cells, which encounter and indiscriminately eat unwanted microbes or infected cells.

If innate cells cannot deal with the pathogen, more-specialised cells known as lymphocytes need to be introduced to a pathogen to recognise it as a threat, before they can launch an attack on it.

These large-cell phagocytes are derived from monocytes (large phagocytic white blood cells); they can be fixed in tissues or mobile in the blood. Macrophages are capable of reeling in microbes with their cytoplasmic extensions (pseudopods) and engulfing them; they are tough cells that survive well and can perform this function many times over. Macrophages are also able to trap antigens (small molecules found on the surface of all cells) and present them to other leucocytes of the immune system.

Healthy cells in the body contain self-antigens, which act as important flags to prevent the immune system from attacking the bodys own cells. Phagocytes recognise pathogens and the toxins they may produce as foreign bodies by the presence of their different (non-self) antigens; they engulf and sequester (capture/trap) these foreign pathogens, which are then rapidly killed by intracellular digestion.

Lymphocytes are sentinel cells of adaptive immunity; they make up 20-30% of circulating leucocytes and include B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes. Bone marrow harbours about 12% of the bodys lymphocytes, whereas the spleen and lymph nodes contain approximately 55% of resident lymphocytes; the remainder are found in other lymphatic organs and tissues. Free lymphocytes in the blood amount to only about 2% of the lymphocyte population (Pabst, 2018).

B-lymphocyte cells (B-cells) are formed and mature in the bone marrow. Once released, they develop the ability to determine which antigens they should react to (immunocompetence) and which are harmless (self-tolerance). Mature B-cells colonise secondary lymphoid organs such as lymph nodes or the spleen and:

Collectively called immunoglobulins (Ig), antibodies are among the most abundant protein components in the blood and an important part of the immune system (Alberts et al, 2015). As a nave B-cell becomes fully mature, it can display thousands of membrane-bound antibodies on its surface, and each B-cell has its own unique set of these ready to identify and bind to a particular antigen. If a random encounter with a potentially pathogenic foreign antigen results in binding and triggering of any of these membrane antibodies, it activates the B-cell.

The B-cell rapidly clones itself, forming masses of B-cells, all with the same instructions for producing the antibody designed to fight that particular antigen. The majority of these cloned cells become B-plasma cells large antibody-producing factories while a small proportion are retained as memory B-cells, able to quickly mass produce the same antibodies again if that particular antigen is encountered in future. Plasma cells are capable of producing around 2,000 antibodies per second (Alberts et al, 2015). They are usually detectable in the humor (plasma) after 4-7days and float freely in blood and lymph, binding to foreign antigens on the surface of the pathogen or to the toxin that triggered their formation.

The role of antibodies. Although they cannot directly destroy antigens or kill pathogens themselves, the action of antibodies can:

First, as antibodies bind to the foreign pathogens, they neutralise them by physically blocking binding sites on the pathogen so it cannot attach to tissue cells and cause disease.

Second, antibodies cause agglutination of pathogens as they can bind to more than one antigen simultaneously. Agglutinated pathogens clump and cannot move around as easily, so it is easier for macrophages to detect and phagocytose them, and for other more-specialised lymphocytes to kill them. This coating of foreign cells by antibody molecules is known as opsonisation and makes the pathogen more attractive to circulating phagocytes.

Finally, when bound to their corresponding antigens, antibodies can activate a system of potent plasma enzymes of the complement system. This group of 20 or so proteins, once activated, forms a protein conglomerate termed a membrane attack complex (MAC) which attacks and ruptures pathogens membranes leading to cell lysis and death. The complement system can be activated by antigen-antibody complexes or recognition of bacteria.

Pathogens are not always found in fluids; many become intracellular (invade the cells) where antibodies cannot reach. Fortunately, another branch of adaptive immunity can provide more direct cell-to-cell combat. This is cell-mediated immunity and is facilitated by the T-lymphocytes (T-cells), which are produced in the bone marrow and mature in the thymus gland (see part 2).

There are a few different types of T-cells, but the two main ones are:

They are able to locate compromised body cells (those that have been hijacked by pathogens or become cancerous). However, T-cells can only do this if they are told to do so by other cells: during phagocytosis, phagocytes ingest and break up pathogens into numerous tiny molecules. Some of these molecules are moved onto grooved proteins, termed major histocompatibility complexes (MHCs), on the surface of the phagocyte and displayed there. Cells that can do this are known as antigen-presenting cells (APCs).

T-cells are unable to recognise whole antigens, but they can recognise parts of them when they are displayed on an APC. Just as nave B-cells carry antibodies on their surface for one specific antigen, nave helper T-cells have receptors that will only bind to one specific combination of MHC and antigen. If these cells meet an APC displaying the correct MHC-antigen match, the helper T-cells will bind to it. Once bound, the helper T-cell is activated and, with the help of chemical messengers (cytokines), quickly clones itself to produce many more helper T-cells and cytokines.

Some of these cytokines now activate cytotoxic T-cells, which can kill marked, rogue cells by releasing potent enzymes that puncture the target cell membrane, resulting in cell death. Cytokines are important molecules in the immune system in particular, interleukin1 plays a significant role in initiating the inflammatory process, acting as the major endogenous pyrogen to promote fever during infection, as well as helping B-cells to rapidly undergo proliferation and clonal expansion.

Helper T-cells also play a crucial role in helping B-cells to become fully activated to produce antibodies. They do this by checking that the antigen presented by B-cells is one the body needs to react to and destroy. In fact, helper T-cells play the most vital role in the provision of immunity.

Dendritic cells. These cells are effective APCs that migrate from the bone marrow into peripheral tissues. They are a pivotal link between the innate immune system and the adaptive immune system. So-called because their surface membrane looks similar to the tree-like dendrites of neurones, dendritic cells are key in activating T-cells by presenting microbial antigens to them. Their wispy extensions and surface pattern recognition receptors recognise common features of many microbial pathogens, making them efficient antigen catchers. Dendritic cells bind to and phagocytose pathogens and, once activated and displaying phagocytosed antigens, migrate from tissue into lymphatic vessels.

As potential sites of infection are infiltrated by a dense network of lymphatic capillaries (see part 1), it is also inevitable that pathogens and/or their antigens will end up circulating in the lymphatic system. Parts1 and part 2 of this series discussed the importance of tissue drainage and the transport of lymph back into the circulatory system to ensure homoeostasis. While lymph is circulating around the body, it passes through various checkpoint sites of the lymphatic system; these sites include lymph nodes, the spleen and various types of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) (Fig 1). The lymph nodes, in particular, play a major role in trapping foreign material.

Approximately 600-700 lymph nodes are situated in clusters around the body in lymphatic vessels; they range from about 1-2mm to 2cm in size and are often palpable in the neck, armpit and groin.

These tightly packed balls of lymphoid cells and protein primarily act to:

The lymph nodes play host to a series of complex cellular interactions that typically lead to activation of residing cells, the lymphocytes and macrophages; depending on what they detect at the lymph node, they can activate locally in the node or activate immunity systemically outside the node.

The structure of lymph nodes is discussed in part2. T-cells are mainly gathered in the paracortex, whereas B-cells cluster primarily in the follicles of the outer cortex. Lymph (carrying invader antigens, either free or bound to dendritic cells) enters nodes via an afferent lymphatic vessel. Macrophages lining the lymphatic sinuses of the lymph node may transfer free antigens to T- and B-cells, which are equipped with receptors that are each capable of recognising specific foreign antigens.

Antigens usually reach the lymph node carried by APCs, which home into the paracortical region and stimulate antigen-specific T-cells (Fig2). If a responsive T-cell encounters a specific antigen on the antigen-presenting dendritic cell, it becomes activated to now proliferate and differentiate into effector T-cells, resulting in enlargement of this T-cell zone. Activated T-cells leave the lymph node via the efferent lymphatic vessel.

Stimulation of B-cells in the primary follicles of the lymph node results in the development of secondary follicles with the formation of germinal centres. Antigen-activated B-cells migrate to the medullary cords, where they differentiate into antibody-producing plasma cells and begin production of specific antibodies (Fig2). Antibodies produced in the course of a humoral immune response also leave the lymph node predominantly via the efferent lymphatic vessel to systemically fight the infection.

The immune system at a lymph node works in synergy to help defeat pathogens; indeed, it has been shown that follicular B-cells can also undergo phagocytosis to acquire antigen to show helper T-cells (Martnez-Riao et al, 2018). Following B-cell activation, antigens are sequestered and memory B-cells home into the germinal centres of the lymph node.

Following the events described above, some noticeable effects may become apparent. As the antibody-producing B-cells begin to proliferate in the germinal centres and T-cells robustly clone into effector T-cells, the scaffolding meshwork of the lymph node (fibroblastic reticular cell network) relaxes and becomes elastic and flexible to support the large number of expanding cells. The affected lymph nodes begin to enlarge and may become palpable and tender. Health professionals use this fact in localising and tracing the origins of infections at the time of diagnosis (Table1). As B-cell action subsides and the T-cells leave the lymph node to travel around the body to fight the infection, the lymph node meshwork returns to its original size.

