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Endocytosis and Organelle Targeting of Nanomedicines in Cancer Therapy | IJN – Dove Medical Press

November 25th, 2020 10:53 pm

Xiaowei Wang, Yuhan Qiu, Mengyan Wang, Conghui Zhang, Tianshu Zhang, Huimin Zhou, Wenxia Zhao, Wuli Zhao, Guimin Xia, Rongguang Shao

Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, Peoples Republic of China

Correspondence: Wuli ZhaoInstitute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 10050, Peoples Republic of ChinaTel +86-10-83166673Email zwl21146@imb.pumc.edu.cnGuimin XiaInstitute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 10050, Peoples Republic of ChinaTel +86-10-63150697Email xiaguimin@126.com

Abstract: Nanomedicines (NMs) have played an increasing role in cancer therapy as carriers to efficiently deliver therapeutics into tumor cells. For this application, the uptake of NMs by tumor cells is usually a prerequisite to deliver the cargo to intracellular locations, which mainly relies on endocytosis. NMs can enter cells through a variety of endocytosis pathways. Different endocytosis pathways exhibit different intracellular trafficking routes and diverse subcellular localizations. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of endocytosis mechanisms is necessary for increasing cellular entry efficiency and to trace the fate of NMs after internalization. This review focuses on endocytosis pathways of NMs in tumor cells, mainly including clathrin- and caveolae-mediated endocytosis pathways, involving effector molecules, expression difference of those molecules between normal and tumor cells, as well as the intracellular trafficking route of corresponding endocytosis vesicles. Then, the latest strategies for NMs to actively employ endocytosis are described, including improving tumor cellular uptake of NMs by receptor-mediated endocytosis, transporter-mediated endocytosis and enabling drug activity by changing intracellular routes. Finally, active targeting strategies towards intracellular organelles are also mentioned. This review will be helpful not only in explicating endocytosis and the trafficking process of NMs and elucidating anti-tumor mechanisms inside the cell but also in rendering new ideas for the design of highly efcacious and cancer-targeted NMs.

Keywords: nanomedicine, endocytosis pathway, clathrin, caveolae, endosome, organelle targeting

This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited. The full terms of this license are available at https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php and incorporate the Creative Commons Attribution - Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License.By accessing the work you hereby accept the Terms. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed. For permission for commercial use of this work, please see paragraphs 4.2 and 5 of our Terms.

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New Class of Drugs Harnesses Gold Nanocrystals to Heal and Protect the Brain – BioSpace

November 25th, 2020 10:53 pm

Clene Chief Executive Officer Rob Etherington. Photo courtesy of Clene.

Clene Nanomedicine is trying to set a new gold standard in neurodegenerative diseases through the development of a new class of drugs called bioenergetic nanotherapeutics that harnesses the properties of gold nanocrystals.

The gold nanocrystals are used to amplify bioenergetic reactions in patients in order to drive intracellular biological reactions. Bioenergetic nanotherapeutics are a clean break from pharmaceutical drug development that uses classical synthetic chemistry, Clene Chief Executive Officer Rob Etherington told BioSpace in an interview. Clenes lead asset is CNM-Au8, a bioenergetic nanocatalyst under development as an add-on treatment for neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinsons disease, multiple sclerosis and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). CNM-Au8 is designed to catalyze bio cellular reactions, and so far the company has seen the asset live up to its promise in clinical studies. The companys gold nanocrystals are grown in water and patients drink the asset down. Research has so far indicated that Clene and its golden asset could become a pioneer in therapeutic neurorepair and neuroprotection.

To date, CNM-Au8 has demonstrated safety in Phase I studies, remyelination and neuroprotective effects in preclinical models and is currently being assessed in a Phase II study for the treatment of chronic optic neuropathy in patients with multiple sclerosis. Additionally, CNM-Au8 is being studies in Phase II and Phase III studies for disease progression in patients with ALS. In September, Clene presented interim results from the REPAIR-MS and REPAIR-PD Phase II studies demonstrating the effects of its lead nanocatalytic therapeutic, CNM-Au8. The preliminary data demonstrate CNM-Au8-mediated modulation of key brain bioenergetic metabolites in relapsing multiple sclerosis (MS) and Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. Data from the studies indicate catalytic bioenergetic improvements across important CNS bioenergetic metabolites, including total nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) levels, NAD+/NADH ratio, and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels, indicating a homeostatic effect of CNM-Au8 on brain bioenergetics, the company said.

Etherington said the data from the REPAIR-MS and REPAIR-PD studies indicate that CNM-Au8 is working mechanistically to address a foundational challenge common to many neurodegenerative diseases, which is that stressed or failing neurons need additional energy to survive and repair.

We now have insights that CNM-Au8 is driving bioenergetics within the brain, which is a foundational insight for the further development of Clene's neurorepair clinical programs, Etherington said. He added that should the data from the interim analysis pan out, it indicated that CNM-Au8 could effectively benefit millions of people across the globe suffering from multiple sclerosis and other neurodegenerative diseases.

There are multiple drugs already on the market for these neurodegenerative diseases. CNM-Au8 is not meant to replace those drugs, but to work alongside them. Etherington explained that CNM-Au8 is not designed to target a specific protein, nor it is designed to block or antagonize something, like most drugs. Rather, Clenes compound is designed to enhance the intracellular biological actions necessary to repair and reverse neuronal damage, Etherington said.

We are purposely seeking to reverse neurodegernation. We want to let the cell take care of its own housekeeping and enhance whats naturally occurring in the central nervous system, he said.

Etherington acknowledged the concept of drinking bits of gold nanocrystals may sound like something out of a Star Trek episode, but insisted the idea is sound. Gold-salt injections were historically used to treat rheumatoid arthritis decades ago, but were dropped due to health concerns. Clene had the idea to build a stable, oral nanotherapeutic, so they could see less toxicity and drive bioenergetics targets for a suite of neurodegenerative diseases, he said.

Its so out of the box that it can be a bit mind boggling. Were breaking with the traditional path and shifting the paradigm to how we think neurodegenerative disease should be treated, he said.

Not only is Clene moving forward in its clinical assessment of CNM-Au8, the company is planning to go public with a special purpose acquisition companies (SPAC) merger before the end of 2020. 2020 has been the busiest year for this kind of stock entry, with a 250% surge. As BioSpace recently reported, there have been nearly two dozen SPAC mergers in the biotech sector this year, targeting more than $3.5 billion in proceeds. When the company goes public, Etherington said Clenes management team will remain the same and the funding raised from this reverse stock merger will provide the finances that can support the companys ongoing research.

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NANOBIOTIX Files Registration Statement for Proposed Initial Public Offering in the United States – Business Wire

November 25th, 2020 10:53 pm

PARIS & CAMBRIDGE, Mass.--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Regulatory News:

NANOBIOTIX (Paris:NANO) (Euronext: NANO ISIN : FR0011341205 the Company), a clinical-stage nanomedicine company pioneering new approaches to the treatment of cancer, today announced that it has filed a registration statement on Form F-1 with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the SEC) relating to a proposed initial public offering of its American Depositary Shares (ADSs), representing ordinary shares, in the United States (the U.S. Offering), and a concurrent private placement of its ordinary shares in Europe (including France) and other countries outside of the United States (the European Private Placement, and together with the U.S. Offering, the Global Offering). All securities to be sold in the Global Offering will be offered by the Company. The number of ordinary shares to be represented by each ADS, the number of ADSs and ordinary shares to be offered and the price range for the proposed Global Offering have not yet been determined. The Company has applied to list its ADSs on the Nasdaq Global Market under the ticker symbol NBTX. The Companys ordinary shares are listed on Euronext Paris under the symbol NANO.

Jefferies LLC is acting as global coordinator for the Global Offering, and Evercore Group, L.L.C. and UBS Securities LLC are also acting as joint book-running managers for the U.S. Offering. Gilbert Dupont is acting as manager for the European Private Placement.

The securities referred to in this press release will be offered only by means of a prospectus. When available, copies of the preliminary prospectus relating to and describing the terms of the Global Offering may be obtained from Jefferies LLC, 520 Madison Avenue New York, NY 10022, or by telephone at 877-547-6340 or 877-821-7388, or by email at Prospectus_Department@Jefferies.com; or from Evercore Group L.L.C., Attention: Equity Capital Markets, 55 East 52nd Street, 35th Floor, New York, New York 10055, or by telephone at 888-474-0200, or by email at ecm.prospectus@evercore.com; or from UBS Securities LLC, Attention: Prospectus Department, 1285 Avenue of the Americas, New York, New York 10019, or by telephone at 888-827-7275, or by email at ol-prospectusrequest@ubs.com.

A registration statement relating to the securities referred to herein has been filed with the SEC but has not yet become effective. These securities may not be sold, nor may offers to buy be accepted, prior to the time the registration statement becomes effective. This press release does not constitute an offer to sell or the solicitation of an offer to buy securities in any jurisdiction, and shall not constitute an offer, solicitation or sale in any jurisdiction in which such offer, solicitation or sale would be unlawful prior to registration or qualification under the securities laws of that jurisdiction. The registration statement can be accessed by the public on the website of the SEC.

About NANOBIOTIX

Nanobiotix is a French, clinical-stage nanomedicine company pioneering new approaches to significantly change patient outcomes by bringing nanophysics to the heart of the cell. Nanobiotixs novel, proprietary lead technology, NBTXR3, is being evaluated in locally-advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) of the oral cavity or oropharynx in elderly patients unable to receive chemotherapy or cetuximab with limited therapeutic options. Nanobiotix is also running an Immuno-Oncology development program. The Companys headquarters are in Paris, France, with a U.S. affiliate in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and European affiliates in France, Spain and Germany.

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Healthcare Nanotechnology (Nanomedicine) Market Report 2020: Global Methodology, Research Findings, Size And Forecast To 2026 – The Haitian-Caribbean…

November 25th, 2020 10:53 pm

A detailed research study on the Healthcare Nanotechnology (Nanomedicine) Market was recently published by DataIntelo. This is a latest report, covering the current COVID-19 impact on the market. The pandemic of Coronavirus (COVID-19) has affected every aspect of life globally. This has brought along several changes in market conditions. The rapidly changing market scenario and initial and future assessment of the impact is covered in the report. The report puts together a concise analysis of the growth factors influencing the current business scenario across various regions. Significant information pertaining to the industry analysis size, share, application, and statistics are summed in the report in order to present an ensemble prediction. Additionally, this report encompasses an accurate competitive analysis of major market players and their strategies during the projection timeline.

The latest report on the Healthcare Nanotechnology (Nanomedicine) Market consists of an analysis of this industry and its segments. As per the report, the market is estimated to gain significant returns and register substantial y-o-y growth during the forecast period.

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According to the report, the study offers details regarding the valuable estimations of the market such as market size, sales capacity, and profit projections. The report documents factors such as drivers, restraints, and opportunities that impacts the remuneration of this market.

An Outline of the Major Key Points of the Healthcare Nanotechnology (Nanomedicine) Market Report:

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The Geographical Landscape of the Market Include:

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Some of the Major Highlights of TOC Covers:Chapter 1: Executive Summary

Chapter 2: Methodology & Scope

Chapter 3: Market Insights

Chapter 4: Company Profiles

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About DataIntelo:DATAINTELO has set its benchmark in the market research industry by providing syndicated and customized research report to the clients. The database of the company is updated on a daily basis to prompt the clients with the latest trends and in-depth analysis of the industry. Our pool of database contains various industry verticals that include: IT & Telecom, Food Beverage, Automotive, Healthcare, Chemicals and Energy, Consumer foods, Food and beverages, and many more. Each and every report goes through the proper research methodology, validated from the professionals and analysts to ensure the eminent quality reports.

