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Clinicians have long observed an association between excessive alcohol consumption and adverse immune-related health effects such as susceptibility to pneumonia. In recent decades, this association has been expanded to a greater likelihood of acute respiratory stress syndromes (ARDS), sepsis, alcoholic liver disease (ALD), and certain cancers; a higher incidence of postoperative complications; and slower and less complete recovery from infection and physical trauma, including poor wound healing.

This issue of Alcohol Research: Current Reviews (ARCR) summarizes the evidence that alcohol disrupts immune pathways in complex and seemingly paradoxical ways. These disruptions can impair the bodys ability to defend against infection, contribute to organ damage associated with alcohol consumption, and impede recovery from tissue injury. It is our hope that a greater understanding of the specific mechanisms through which alcohol exerts its effects on the immune system may lead to development of interventions to prevent, or at least mitigate, the negative health consequences of alcohol misuse.

Contributors to this issue of ARCR lay the groundwork for understanding the multilayered interactions between alcohol and immune function by presenting an overview of the immune system (see the article by Spiering) and by reviewing current research on the effects of alcohol on innate immunity (see the article by Nagy) and on adaptive immunity (see the article by Pasala and colleagues). As reviewed by Szabo and Saha, alcohols combined effects on both innate and adaptive immunity significantly weaken host defenses, predisposing chronic drinkers to a wide range of health problems, including infections and systemic inflammation. Alcohols widespread effects on immune function also are underscored in the article by Gauthier, which examines how in utero alcohol exposure interferes with the developing immune system in the fetus. This exposure increases a newborns risk of infection and disease; additional evidence suggests that alcohols deleterious effects on immune development last into adulthood.

The gastrointestinal (GI) system is typically the first point of contact for alcohol as it passes through the body and is where alcohol is absorbed into the bloodstream. One of the most significant immediate effects of alcohol is that it affects the structure and integrity of the GI tract. For example, alcohol alters the numbers and relative abundances of microbes in the gut microbiome (see the article by Engen and colleagues), an extensive community of microorganisms in the intestine that aid in normal gut function. These organisms affect the maturation and function of the immune system. Alcohol disrupts communication between these organisms and the intestinal immune system. Alcohol consumption also damages epithelial cells, T cells, and neutrophils in the GI system, disrupting gut barrier function and facilitating leakage of microbes into the circulation (see the article by Hammer and colleagues).

These disruptions to the composition of the gut microbiota and to gut barrier function have important implications beyond the intestinal system. For example, Nagy discusses how the leakage of bacterial products from the gut activate the innate immune system in the liver, triggering inflammation that underlies ALD, a condition that affects more than 2 million Americans and which eventually may lead to liver cirrhosis and liver cancer. Infection with viral hepatitis accelerates the progression of ALD, and end-stage liver disease from viral hepatitis, together with ALD, is the main reason for liver transplantations in the United States. The article by Dolganiuc in this issue explores the synergistic effects of alcohol and hepatitis viruses on the progression of liver disease as well as alcohol consumptions injurious effect on liver antiviral immunity. Mandrekar and Ju contribute an article that homes in on the role of macrophages in ALD development, including recent insights into the origin, heterogeneity, and plasticity of macrophages in liver disease and the signaling mediators involved in their activation and accumulation.

In addition to pneumonia, alcohol consumption has been linked to pulmonary diseases, including tuberculosis, respiratory syncytial virus, and ARDS. Alcohol disrupts ciliary function in the upper airways, impairs the function of immune cells (i.e., alveolar macrophages and neutrophils), and weakens the barrier function of the epithelia in the lower airways (see the article by Simet and Sisson). Often, the alcohol-provoked lung damage goes undetected until a second insult, such as a respiratory infection, leads to more severe lung diseases than those seen in nondrinkers.

In a clinical case study reviewed in this issue, Trevejo-Nunez and colleagues report on systemic and organ-specific immune pathologies often seen in chronic drinkers. In such patients, alcohol impairs mucosal immunity in the gut and lower respiratory system. This impairment can lead to sepsis and pneumonia and also increases the incidence and extent of postoperative complications, including delay in wound closure. HIV/AIDS is a disease in which mucosal immunity already is under attack. Bagby and colleagues review substantial evidence that alcohol further disrupts the immune system, significantly increasing the likelihood of HIV transmission and progression.

Alcoholimmune interactions also may affect the development and progression of certain cancers. Meadows and Zhang discuss specific mechanisms through which alcohol interferes with the bodys immune defense against cancer. They note, too, that a fully functioning immune system is vital to the success of conventional chemotherapy. The clinical management of all of these conditions may be more challenging in individuals who misuse alcohol because of coexisting immune impairment.

Alcohol consumption does not have to be chronic to have negative health consequences. In fact, research shows that acute binge drinking also affects the immune system. There is evidence in a number of physiological systems that binge alcohol intake complicates recovery from physical trauma (see the article by Hammer and colleagues). Molina and colleagues review research showing that alcohol impairs recovery from three types of physical traumaburn, hemorrhagic shock, and traumatic brain injuryby affecting immune homeostasis. Their article also highlights how the combined effect of alcohol and injury causes greater disruption to immune function than either challenge alone.