The spleen plays an important role in mounting a targeted response to invading pathogens. It is often considered to be a structurally larger version of a lymph node. The red pulp that makes up 75% of spleen tissue has a major job of destroying old red blood cells and breaking down haem, while the white pulp is fundamental to the adaptive immune response. In the white pulp, the spleens anatomical structure supports both B- and T-cell activation.

Surrounding the central arteriole bringing blood into the white pulp is the periarterial lymphatic sheath (Fig3), predominantly harbouring macrophages and T-cells. Around the sheath is the marginal zone, containing more macrophages and follicles, which are also fed via a blood capillary. Follicles contain nave B-cells.

The white pulp can mount an immune response to foreign invaders arriving in the blood in a number of ways:

The spleen often enlarges when blood-borne infections are present, but splenic enlargement (splenomegaly) is also associated with other diseases; one example is liver failure, which would affect iron breakdown in the splenic red pulp.

Memory B-cells are able to persist in the body, maintaining memory for a given antigen for decades; they are most abundant in the spleen, making up 45% of the total B-cell population in this organ, but they also recirculate in the blood (Hauser and Hpken, 2015). In the case of an antigen first encountered in the spleen, the memory B-cells produced during the primary response tend to congregate in the splenic marginal zones, where blood-borne antigens may predominantly collect. In response to an antigen first encountered in a lymph node, some of the memory B-cells produced remain in the follicle of the lymph node and are ready to react rapidly if the antigen is ever conveyed again to the lymph node. However, other memory B-cells may leave the original lymph node and enter the blood, circulating among the bodys chain of lymph nodes and maintaining peripheral surveillance for the antigen (Mak et al, 2014).

The spleen and lymph nodes are not the only lookout points of the body. Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue is a form of diffuse lymphoid tissue, an arrangement of lymphoid cells and protein, found in mucous membranes outside the lymphatic vessels. It is strategically positioned at entry points of particularly sensitive tissue, such as the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, and includes:

The tonsils are the largest aggregates of lymphatic tissue located in the pharynx; together, they form a ring of tissue (Waldeyers tonsillar ring) that is ideally situated to remove pathogens from the air or food before they can enter the lungs or gastrointestinal tract. As a result of stimulation by pathogens here, sore throats and swollen tonsils are often a visible and painful sign of a viral or other infection.

One part of GALT, Peyers patches, are nodules of lymphoid tissue situated in the distal portion of the small intestine. Another, the appendix, situated at the entrance of the large intestine, contains lymphoid tissue that can destroy bacteria to prevent it breaching, or being absorbed by, the intestinal wall. In both GALT and BALT, mucosal epithelium is scattered with cells known as M-cells, which can trap antigens, small particles or entire micro-organisms and deliver them from the lumen to macrophages and dendritic cells beneath the epithelium. These, in turn, activate B-cells and T-cells lying under the epithelium in the mucosal tissue, which proceed to deal with them through the humoral and cellular means previously described.

In summary, the lymphatic system forms a major part of the immune system, defending the body against infections and harmful bacteria or viruses. However, there are circumstances when the immune system becomes overactive and begins to react to substances that are normally harmless. These substances allergens such as dust or pollen can cause an allergic reaction.

Part 4 of this series on the lymphatic system focuses on allergies and the more severe allergic responses, which could lead to anaphylaxis or life-threatening anaphylactic shock.

Alberts B et al (2015) Molecular Biology of the Cell. Garland Science.

Hauser AE, Hpken UE (2015) B-cell localization and migration in health and disease. In: Alt FW et al (eds). Molecular Biology of B Cells. Academic Press.

Mak TW et al (2014) T-cell development, activation and effector functions. In: Primer to the Immune Response. Academic Cell.

Martnez-Riao A et al (2018) Antigen phagocytosis by B cells is required for a potent humoral response. EMBO Reports; 19: 9, e46016.

Pabst R (2018) The bone marrow is not only a primary lymphoid organ: the critical role for T-lymphocyte migration and housing of long-term memory plasma cells. European Journal of Immunology; 48: 7, 1096-1100.

Originally posted here:
The lymphatic system 3: its role in the immune system - Nursing Times

When the number of COVID-19 cases exploded last year, so did the number of products and services promising to bolster your immunity. You couldnt get away from talk of IV vitamin infusions, mushroom extracts, and drinkable immune-boosting shots. You also couldnt get away from Dr. Anthony Fauci, who became a household name after four decades of trying to make sure Americans dont get sick. Ever the straight shooter, he explains that you cant buy a good immune system. If you dont smoke, you only drink in moderation, you get a good nights sleep, have a healthy diet, you exercise, and you do something to reduce stress, thats going to keep your immune system healthy, not any of these dietary supplements and herbs and other things. How he takes his own advice:

I cant alleviate stress during the day, because my day is one big stress period from morning to evening, Dr. Fauci says. So when I get home in the evening, I do a power walk for about three and a half to four miles, and that generally decompresses my stress. The other day, I was walking along Massachusetts Avenue, and son of a gun, I saw a fox run out of somebodys yard into the woods.

When Dr. Fauci mentioned in September that he takes vitamin D and that low levels of that vitamin affect your susceptibility to infection, people heard I take D as you should take D. Not how it goes. If you are deficient in D, then taking vitamin D supplements is important. If you have normal levels, it doesnt make any difference, he says. A doc can check your vitamin D levels via a blood test.

While no specific foods boost your immunity, Dr. Fauci says, an overall balanced diet can help you stay healthy. He aims for balance but sometimes errs in the timing; he can forget to eat dinner unless his wife reminds him. So he gets the day off to a good start with a pretty consistent healthy breakfastusually pomegranate juice and egg whites on an English muffin. Lunch is light; busy nights can mean a takeout salad or salmon burger.

Were gonna give the doctor a bit of a pass on his own advice here, since his sleep took a hit to lower the disease hit for the rest of us. When COVID-19 first spiked, I was getting a ridiculous amount of sleep, like three or four hours a night. Now I get anywhere between five and six, which is not bad, he says, but its not optimal. On the occasion he has a half hour between appointments, Ill lie on my couch in my office and take a power nap.

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Dr. Fauci wears a mask, washes his hands all the time, and compulsively sanitizes them. If youre getting tired of being cautious, you have to realize the seriousness of the situation, he says. Currently, the U.S. has more than 250,000 deaths, and the end is not in sight. Thats enough incentive to be diligent, I think. But he knows its hard. Dont be discouraged. I think you should realize that it will end. Hang in there.

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Here's How Dr. Fauci is Protecting His Immune System During the Pandemic - menshealth.com

This winter, tohave a stronger immune response to the invaders (virus particles that enter your lungs, blood cells, and organs and wreak havoc and cause inflammation) you need to eat a diet high in plant-based foods. Doctors have begun recommending to patients that they switch to a mostly plant-based diet, especially those in the highest risk groups: Overweight, diabetic, over 60, and male. One doctorurges his patientsto eat mostly fruit and vegetables and stay away from inflammation-causing meat, dairy, and processed food, in light of COVID-19.

Your immune system's response is the only thing that can fight COVID. All other therapies are in support of your immune system. If your system is weak or overtaxed with other existing conditions, including obesity or diabetes, it can over-react, creating the "cytokine storm" of inflammation that leads to a cascade of complications that make it harder for your body to self-regulate as it attempts to create antibodies to the virus (essentially molecules that recognize the virus invaders and deploy through the bloodstream to neutralize them)

Immunity is built when your body has to fight off everything fromeveryday aging to infections. And the building blocks of your immunity arehelped by the micronutrients in your food, such as antioxidants and vitamins and minerals, and nothing delivers those better than fruits and vegetables, legumes and nuts and seeds. The flip side is also true, that studies show a diet high in red meat and processed foods can cause inflammation, and in the case of COVID-19, inflammation is the enemy. Patients who do the worst when confronted with this virus are those who are overweight, have chronic inflammation, high blood pressure, or are otherwise immune-compromised.

Here are the foods that are shown to fight inflammation and boost immunity. Eat them now for a stronger immune system, whether you are dealing with COVID-19 or another potential disease that requires your body to be healthier now and later. That includes almost every disease known to man. To be healthier, meaning to build cells that are able to function without bombardment from toxins, oxidization, infection, and internal destruction, plant-based foods are your best bet.

These foods are known to supercharge your immune system, which is your body's defense against infection and illness. It works by recognizing cells that make up your body and will fight off anything unfamiliar. It destroys germs (bacteria and viruses) and parasites. Eat these to bolster your white blood cells and the supporting teams that keep them ready for battle.Healthline compiled the listand The Beet added even more research to bolster the facts.

Your body does not produce vitamin C, which means you need to get it daily to have enough to create healthy collagen (the building blocks for your skin and healing). Also known asascorbic acid, vitamin C is a water-soluble nutrient found inleafy greens and citrus, especially grapefruit, oranges, tangerines, lemons, limes, and clementines. It acts as an antioxidant,protecting cells fromdamage caused by free radicals.

How much do you need a day:The recommended daily amount to shoot for is 65 to 90 milligrams a day, which is the equivalent of one small glass of orange juice or eating a whole grapefruit. Almost all citrus fruits are high in vitamin C. With such a variety to choose from, it's easy to get your fill.

Want even more vitamin C,add red bell peppers to your salad or pasta sauce. One medium-sized red bell pepper contains 152 milligrams of vitamin C, or enough to fulfill your RDA.