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Nanomedicine Market Shares, Strategies and Forecast Worldwide, 2017 to 2023 – The Haitian-Caribbean News Network

November 25th, 2020 10:53 pm

Overview:

Nanomedicineis an offshoot of nanotechnology, and refers to highly-specific medical intervention at the molecular scale for curing diseases or repairing damaged tissues. Nanomedicine uses nano-sized tools for the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of disease, and to gain increased understanding of the complex underlying pathophysiology of the disease. It involves three nanotechnology areas of diagnosis, imaging agents, and drug delivery with nanoparticles in the 11,000 nm range, biochips, and polymer therapeutics.

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Majority of nanomedicines prescribedcurrently, allow oral drug delivery and its demand is increasing significantly. Although these nanovectors are designed to translocate across the gastrointestinal tract, lung, and bloodbrain barrier, the amount of drug transferred to the organ is lower than 1%; therefore improvements are challenging. Nanomedicines are designed to maximize the benefit/risk ratio, and their toxicity must be evaluated not only by sufficiently long term in vitro and in vivo studies, but also pass multiple clinical studies.

Market Analysis:

The Global Nanomedicine Market is estimated to witness a CAGR of 17.1% during the forecast period 20172023. The nanomedicine market is analyzed based on two segments therapeutic applications and regions.

The major drivers of the nanomedicine market include its application in various therapeutic areas, increasing R&D studies about nanorobots in this segment, and significant investments in clinical trials by the government as well as private sector. The Oncology segment is the major therapeutic area for nanomedicine application, which comprised more than 35% of the total market share in 2016. A major focus in this segment is expected to drive the growth of the nanomedicine market in the future.

Regional Analysis:

The regions covered in the report are the Americas, Europe, Asia Pacific, and Rest of the World (ROW). The Americas is set to be the leading region for the nanomedicine market growth followed by Europe. The Asia Pacific and ROW are set to be the emerging regions. Japan is set to be the most attractive destination and in Africa, the popularity and the usage of various nano-drugs are expected to increase in the coming years. The major countries covered in this report are the US, Germany, Japan, and Others.

Therapeutic Application Analysis:

Nanomedicines are used as fluorescent markers for diagnostic and screening purposes. Moreover, nanomedicines are introducing new therapeutic opportunities for a large number of agents that cannot be used effectively as conventional oral formulations due to poor bioavailability. The therapeutic areas for nanomedicine application are Oncology, Cardiovascular, Neurology, Anti-inflammatory, Anti-infectives, and various other areas. Globally, the industry players are focusing significantly on R&D to gain approval for various clinical trials for future nano-drugs to be commercially available in the market. The FDA should be relatively prepared for some of the earliest and most basic applications of nanomedicine in areas such as gene therapy and tissue engineering. The more advanced applications of nanomedicine will pose unique challenges in terms of classification and maintenance of scientific expertise.

Key Players:

Merck & Co. Inc., Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Gilead Sciences Inc., Novartis AG, Amgen Inc., Pfizer Inc., Eli Lilly and Company, Sanofi, Nanobiotix SA, UCB SA and other predominate & niche players.

Competitive Analysis:

At present, the nanomedicine market is at a nascent stage but, a lot of new players are entering the market as it holds huge business opportunities. Especially, big players along with the collaboration with other SMBs for clinical trials of nanoparticles and compounds are coming with new commercial targeted drugs in the market and they are expecting a double-digit growth in the upcoming years. Significant investments in R&D in this market are expected to increase and collaborations, merger & acquisition activities are expected to continue.

Benefits:

The report provides complete details about the usage and adoption rate of nanomedicines in various therapeutic verticals and regions. With that, key stakeholders can know about the major trends, drivers, investments, vertical players initiatives, government initiatives towards the nanomedicine adoption in the upcoming years along with the details of commercial drugs available in the market. Moreover, the report provides details about the major challenges that are going to impact on the market growth. Additionally, the report gives the complete details about the key business opportunities to key stakeholders to expand their business and capture the revenue in the specific verticals to analyze before investing or expanding the business in this market.

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Iran ranks third for top researchers in Islamic world 2020 – Tehran Times

November 25th, 2020 10:53 pm

TEHRAN Iran ranked third for the highly cited researchers in the world among Islamic countries in 2020, according to the recently published report of Highly Cited Researchers by Web of Science.

Among the world's top researchers, 13 Islamic countries are listed, which hold a share of 3 percent (2.85%) among the world's top researchers.

Saudi Arabia with 120 researchers, Malaysia with 17, Iran with 12, and Turkey with 11 researchers have the highest number of highly cited researchers among Islamic countries.

To be included in the list of top researchers, all scientific activities over the last 10 years are evaluated at the international level, including the number of articles, number of citations, number of highly cited articles, number of citations to highly cited articles, as well as issues such as observing ethical principles in research.

So, approximately 6,389 researchers have been selected as highly cited researchers in 2020.

From Iran in 2020, similar to 2019, 12 top researchers have been included in the list of 6,389 top-cited researchers in the world.

The country's top researchers have been in the cross-field (6 people), agricultural sciences (2 people), mathematics (2 people), and engineering (2 people), respectively.

The United States is home to the highest number of Highly Cited Researchers, with 2,650 authors, representing 41.5 percent of the researchers on the list. China, home to 770 researchers is the second country has the highest concentration of Highly Cited Researchers in the world. The United Kingdom is also a hotbed of talent, with 514 authors, and Germany, Australia, Canada, the Netherlands, and France are all home to over 150 researchers each.

Top scientific articles

Iran's share of the world's top scientific articles is 3 percent, Gholam Hossein Rahimi Sheerbaf, the deputy science minister, said in October.

The countrys share in the whole publications worldwide is 2 percent, he noted, highlighting, for the first three consecutive years, Iran has been ranked first in terms of quantity and quality of articles among Islamic countries.

Iranian articles rank 16 and 15 in Web of Science and Scopus, respectively.

The Journal Citation Reports 2019 ranking includes 42 journals from Iran, including the Journal of Nanostructure in Chemistry with an impact factor of 4.077.

Iranian scientific journals such as the Journal of Nanostructures (affiliated to Kashan University), Nanomedicine Journal (Mashhad University of Medical Sciences), Journal of Nanoanalysis (Tehran University of Medical Sciences) were listed in the ESCI index of WOS database.

Moreover, the Journal of Water and Environmental Nanotechnology, Nanomedicine Research Journal, and International Nanoscience and Nanotechnology were also listed in the Scopus Index.

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Nanorobots Market Business Growth, Size and Comprehensive Research Study Forecast to 2026| Bruker, Jeol, Thermo Fisher – The Market Feed

November 25th, 2020 10:53 pm

The global Nanorobots market is broadly analyzed in this report that sheds light on critical aspects such as the vendor landscape, competitive strategies, market dynamics, and regional analysis. The report helps readers to clearly understand the current and future status of the global Nanorobots market. The research study comes out as a compilation of useful guidelines for players to secure a position of strength in the global Nanorobots market. The authors of the report profile leading companies of the global Nanorobots market, such as Bruker, Jeol, Thermo Fisher, Ginkgo Bioworks, Oxford Instruments, Ev Group, Imina Technologies, Toronto Nano Instrumentation, Klocke Nanotechnik, Kleindiek Nanotechnik, Xidex, Synthace, Park Systems, Smaract, Nanonics Imaging, Novascan Technologies, Angstrom Advanced, Hummingbird Scientific, Nt-Mdt Spectrum Instruments, Witec They provide details about important activities of leading players in the competitive landscape.

The report predicts the size of the global Nanorobots market in terms of value and volume for the forecast period 2019-2026. As per the analysis provided in the report, the global Nanorobots market is expected to rise at a CAGR of XX % between 2019 and 2026 to reach a valuation of US$ XX million/billion by the end of 2026. In 2018, the global Nanorobots market attained a valuation of US$_ million/billion. The market researchers deeply analyze the global Nanorobots industry landscape and the future prospects it is anticipated to create.

This publication includes key segmentations of the global Nanorobots market on the basis of product, application, and geography (country/region). Each segment included in the report is studied in relation to different factors such as consumption, market share, value, growth rate, and production.

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The comparative results provided in the report allow readers to understand the difference between players and how they are competing against each other. The research study gives a detailed view of current and future trends and opportunities of the global Nanorobots market. Market dynamics such as drivers and restraints are explained in the most detailed and easiest manner possible with the use of tables and graphs. Interested parties are expected to find important recommendations to improve their business in the global Nanorobots market.

Readers can understand the overall profitability margin and sales volume of various products studied in the report. The report also provides the forecasted as well as historical annual growth rate and market share of the products offered in the global Nanorobots market. The study on end-use application of products helps to understand the market growth of the products in terms of sales.

Global Nanorobots Market by Product: Nanomanipulator, Bio-Nanorobotics, Magnetically Guided, Bacteria-Based

Global Nanorobots Market by Application: , Nanomedicine, Biomedical, Others

The report also focuses on the geographical analysis of the global Nanorobots market, where important regions and countries are studied in great detail.

Global Nanorobots Market by Geography:

Methodology

Our analysts have created the report with the use of advanced primary and secondary research methodologies.

As part of primary research, they have conducted interviews with important industry leaders and focused on market understanding and competitive analysis by reviewing relevant documents, press releases, annual reports, and key products.

For secondary research, they have taken into account the statistical data from agencies, trade associations, and government websites, internet sources, technical writings, and recent trade information.