Not only does the immune system mediate alcohol-related injury and illness, but a growing body of literature also indicates that immune signaling in the brain may contribute to alcohol use disorder. The article by Crews, Sarkar, and colleagues presents evidence that alcohol results in neuroimmune activation. This may increase alcohol consumption and risky decisionmaking and decrease behavioral flexibility, thereby promoting and sustaining high levels of drinking. They also offer evidence that alcohol-induced neuroimmune activation plays a significant role in neural degeneration and that the neuroendocrine system is involved in controlling alcohols effects on peripheral immunity.

Much progress has been made in elucidating the relationship between alcohol consumption and immune function and how this interaction affects human health. Continued advances in this field face several challenges, however. The regulation of immune function is exceedingly complex. Normal immune function hinges on bidirectional communication of immune cells with nonimmune cells at the local level, as well as crosstalk between the brain and the periphery. These different layers of interaction make validation of the mechanisms by which alcohol affects immune function challenging. Significant differences between the immune system of the mousethe primary model organism used in immune studiesand that of humans also complicate the translation of experimental results from these animals to humans. Moreover, the wide-ranging roles of the immune system present significant challenges for designing interventions that target immune pathways without producing undesirable side effects.

By illuminating the key events and mechanisms of alcohol-induced immune activation or suppression, research is yielding deeper insights into alcohols highly variable and sometimes paradoxical influences on immune function. The insights summarized in this issue of ARCR present researchers and clinicians with opportunities to devise new interventions or refine existing ones to target the immune system and better manage alcohol-related diseases.

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Alcohol and the Immune System - PMC - PubMed Central (PMC)

News Release

Tuesday, July 5, 2022

Findings could give insight into long-term neurological symptoms of COVID-19.

A study from the National Institutes of Health describes the immune response triggered by COVID-19 infection that damages the brains blood vessels and may lead to short- and long-term neurological symptoms. In a study published in Brain, researchers from the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) examined brain changes in nine people who died suddenly after contracting the virus.

The scientists found evidence that antibodiesproteins produced by the immune system in response to viruses and other invadersare involved in an attack on the cells lining the brains blood vessels, leading to inflammation and damage. Consistent with an earlier study from the group, SARS-CoV-2 was not detected in the patients brains, suggesting the virus was not infecting the brain directly.

Understanding how SARS-CoV-2 can trigger brain damage may help inform development of therapies for COVID-19 patients who have lingering neurological symptoms.

Patients often develop neurological complications with COVID-19, but the underlying pathophysiological process is not well understood, said Avindra Nath, M.D., clinical director at NINDS and the senior author of the study. We had previously shown blood vessel damage and inflammation in patients brains at autopsy, but we didnt understand the cause of the damage. I think in this paper weve gained important insight into the cascade of events.

Dr. Nath and his team found that antibodies produced in response to COVID-19 may mistakenly target cells crucial to the blood-brain barrier. Tightly packed endothelial cells help form the blood-brain barrier, which keeps harmful substances from reaching the brain while allowing necessary substances to pass through. Damage to endothelial cells in blood vessels in the brain can lead to leakage of proteins from the blood. This causes bleeds and clots in some COVID-19 patients and can increase the risk of stroke.

For the first time, researchers observed deposits of immune complexesmolecules formed when antibodies bind antigens (foreign substances)on the surface of endothelial cells in the brains of COVID-19 patients. Such immune complexes can damage tissue by triggering inflammation.

The study builds on their previous research, which found evidence of brain damage caused by thinning and leaky blood vessels. They suspected that the damage may have been due to the bodys natural inflammatory response to the virus.

To further explore this immune response, Dr. Nath and his team examined brain tissue from a subset of patients in the previous study. The nine individuals, age 24 to 73, were chosen because they showed signs of blood vessel damage in the brain based on structural brain scans. The samples were compared to those from 10 controls. The team looked at neuroinflammation and immune responses using immunohistochemistry, a technique that uses antibodies to identify specific marker proteins in the tissues.

As in their earlier study, researchers found signs of leaky blood vessels, based on the presence of blood proteins that normally do not cross the blood brain barrier. This suggests that the tight junctions between the endothelial cells in the blood brain barrier are damaged.

Dr. Nath and his colleagues found evidence that damage to endothelial cells was likely due to an immune responsediscovering deposits of immune complexes on the surface of the cells.

These observations suggest an antibody-mediated attack that activates endothelial cells. When endothelial cells are activated, they express proteins called adhesion molecules that cause platelets to stick together. High levels of adhesion molecules were found in endothelial cells in the samples of brain tissue.

Activation of the endothelial cells brings platelets that stick to the blood vessel walls, causing clots to form and leakage to occur. At the same time the tight junctions between the endothelial cells get disrupted causing them to leak, Dr. Nath explained. Once leakage occurs, immune cells such as macrophages may come to repair the damage, setting up inflammation. This, in turn, causes damage to neurons.

Researchers found that in areas with damage to the endothelial cells, more than 300 genes showed decreased expression, while six genes were increased. These genes were associated with oxidative stress, DNA damage, and metabolic dysregulation. This may provide clues to the molecular basis of neurological symptoms related to COVID-19 and offer potential therapeutic targets.