Peppers are also a great source of beta carotene, aprecursor of vitamin A (retinol). VitaminAis important for healthy skin, your mucous membranes and your immune system.Beta carotene helps keep your eyes and skin healthy, as well. One cooked pepper has 19 percent of your daily recommended amount of beta carotene.

How much beta carotene do you need a day:You should try to get 75 to 180 microgramsa day which is the equivalent of one medium bell pepper a day. But a red pepper has more than two and a half times your RDA for vitamin C so eat them all winter long.

3. Broccoli, But Eat It Nearly Raw, to get the Most Nutrients Out of It!

Broccolimay be the most super of superfoods on the planet. It's rich in vitamins A and C as well as E. The phytochemicals in it are great for arming and strengthening yourimmune system.

Broccoli is a good source of lutein, a powerful antioxidant, and sulforaphane, another potent antioxidant. Itcontains additional nutrients, including some magnesium, phosphorus, zinc, and iron. The key to keeping its powerful nutrients intact and ready for helping the body's immune response is to cook it as little as possible or even eat it raw.

Lutein is one of 600 known naturally occurring carotenoids and is found in high quantities ingreen leafy veggies such as spinach and kale.

There's another thing you need to know aboutbroccoli,and why it's important to not overcook it. Broccoli contains sulforaphane, a gas that is a killer to a bug in the gardenand in the body.Sulforaphane is a sulfur-rich compound found in several cruciferous vegetableslike bok choy, cabbage, and kale, butbroccoli delivers the most. When a bug bites into the stalk, leaf, or flowering bud of the plant it releases this sulfuric gas that kills the invaders, thereby protecting the plant. This is the same agent that gives broccoli that sulfuric smell when you cook it, so don't overcook it since you'd rather all of that end up in your body than in the kitchen air. Cook it too much and the gas escapes into your kitchen, so if you want to keep it in the plant, and delivered it to your body, lightly steam the green and add it to your meal barely cooked through.

How much lutein should you eat in a day: There is no RDA for lutein, but experts say get at least 6 milligrams.

Garlics immune-boosting propertiesare tied to itssulfur-containing compounds, such as allicin. Allicin is thought to improve your immune cells' ability to fight off colds and flu, and viruses of all kinds. (Smelling more garlic on the subway? It could be smart coronavirus management.) Garlic also has anti-microbial and anti-viral properties thought to fight off infections.

5. Ginger is a Power Player for Immunity and Digestion

Ginger is another ingredient that has super properties when it comes to fighting off illness. It has been shown todecrease inflammation, which can helpif you get swollen glands or a sore throat or anyinflammatoryailment.

Gingerol,the main bioactive compound in ginger, is a relative of capsaicin, can be used in sweet or spicy dishes. It has been found to alleviate pain and fight nausea, which is the reason ginger ale was given for upset stomachs, back when it contained actual ginger. Now few store-bought formulations do. Make your own ginger tea. Gingerol is responsible for much of its medicinal properties. It has powerful anti-inflammatory and antioxidantbenefits.

How muchshould you eat a day: Most recommendations land on 34 grams of ginger extract a day, or up to four cups of ginger tea, but no more than 1 gram a day if you are pregnant. Some studies have linked high dosages to an increased risk of miscarriage.

Spinachis not only packed with vitamin C but also antioxidants and beta carotene, both of which give your immune system the healthy boost it needs to fight off invaders.

Don't overcook your spinach, since the more it's cooked the less active the antioxidants will be. If you eat it raw or lightly steamed you'll keep more of the nutrients intact.

How much should you eat a day:Aim for 1 cup freshspinachor 1/2 cup cooked perday, but this isthe right moment to try the raw or slightly wilted approach. Order warm or wilted spinach salad when you go out, or make it yourself with olive oil, pine nuts, and vegan parm.

7. Almonds for the Win, Pop Them Like Candy

Vitamin E in almonds will help ward off colds and flu and is key to your immune system humming along. Its afat-solublemolecule, meaning it requires the presence of fat to be absorbed, so nuts arethe perfect package for E to make it into your system.

How much should you eat in a day:A half-cup serving, or46 whole, shelled almonds, providesalmost 100 percent of your RDA of vitamin E. Almonds are great for you but they don't come with a "free" pass, since 1/4 cup is a serving and has 162 calories, so double that for your RDA and you're eating about 325 calories. Throw them into smoothies instead.

If you ever feel healthier for eating curry, it is probably because of the Tumeric, which is an ingredient that gives it its burnt orange color. But this highly pigmented spice is known for its anti-inflammatory qualities. The ingredientcurcumin hasbeen found to decrease muscle soreness after a hard workout. How it helps immunity? decrease exercise-induced muscle damage.

Tumeric bolsters theimmunesystem by stimulating antibody formation and people with auto-immune diseases are told by their doctors to take 500 mg of curcumin daily to reduce inflammation and stave off soreness.

How much should you eat in a day: Try adding extra Tumeric to your diet during periods of stress or during flu season. Or take500-2,000 mg ofcurcuminto help fight inflammation and power up your immune system.

9. Green Tea by the Gallon, Skip the Coffee andSipthis Instead

Whether you prefer green tea or black tea, you will benefit from the compounds calledflavonoids, powerful antioxidants.Green tea has highlevels of EGCG, (epigallocatechin gallate) another hard-working antioxidant.

EGCG is known to boost immune function, and originally all tea leaves contain this anti-oxidant, but when black tea is fermented it deactivates mostof the EGCG. Green tea is steamed so the EGCG isstill active when you drink it.

Green tea also containsL-theanine, an anti-oxidant which appears to help in the production of T-cells in your body, the killerL-theanine may aid in the production of germ-fighting compounds in your T-cells.

How much green tea should you drink in a day: The optimal amount isthree to five cups in a day,but most people won't get to that level. Any amount is better than nothing. Swap out ausual beverage dailyfor green tea could improve your health.

10. Papaya, The Tropical Healer to Keep You Vacation-Healthy All Year Round

Papaya deliversover twice yourrecommended daily amount of vitamin C inone fruit -- though you're likely to eat a few slices on a salad or in a smoothie.It also contains an enzyme called papain that has anti-inflammatory effects -- and inflammation is one factor in most illnesses, so avoiding it can help your body fight off bacterial infections like sinusitis.

Papayas containpotassium, vitamin B, and folate, which is a powerful cell rebuilder. Exactly how folic acid works to build immunity is linked to its role inprotein synthesis, and researchers think that any mechanism in which cells proliferate can be affected (which is why it's critical for pregnant women). People who are folate-deficienthave compromised immune systems.

How much folate should youeat a day: Whether you are pregnant or not, folate (vitamin B9) is a great vitamin to keep your cells healthy and strong. The recommendation is 400 micrograms a day, or get it from legumes, spinach, papayas, and avocados.

When you think of anti-oxidants, you should think of fruits that grow in the sun, since their vitamin pack comes from having to fight off the oxidation of the strong rays that beat down on them in the tropics. Kiwis are a great example. They are full of folate, vitamin K, vitamin C, and potassium.

These vitamins in combination work in the body to build healthy cells, fight infection and keep your immune system humming along. Vitamin K deficiency is rare but when people don't have enough they suffer from weak bones and compromised immune systems. The inflammation system in the body is also dependent on vitamin K, especially your killerT cells that mobilize and fight cancer and other diseases.

How much should you eat in a day: Vitamin K is one of the unsung heroes of the body. Women shouldget 90 micrograms a day, and menshould have120 micrograms.

12. Sunflower seeds to sprinkle on salads or eat by themselves

Most seeds are chock-o-block with nutrients since they give the plant its healthy start. But sunflower seeds are especially healthy since they provide phosphorus, magnesium and vitamin B-6 as well as vitamin E.Your immune system needs vitamin E to function at full throttle.You can also get vitamin E fromavocados and spinach and broccoli.

How much should you eat in a day:Anywhere from1 ounce (30 grams) per dayto a healthy handful is considered healthy, but because they are high in sodium you might want to refrain from eating the entire bag. The raw seeds have 204 calories per quarter cup.

13. Miso, Soup or Paste to Add to Your Soups and Salad Dressings

You've had miso soup at your favorite Japanese restaurant and perhaps even thought: "This tastes incredibly healthy! If a bit salty." Both thoughts are true. Miso is a fermented paste that adds a salty umami flavor to many Japanese dishes and soup. Most miso is made in Japan, where the ingredient has been used since the eighth century.

Misoneeds no preparation andadds a touch of saltiness to soups,marinades, and dressings. Some people credit miso as a factor in Japanese longevity. Japan has more centenarians per capita of the population than anywhere else in the world and Japan has one of the lowest rates of obesity.

The nutrients in miso -- which is a soybean paste that has been fermented with salt and a koji starter -- boostsimmune system functionby delivering healthy probiotics tothe gut, making yourmicrobiome healthier. How doesMiso benefit your immune system?It is a "sirt" food, which are foods that contain high levels of sirtuins or proteins that regulate cells and activate metabolism. A diet high in sirts is believed to lead to weight loss, increased wellness, and longevity.

How much should you eat in a day:Researchersbelieve that consuming one bowl of miso soup per day, as is the tradition in Japan,lowers the risks of breast cancer. Other than its high sodium content there is no reason to stay away from miso with all its varied health benefits. We say cheers to that.