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Key questions answered in the report:

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Table Of Contents:

1 Market Overview of Nanorobots1.1 Nanorobots Market Overview1.1.1 Nanorobots Product Scope1.1.2 Market Status and Outlook1.2 Global Nanorobots Market Size Overview by Region 2015 VS 2020 VS 20261.3 Global Nanorobots Market Size by Region (2015-2026)1.4 Global Nanorobots Historic Market Size by Region (2015-2020)1.5 Global Nanorobots Market Size Forecast by Region (2021-2026)1.6 Key Regions, Nanorobots Market Size YoY Growth (2015-2026)1.6.1 North America Nanorobots Market Size YoY Growth (2015-2026)1.6.2 Europe Nanorobots Market Size YoY Growth (2015-2026)1.6.3 Asia-Pacific Nanorobots Market Size YoY Growth (2015-2026)1.6.4 Latin America Nanorobots Market Size YoY Growth (2015-2026)1.6.5 Middle East & Africa Nanorobots Market Size YoY Growth (2015-2026) 2 Nanorobots Market Overview by Type2.1 Global Nanorobots Market Size by Type: 2015 VS 2020 VS 20262.2 Global Nanorobots Historic Market Size by Type (2015-2020)2.3 Global Nanorobots Forecasted Market Size by Type (2021-2026)2.4 Nanomanipulator2.5 Bio-Nanorobotics2.6 Magnetically Guided2.7 Bacteria-Based 3 Nanorobots Market Overview by Application3.1 Global Nanorobots Market Size by Application: 2015 VS 2020 VS 20263.2 Global Nanorobots Historic Market Size by Application (2015-2020)3.3 Global Nanorobots Forecasted Market Size by Application (2021-2026)3.4 Nanomedicine3.5 Biomedical3.6 Others 4 Global Nanorobots Competition Analysis by Players4.1 Global Nanorobots Market Size by Players (2015-2020)4.2 Global Top Manufacturers by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3) (based on the Revenue in Nanorobots as of 2019)4.3 Date of Key Manufacturers Enter into Nanorobots Market4.4 Global Top Players Nanorobots Headquarters and Area Served4.5 Key Players Nanorobots Product Solution and Service4.6 Competitive Status4.6.1 Nanorobots Market Concentration Rate4.6.2 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans 5 Company (Top Players) Profiles and Key Data5.1 Bruker5.1.1 Bruker Profile5.1.2 Bruker Main Business5.1.3 Bruker Nanorobots Products, Services and Solutions5.1.4 Bruker Nanorobots Revenue (US$ Million) & (2015-2020)5.1.5 Bruker Recent Developments5.2 Jeol5.2.1 Jeol Profile5.2.2 Jeol Main Business5.2.3 Jeol Nanorobots Products, Services and Solutions5.2.4 Jeol Nanorobots Revenue (US$ Million) & (2015-2020)5.2.5 Jeol Recent Developments5.3 Thermo Fisher5.5.1 Thermo Fisher Profile5.3.2 Thermo Fisher Main Business5.3.3 Thermo Fisher Nanorobots Products, Services and Solutions5.3.4 Thermo Fisher Nanorobots Revenue (US$ Million) & (2015-2020)5.3.5 Ginkgo Bioworks Recent Developments5.4 Ginkgo Bioworks5.4.1 Ginkgo Bioworks Profile5.4.2 Ginkgo Bioworks Main Business5.4.3 Ginkgo Bioworks Nanorobots Products, Services and Solutions5.4.4 Ginkgo Bioworks Nanorobots Revenue (US$ Million) & (2015-2020)5.4.5 Ginkgo Bioworks Recent Developments5.5 Oxford Instruments5.5.1 Oxford Instruments Profile5.5.2 Oxford Instruments Main Business5.5.3 Oxford Instruments Nanorobots Products, Services and Solutions5.5.4 Oxford Instruments Nanorobots Revenue (US$ Million) & (2015-2020)5.5.5 Oxford Instruments Recent Developments5.6 Ev Group5.6.1 Ev Group Profile5.6.2 Ev Group Main Business5.6.3 Ev Group Nanorobots Products, Services and Solutions5.6.4 Ev Group Nanorobots Revenue (US$ Million) & (2015-2020)5.6.5 Ev Group Recent Developments5.7 Imina Technologies5.7.1 Imina Technologies Profile5.7.2 Imina Technologies Main Business5.7.3 Imina Technologies Nanorobots Products, Services and Solutions5.7.4 Imina Technologies Nanorobots Revenue (US$ Million) & (2015-2020)5.7.5 Imina Technologies Recent Developments5.8 Toronto Nano Instrumentation5.8.1 Toronto Nano Instrumentation Profile5.8.2 Toronto Nano Instrumentation Main Business5.8.3 Toronto Nano Instrumentation Nanorobots Products, Services and Solutions5.8.4 Toronto Nano Instrumentation Nanorobots Revenue (US$ Million) & (2015-2020)5.8.5 Toronto Nano Instrumentation Recent Developments5.9 Klocke Nanotechnik5.9.1 Klocke Nanotechnik Profile5.9.2 Klocke Nanotechnik Main Business5.9.3 Klocke Nanotechnik Nanorobots Products, Services and Solutions5.9.4 Klocke Nanotechnik Nanorobots Revenue (US$ Million) & (2015-2020)5.9.5 Klocke Nanotechnik Recent Developments5.10 Kleindiek Nanotechnik5.10.1 Kleindiek Nanotechnik Profile5.10.2 Kleindiek Nanotechnik Main Business5.10.3 Kleindiek Nanotechnik Nanorobots Products, Services and Solutions5.10.4 Kleindiek Nanotechnik Nanorobots Revenue (US$ Million) & (2015-2020)5.10.5 Kleindiek Nanotechnik Recent Developments5.11 Xidex5.11.1 Xidex Profile5.11.2 Xidex Main Business5.11.3 Xidex Nanorobots Products, Services and Solutions5.11.4 Xidex Nanorobots Revenue (US$ Million) & (2015-2020)5.11.5 Xidex Recent Developments5.12 Synthace5.12.1 Synthace Profile5.12.2 Synthace Main Business5.12.3 Synthace Nanorobots Products, Services and Solutions5.12.4 Synthace Nanorobots Revenue (US$ Million) & (2015-2020)5.12.5 Synthace Recent Developments5.13 Park Systems5.13.1 Park Systems Profile5.13.2 Park Systems Main Business5.13.3 Park Systems Nanorobots Products, Services and Solutions5.13.4 Park Systems Nanorobots Revenue (US$ Million) & (2015-2020)5.13.5 Park Systems Recent Developments5.14 Smaract5.14.1 Smaract Profile5.14.2 Smaract Main Business5.14.3 Smaract Nanorobots Products, Services and Solutions5.14.4 Smaract Nanorobots Revenue (US$ Million) & (2015-2020)5.14.5 Smaract Recent Developments5.15 Nanonics Imaging5.15.1 Nanonics Imaging Profile5.15.2 Nanonics Imaging Main Business5.15.3 Nanonics Imaging Nanorobots Products, Services and Solutions5.15.4 Nanonics Imaging Nanorobots Revenue (US$ Million) & (2015-2020)5.15.5 Nanonics Imaging Recent Developments5.16 Novascan Technologies5.16.1 Novascan Technologies Profile5.16.2 Novascan Technologies Main Business5.16.3 Novascan Technologies Nanorobots Products, Services and Solutions5.16.4 Novascan Technologies Nanorobots Revenue (US$ Million) & (2015-2020)5.16.5 Novascan Technologies Recent Developments5.17 Angstrom Advanced5.17.1 Angstrom Advanced Profile5.17.2 Angstrom Advanced Main Business5.17.3 Angstrom Advanced Nanorobots Products, Services and Solutions5.17.4 Angstrom Advanced Nanorobots Revenue (US$ Million) & (2015-2020)5.17.5 Angstrom Advanced Recent Developments5.18 Hummingbird Scientific5.18.1 Hummingbird Scientific Profile5.18.2 Hummingbird Scientific Main Business5.18.3 Hummingbird Scientific Nanorobots Products, Services and Solutions5.18.4 Hummingbird Scientific Nanorobots Revenue (US$ Million) & (2015-2020)5.18.5 Hummingbird Scientific Recent Developments5.19 Nt-Mdt Spectrum Instruments5.19.1 Nt-Mdt Spectrum Instruments Profile5.19.2 Nt-Mdt Spectrum Instruments Main Business5.19.3 Nt-Mdt Spectrum Instruments Nanorobots Products, Services and Solutions5.19.4 Nt-Mdt Spectrum Instruments Nanorobots Revenue (US$ Million) & (2015-2020)5.19.5 Nt-Mdt Spectrum Instruments Recent Developments5.20 Witec5.20.1 Witec Profile5.20.2 Witec Main Business5.20.3 Witec Nanorobots Products, Services and Solutions5.20.4 Witec Nanorobots Revenue (US$ Million) & (2015-2020)5.20.5 Witec Recent Developments 6 North America6.1 North America Nanorobots Market Size by Country6.2 United States6.3 Canada 7 Europe7.1 Europe Nanorobots Market Size by Country7.2 Germany7.3 France7.4 U.K.7.5 Italy7.6 Russia7.7 Nordic7.8 Rest of Europe 8 Asia-Pacific8.1 Asia-Pacific Nanorobots Market Size by Region8.2 China8.3 Japan8.4 South Korea8.5 Southeast Asia8.6 India8.7 Australia8.8 Rest of Asia-Pacific 9 Latin America9.1 Latin America Nanorobots Market Size by Country9.2 Mexico9.3 Brazil9.4 Rest of Latin America 10 Middle East & Africa10.1 Middle East & Africa Nanorobots Market Size by Country10.2 Turkey10.3 Saudi Arabia10.4 UAE10.5 Rest of Middle East & Africa 11 Nanorobots Market Dynamics11.1 Industry Trends11.2 Market Drivers11.3 Market Challenges11.4 Market Restraints 12 Research Finding /Conclusion 13 Methodology and Data Source13.1 Methodology/Research Approach13.1.1 Research Programs/Design13.1.2 Market Size Estimation13.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation13.2 Data Source13.2.1 Secondary Sources13.2.2 Primary Sources13.3 Disclaimer13.4 Author List

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Eye color percentages around the world and what causes eye color – Medical News Today

November 25th, 2020 10:52 pm

The iris is the name of the colored part of the eye.

The iris surrounds the pupil, which is the small black hole in the middle of the eye that helps control how much light enters it.

Scientists used to think that eye color linked to just one gene and that brown eyes were dominant over blue eyes.

They now know that what determines eye color is more complex.

As many as 16 genes influence eye color. Most of these genes play a role in the production, transportation, or storage of melanin.

Melanin is a brown pigment that determines the color not only of someones eyes but also of their hair and skin.

Eyes that are not brown do not have different color pigments. Instead, they absorb less light because they have less melanin. As a result, they scatter more light, reflecting it along the spectrum of light color.

An iris with the least melanin will appear blue. Those with a little more melanin will appear green or hazel, for example.

The vast majority of people in the world have brown eyes.

The second most common color is blue, but people can also have green, gray, amber, or red eyes.

Some people have eyes that are different colors than each other.

According to estimates, 7079% of the worlds population have brown eyes, making it the most common eye color worldwide.

In fact, the American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO) state that everyone on Earth had brown eyes around 10,000 years ago.

Nowadays, the AAO note that about half of those living in the United States, and a higher proportion of people in Africa and Asia, have brown eyes.

People with brown eyes are less likely to develop eye cancer, macular degeneration, and diabetic retinopathy than those with lighter colored eyes.

Brown-eyed people are, however, more at risk of cataracts as they get older.

Blue is the second most common eye color globally, with estimates suggesting that 810% of people have blue eyes.

In the U.S., that proportion is higher, at about 27%.

Scientists believe that it is possible to trace all blue-eyed people back to a common ancestor, who likely had a genetic mutation that reduced the amount of melanin in the iris.

Most people with blue eyes are of European descent.

Approximately 5% of the worlds population and 18% of people in the U.S. have hazel eyes, which are a mixture of green, orange, and gold.

Hazel eyes are more common in North Africa, the Middle East, and Brazil, as well as in people of Spanish heritage.

Amber eyes, which have slightly more melanin than hazel eyes but not as much as brown eyes, account for about 5% of the worlds population.

People of Asian, Spanish, South American, and South African descent are most likely to have amber eyes.

An estimated 2% of the worlds population have green eyes, making them very rare overall.

However, green eyes are very common in some parts of the world, including Ireland and Scotland.

In the U.S., where many people descend from ancestors from Ireland and Scotland, about 9% of people have green eyes.

Close to 3% of the worlds population have gray eyes.

People with gray eyes have little or no melanin in their irises, but they have more collagen in a part of the eye called the stroma.

The light scatters off the collagen in a way that makes the eyes appear gray.

People with albinism or ocular albinism usually have little or no melanin in the iris. This lack of pigment causes red or violet eyes.

As eye pigmentation is important for vision, people with ocular albinism often have problems with their eyesight.

A person with ocular albinism may have very blurry vision or poor depth perception. They may experience rapid, involuntary eye movements, have higher light sensitivity, or find that their eyes look in two different directions.

Heterochromia in which a person has more than one eye color affects less than 1% of people.

The two eyes might be completely different from one another, or one part of the iris might be different than the rest.

The AAO explain that in people with central heterochromia, the iris has two rings of different colors, while in those with complete heterochromia, one iris is a different color than the other.

Some people are born with heterochromia. In others, an eye injury or health problem might cause it.

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Your Healthy Family: The most common eye problems that can be caused by diabetes – KOAA.com Colorado Springs and Pueblo News

November 25th, 2020 10:52 pm

COLORADO SPRINGS While there is considerable and appropriate focus on COVID-19 as we head into the Thanksgiving holiday, its important to remember there are many other deadly and debilitating chronic health issues that we and our loved ones will continue to struggle with long after the pandemic ends.

Diabetes is one of the more important of these issues.

November is Diabetes Awareness Month. To help inform the public about diabetes and its effects on eyesight, I interviewed Dr. David Davis, MD FACS, a board-certified ophthalmologist with Haas Vision Center in Colorado Springs.

Previously, Dr. Davis talked about the overall importance of having your eyes checked regularly, especially if you have diabetes. YHF: Dont let diabetes rob you of your eyesight

To clarify, type one diabetes is also called insulin dependent or juvenile onset diabetes, while type two diabetes is also known as non-insulin dependent or adult onset diabetes. Type one diabetics require insulin, whereas type 2 diabetics often are treated with pills, although they may also be given insulin. With the advent of things like the insulin pump and pancreatic islet cell transplants, type one diabetes is becoming better controlled than it has been in the past. Type two diabetics also have benefited from a plethora of newly developed medications.

Dr. David says there are several significant problems diabetes can cause with your eyes.

After fifteen years of having diabetes, about 98% of people with type one diabetes will have damage to the retinal blood circulation, whereas about 78% of people with type two diabetes will have damage to the retinal vessels. This impaired retinal circulation can cause death of cells in the retina, bleeding, tiny aneurysms in the retina, swelling or retinal edema, hemorrhage in front of the retina and other problems.

Dr. Davis explains, The macula is the center of the retina and the center of your vision. When you are looking directly at something, you're using your macula - it's particularly important. If your macula swells due to blood vessel damage causing leakage of fluid into the macula, then everything becomes bent and blurry. As the surface of your retina is distorted, the picture you're going to see is going to look distorted like a fun-house mirror. This can be treated by shots in the eye, sometimes with steroids and other times with hormone inhibiting factors.

In the most serious cases, lack of circulation stimulates the growth of new abnormal blood vessels on the retina and sometimes the iris. These can cause a detached retina and sometimes a very aggressive form of glaucoma, and these both can lead to blindness.

Preventing this is paramount because after it occurs, vision usually can never be fully restored.

A problem that arises earlier in the course of the disease occurs when your blood sugar rises and you get sugar in the fluid in your eye. This can enter the lens of the eye and cause it to swell, resulting in temporary changes in the optics and resulting in blurring and clearing over and over again as the sugar levels rise and fall.

Having higher levels of sugar in your body will cause the proteins in your lens to cross-link earlier and cause you to develop cataracts earlier in life. Cataracts can only be repaired with surgery. The results of modern cataract surgery are very good with a success rate over 98%, but having surgery is still less fun than going out to eat.

Diabetics are roughly twice as likely to develop glaucoma. In glaucoma, pressure inside the eye causes permanent and irreparable damage to the optic nerve. Glaucoma is sometimes called the silent thief of sight. It usually has no symptoms you can detect until there is already quite a lot of permanent eye damage. Optic nerve damage cannot be improved but only prevented. Regular exams by eye-care professionals allow glaucoma to be detected and controlled long before it gets to the point where you would otherwise notice it.

If you have diabetes or have been recently diagnosed, your primary care doctor will routinely refer you to an eye doctor to have your vision closely monitored for these issues. An ounce of prevention really can be worth a pound of cure especially in situations where there is no cure.

If you have any questions about eyesight and diabetes you can follow up with Dr. Davis and the team at HAAS Vision Center in Colorado Springs, by visiting their website (HERE) https://www.haasvisioncenter.com/

Haas vision center is a proud sponsor of Your Healthy Family

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Onesight teams with AETNA to provide vision care to 275+ North Atlanta residents at Roswell Vision Clinic – The Atlanta Voice

November 25th, 2020 10:52 pm

OneSight, a leading global vision carenonprofit, andNorth Fulton Community Charities partnered to offer free eye examinations and glasses to over 275+ children and adults at theRoswell Vision Clinic from Nov. 17-19. The three-day charitable clinic was sponsored by Aetna, a CVS Health company, which contributed $50,000.

The event addressed unresolved vision care needs for North Atlantans who may otherwise lack access. Leveraging OneSights proven clinic model and manufacturing capabilities, most participants in need of glasses received their newly prescribed eyewear on-site.

Aetna is committed to extending care to all those who are in need, said Aetna Market Leader Richard Weiss. The opportunity to support an event with such a positive impact on the health of the Atlanta region was a natural one. Its something we saw clearly.

NFCC, which serves close to 10,000 individuals and 4,000 families each year at their facilities in Roswell, Georgia, assists families with basic essentials such as food, rent and utilities, and clothing for short-term emergencies.

North Fulton Community Charities is excited to partner with OneSight to connect families in the community to this impactful medical resource, said NFCC Director of Assistance Carol Swan. Vision care is essential, but also elusive for those who are financially vulnerable and cant afford it. This is a great opportunity for our community, and we are proud to work with OneSight to help them realize it.

According to a study by OneSight and Deloitte, there are more than 1 billion people around the world who need glasses but do not have access to get them. Studies show that clear sight can dramatically impact learning, job performance, and earning potential. Clear sight can help students learn up to twice as much in schooland can helpincrease a workers productivity by 35 percent and enable them to earn 20 percent more.

Were so happy to have been able to support the North Atlanta community with vision care this week, said Dawn Yager, a program manager for OneSight. We appreciate the support from Aetna, North Fulton Community Charities, and so many volunteers and doctors to enable this vision clinic to happen.

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Onesight teams with AETNA to provide vision care to 275+ North Atlanta residents at Roswell Vision Clinic - The Atlanta Voice

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What Are The Types And Symptoms Of Glaucoma? – Greeneville Sun

November 25th, 2020 10:52 pm

Eyesight is important but easily taken for granted. Few people can imagine life without their eyesight, but hundreds of millions of people across the globe experience compromised vision every year.

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, glaucoma is the second leading cause of blindness worldwide. In fact, estimates from the World Glaucoma Association indicated that 79.6 million individuals would experience glaucoma in 2020. By 2040, that figure is expected to rise to 111.8 million people.

WHAT IS GLAUCOMA?

Glaucoma is a disease that damages the optic nerve. According to the American Academy of Ophthalmology, glaucoma usually results from the buildup of fluid in the front part of the eye. As that fluid builds up, it increases the pressure in the eye, ultimately damaging the optic nerve.

ARE ALL GLAUCOMAS THE SAME?

All glaucomas are not the same, and the AAO notes that there are two major types of the disease: primary open-angle glaucoma and angle-closure glaucoma.

WHAT ARE THE SYMPTOMS?

The symptoms of glaucoma differ depending on which type a person has.

According to the AAO, there are no obvious symptoms in the early stages of open-angle glaucoma. Blind spots develop in patients peripheral vision as the disease progresses. Because people often do not experience symptoms until the damage from open-angle glaucoma has become severe, the AAO urges adults to schedule routine eye exams with an ophthalmologist so the disease can be found before any significant damage has occurred.

Blurred vision, halos, mild headaches, or eye pain are some early symptoms of an angle-closure glaucoma attack. However, the AAO notes that people with angle-closure glaucoma do not typically notice any symptoms until the attack has started. As a result, the AAO urges anyone experiencing any of the aforementioned symptoms to contact their ophthalmologist immediately. Once an angle-closure glaucoma attack has begun, symptoms may include:

No one is immune to glaucoma, which can quickly rob otherwise healthy individuals of their vision. Learning to recognize the early signs of glaucoma and seeking prompt treatment can reduce the likelihood of substantial vision loss.

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What Are The Types And Symptoms Of Glaucoma? - Greeneville Sun

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Covid-19 Pandemic: Ways To Beat Computer Vision Syndrome As The Screen Time Goes Up – NewsPatrolling

November 25th, 2020 10:52 pm

The COVID-19 crisis has led to an increase in the average screen time of people. People are busy spending a lot of time watching television, and on digital devices like computers, mobiles, and tablets more than ever! Getting hooked to electronic devices for long uninterrupted hours is causing digital eye strain, aka computer vision syndrome in people

What is computer vision syndrome?

Computer vision syndrome is a temporary eye condition that results from focusing on a digital screen for a long time without breaks. Suffering from CVS does not only affect eyesight but also hampers an individuals productivity.

Why is computer vision syndrome concerning?

Computer vision syndrome (CVS) affects around 60 million people globally. It has become even more concerning in the times of COVID-19 for well-being for a person. A study shows that nearly half of the population in the world will be short-sighted (myopic) by 2050. One of the primary reasons associated with this eye condition would be the effects of prolonged usage of digital devices or televisions every day.

Symptoms of computer vision syndrome

Computer vision syndrome (digital eye strain) causes

There are various causes associated with computer vision syndrome, like:

When you are hooked to any electronic devices, you tend to blink less. Less blinking causes dry eyes. Blinking is the natural reflex of eyes to keep it moist. An average person blinks about 16-20 times in a minute. If blinking reduces to 6-8 times in a minute, then gradually, it results in dry eyesand becomes a cause for computer vision syndrome.

If you have not set up your workstation in a proper way, then it could cause computer vision syndrome. You need to adjust the monitor, desk, chair, and lighting in the room also so that your eyes dont feel strained.

ACs in offices strip the air of its moisture, thereby making the environment dry. This dryness, an improper workstation, or bad sitting posture, makes people prone to computer vision syndrome.

It will require a bit of planning, but it is important to take a break from the screen at least two hours before you go to bed. Studies show that blue light emitting from screens can affect natural sleep and wake-up cycle.

Ways to deal with computer vision syndrome during COVID-19 pandemic

Remember to blink while watching television or doing work on any digital device. Dont let your eyes dry out. Be mindful of blinking and keeping your eyes lubricated. Encourage others around you to blink at least 18 times per minute.

Have you heard of the 20-20-20 rule? While working on a computer or any digital device, take a break every 20 minutes and look at distant objects (at least 20 feet away) for 20 seconds. This habit will break the continuity of the screen.

You need to rework on the place where you generally sit to work or binge-watch. Keep a distance of a foot away from the monitor or the gadget when sitting straight. Adjust the brightness of the screen. Make sure to put an anti-glare screen to your device to avoid eye strain. Use proper lighting in the room. Avoid excessive or under lighting.

Whenever you get time, exercise even when sitting. Stretch your neck and shoulders frequently. During break time, move your arms and legs. Walk a bit.