Read the rest here:
13 Foods to Boost Your Immune System and Fight Sickness - The Beet

Against the backdrop of the ongoing pandemic, its more important than ever to keep tabs on our health, diet and lifestyle. Supporting and building our immune systems by tweaking our diets and ensuring we get a good nights sleep can help them stay strong whatever your current health is like, the best defence weapon against any illness Covid-19 included is bolstering your immune function.

We can start by considering what we eat and drink everyday. Here are my four golden rules to try now.

Cut out or limit processed packaged foods, as well as hydrogenated fats and vegetable oils; takeaways; fast food; e-numbers and additives; sugary treats and baked goods; poor quality protein and deli meats; and cigarettes and alcohol. They all upset our immune system.

Opt for an abundance of fresh fruit and veg; clean proteins like organic meats; legumes; free-range eggs; extra virgin olive oil; nuts and seeds; and complex whole carbs like root veggies and gluten-free wholegrains. When you focus on foods like these, your diet will naturally be full of nutrients, vitamins and minerals that have the ability to support a strong immune system.

As well as ingesting liposomal vitamin C to help the immune system protect against viral infections more efficiently, I also recommend taking a good quality zinc supplement (it activates enzymes that break down proteins in viruses and bacteria so they are less able to spread), vitamin D, and a good quality probiotic, like Symprove, to help keep the gut in check.

A healthy gut microbiome is the foundation for your overall wellness, as it triggers your bodys immune response when it detects invaders. How many of us even consider it? As well as taking a good quality probiotic and eating a balanced diet as mentioned above, its important to get seven to nine hours of sleep each night, exercise regularly, manage stress and limit your alcohol intake. Plus, drinking adequate fluid, whether thats water, broths or herbal teas, is key.

More from British Vogue:

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A Nutritionists Guide To Keeping Your Immune System Strong This Winter - British Vogue

Newswise Differences in the immune systems and better blood vessel health were among the factors protecting children from severe COVID-19, according to a new review.

A huge body of global COVID-19 literature was reviewed by experts at the Murdoch Children's Research Institute (MCRI), the University of Melbourne and the University of Fribourg and published in theArchives of Disease in Childhoodto unravel the reasons for age-related differences in COVID-19 severity and symptoms.

MCRI and University of Melbourne Professor Nigel Curtis said that while a number of hypotheses provided potential explanations as to why adults were at higher risk and children protected from severe disease and death from COVID-19, most do not explain why COVID-19 severity rises steeply after the age of 60-70 years.

Professor Curtis said in stark contrast to other respiratory viruses, severe disease and death due to COVID-19 was relatively rare in children.

"Most children with COVID-19 have no or only mild symptoms, most commonly fever, cough, sore throat and changes in sense of smell or taste," he said. "Even children with the usual risk factors for severe infections, such as immunosuppression, were not at high risk of severe COVID-19 disease."

Professor Curtis said damage to the thin layer of endothelial cells lining various organs, especially the blood vessels, heart, and lymphatic vessels, increased with age and there was an association between conditions that affect these cells and severe COVID-19.

"We know pre-existing blood vessel damage plays an important role in COVID-19 severity and can lead to blood clots, causing strokes and heart attacks. COVID-19 can infect these endothelial cells and cause blood vessel inflammation," he said.

"The endothelium in children has experienced far less damage compared with adults and their clotting system is also different, which makes children less prone to abnormal blood clotting."

Professor Curtis said diseases associated with chronic inflammation that develop with advanced age including diabetes and obesity were also linked with severe COVID-19.

He said more recent immunisation with live vaccines, such as the MMR vaccine against measles, mumps, and rubella, that could boost the immune system might play a role in protecting children.

Dr Petra Zimmermann from the University of Fribourg said there were also other important differences in the immune system between children and adults.

"Children have a stronger innate immune response, which is the first-line defence against COVID-19," she said.

"Another important factor is 'trained immunity' which primes innate immune cells after mild infections and vaccinations, leading to a type of 'innate immune memory'.

"Children infected with COVID-19 often have co-infections with other viruses. Recurrent viral infections could lead to improved trained immunity, making kids more effective at clearing COVID-19."

Dr Zimmermann said different levels of microbiota (bacteria and other germs) in the throat, noise, lung and stomach, also influenced susceptibility to COVID-19.

"The microbiota plays an important role in the regulation of immunity, inflammation and in the defence against illnesses," she said. "Children are more likely to have viruses and bacteria, especially in the nose, where these bugs might limit the growth of COVID-19."

Dr Zimmermann said the vitamin D level, with its anti-inflammatory properties, was also generally higher in children.

"The overlap between risk factors for severe COVID-19 and vitamin D deficiency, including obesity, chronic kidney disease and being of black or Asian origin, suggests that vitamin D supplementation may play a role in helping prevent or treat COVID-19," she said.

"In many countries, vitamin D is routinely supplemented in infants younger than one year of age and in some countries even up to the age of three years."

Professor Curtis said understanding the underlying age-related differences in the severity of COVID-19 would provide important insights and opportunities for prevention and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infections.

###

MCRI COVID-19 ongoing research project highlights:

For more projects visithttp://www.mcri.edu.au/covid-19/research

Publication: Petra Zimmermann and Nigel Curtis. 'Why is COVID-19 less severe in children? A review of the proposed mechanisms underlying the age-related difference in severity of SARS-CoV-2 infections,'Archives of Disease in Childhood. DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2020-320338

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Differences in immunity and blood vessels likely protect children from severe COVID-19 - Newswise

The number of COVID-19 cases that have been reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) since January 21, 2020 has exceeded 10 million. Modernarecently announced success in its development of a COVID-19 vaccine, a spike in cases across the country. Reaching record numbers of reported cases, this second wave of COVID-19 is seemingly worse than the first. So how can we continue to protect ourselves?

While scientists continue to work toward effective treatments and to figure out why COVID-19 affects individuals so differently, what we know for sure is the added threat this virus can have on those with compromised immune systems. Scientists and public health officials still lack the understanding of the pathogenesis of COVID-19 and, subsequently, the inflammatory response to it. This further complicates the predictability of the response of an immune-compromised individual.

Until an effective vaccine against COVID-19 is available, we have to continue to do the hard, albeit tedious, work of keeping ourselves safe and healthy by wearing facial coverings, keeping our social distance, practicing good hand hygiene, and staying home when were sick, says Jaimie Meyer, MD, MS, aYale Medicineinfectious disease specialist.

It is now more important than ever for those at higher risk to protect their immune systems, and this starts with optimal gut health and protecting ones barriers. If theres a barrier breakdown, inflammation can compromise the immune system. A holistic approach to health may be your best defense. The following suggestions can help to do just that.

Isnt this the answer to everything?

It may be so, but especially for a healthy immune system. Approximately 70 percentof the immune system resides in the gut. Therefore, gut health affects immune health. A balanced diet consists of fresh fruits, fresh vegetables, healthy fats, seeds, legumes, and lean proteins while avoiding inflammatory foods like excess alcohol, sugar, refined carbohydrates, grains, dairy, CAFO red meat, and processed foods. With the holidays approaching it will be easy to overindulge, but remember this year its especially important to keep your body strong and healthy.

A toxic load or accumulation of toxins and chemicals that we ingest from a variety of sources, including the environment, the food we eat, the water wedrink, and the personal care and household products we use creates a serious imbalance. Then the barriers can become too weak for the load, and they start breaking down, allowing these toxins into our bloodstream and making the immune system vulnerable to disease and infection.

Eliminating intake or exposure to toxins seems the most obvious of actions. Substituting non-organic fruits, vegetables, meats and dairy for organic foods will eliminate toxins ingested through your GI tract. The use of organic and all-natural body-care products, cleaners, and insecticides will eliminate exposure to chemicals through the lungs and skin. Drinking filtered water and avoiding being outside on high-smog days are examples of how to navigate environmental factors.

There are five major organs the lungs, skin, liver, kidneys, and colon. These organs are responsible for filtering and clearing toxins out of our bodies. Optimizing the health of these organs will help them to filter out the toxins effectively. For example, when we breathe in oxygen, our lungs filter out carbon dioxide that we then exhale. The cilia on the lungs also help to catch and eliminate toxic particles that we may breathe in through mucus and then cough up or swallow and pass. For a smoker, the protective cilia on the lungs can be damaged, thus inhibiting the lungs from functioning as intended. The health and care of our organs are not only vital to ensure optimal function, but also to avoid toxic load.

Cyrex Laboratories, a leader in innovative testing designed to detect and monitor autoimmune reactivities and their possible triggers, offers The Array 5 Multiple Autoimmune Reactivity Screen. This test is designed to measure predictive autoantibodies, some of which can appear up to 10 years before clinical symptoms. It also assesses possible tissue damage to multiple organs of the body. The Array 2 is another test called the Intestinal Antigenic Permeability Screen which measures intestinal permeability of large molecules, which inflame the immune system. For anybody who suspects they may be genetically predisposed to or at risk of developing autoimmune diseases, this testing is highly recommended, especially with the added risk of contracting COVID-19.