Few other tips to avoid computer vision syndrome for children

Children dont pay attention to drinking water unless theyre thirsty. Drinking water keeps the body hydrated. It not only flushes out body waste but also regulates body temperature. It helps in maintaining blood pressure and boosts healthy skin. It also helps in forming saliva and mucus. Most importantly, it hydrates eyes, flushes out salt, and reduces eye strain.

From online classes to a lot of digital content consumption for entertainment, children are also spending a considerable amount of their time on-screen during the lockdown phase. Parents need to ensure to have a customized furniture setting that suits their childs sitting posture and refrain from neck or body ache.

Parents need to ensure that even in the lockdown period, children dont spend a lot of time on screen. Set time for their screen time activities. Instead, for entertainment, ask them to indulge in traditional indoor games like ludo, chess, etc.

Parents should keep a check on their children if they are rubbing their eyes too much. It could be an indicator of dry eyes or some eye infection. Insufficient blinking also leads to dry eyes.if your child does not stop rubbing frequently and complains about irritating red eyes consult the nearest eye specialist.

Eat more greens

Include green leafy vegetables in your diet to keep your body and eyes healthy. The nutrients present in green vegetables like lutein and zeaxanthin carry anti-inflammatory properties and antioxidants that keep the eyes healthy. When it comes to eye care, Centre for Sight is always there at your service.

By: Dr Ritika Sachdev , Additional Director, Centre For Sight Group of Hospitals,

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Covid-19 Pandemic: Ways To Beat Computer Vision Syndrome As The Screen Time Goes Up - NewsPatrolling

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New Vision: Seeing the Light of Chanukah During COVID – Chabad.org

November 25th, 2020 10:52 pm

A few years ago, I had an operation to remove a cataract from myleft eye. I was advised to wait for my right eye. The doctor said, Call ifyour eyesight gets worse, and we will schedule the surgery.

Then came COVID.

During that time, I found it more and more difficult to read andto cook. It felt like each passing day I was being surrounded by more and moredarkness.

As a senior with medical issues and anxiety, I was unable toI have become used to being aloneparticipate in holiday services with my family. Since COVID, I have become usedto being alone, and even if everyone wears masks, Im not comfortable takingchances by being around people.

After a long wait, followed by two weeks of even strictersocial-distancing, the day came for the surgery. The night before, I hadstopped eating and could only drink until 10 a.m. The surgery was scheduled fora little after noon.

Wearing a mask, my son Mike drove me tothe hospital for the operation. Once there, we called reception and were toldthat there was a 45-minute wait, maybe longer. We could wait either in the caror in a waiting room. We chose the car. Mike put on some music, and we listenedto Chanukah songs, including my favorite, Chanukah, oh Chanukah, come light themenorah...

After an hour, Mike called again andfound out that our wait could be another hour or so; they didnt know how manypatients were ahead of me. By that time, I didnt feel well since I hadnt hadanything to eat or drink in many hours.

I also needed a restroom, so we went inside, up the elevator,into what I considered a crowded room. I felt danger everywhere. I was so afraid that I wanted to cancel theoperation and go home. I closed my eyes andprayed for the strength to triumph over my fears and overcome my anxiety.

Thats when I heard Mikes cell phone ring; it was my turn forthe operation.

A nurse came out and asked me questions before letting me intothe office alone. I handed Mike my cane. He touched my arma human touch Ihadnt felt in five months.

The nurse must have felt my emotions because she said, Theseare dark, difficult times.

What an understatement, I thought, as I entered alone and wastold in which chair to sit. The nurse followed me so I wouldnt fall.

My surgeon came out and put an X over my right eye. There weretwo other patients waiting. We discussed how long the wait had been both forthe scheduling and the day itself.

Finally, they took me into surgery.

The anesthesiologist put in the IV, while one nurse put in dropsand another took vital signs.

I hadnt been near so many people in months, and again, I feltoverwhelmed, but I silently prayed as I kept answering their questions.Finally, I was wheeled into the operating room.

The chair went down and then came the needle, and before I knewit, the operation was over. They gave me many instructions regarding recovery:the eye drops, not to get my face wet, when to see my doctor.

As soon as I took off the patch over my eye, I looked around andI could see. It was as though my world had gone from darkness to light. Andthats when I realized the connection between the music we had been listeningto in the car, my operation, and the approaching holiday of Chanukah.

On Chanukah, a small band of Jews fought against the huge GreekDespite all odds, they triumphedarmy. Despite all odds, they won. They won because they had faith that Gdwould give them the strength to triumph. Then they found a single flask of pureoil, enough for just one day. But they did their part and lit the menorah.Miraculously, it remained burning for eight days, until they could procuremore.

My cataract operation was like my own little Chanukah triumphmy personalvictory of overcoming my anxiety, and my universe turning from darkness tolight.

A little bit of light brightens up a whole lot of darkness. Weneed to do our part, strengthen our faith, and Gd will help us.

For the past few years, I couldnt see in the dark well enoughto join in the festivities at the public lighting of the menorah in downtownNatick, Mass. Gd willing, this year they will be able to hold the festivities,and I will be able to join. Together, we will all sing, Chanukah, oh Chanukah,come light the menorah... And I will be able to relish the brightness.

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Teacher who woke up with blurred eyesight discovers she has life-changing condition – Daily Star

November 25th, 2020 10:52 pm

An Australian teacher saw a holiday of a lifetime to Europe turn into a life-changing experience after she lost vision in one eye while travelling in the Mediterranean.

Elise Osmand was island hopping around Greece and enjoying fine dining in Italy when she suddenly lost most of her vision in one eye.

The 28-year-old was then given a diagnosis by Greek doctors which she compared to a "death sentence" when her symptoms worsened.

At first, Elise found her vision in her right eye was impaired she could see the bottom half of her vision in her right eye, but the top half was "blurred to a dark brown", leaving her feeling like she had make-up smudged on her iris.

Dismissing the symptoms as jet lag, she waited another 24 hours to arrive in Athens before seeking medical attention.

It was by this point the Aussie national had lost vision completely in her right eye.

Meeting with a doctor in hospital, medics struggled to figure out what was wrong with each diagnosis bringing Elise fresh panic.

Opening up to news.com.au, she explained: "He said very straight up it might be a brain tumour.

"Then the next thing he said was 'you dont have a brain tumour but it could be cancer'. Thats when things freaked me out."

After further examination, doctors determined that while it was neither a tumour nor cancer, the cause of the blurred vision was a life-changing medical condition.

Elise said: "He said after further investigation that I had Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and the only thing I knew about that was a wheelchair.

"At first I got upset about it it was a really confronting moment. It felt like my world had come crumbling down a death sentence."

Multiple Sclerosis is a chronic disease of the central nervous system which causes the body to attack itself, with the immune system damaging nerves, leading to symptoms including extreme fatigue, vision problems, and muscle stiffness and spasms, among others.

Following the diagnosis, Elise has seen her life completely change.

She said: "Since my diagnosis in 2019, this has been a huge change to my life," she explained.

"I moved to the Gold Coast to be closer to the beach [and] on a treatment that works."

She went on: "I have always been very active and would do a lot of exercise. Now, while its still really good for me to do, it can trigger symptoms and drain me to a point I cant recover from. So I have to stay hydrated and cool."

Elise is now using social media - including her Instagram page - to raise awareness about the disease.

MS is a lifelong condition but symptoms can be managed with treatment.

While average life expectancy is slightly reduced for people suffering from MS, there are various treatments for the various versions of the disease.

There is no known cure for the disease at this time, and the NHS advise that the disease is "challenging" to live with but advancements in medical science over the past 20 years have "considerably improved the quality of life" of people with the condition.

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Teacher who woke up with blurred eyesight discovers she has life-changing condition - Daily Star

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Taxi driver struck in the eye by a rock wins insurance payout – Daily – Insurance News

November 25th, 2020 10:52 pm

A man who suffered 89% blindness in his right eye in an accident during a taxi driving shift has won a claim dispute and a $250,000 payout.

The worker was a beneficiary of his employers Taxi Personal Accident policy, held with Lloyds Australia, for drivers of insured vehicles.

It covered accidents causing death, partial or total disablement of limbs or eyesight sustained during working hours while you are driving a taxi that is listed in the policy schedule.

It included time limitations that provided a claim would only be paid if you suffer Temporary Total Disablement within twelve months of the date of the accident occurring, and such Temporary Total Disablement lasts for twelve months.

The driver lodged a claim after sustaining serious damage to his eye during a work shift in August 2018 when he was struck in the face by a rock thrown through his car window.

Medical experts in Australia and overseas all found the damage was permanent. No treatment options were recommended and the medical evidence indicated his eye sight was likely to deteriorate further in time.

Lloyds settled weekly temporary disablement benefits until he regained employment but denied a claim for lump sum benefit for total loss of sight in one eye, saying his impairment - at 89% loss of sight - did not constitute a total loss of sight.

Lloyds said other policies on the market offered a percentage of benefits for partial loss of sight and provided examples, whereas the taxi drivers policy had no such scope. Lloyds said the only way the lump sum benefit was payable is if the loss of sight was 100% in or around August 2019 being within 12 months of the injury. As the loss of sight was not 100% in August 2019, then it was not liable.

The man took the matter to the Australian Financial Complaints Authority (AFCA), arguing he had effectively lost all eyesight in his right eye.

AFCA determined Lloyds was liable to pay $234,434 - the lump sum benefit of $250,000 less the $15,566 temporary disablement benefits already paid.

The available medical evidence demonstrates that, due to the accident, he no longer has any effective eyesight in his right eye, AFCA said. It is fair in the circumstances to determine the complainant has suffered a total loss of sight in his right eye.

AFCA said the policy did not define total loss and the Certificate of Insurance provides that should any ambiguity exist in the clauses they will be interpreted in favour of the insured.

In November 2018, the taxi driver was examined by an ophthalmology registrar in hospital who determined he had permanent and irreversible central macular damage and his visual acuity due to the accident was 6/60, which is legally blind.

Neither pinhole or corrective lenses improved his sight.

The taxi driver then travelled overseas where he obtained the opinion of another ophthalmologist to try and find some treatment options. A December 2018 report from that consultation stated the damage to the right eye was permanent, irreversible and likely to deteriorate.

Lloyds later engaged a consultant ophthalmologist who said that while the driver had a severe visual defect in his right eye, the injury did not constitute a total loss of vision.

The man obtained a further medical opinion because he believed his sight was worsening but Lloyds said it could not consider that as total loss of sight must be within 12 months of the loss.

The panel disagrees with the insurers interpretation of the limitation periods in the policy, AFCA said.

The man was unsuccessful in his attempt to recoup around $20,000 spent travelling overseas to obtain the second medical opinion for possible treatment options.

See the full ruling here.

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Taxi driver struck in the eye by a rock wins insurance payout - Daily - Insurance News

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I was so scared. I was terrified: 7 people with eye injuries after Denver protests describe their experiences – FOX 31 Denver

November 25th, 2020 10:52 pm

DENVER (KDVR) Seven strangers who suffered significant eye injuries during Denvers George Floyd protests in May say they believe police projectiles like the less lethal 40mm sponge grenade- may have caused their injuries.

FOX31 Problem Solver Lori Jane Gliha talked to them about their experiences during the protests and in the months since.

Jax Feldmann

Jax Feldmann, 21, was not participating in the downtown Denver protests in May when he was struck in the eye with what is believed to be a police projectile. At the time, he worked as a driver for a meat distribution company and was just leaving a friends apartment near Grant Street and East Colfax Avenue.

Thats when he says he saw a group of police officers riding on a truck, traveling the wrong way on Grant.

I just kind of looked at them, and all of a sudden I was struck in the eye by something and didnt know exactly what it was at first, he said. My first reaction was I just had something in my eye, and then I saw the blood. I looked at my friend and he called the ambulance immediately and told me that it was not good.

Feldmann said the hardest moment was being sent to the hospital that evening because, in the midst of a pandemic, none of his close family or friends could be there in person to support him.

The next three weeks were just Hell. I was having migraines every night. I couldnt sleep. I couldnt close my eye. I couldnt open my eye.

Nearly six months later, Feldmann says he and his doctors are waiting for his eyeball to shrink down enough or for it to start hurting severely enough for it to be removed.

Its pretty horrible. Its not great. Its not great at all, but it cant get much worse. Its already I cant see anything out of it anyways, he said.

Feldmann said his life is now filled with new, difficult tasks.

Im literally circling myself because I have no peripheral vision. Im constantly searching for stuff. Driving is not fun at all. Its extremely stressful. Its made stuff a lot harder.

Feldmann said he is confused about why he was shot.

They didnt say anything before they shot me. They didnt say anything after they shot me. No cop even came up to me, he said. Im stressed out with everythingMy anxiety is through the roof all the time. Its not a good time.

Alex Wolfson

Alex Wolfson, 38, was out for a spin on his skateboard the last weekend in May 2020, observing the protests that had exploded in downtown Denver, near his neighborhood.Wolfson, who works in real estate, was not participating in the protest but he was standing there, soaking in everything that was going on and looking at the people protest when he was struck straight in the eye.

Police were everywhere, he told the FOX31 Problem Solvers. The ones that were closest to me were hanging out in an SUV, hanging out of the windows.

Wolfson said he was alert and his head was on a swivel because there were so many people in the area, but the projectile hit him without warning.

It went from like, looking at everything to just falling to the ground, he said.

Wolfson described a moment of panic as he tried to escape the area as quickly as possible. But he knew something was wrong. He couldnt see out of his eye, and there was blood in his hand, so he approached an officer for help.

I walked up to him, and I asked if I still had an eye, he said. I was so scared. I was terrified. At one point, it kind of like turned into where it was like a kaleidoscope, and I could see a little out of the corner of my eye, I could see a little vision. But other than that, I was just nervous that I wasnt ever going to be able to see, and all I did was just go skateboard around town.

Wolfson said he was upset because he kept thinking about all of the activities he enjoyed that could be in jeopardy.

Will you be able to do it again? My eye looked pretty gross. I was like, Am I going to look like this for the rest of my life?' he said.

Fortunately, Wolfson regained his sight thanks to help from an emergency retina specialist.

I had laser surgery on it, he said, but he still has floaters and flashers that appear in his vision. Its like little jellyfish legs swimming in my eye, and then, like, a camera goes off occasionally.

I feel like I got lucky.

Russell Strong

Russell Strong, 35, was passionate about protesting and making his voice heard, so he took a handmade poster that said, No Justice No Peace to the crowded park demonstration near the state capitol and stood in an area where he could be seen.

I was in the park maybe a total of 20 minutes, Strong, who works in the cannabis industry, told the FOX31 Problem Solvers.

When all of a sudden, he felt something explode on his face.

When I came to, I was being carried by a group of people, he recalled.I knew at that moment that I lost my eye. Theres no way you experience that kind of trauma to your eye and your face and think that youre ever going to see again. There was a part of me that knew right away.

Strong said a doctor confirmed that fear the following day.

Im still coping with that. Ill be coping with that for a long time. Im sure, he said. I dont know if I can put into words right now exactly how that felt because there is so much wrapped up in that kind of news.

Strong, who is also a visual artist, said his life now includes many struggles, including difficulties with spatial recognition and depth perception.

Its been unimaginably difficult to lose an eye, he said. Ive lost the ability to complete just simple tasks that we take for granted I cant play sports anymore. I cant catch a ball. I cant shoot a hoop. I cant play catch with my niece and nephew anymoreIll bump into things. Ill bump into people that I cant see on that side.

Strong said he cant think of a single aspect of his life that isnt different or a struggle in some way.

Its all an entire new world that Im having to try to adjust to.

Strong said he still has questions about the circumstances that caused him to be struck in the eye while he was peacefully protesting.

Id hate to think that someone shot me in the face intentionally, but I dont know, he said. Either were accepting that they have terrible aim, and it was an accident and theyre not good at using their weapon, or were accepting that they are good at their weapon, and theyre aiming at peoples faces.

Megan Matthews

Although she still has her eyesight, Meagan Matthews, 23, is still dealing with the aftermath of the eye and facial injuries she suffered in May, during the downtown Denver protest.

Its unfortunately affected my feeling of feeling safe going to protests, she said. I also am working with my therapist around a lot of trauma that Ive been experiencing. Mainly around having anxiety around police officers now.it really gives me a visceral response, so were working through that too.

The college student, who works at an eyewear store, said she had been peacefully protesting in May, by providing water, first aid, and food to protesters.

Thats when she looked up and saw an object headed straight for her face, followed by a loud crack.

I know I had gotten hit really hard with something that had come from the police side of the street, and I know I was bleeding, like, a lot, she told the FOX31 Problem Solvers.

Matthews said she felt like she had a near-death experience because she didnt immediately know the extent of her injuries when her sight went dark in one eye.

I felt extremely devastated and, trying to grapple with the fact that something so vital to my passion might be taken away from me, the visual artist said.

I couldnt see immediately when I got hit, and then, it was so swollen that because of the orbital fracture and everything else around there that it probably was like four days three or four days that it was fully swollen shut. And then, after that, they were like, You know, we might have to perform additional surgery,' she said. I remember trying not to cry, saying Oh no! Its probably worse that Im crying because its coming out of my eyes. But like, Im a visual arts student, and I use my eyes for my work and my passion.

Matthews said her vision is still a little blurry and she still gets floaters in her field of vision a few times a day. She said doctors told her it could be blood that is still trying to be filtered out of her eye, so they are monitoring her progress.

Now, she wants to know why and how she was struck.

If I could just sit down and have a coffee with the guy that shot me, I would. Just like, to know. But I think it would give me a lot of anxiety. I think it would also give peace of mind, she said.

Nicholas Orlin

Nicholas Orlin, 38, calls himself a staunch peaceful protester, and says he was marching, chanting, and singing during the downtown Denver protests in May.

He was wearing a bicycle helmet, attempting to block a gas canister that had been thrown near him with a traffic cone, when something knocked him in the head.

Thats the last thing I remember, he told the FOX31 Problem Solvers. From what it says in my hospital records, I was hit in the head with a rubber bullet or, it says, rubber bullet vs rock. I cant imagine that there was anybody close enough to me that I wouldnt have noticed they hit me with a rock in the head.

Orlin said his physical pain was intense.

There was a whole lot of mental confusion. Just having no idea where I was, what happened to me, he said. His face had become swollen due to several fractures along the base of his eye.

Healing is a long process, and its still happening, said Orlin, who said he works as an executive assistant and paralegal for a criminal defense attorney and as a rideshare driver.

He said doctors told him there is an increased likelihood that he may get glaucoma because his eye is not draining properly, but his sight is mostly ok now.

He says he is suffering from what he believes is post-traumatic stress disorder, related to the incident.

It gives me anxiety when I think about joining protests, he told the Problem Solvers.

Orlin said he would want law enforcement to know that less lethal options are still extremely dangerous.

I cant see any justification for a less-lethal round.If lethality is called for in the very few, rare situations that it might be called for, then lethality is OK, but other than that, I would have rather have been tased.I could not condone the use of continuing to use this type of weapon, he said.

Orlin said he would want the person who shot him to know that its not always okay to follow orders.

You can shoot somebody in the chest just as well as you can shoot them in the head. It will stop them the same way. I dont know what I would say to that person (who fired the shot).

Shawn Murphy

Shawn Murphy said he was planning to head home from the Denver protest before the curfew set in, when he observed some occasional clashes between police and protesters on the street.

The police would try to disperse the crowd, seemingly out of nowhere, he said.No one was breaking curfew. No one was breaking any laws that I could see, but there would be attempts at dispersal which would be launching tear gas, and whoever hung around too long in the area of the tear gas, they would shoot with the pepper pellets. So, it was kind of a constant back and forth.

Murphy said during one of those dispersal attempts, he was struck in the eye with a projectile.

I dont remember any pepper dust or whatever being on me, so I believe it was one of the so-called rubber bullets, foam bullets, whatever you want to call them, he said.

Murphy, who is a software developer, called himself lucky because he was wearing really cheap swim goggles that he had snagged from a woman who was earlier distributing them through the crowd.

I got hit in the eye, and the goggles shattered, exploded, but I really think it saved my eye.I think without that persons really kind and really thoughtful form of activism in helping the protesters, I think she saved my eye.

Murphy said the horror that followed included his thought that he might have lost his eye.

I told friends after, it was the first time in my life where I felt what people mean when they say their life flashed before their eyes. It wasnt in the sense that I remembered everything past, it was that in an instant, I saw my entire life without my eye and what it would be like. All that just flashed through my head just in a second, and I thought I lost my eye. I couldnt see. I think I was in a state of shock somewhat. I was just kind of stumbling around, he said.

Murphy described feeling his bloody skin flapping in the wind. I was just kind of wandering around in a daze.

Murphy said he was able to get medical attention at the emergency room by taking a ride from a stranger who was driving in the area.

He suffered a laceration that required stitches, and his vision was really blurry that evening. He said a doctor had to do emergency surgery to save his retina. His vision is still blurry to this day, and doctors said it could take a year or more to fully heal.

My heart goes out to the people who did lose an eye or worse, he said.It is indescribable. Its life-altering. Its the type of thing that shouldnt happen to anyone under any circumstances let along as the result of the armed force of our state who are engaging with peaceful protesters. It makes it just even more tragic in my opinion.

Murphy said he believes he was possibly targeted.

I dont want to make any accusations, but I do find it hard to believe that it was an accident. Im almost 65. I stick out in a crowd. I have a big head. Its an easy target, he said.When I was hit, I was not in a crowd of people.We were all pretty separated.It wasnt a random ricochet or a gas cannister that bounced weird. It was I was essentially by myself. There wasnt anyone within a 10-20-foot radius of me. Again, the height I am, I find it hard to believe that they wouldnt have been able to hit me somewhere other than the head, so its hard to view it as an accident.

Michael Acker

Michael Acker, 20, a college student who attends school in Grand Junction, said he was wearing an antique gas mask when a projectile smashed the glass over his eye in May.

I just get cracked over the head with something. I have no idea whats going on, he recounted. I just remember grabbing my head. Im still wearing my gasmask, and I cant see anything out of my right eye at this point.

Acker said he ripped off his gasmask, and blood poured all over his face, hands, and the concrete. I didnt know if my eye was gone or is it hanging out of my face? I had no idea.

Acker said he believed he was targeted during the protest, and he has filed a lawsuit against the city.