As we have seen, novel viruses are scary and unpredictable. COVID-19 is not the first and it will likely not be the last. The best way you can shield yourself from the unknown is to start out strong with proactive healthcare. Thanks to advancements in medical testing, individuals now have the ability to pre-determine disease markers. This allows for the opportunity for health-risk management. Theres no time like the present to take control of your health.

Dr. Chad Larson, NMD, DC, CCN, CSCS, Advisor, and Consultant on Clinical Consulting Team for Cyrex Laboratories.

Dr. Larson holds a Doctor of Naturopathic Medicine degree from Southwest College of Naturopathic Medicine. He also has a Doctor of Chiropractic degree from Southern California University of Health Sciences. Dr. Larson is also a Certified Clinical Nutritionist and a Certified Strength and Conditioning Specialist. He particularly pursues advanced developments in the fields of endocrinology, orthopedics, sports medicine, and environmentally-induced chronic disease.

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Four Key Ways To Protect Your Barriers and Immune System During the Second Wave of COVID-19 - Longevity LIVE

According to research published this summer by Fior Markets, the global immune health supplements market is poised to grow from a $16.32 billion industry to $29.4 billion in 2027. But the nations leading infectious diseases expert, Dr. Anthony Fauci, doesnt recommend we start sampling antibody response vitamins, body defense capsules or any of the thousands of other so-called wellness products that have emerged from the woodwork this year.

According to Dr. Fauci, who was recently profiled by Mens Health, immune boosters probably arent worth your time or money. He explained, If you dont smoke, you only drink in moderation, you get a good nights sleep, have a healthy diet, you exercise, and you do something to reduce stress, thats going to keep your immune system healthy, not any of these dietary supplements and herbs and other things.

Pretty commonsensical. If there were a silver bullet remedy out there, you probably wouldnt be order it for $35 over Amazon Prime. And if were going to trust anyone on this issue, it should be Dr. Fauci, who A) has been tasked with keeping Americans healthy for four decades and B) knows a thing or two about staying fit through dark, stressful days. During the height of the pandemic, Dr. Fauci says he was sleeping only three or four hours a night.

These days, he gets five or six. Its not bad, he told Mens Health, but its not optimal. But he takes care of his immune system in other ways, including a four-mile power walk each evening, a balanced diet (Dr. Fauci lines up pomegranate juice with egg whites on an English muffin for breakfast each morning) and vitamin D for his deficiency.

He also, of course, wears a mask, washes or sanitizes his hands consistently, and does his best to remain calm and positive. He recommends we all do the same. Dont be discouraged. I think you should realize that it will end. Hang in there.

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What Dr. Anthony Fauci Has Been Doing to Bolster His Immune System This Year - InsideHook

It's best, of course, to prevent illness in the first place so your body doesn't ever need to fight it off

by: Len Rome

(WYTV) Its always a good idea to do what you can to stay healthy during cold and flu season, especially now with COVID-19 around.

Do what you can to reduce stress. Stress weakens your immune system.

If youre wondering about taking extra vitamins and supplements, doctors say the evidence isnt clear yet.

Dr. Donald Ford, with the Cleveland Clinic, says the best advice is adopting a healthy lifestyle. Thats a natural way to boost your immune system.

The most important thing is to maintain your own health as much as you can and whether youve got medical conditions that need treatment, make sure that youre taking your medicines as prescribed by your doctor. Make sure that youre eating well, make sure above all that youre getting plenty of rest.

Good sleep habits will benefit your immune system. People who dont get enough sleep are often more likely to get sick.

Adults should get seven to eight hours of sleep every night.

Its best, of course, to prevent illness in the first place so your body doesnt ever need to fight it off.

Wash your hands, wear a mask and keep your distance.

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Doctor says best way to bolster your immune system is through healthy habits - WYTV

Dave Wessner, biology professor, studied the pathogenesis of coronaviruses as a post-doctoral researcher at the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences and shared his insight on the promise ofand potential challenges tothe vaccines on the horizon.

There are two vaccines nearing distributionwhat distinguishes them?

Broadly speaking, Moderna and Pfizer both use the same technique to encourage the body to produce antibodies that fight the virus that causes COVID-19. They both use a piece of messenger RNA that codes for the spike protein of the coronavirus.

What is a spike protein?

Think of the virus as a ball with lollipops sticking outthose lollipops are the spike proteins. These spike proteins allow the virus to attach to and ultimately infect our cells. And both vaccines have the mRNA of that protein encased in a nanoparticle.

The idea is, you get injected with that and the RNA gets into your cells. Your cells don't realize that this piece of mRNA is from the coronavirus, so they just begin producing the protein that it encodesthe coronavirus spike protein.

The Moderna and Pfizer vaccines are taking the genetic material for the spike protein and putting it in a lipid nanoparticle that gets injected. Your cells start producing the protein and the immune system says, Wait a minute, that's not one of our proteins. That's something foreign. And the cells produce antibodies, so if you get exposed to the real virus later the immune system is already up and running.

The other vaccines by AstraZeneca and Johnson & Johnson are very similar, but they have taken another virus called an adenovirus and they've clipped out part of the viruss genome and replaced it with the spike protein gene from the coronavirus. That virus can replicate in the host, so your body starts to make those coronavirus spike proteins. And again, the immune system registers this and starts to mount a response.

Is this approach to vaccination new?

Both are new technologies. The adenovirus approach has been played with for quite a while, but this is the first time its come to fruition. The mRNA technique is really new. This is quite a departure from what we know as the standard technique.

The polio vaccine is a good example of the traditional approach. There are two different kinds of polio vaccine: an attenuated, or live, version, and the killed, or inactivated, version. Those two standard approaches have existed since the 1700s when the smallpox vaccine was developed. Both make use of the actual virus particle. The inactivated polio virus vaccine uses a virus that has been killed by formaldehyde. The live attenuated vaccine is a mutated version of the virus. It is close enough that your body develops the correct response, but it does not cause disease.

Just recently we've started thinking about using just bits and pieces of the virus rather than the whole thing.

Do we have a sense for how long the vaccine will be effective?

Not yet. That's one of the big problems with the flu vaccinethats why we get the flu vaccine every year. The flu virus mutates fairly rapidly, and the vaccine you get this year may not be a good match for what the flu looks like next year.

All the evidence out there so farjust nine months insuggests that this coronavirus is not mutating particularly quickly. It seems to be fairly stable.

Vaccine researchers also don't know how long the human immune response will last. Some vaccines only require one dose and you're good to go for life. But others, like the tetanus vaccine, require boosters because your immune system sort of drops off over time. And there's really no way to know how long the immune response to the coronavirus vaccine will last until its been time-tested.

What was your reaction when you read that the vaccines were more than 90 percent effective?

Preliminary results suggest that the Moderna and Pfizer vaccine may be 95 percent effective. And AstraZeneca has reported that its vaccine may be 90 percent effective, although there are some concerns about their data. That's remarkable. If you'd asked me a month ago, I would not have expected that. Those are the numbers you see with the polio, measles and chickenpox vaccines, which are the real rock stars of the vaccine world. If those numbers hold up, I think that would be much better than anyone was expecting.

What kind of achievement would it be to produce a vaccine in less than a year?

Its incredible. I study HIV, and our struggle to find a vaccine for HIV underscores how difficult it can be. HIV was discovered in 1983 and we still don't have a vaccine. Of course, they are two completely different beasts, but that gives you some context.

On one hand, we've got a 40-year project looking for a vaccine and theres no end in sight for that one. On the other, we could have a vaccine rollout 18 months after the first case was reported. That is pretty remarkable.

Why is it so difficult to develop a vaccine for HIV?

There are a couple of reasons. First, HIV mutates really rapidly, including the main proteins that are on the surface that our immune system would recognize. And second, for reasons that aren't well understood, our immune system just doesn't make great antibodies to the HIV proteins.

If you get infected with coronavirus, it appears that your body makes really good antibodies that can bind to the virus and prevent it from infecting your cells. With HIV, your body's going to make all sorts of antibodies but, for whatever reason, they don't protect you from becoming infected.

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A Primer on the Promising COVID-19 Vaccines Awaiting Approval - Davidson News

This winter, tohave a stronger immune response to the invaders (especially viruses that enter your lungs, blood cells and wreak havoc and cause inflammation) you need to eat a diet high in plant-based foods. Doctors have begun recommending to all their patients that they switch to a mostly plant-based diet, especially those in the highest risk groups for the coronavirus: Overweight, diabetic, over 60, and male. One doctorurges all his patientsto eat mostly fruit and vegetables and stay away from inflammation-causing meat, dairy, and processed food, in light of the surge in cases of COVID-19.

Your immune system's response is the only thing that can fight COVID. All other therapies doctors can offer are in support of your immune system, to help it mount its defense. If your system is weak or overtaxed with other existing conditions, including obesity or diabetes, it can over-react, creating the dreaded "cytokine storm" of inflammation that leads to a cascade of complications that make it harder for your body to self-regulate as it attempts to create antibodies to the virus (essentially molecules that recognize the virus as invaders and deploy cells that fight and destroy the invaders).

You can protect your Immunity by eating foods that give it the armaments it needs. Immunity is built when your body has to fight off everything fromeveryday aging to viral outsiders and infections. And the building blocks of your immunity arehelped by the micronutrients in your food, such as antioxidants and vitamins and minerals, and nothing delivers those better than fruits and vegetables, legumes and nuts and seeds.

The flip side is also true, that studies show a diet high in red meat and processed foods canincreasethe inflammation in your body, and in the case of COVID-19, inflammation is the enemy. Patients who do the worst when confronted with this virus are those who are overweight, have chronic inflammation, high blood pressure, or are otherwise immune-compromised. The goal: Eat more fruist and vegetables, less meat and dairy and keep inflammation low.

Here are the foods that are shown to fight inflammation and boost immunity. Eat them now for a stronger immune system, whether you are dealing with COVID-19 or another potential disease that requires your body to be healthier now and for months and years to come. Inflammation on a cellular level is a factorin almost every disease known to man. To be healthier, meaning to build cells that are able to function without being bombarded from toxins, oxidization, infection, and internal destruction, opting for more servings of plant-based foods is your best bet. Here are the 15 foods that will add protection to your immune system.

These foods are known to supercharge your immune system, which is your body's defense against infection and illness. It works by recognizing cells that make up your body and will fight off anything unfamiliar. It destroys germs (bacteria and viruses) and parasites. Eat these to bolster your white blood cells and the supporting teams that keep them ready for battle.Healthline compiled the listand The Beet added even more research to bolster the facts.

Your body does not produce vitamin C, which means you need to get it daily to have enough to create healthy collagen (the building blocks for your skin and healing). Also known asascorbic acid, vitamin C is a water-soluble nutrient found inleafy greens and citrus, especially grapefruit, oranges, tangerines, lemons, limes, and clementines. It acts as an antioxidant,protecting cells fromdamage caused by free radicals.

How much do you need a day:The recommended daily amount to shoot for is 65 to 90 milligrams a day, which is the equivalent of one small glass of orange juice or eating a whole grapefruit. Almost all citrus fruits are high in vitamin C. With such a variety to choose from, it's easy to get your fill.

Want even more vitamin C,add red bell peppers to your salad or pasta sauce. One medium-sized red bell pepper contains 152 milligrams of vitamin C, or enough to fulfill your RDA.

Peppers are also a great source of beta carotene, aprecursor of vitamin A (retinol). VitaminAis important for healthy skin, your mucous membranes and your immune system.Beta carotene helps keep your eyes and skin healthy, as well. One cooked pepper has 19 percent of your daily recommended amount of beta carotene.

How much beta carotene do you need a day:You should try to get 65 to 90 milligrams of vitamin Ca day, which is the equivalent of one half of a medium-sized red bell pepper ora quarter of apepper and a glass of orange juice (or add pepper slicesto your spinach salad since spinach has vitamin C as well).However you want to round out your vitamin C needs, it's a good idea to addred pepper slices to your rotation since one pepper has more than two and a half times your RDA for vitamin C, so eat them all winter long.

Broccolimay be the most super of superfoods on the planet. It's rich in vitamins A and C as well as E. The phytochemicals in it are great for arming and strengthening yourimmune system.

Broccoli is a good source of lutein, a powerful antioxidant, and sulforaphane, another potent antioxidant. Itcontains additional nutrients, including some magnesium, phosphorus, zinc, and iron. The key to keeping its powerful nutrients intact and ready for helping the body's immune response is to cook it as little as possible or even eat it raw.

Lutein is one of 600 known naturally occurring carotenoids and is found in high quantities ingreen leafy veggies such as spinach and kale.

There's another thing you need to know aboutbroccoli,and why it's important to not overcook it. Broccoli contains sulforaphane, a gas that is a killer to a bug in the gardenand in the body.Sulforaphane is a sulfur-rich compound found in several cruciferous vegetableslike bok choy, cabbage, and kale, butbroccoli delivers the most. When a bug bites into the stalk, leaf, or flowering bud of the plant it releases this sulfuric gas that kills the invaders, thereby protecting the plant. This is the same agent that gives broccoli that sulfuric smell when you cook it, so don't overcook it since you'd rather all of that end up in your body than in the kitchen air. Cook it too much and the gas escapes into your kitchen, so if you want to keep it in the plant, and delivered it to your body, lightly steam the green and add it to your meal barely cooked through.

How much lutein should you eat in a day: There is no RDA for lutein, but experts say get at least 6 milligrams.

Garlicisn't just a great flavor-enhancer, it's essential for yourhealth. Ancient humans valued garlic as an infection fighter, which is why somuch of our traditional diets include it as a first ingredient (making pasta sauce for instance). Value it and use it liberally for fighting infections.

Garlics immune-boosting propertiesare tied to itssulfur-containing compounds, such as allicin. Allicin is thought to improve your immune cells' ability to fight off colds and flu, and viruses of all kinds. (Smelling more garlic on the subway? It could be smart coronavirus management.) Garlic also has anti-microbial and anti-viral properties thought to fight off infections.

How much should you eat in a day: The optimal amount of garlic to eat is more than most of us can fathom:Two to three cloves a day.While that may not be doable, realistically, some people take garlic supplements to get300-mg dried garlic in a powdered tablet.

Spinach is known as one of the world's healthiest foods.Not only does spinach deliver immune-boosting vitamin Cbut it also contains vitamins K,vitaminA, as well as vitaminsB2,B6,andE. It is also full of manganese, folate, copper, and calcium, and isconsidered nature's multivitamin, packed withantioxidants and beta carotene, which can help your body's natural defenses fight off infection.

How much should you eat in a day:Get one serving (about a cup) a day, as a side with dinner or in a salad for lunch. Keepfrozen or fresh spinachon hand and add it to everything: Smoothies and scrambles. Like broccoli, you get the most out of spinach when it's not overcooked, so just steam it to slightly wilt itto make sure it retains its nutrients. Raw is fine too, but a little bit of cookingallows you to better absorb the vitamin A and releases the other nutrients (slightly "injuring" a plant by heating it or chopping it causes it to release life-saving compounds, which you benefit from). Check out some spinach recipes here.

Ginger is another ingredient that has super properties when it comes to fighting off illness. It has been shown todecrease inflammation, which can helpif you get swollen glands or a sore throat or anyinflammatoryailment.

Gingerol,the main bioactive compound in ginger, is a relative of capsaicin, can be used in sweet or spicy dishes. It has been found to alleviate pain and fight nausea, which is the reason ginger ale was given for upset stomachs, back when it contained actual ginger. Now few store-bought formulations do. Make your own ginger tea. Gingerol is responsible for much of its medicinal properties. It has powerful anti-inflammatory and antioxidantbenefits.

How muchshould you eat a day: Most recommendations land on 34 grams of ginger extract a day, or up to four cups of ginger tea, but no more than 1 gram a day if you are pregnant. Some studies have linked high dosages to an increased risk of miscarriage.

Like spinach, kale is a hero green. It is not only packed with vitamin C but also antioxidants and beta carotene, both of which give your immune system the healthy boost it needs to fight off invaders.

Don't overcook yourdeep leafy greens, since the more you cook them the less active the antioxidants will become, and you want them to be just hot enough to get released, but not overly cooked to get destroyed. If you eat kale raw or lightly steamed, you'll keep more of the nutrients intact.

How much should you eat a day:Aim for 1 cup fresh kale or 1/2 cup cooked perday, but this isthe right moment to try the raw or slightly wilted approach. Order warm or wiltedkale salad when you go out, or make it yourself with olive oil, pine nuts, and vegan parm.

Vitamin E in almonds will help ward off colds and flu and is key to your immune system humming along. Its afat-solublemolecule, meaning it requires the presence of fat to be absorbed, so nuts arethe perfect package for E to make it into your system.

How much should you eat in a day:A half-cup serving, or46 whole, shelled almonds, providesalmost 100 percent of your RDA of vitamin E. Almonds are great for you but they don't come with a "free" pass, since 1/4 cup is a serving and has 162 calories, so double that for your RDA and you're eating about 325 calories. Throw them into smoothies instead.

If you ever feel healthier for eating curry, it is probably because of the Tumeric, which is an ingredient that gives it its burnt orange color. But this highly pigmented spice is known for its anti-inflammatory qualities. The ingredientcurcumin hasbeen found to decrease muscle soreness after a hard workout. How it helps immunity? decrease exercise-induced muscle damage.

Tumeric bolsters theimmunesystem by stimulating antibody formation and people with auto-immune diseases are told by their doctors to take 500 mg of curcumin daily to reduce inflammation and stave off soreness.

How much should you eat in a day: Try adding extra Tumeric to your diet during periods of stress or during flu season. Or take500-2,000 mg ofcurcuminto help fight inflammation and power up your immune system.

Whether you prefer green tea or black tea, you will benefit from the compounds calledflavonoids, powerful antioxidants.Green tea has highlevels of EGCG, (epigallocatechin gallate) another hard-working antioxidant.

EGCG is known to boost immune function, and originally all tea leaves contain this anti-oxidant, but when black tea is fermented it deactivates mostof the EGCG. Green tea is steamed so the EGCG isstill active when you drink it.

Green tea also containsL-theanine, an anti-oxidant which appears to help in the production of T-cells in your body, the killerL-theanine may aid in the production of germ-fighting compounds in your T-cells.

How much green tea should you drink in a day: The optimal amount isthree to five cups in a day,but most people won't get to that level. Any amount is better than nothing. Swap out ausual beverage dailyfor green tea could improve your health.