I dont know what would be worse if I got hit, and they were just blindly firing into a crowd, or if I got hit and they targeted me. I was wearing a mask. Im not going to lie, its kind of a scary looking thing, but I dont think thats really an excuse for them to target me out of a crowd when Im not causing a problem, he said.

Acker said he did not notice anyone standing with 10-20 feet of him when he was struck.

It really felt like somebody had just snuck up on me with the baseball bat, he said.One minute Im standing there and then I hear a thunk. And then, something just fills my vision. It was really weird.It was kind of like time slowed down and just cracks me over the side of the head. My ears were ringing. I cant really get my bearings at all.

Acker said a piece of glass was stuck in his eyelid, but a doctor helped pull it out when he was in the hospital, and his eyesight ended up being ok.

Had I not been wearing the mask, it probably would have fractured my skull and would have gone into my eye. I would have been a pirate, he said.

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I was so scared. I was terrified: 7 people with eye injuries after Denver protests describe their experiences - FOX 31 Denver

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The Mandalorian: Why Being Frozen In Carbonite Makes You Blind – Screen Rant

November 25th, 2020 10:52 pm

The Mandalorian's Mythrol complained about being blind after spending time frozen in carbonite, like Han Solo in Return of the Jedi - here's why.

The Mythrol claims that he's still half-blind after being frozen in carbonite in The Mandalorian. Introduced in the Star Wars/Disney+ show's premiere, the unidentified Mythrol was Din Djarin's final bounty before he encountered Baby Yoda. The Mandalorian season 2, episode 4, "Chapter 12: The Siege" brought back the character where he complained about the effects of Mando's decision to keep himin carbonite.

The idea of being frozen in carbonite was introduced in The Empire Strikes Back. Darth Vader had Han Solo frozen after Lando Calrissian turned on his fellow space smuggler and his friends on Bespin. It wasn't until Return of the Jedi that the galactic runner was freed from being trapped in the solidified carbonite by Leia Organa in Jabba the Hutt's lair on Tatooine. While Han came out alive after being frozen, he didn't immediately have the capacity to function, with the character citing being unable to see.

Related:The Mandalorian: Every Star Wars Easter Egg In Season 2, Episode 4

The unnamed Mythrol in The Mandalorian also experienced the same thing when Mando froze him in carbonite in the series premiere. Following an attempt to sabotage their trip back to Nevarro where the blue alien was supposed to be delivered to Greef Karga- the Bounty Guild head at that time - Mando ensured that the rest of his mission was going to go smoothly by freezing Mythrol in carbonite and delivering him in that state. When they reunited in The Mandalorian season 2, Mythrol revealed that one of his eyes is still blind from his time being in the carbonite block. Between Han and Mythrol's experience, losing the ability to see is one of the most common effects ofbeing carbon frozen,and thisis part of the medical condition called hibernation sickness.

First mentioned in the original trilogy, hibernation sickness or carbon sickness is a medical state a creature would be in once they are taken out beingsuspended animation in carbonite. Temporary blindness is one of the symptoms of the condition, and so is exhaustion, weakness, dehydration, dizziness, and memory loss. While not much is known regarding this, as there are only a few instances where Star Wars reconnects with creatures frozen in carbonite, like Han and Mythrol, the loss of eyesight, in particular, could have something to do with the eyes being put under extreme external pressure. In the real world, rubbing the eyes too hard can lead to damaged cornea, and in worst cases, one would need a cornea transplant to restore their eyesight. Even when one puts steady pressure on the eyes for a brief time, vision becomes blurry and distorted. Given this, one can only imagine how much more detrimentalit is if the eyes are subjected to constant and stronger pressure from being frozen in carbonite for a significant amount of time.

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The Mandalorian: Why Being Frozen In Carbonite Makes You Blind - Screen Rant

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The mink link: How COVID-19 mutations in animals affect human health and vaccine effectiveness – The Conversation CA

November 24th, 2020 9:57 am

The importance of commercially raised animals in the COVID-19 pandemic has received much attention in the past few weeks, when a new variant of SARS-CoV-2 was detected in farmed mink. Unfortunately, mink tend to be relatively susceptible to respiratory infections, and these can readily spread through mink farms due to high-density housing.

Data from the Netherlands earlier in the pandemic have revealed that mink can be readily infected with SARS-CoV-2 and then pass the virus to humans. In Denmark, 214 people people have been infected by a variant of SARS-CoV-2 that is presumed to have mutated in Danish mink. Over 200 mink farms had tested positive for SARS-CoV-2, and at least five different mink variants of the virus have been detected so far.

These events initiated a mass culling of farmed mink in that country (although this was limited due to legal issues), and cast a spotlight on the disturbing scenario of human-to-mink-to-human transmission of SARS-CoV-2, with potential for the virus to change in mink prior to re-infecting people.

Specifically, this latest occurrence unveils the possibility that mink can serve as an alternate host to promote mutations of SARS-CoV-2, which can be passed back to humans and other animals, both domestic and wild and potentially placing the wild mustelid (minks, ferrets and related species) population at risk.

We are researchers in the fields of virology, immunology and pathology. Our research programs bridge human and animal health and study the transmission of viruses, immune responses to viruses, how viruses cause diseases, and developing strategies such as vaccines to prevent infectious diseases. The recent news linking mink to the current pandemic highlights the importance of research at the interface of animal and human health.

Since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, the world has learned much about virology, as well as the concept of One Health. At the core of One Health is the idea that human and animal health are intertwined in a shared environment, and that we need to broaden our perspectives beyond human health alone.

Indeed, animals have been at the centre of this pandemic from the beginning. Overwhelming evidence suggests that this coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), which causes COVID-19, originated from bats. There is debate about whether an intermediate animal host might have harboured additional changes to SARS-CoV-2 to produce the current virus that spreads efficiently person to person. The leading candidate for this is a scaly anteater known as a pangolin.

What is known for sure is that changes to coronaviruses can occur over time due to inherent and purposeful errors in these viruses ability to copy their genetic codes. This allows a virus to make small changes over time and is an efficient way for them to adapt to new environments.

One of the recently identified Danish mink strains is particularly concerning because changes in the genome occurred in what is called the viruss spike protein, which it uses to enter human cells. These changes have been detected in 12 human cases related to this particular mink variant. Fortunately, this change does not seem to correlate with worse clinical outcomes, based on a small number of cases.

The spike protein is also the primary target of natural and vaccine-induced immune responses to the virus. In theory, if SARS-CoV-2 mutates too much, the immunity derived from the parental virus, acquired either by natural infection or vaccination, could become less effective against the new strain.

The good news is that, so far, theres no evidence that the mink-derived SARS-CoV-2 mutant can bypass natural or vaccine-induced immunity. Fortunately, our immune systems are designed to generate antibodies against multiple parts of the spike protein. This means that if only a small part of the spike protein is mutated, antibodies against other parts of the protein should still confer at least some protection.

The fact that SARS-CoV-2 can change highlights the need for vaccines that not only induce protective antibodies but that can also elicit robust T cell responses, which is the other major mechanism by which our immune systems can kill viruses. Like antibodies, T cells will target multiple parts of viral proteins, thereby increasing the chance of maintaining immunity against non-mutated regions of the proteins.

It might also be important to consider making vaccines that target more than one of the proteins from SARS-CoV-2. Its very difficult for a virus to make major changes to multiple proteins without compromising its fitness.

Read more: Training our immune systems: Why we should insist on a high-quality COVID-19 vaccine

The other issue that the mink SARS-CoV-2 brings to the forefront of the vaccine development effort is the need for vaccines that are plug-and-play. These are vaccine technologies where the viral protein the vaccine is designed to target can be readily swapped with a different version of the viral protein.

Once approved by health regulators as being safe and efficacious against a highly pathogenic coronavirus, such technologies could, in theory, be rapidly modified to target emerging mutant viruses; akin to the annual flu vaccine that gets modified every year to target emerging influenza virus variants.

With mink being confirmed only recently as a possible reservoir for SARS-CoV-2, more research is urgently needed to inform rationally based decisions to cull millions of these animals. Even if mass cullings continue, it is unlikely that mink farms will be completely phased out at the global level in the near future. So the question becomes how do we manage the potential threat to human health of SARS-CoV-2 in mink over the long term?

First, enhanced biosecurity measures should be implemented on mink farms.

Second, screening of farmed mink for coronaviruses should be added to the surveillance programs of animal health regulatory agencies, with this information made available to human health regulators.

Third, consideration could be given to tailoring COVID-19 vaccines for animal reservoirs, which would now include farmed mink. These recommendations would not only reduce the potential spread of coronaviruses from mink to humans, it would simultaneously address SARS-CoV-2-related health issues for mink. Indeed, mink can develop COVID-19 after becoming infected with SARS-CoV-2 and it can sometimes be severe and lethal, with no effective current treatment.

Unless future evidence suggests otherwise, it may be best to stay the course with current vaccine development programs with the goal of getting multiple technological platforms approved for use in humans. Then these platforms can be readily modified, akin to the annual influenza vaccine, to target emerging mutant viruses, if warranted.

Simultaneously, public health agencies with any interest in promoting human health should expand their visions to include the health and surveillance of domestic animals and wildlife at the point where human and veterinary medicine interface.

In the case of SARS-CoV-2, humans are currently the largest reservoir of the virus on Earth, and the threat of spillover from human hosts to farmed animals and wildlife species is now made evident. This is an opportune time to take stock in our relationships with animals and the natural world and take action to ensure health for all and this biosphere we share.

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The mink link: How COVID-19 mutations in animals affect human health and vaccine effectiveness - The Conversation CA

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How vaccines get made and approved in the US – The Albany Herald

November 24th, 2020 9:57 am

COVID-19 and its wide-ranging impacts on the lives of nearly everyone on the planet have brought vaccines to the forefrontif a suitable vaccine can be found and widely distributed, then life could perhaps resume some semblance of normalcy. People around the world are waiting impatiently for news of vaccine trials from companies such as Pfizer, Moderna, and AstraZeneca.

Already there have been some promising developments. On Nov. 16, Moderna released the results of a study that showed their vaccine has a 94% rate of effectiveness. While the results of their 30,000-person Phase 3 trial have not yet been published, researchers said that the results show that the vaccine is safe and effective. On Nov. 18,Pfizer and its partner BioNTech announced it concluded its Phase 3 study (which began July 27) and determined their vaccine is95% effective. Pfizer and BioNTech will submit arequest forEmergency Use Authorization by the FDA as soon as possible and plans to share their data with global regulatoryagencies.

The news from both companies has given people hope that the SARS-CoV-2 virus that causes COVID-19 can eventually be controlled. However, there is also mistrust surrounding vaccines, and often a lack of understanding about how they are created, how they are tested, and how safe they are. If people dont trust the vaccine, then people wont take it, and the pandemic could go on longer.

Some of this lack of trust comes from a lack of information or misinformation. In order to demystify vaccines and the vaccine manufacturing and approval process in the United States, Stacker consulted the Food & Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and other public health sources to better understand and explain vaccines to the general public.

After going through these authoritative health information sources, Stacker identified some key terms to help readers better understand the types of vaccines and how they work, and then listed the many steps involved in the creation, approval, and distribution of new vaccines in the U.S. We then created a list of 30 key terms and steps, showing how intensive and precise the vaccine creation and approval process is, and ultimately that vaccines are safe and effective tools for fighting disease.