Papaya deliversover twice yourrecommended daily amount of vitamin C inone fruit -- though you're likely to eat a few slices on a salad or in a smoothie.It also contains an enzyme called papain that has anti-inflammatory effects -- and inflammation is one factor in most illnesses, so avoiding it can help your body fight off bacterial infections like sinusitis.

Papayas containpotassium, vitamin B, and folate, which is a powerful cell rebuilder. Exactly how folic acid works to build immunity is linked to its role inprotein synthesis, and researchers think that any mechanism in which cells proliferate can be affected (which is why it's critical for pregnant women). People who are folate-deficienthave compromised immune systems.

How much folate should youeat a day: Whether you are pregnant or not, folate (vitamin B9) is a great vitamin to keep your cells healthy and strong. The recommendation is 400 micrograms a day, or get it from legumes, spinach, papayas, and avocados.

When you think of anti-oxidants, you should think of fruits that grow in the sun, since their vitamin pack comes from having to fight off the oxidation of the strong rays that beat down on them in the tropics. Kiwis are a great example. They are full of folate, vitamin K, vitamin C, and potassium.

These vitamins in combination work in the body to build healthy cells, fight infection and keep your immune system humming along. Vitamin K deficiency is rare but when people don't have enough they suffer from weak bones and compromised immune systems. The inflammation system in the body is also dependent on vitamin K, especially your killerT cells that mobilize and fight cancer and other diseases.

How much should you eat in a day: Vitamin K is one of the unsung heroes of the body. Women shouldget 90 micrograms a day, and menshould have120 micrograms.

Most seeds are chock-o-block with nutrients since they give the plant its healthy start. But sunflower seeds are especially healthy since they provide phosphorus, magnesium and vitamin B-6 as well as vitamin E.Your immune system needs vitamin E to function at full throttle.You can also get vitamin E fromavocados and spinach and broccoli.

How much should you eat in a day:Anywhere from1 ounce (30 grams) per dayto a healthy handful is considered healthy, but because they are high in sodium you might want to refrain from eating the entire bag. The raw seeds have 204 calories per quarter cup.

You've had miso soup at your favorite Japanese restaurant and perhaps even thought: "This tastes incredibly healthy! If a bit salty." Both thoughts are true. Miso is a fermented paste that adds a salty umami flavor to many Japanese dishes and soup. Most miso is made in Japan, where the ingredient has been used since the eighth century.

Misoneeds no preparation andadds a touch of saltiness to soups,marinades, and dressings. Some people credit miso as a factor in Japanese longevity. Japan has more centenarians per capita of the population than anywhere else in the world and Japan has one of the lowest rates of obesity.

The nutrients in miso -- which is a soybean paste that has been fermented with salt and a koji starter -- boostsimmune system functionby delivering healthy probiotics tothe gut, making yourmicrobiome healthier. How doesMiso benefit your immune system?It is a "sirt" food, which are foods that contain high levels of sirtuins or proteins that regulate cells and activate metabolism. A diet high in sirts is believed to lead to weight loss, increased wellness, and longevity.

How much should you eat in a day:Researchersbelieve that consuming one bowl of miso soup per day, as is the tradition in Japan,lowers the risks of breast cancer. Other than its high sodium content there is no reason to stay away from miso with all its varied health benefits. We say cheers to that.

In a day that starts with wearing your mask, nothing helps your body fight off infection better than a smoothie or bowl full of berries, especially those that are super-colorful and contain antioxidants that give the fruit their vibrant color.

Blueberries contain a flavonoid called anthocyanin, which specifically help boost your immune system and fight off systemic stress of any kind including toxins. In a recent study, researchers found that flavonoids play an essential role in yourrespiratory tracts immune defense system, especially timelyin light ofCOVID-19, which attacks the lungs first in many cases. People who eat a diet rich in flavonoids are less likely to get sick froman upper respiratory tract infection, or common cold than those who don't eat berries regularly.

How much should you eat: Get one cup of berries a day in a smoothie or bowl, as a snack or dessert. Your body will thank you and the calories burn slowly so you can eat them and not worry about a spike in blood sugar since the fiber in the fruit helps your body regulate blood sugar. As one doctor told us: No one ever got fat on fruit.

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15 Immune-Boosting Foods to Protect Yourself in Times of COVID-19 - The Beet

Passion fruit is found to have a multitude of health benefits. For one thing, the edible flesh and seeds contain powerful antioxidants and other nutrients to boost the immune system and cardiovascular health.

Medical News Today claims passion fruit is also a great source of fiber that keeps the gut healthy and prevents constipation and bowel disorders with only 17 calories per fruit, while the American Medical Association adds that fiber helps lower overall cholesterol levels, and therefore improves heart health.

But there are more health benefits of passion fruit:

Vitamin C versus viral diseasesAccording to Dr. Donald Marks, an internist and infectious disease expert with degrees in both immunology and microbiology, taking vitamin C is an excellent way to fight viral diseases. In my opinion, vitamin C is one of the best options, he told Newsmax. It is an antiviral and is readily available not only in fruits and vegetables but in a variety of over-the-counter supplements, as well as in throat lozenges and gummies.

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Passion fruit to boost heart health and immune system - FreshPlaza.com

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Ashley Ross

Ashley Ross of the University of Cincinnati will give a virtual seminar titled "Developing tools to measure neuro-immune communication"on Zoomfrom 4-5 p.m. Friday, Dec. 4. The talk is free and open to the public.

Ross is an assistant professor of chemistry at the University of Cincinnati and faculty in the Neuroscience Graduate Program at UC. She earned her Ph.D. in 2014 from the University of Virginia under the guidance of Dr. Jill Venton. She completed her post-doctoral training in Rebecca Pompano's lab at the University of Virginia where she was an American Association of Immunology Careers in Immunology Fellow from 2016-2017. She began her independent career at UC in 2017.

Her research interests are diverse including fundamental investigations into the electrode-analyte interface, development of new electrochemical methods to probe neurochemicals in the brain and immune system, and the development of microfluidic and microengineered platforms to probe neurochemical-regulated signaling between the nervous system and immune system. Her work has been highlighted in the Analyst Emerging Investigator Series,ChemComm Emerging InvestigatorIssue, and the Female Role Models in Analytical ChemistryIssue in Analytical Bioanalytical Chemistry. She serves on the Advisory Board for the Features Panel of ACS Analytical Chemistry and is on the Board of Directors for the Society of Electroanalytical Chemistry. In her free time, she enjoys hanging out with her kids, painting, and singing.

Communication between the nervous system and immune system is vital for maintaining health yet remains difficult to probe with precise temporal and spatial resolution. The Rosslab uses a combination of electrochemistry and microfabrication techniques to close the current gaps in the field. Specifically, theyhave developed new electrochemical methods and electrode materials for fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) which hasenabled themto expand these tools to new analytes involved in neuroimmune communication and other analytes previously not studied with real-time electrochemical techniques.

FSCV is a classic electroanalytical technique most often used in the brain to study neurotransmitter signaling on a 100-ms timescale; however, the Rosslab has expanded its utility to studying neurochemical events in immune organs like the lymph node. In addition, combining FSCV with microengineered platforms has provided an experimental platform to probe neurotransmitter signaling in multiple organs simultaneously ex vivo during communication. This talk will highlight some of the Ross lab'srecent work in this area on method development and the application of these methods to study new biology.

To attend the seminar,please visit the Zoom link.Meeting ID: 873 4638 0922Passcode: 8x&W7k)B

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Seminar on 'Developing Tools to Measure Neuro-immune Communication' on Friday - University of Arkansas Newswire

Neil Riordan, PA, PhD is one of the early pioneers and experts in applied stem cell research. Dr. Riordan founded publicly traded company Medistem Laboratories (later Medistem Inc.) which was acquired by Intrexon in 2013.

He is the founder and chairman of Medistem Panama, Inc., a leading stem cell laboratory and research facility located in the Technology Park of the prestigious City of Knowledge in Panama City, Panama. Medistem Panama (est. 2007) is at the forefront of research on the effects of adult stem cells on the course of several chronic diseases and conditions. The stem cell laboratory at Medistem Panama is fully licensed by the Ministry of Health of Panama.

Human umbilical cord tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hUCT-MSCs) that were isolated and grown at Medistem Panama to create master cell banks are currently being used in the United States. These cells serve as the starting material for cellular products used in MSC clinical trials for two Duchennes muscular dystrophy patients under US FDAs designation of Investigational New Drug (IND) for single patient compassionate use. (IND 16026 DMD Single Patient) These trials are the first in the United States to use hUCT-MSCs. Translational Biosciences, a fully-owned subsidiary of Medistem Panama is currently conducting a phase I/II clinical trial for rheumatoid arthritis and has published phase I/II clinical results for autism and multiple sclerosis in Stem Cells Translational Medicine and the Journal of Translational Medicine respectively.

Dr. Riordan is founder, chairman and chief science officer of the Stem Cell Institute in Panama, which specializes in the treatment of human diseases and conditions with adult stem cells, primarily human umbilical cord tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Established in 2007, Stem Cell Institute is one of the oldest, most well-known and well-respected stem cell therapy clinics in the world.

He is co-founder and chief science officer of the Riordan Medical Institute (RMI). Located in the Dallas-Fort Worth area city of Southlake, Texas, RMI specializes in the treatment of orthopedic conditions with autologous bone marrow-derived stem cells combined with amniotic tissue products developed by Dr. Riordan.