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How vaccines get made and approved in the US - The Albany Herald

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Legalization votes bring worries of increased youth marijuana use, but evidence remains murky – AberdeenNews.com

November 24th, 2020 9:57 am

One major concern of South Dakotans who opposed legalization of medical and recreational marijuana was that it could lead to an epidemic of youth use of the drug.

Drug-abuse prevention advocates and law enforcement officials said greater availability of marijuana would almost certainly lead to an increase of use among children and teens whose brains are still developing.

Despite their concerns, however, research conducted by the federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the National Institutes of Health has not found an increase in the regular use of marijuana among youths in Oregon, Washington or Colorado, the states where marijuana legalization has been most extensively studied.

Colorado, for example, has a lower overall youth marijuana use rate than the U.S. as a whole. And in all three states, as in the rest of the U.S., there has been a long-term decline in the regular use of marijuana among youths.

Those statistics provide little comfort, however, for those in South Dakota who are on the front lines of the battle to prevent drug abuse by youth.

Marijuana use is associated with poorer performance in school, increased risk for mental health disorders and other negative behavior outcomes for youth, said Maureen Murray, director of mental health and prevention services at Youth and Family Services in Rapid City.

It is concerning because legalization makes people think that using marijuana is safe and doesnt have consequences, and teens dont need to hear that, Murray said. We have very significant concerns with teens.

South Dakota voters approved statewide ballots measures on Nov. 3 that have set the stage for legalization of both medicinal and recreational marijuana in July. Marijuana would be legal only for those 21 and over. South Dakota was one of four new states to legalize recreational marijuana bringing the total to 15. Medical marijuana will soon be legal in 36 states.

Regular marijuana use is defined in surveys as respondents having used the drug at least once during the 30 days before they took the survey. Research has shown that regular and heavy use of marijuana among teens carries the most risk for long-term negative effects.

National surveys such as the biennial Youth Risk Behavior Survey have shown small declines in the number of youths regularly using both marijuana and alcohol over the past decade. South Dakota has generally followed the national trend, with surveys showing a decline in regular youth marijuana use from 17.8% of youths surveyed in 2011 compared to only 16.5% in 2019.

Colorado, where recreational marijuana has been legal since 2014, also has seen declines in youth marijuana use. From 2011 to 2019, the youth use rate dropped from 22% in 2011 to 20.1% in 2019. Prevention experts say national and state education programs and prevention efforts have played a big role in declines in youth marijuana use.

Concerns over marijuana legalization among the South Dakota drug-abuse prevention community range from worries over use by motorists to the potential for women to harm children by using marijuana while pregnant or breastfeeding, said Darcy Jensen, executive director of Prairie View Prevention Services. Jensen is a licensed addiction counselor and a leader of the Coalition for a Drug Free South Dakota.

Members of the coalition met Nov. 12 to begin planning a response to marijuana legalization, Jensen said. Though reform was badly needed in how marijuana and other drug use has been treated by the criminal justice system, full legalization of marijuana was not the best way to fix those problems and may lead to new issues, Jensen said.

I dont know that this was a place that I would want South Dakota to be in, but we are, so we need to find ways to counter it, and continue to provide positive prevention education, Jensen said.

Legalizing marijuana causes new social and health problems, Jensen said, citing reports from Colorado showing that the number of traffic fatalities in which a driver tested positive for marijuana increased from 18% in 2013 to 32% in 2017.

Meanwhile, the rate of marijuana-related hospitalizations has risen sharply from an average of 1,440 per 100,000 hospitalizations annually from 2010 to 2013 to 3,517 last year. But perhaps most concerning, Jensen said, was that the number of suicide victims found to have marijuana in their bloodstreams increased.

A closer look at Colorado data reveals a nuanced, inconclusive picture of marijuana legalization. In 2018 the state Department of Public Safety published a comprehensive report on impacts of marijuana legalization. The report shows that while Colorado has seen an increase in its number of traffic fatalities, eight states with similar populations and traffic patterns that had not legalized marijuana also saw similar increases in traffic deaths. Pinning the rise in Colorado traffic deaths solely on marijuana legalization was not possible, the report said.

Furthermore, Colorados rising number of marijuana-related hospitalizations might have been influenced by changes in how hospitals track diagnoses. The healthcare industry in 2015 updated the diagnosis codes used for billing, creating many new coding categories. More codes meant doctors had more options to indicate whether they believe a patient had been using marijuana prior to being hospitalized, the 2018 Colorado public safety report said.

Suicide rates in Colorado have increased less only slightly, from 19.7% in 2012 to 20.5% in 2016. The rate of Colorado suicide victims testing positive for marijuana has nearly doubled from 11.8% in 2012 to 22.3% in 2016. Nationally, about 22.4% of suicide victims tested positive for marijuana in 2016, data that includes states where marijuana is not legal, according to a 2018 CDC report.

Still, experts studying youth marijuana use and the effects of marijuana on brain development say that South Dakotas drug-abuse prevention advocates are right to be concerned about legalization. While there does not appear to have been sharp increases in the number of children and teens using marijuana in states that have legalized, legalization remains a relatively new concept and longitudinal studies are few.

Little evidence exists to show that legalizing marijuana for medical purposes causes an increase in youth use of the drug. There also is little evidence, so far, that legalizing marijuana for recreational use leads to an increase in the overall number of children smoking or otherwise ingesting the drug. Instead, research shows adult use typically rises with legalization.

Once medical cannabis laws or medical marijuana laws are enacted, we usually see increases in use in adults ages 26 and older. But we dont see any increases in use among adolescents, which is good, said Dr. Silvia Martins, director of the Substance Use Epidemiology Unit at Columbia University. Regarding recreational legalization of cannabis, most of the research has shown that increases in use is mainly among adults.

A September 2019 report from the National Institutes of Health found that Colorado has seen no increase in the number of adolescents using marijuana since legalization for adults 21 and over in 2014. The biennial Youth Risk Behavior Survey found that in 2019, Colorados estimated rate of youth marijuana use of 20.1% was lower than the national rate of 21.7%.

An October 2019 report from the CDC found that marijuana use among students in 10th and 12th grades in Washington state did not significantly change from the year 2000 to 2016. For students in 8th grade, the regular marijuana use rate fell by half, from 12% in 2000 to 6% in 2016. In Washington, legal sales of recreational marijuana began in 2014.

Still, researchers such as Martins caution that there has not been enough research into how legalizing recreational use of marijuana affects youth drug use to draw major conclusions.

At most, researchers have only had a few years of data to study, Martins said. Most of the data on population-wide youth marijuana use come from anonymous surveys of students administered in schools such as the Youth Risk Behaviors Survey. States conduct the survey in schools during odd-numbered years, and its results are reported to the CDC. Public health officials use the survey to monitor such things as drug and alcohol abuse among adolescents.

In Colorado, there have only been two Youth Risk Behavior Surveys conducted since legal sales of recreational marijuana began, one in 2017 and one in 2019.

Another potential factor in youth marijuana use is how children growing up watching their parents and other adults use marijuana will view the drug. Parents can have a strong influence on their childrens choices, said Magdalena Cerda, director of the Center for Opioid Epidemiology and Policy at New York Universitys Grossman School of Medicine.

Previous studies have found that if your parents use drugs, then the likelihood of you using drugs is going to be higher, Cerda said. Whether that is because you think it is more acceptable, or it is because drugs are more available to you, or because of something else entirely, is relatively unclear. But I would say that is a concern.

Another 10 years could pass before the normalizing effect of legalizing marijuana shows up in surveys of high school students, she said.

Researchers have identified some troubling trends among youths who regularly use marijuana. A few studies have found increases in Cannabis Use Disorder among youths who regularly use marijuana in states that have legalized recreational sales of the drug, Cerda said. Cannabis Use Disorder is generally diagnosed when someone cant quit using despite trying, starts having trouble at work or school due to marijuana use, or gives up social activities due to use of marijuana.

That is obviously a concern because dependence on cannabis actually has an effect on your life, on your interactions with others and on your work, Cerda said. Essentially, a cannabis addiction, particularly for adolescents, can have long-term effects.

Marijuana use has been associated with an increase in a persons risk for developing a mental health disorder, said J. Cobb Scott, an assistant professor of psychology at the University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine. There also is evidence that using marijuana can lead to psychotic episodes in people who already have schizophrenia. Psychotic episodes can lead to involuntary hospitalization, homelessness or suicide, Scott said.

One significant risk of marijuana use is in youths and young adults who potentially are at risk of schizophrenia or depression, said Scott, who has spent years researching how marijuana use affects brain function and mental health.

But just because someone who has mental illness has a history of marijuana use doesnt mean the drug caused the illness, Scott said. Researchers have attempted to prove marijuana use causes mental illness but have had mixed results.

A 2019 study of how marijuana use contributed to the prevalence of psychosis in adults in Europe, published in the medical journal The Lancet, found that people using high potency marijuana every day were five times more likely to develop psychosis than people who didnt use the drug. But a 2016 study of data collected by the National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions found no link between marijuana use and mental health disorders.

Theres evidence both ways right now, Scott said. And what we dont have is a lot of epidemiological evidence. We have seen increased use of cannabis over the last 15 years or so, but we dont have the hugely increased rates of psychosis that you might expect if that relationship were really strongly causal.

Part of the difficulty in pinning down whether or not marijuana can cause psychosis is that most of the research into how marijuana affects people has been observational. Researchers have essentially had to wait for people to start using the drug on their own before marijuanas effect on them can be studied. Because researchers are not controlling who uses the drug or how much theyre using, and are often not recording their subjects medical histories or IQ levels before they start using marijuana, it can be hard to know for sure the significance of the drugs impacts.

Drawing conclusions from observational research requires large sample sizes being studied over several years, Scott said.

Some of the best evidence of marijuanas effect on brain development and mental health comes from a study conducted in New Zealand. In the study, researchers followed more than 1,000 people from the age of eight until they turned 38.

The New Zealand researchers found that subjects who developed an addiction to marijuana and began using it heavily before turning 18 and remained addicted to the drug for many years lost an average of six Intelligence Quotient points. People who started using marijuana as adults did not lose any IQ points, the study found.

An ongoing study being conducted by the U.S. National Institutes of Health, called the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study, should give scientists a much better understanding of how marijuana affects young brains. The study will follow more 10,000 children aged 9 and 10 for a decade. Researchers will collect information on the children using brain scans, genetic and psychological tests, academic records and surveys. The study began in 2015.

One area where there is strong evidence of marijuanas effects on people is cognitive function, or how well a persons brain works. Many studies have shown that frequent cannabis use can impact cognitive functioning in specific areas, including memory and behavior, Scott said. Marijuanas cognitive effects, though, tend to wear off fairly quickly after someone quits using the drug.

A couple of larger studies have shown that heavy use starting before the age of 18, and going on pretty consistently for a number of years, may cause long term changes in cognitive functioning. But that is a very small group of people, Scott said.

Still, South Dakotans should be concerned about marijuana use among teenagers, Scott said. There are too many unknowns about the drugs effect on brain development. Studies of rats, for example, have shown that marijuana can affect the development of important parts of the brain such as the hippocampus, which plays a significant role in learning and memory.

We know that the brain continues to develop through the teenage years and into the mid-20s, Scott said. And we know that any psychoactive substance like cannabis can potentially affect brain development.

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Legalization votes bring worries of increased youth marijuana use, but evidence remains murky - AberdeenNews.com

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