He is also the founder of Aidan Products, which provides health care professionals with quality nutraceuticals. Dr. Riordans team developed the product Stem-Kine, the only nutritional supplement that is clinically proven to increase the amount of circulating stem cells in the body for an extended period of time. Stem-Kine is currently sold in 35 countries.

Dr. Riordan has published more than 70 scientific articles in international peer-reviewed journals. In the stem cell arena, his colleagues and he have published more than 20 articles on multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injury, heart failure, rheumatoid arthritis, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, autism, and Charcot-Marie-Tooth syndrome. In 2007, Dr. Riordans research team was the first to discover and document the existence of mesenchymal-like stem cells in menstrual blood. For this discovery, his team was honored with the Medical Article of the Year Award from Biomed Central. Other notable journals in which Dr. Riordan has published articles include the British Journal of Cancer, Cellular Immunology, Journal of Immunotherapy, and Translational Medicine.

In addition to his scientific journal publications, Dr. Riordan has authored two books about mesenchymal stem cell therapy: Stem Cell Therapy: A Rising Tide: How Stem Cells Are Disrupting Medicine and Transforming Lives and MSC (Mesenchymal Stem Cells): Clinical Evidence Leading Medicines Next Frontier. Dr. Riordan has also written two scientific book chapters on the use of non-controversial stem cells from placenta and umbilical cord.

Dr. Riordan is an established inventor. He is the inventor or co-inventor on more than 25 patent families, including 11 issued patents. His team collaborates with a number of universities and institutions, including National Institutes of Health, Indiana University, University of California, San Diego, University of Utah, University of Western Ontario, and University of Nebraska.

He has made a number of novel discoveries in the field of cancer research since the mid-1990s when he collaborated with his father, Dr. Hugh Riordan, on the effects of high-dose intravenous vitamin C on cancer cells and the tumor microenvironment. This pioneering study on vitamin Cs preferential toxicity to cancer cells notably led to a 1997 patent for the treatment of cancer with vitamin C. In 2010, Dr. Riordan was granted an additional patent for a new cellular vaccine for cancer patients.

Neil Riordan, PA, PhD earned his Bachelor of Science at Wichita State University and graduated summa cum laude. He received his Masters degree at the University of Nebraska Medical Center. Dr. Riordan completed his education by earning a Ph.D. in Health Sciences at Medical University of the Americas.

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Neil Riordan, PA, PhD - Stem Cell Institute

Since 1901, Nobel Prizes have honored the worlds best and brightest and showcased the work of brilliant and creative minds, thanks to Swedish businessman Alfred Nobel, who made his fortune with the invention of dynamite.

The Prize in Physiology or Medicine often honors those whose discoveries led to medical breakthroughs, new drug treatments, or a better understanding of the human body that benefit us all.

The Prize in Literature celebrates those skilled in telling stories, creating poetry, and translating the human experience into words. The Prizes in Chemistry and Physics remind most of us how little we understand of genetics, atomic structures, or the universe around us, celebrating the scientists who further knowledge. A later addition to the award roster, the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences is not an original Prize, but was established by the Central Bank of Sweden in 1968 as a memorial to Alfred Nobel. It applauds those who can unravel the mysteries of markets, trade, and money.

The Peace Prize celebrates, in Nobels words, the person who shall have done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses, sometimes risking their lives to do so.

So precious are the awards that the medals of German physicists Max von Laue and James Franck, stored away for safekeeping in Copenhagen during World War II, were dissolved in acid to keep them away from approaching Nazi troops. After the war, the gold was reconstituted from the acid and recast into new medals.

But Nobel history has not been entirely noble. In 1939, British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain, known for his policy of appeasement toward Nazi Germany, was nominated for the Peace Prize. In an act of irony and protest, members of the Swedish Parliament nominated Adolf Hitler. That nomination was withdrawn. Some recipients have ordered oppressive crackdowns on their own people or ignored genocides, either before or after receiving the Prize. The 1918 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was given to Germanys Fritz Haber, who invented a method of producing ammonia on a large scale, which was helpful in making fertilizer. But the same chemist helped develop the chlorine gas that was used as a chemical weapon in World War I.

Stacker looked at facts and events related to the Nobel Prizes each year from 1931 to 2020, drawing from the Nobel Committees recollections and announcements, news stories, and historical accounts.

Take a look, and see what was happening with the Nobel Prizes the year you were born.

You may also like: 100 years of military history

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Nobel Prize history from the year you were born - Morganton News Herald

Barack Obama has given his two pennies on the never-ending GOAT debate. The former president is an avid basketball fan, especially with his links with the city of Chicago and the Chicago Bulls. His opinion on NBA-related topics always matters and hes not done giving his takes about the hottest topics in the league right now.

More recently, he shared his opinion on the GOAT debate between LeBron James and Michael Jordan, explaining that James cant be called the GOAT since hes still playing and his rsum isnt finished. Bron can increase his legacy in the league and have a better case to be considered the greatest player of all time, surpassing MJ (47:05 mark).

LeBron is making strides in the GOAT debate. [But hes not quite there yet] Not quite because look, his career is not over yet. And we dont know how many more rings he might win.

Obama said that MJ is the greatest to ever do it for him, but that didnt prevent him from giving some flowers to Bron, who is showing that hes still an incredible player and his longevity is something unmatched in the league.

Heres what I will say about LeBron, who is indisputably, one of the top two already. His longevity. The fact that I joked about him because I was with him on The Shop right before the election.

You know, he doesnt look like hes lost a step. I know that he is benefiting from the kind of training and nutrition and treatments, and all that folks in Michaels generation just did not benefit from.

The 44th POTUS noted that James is a gifted player, hes built different and added to all the treatments he has on his body, his genetics have allowed him to become the player he is right now.

But part of it is just hes a freak. And right now it looks like he could keep on doing what hes doing right now for another five years, right? If at 40, hes still an All-Star and competing in this way, you know that you have to factor that in.

Bron is not done and he just won his 4th NBA championship in the Orlando bubble in October. The King is ready to go for the back-to-back with the Lakers and get closer to that GOAT title that, according to Obama, still belongs to MJ.

Comparing their regular season and playoffs accolades, Jordan is the clear GOAT but Bron is still there, trying to catch up with His Airness. Jordan has expressed that Bron could surpass him in a couple of years from now, which is something similar to what Obama said during his interview.

However, not everybody is convinced that is the truth. Hakeem Olajuwon recently claimed that Jordan is a better player than LeBron. Jordan leads LeBron in titles, MVPs, and Defensive Player of The Year awards, so the gap is still there.

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Barack Obama On Who Is The GOAT Between LeBron James And Michael Jordan: 'LeBron James Is Not Quite There. We Don't Know How Many More Rings He Might...

You dont want to even think about the day your cherished pooch is no longer by your side and crosses over the rainbow bridge. Its better to focus on the here and now and give your dog a healthy and happy life. But if youre wondering where your own pup stands or youre thinking about getting a specific type of dog, its good information to have. The bottom line: Size might matter when it comes to the longest dog life spans. There is a trend across mammals in general that smaller mammals live longer lives, says Catherine Lenox, DVM, a veterinarian for Royal Canin. There isnt a clear reason for thisit might have something to do with the animals metabolismbut it does seem to be true for dogs as well. Yet, other factors not relevant to size, such as poor genetics, unforeseen accidents, not getting enough exercise, and sudden illness, impact how long a dog lives, too.

According to Dr. Lenox, the following 20 dog breeds will live up to 15 years or even longer. While this is by no means an all-inclusive list and theres no guarantee that every dog noted here will live for this long, there are things you can do to help your dog live the longest, healthiest life possible. Be proactive about preventive care, manage medical conditions with your veterinarian as needed, keep your dog in normal body condition (not too heavy and not too thin), and feed a high-quality complete and balanced diet without too many treats, advises Dr. Lenox. Now that we have that squared away, lets see the cute pups!

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20 Dog Breeds That Live the Longest - Reader's Digest

Lille (France), Cambridge (Massachusetts, United States), November 30, 2020 – GENFIT (Nasdaq and Euronext: GNFT) a late-stage biopharmaceutical company dedicated to improving the lives of patients with metabolic and chronic liver diseases, today announces that:

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GENFIT announces satisfactory preliminary results of its OCEANEs’ partial buyback offer

OKLAHOMA CITY, Nov. 30, 2020 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Cytovance® Biologics, a leading biopharmaceutical contract development and manufacturing organization (CDMO) of mammalian, microbial biologics and gene therapy plasmid DNA (pDNA), announces a new agreement with Nature Technology Corporation (NTC) for use of NTC’s proprietary HyperGRO™ manufacturing platform. This announcement is on the heels of Cytovance launching its Keystone Expression System® pDNA manufacturing licensing program.

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Cytovance Biologics offers Nature Technology Corporation’s proprietary HyperGRO™ manufacturing platform for plasmid DNA CGMP manufacturing

Company announcement – No. 57 / 2020

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Total number of shares and voting rights in Zealand Pharma at November 30, 2020

JSC Olainfarm informs that in 2021 disclosure of financial results is scheduled for the following dates:

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Financial calendar for 2021