Together, these findings give insight into the immune response damaging the brain after COVID-19 infection. But it remains unclear what antigen the immune response is targeting, as the virus itself was not detected in the brain. It is possible that antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein could bind to the ACE2 receptor used by the virus to enter cells. More research is needed to explore this hypothesis.

The study may also have implications for understanding and treating long-term neurological symptoms after COVID-19, which include headache, fatigue, loss of taste and smell, sleep problems, and brain fog. Had the patients in the study survived, the researchers believe they would likely have developed Long COVID.

It is quite possible that this same immune response persists in Long COVID patients resulting in neuronal injury, said Dr. Nath. There could be a small indolent immune response that is continuing, which means that immune-modulating therapies might help these patients. So these findings have very important therapeutic implications.

The results suggest that treatments designed to prevent the development of the immune complexes observed in the study could be potential therapies for post-COVID neurological symptoms.

This study was supported bythe NINDS Division of Intramural Research (NS003130) and K23NS109284, Roy J. Carver Foundation, and the Iowa Neuroscience Institute.

NINDSis the nations leading funder of research on the brain and nervous system.The mission ofNINDSis to seek fundamental knowledge about the brain and nervous system and to use that knowledge to reduce the burden of neurological disease.

About the National Institutes of Health (NIH):NIH, the nation's medical research agency, includes 27 Institutes and Centers and is a component of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. NIH is the primary federal agency conducting and supporting basic, clinical, and translational medical research, and is investigating the causes, treatments, and cures for both common and rare diseases. For more information about NIH and its programs, visit http://www.nih.gov.

NIHTurning Discovery Into Health

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Small NIH study reveals how immune response triggered by COVID-19 may damage the brain - National Institutes of Health (.gov)

Investigators at Cedars-Sinai have proposed a theory for howSARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, infects the body. Their hypothesis,published inFrontiers in Immunology, could explain why some people still have symptoms long after the initial infection.

Weve put together different pieces of datato create a bigger picture that may explain what causes some peoples immune systems to go haywire, leading to post-acute syndromes, includingmultisystem inflammatory syndrome in children(MIS-C)and long COVID in children and adults, saidMoshe Arditi, MD,executive vice chair of the Department of Pediatrics for Research,part of Cedars-Sinai Guerin Childrens,and senior author of the paper.

MIS-C is a rare but dangerous condition in children that may occur weeks after infection with SARS-CoV-2.Long COVID-19often referred to as long COVIDis a termused to describe a constellation of health problems that some people experience as a result of their infection withSARS-CoV-2. Symptoms can last months or even years.

SARS-CoV-2 is thought to latch on to cells via spikes that exist on the surface of the virus. These spike proteins are comprised of molecular motifs,stretches of amino acids that make a protein. These tiny molecular motifs may have what the scientists call superantigen characteristics, meaning that the immune system can overreact to their presence.

The spike protein, according to the authors, may also have neurotoxic motifs that can cross the blood-brain barrier and damage brain cells. This hypothesis could explain the brain fog and other neurological symptoms associated with COVID-19 and long COVID.

The hypothesis is based on several published studies on COVID-19 and other diseases caused by viruses. One such study by Arditi and his longtime collaboratorIvet Bahar, PhD,was publishedin theProceedings of the National Academy of Sciencesin 2020. Bahar and Arditi created a computer model showing how molecular motifs onthe spike protein interact with immune cells. The superantigen molecular motifs cause the immune cells to release an abundance ofinfection-fighting proteins known as cytokinesthat fight the virus but alsomay mistakenly attack the bodys organs. In children, this may manifest as MIS-C.

Other studies have reported that people with long COVID may carry fragments of the virus in their gut or other parts of their bodies months after initial infection. Continuous exposure to motifs that lodge themselves in different parts of the body and have superantigen-like properties may cause autoimmune symptoms in people with long COVID and MIS-C, according to the authors.

We need to conduct more research to prove if this is indeed the mechanism that causes long COVID so that we can develop treatments to block it,saidMagali Noval Rivas, PhD,an investigator at Cedars-Sinai and first author of the paper.

Arditi,theGUESS?/Fashion Industries Guild Chair in Community Child Healthat Cedars-Sinai who leads theInfectious and Immunologic Diseases Research Center,and colleagues are currently conducting a study in which they are analyzing cerebral spinal fluid samples from people with long COVID symptoms for evidence of neurotoxic motifs.

Rebecca A. Porritt, PhD, assistant professor in the departments of Pediatrics and Biomedical Sciences at Cedars-Sinai, also contributed to this work.

Funding: The study was funded by the National Institutes of Health (award numbersR01AI072726, R01AI072726-10S, GM103712, R01GM139297, R01HL139766 and R01HL159297) the American Heart Association (Career Development Award AHA 20CDA35260258), and the Cedars-Sinai Precision Health Award.

Frontiers in Immunology

Disclaimer: AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert system.

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Hyperactivation of the immune system may cause post-COVID syndromes - EurekAlert

We all know that stress is bad for us, but now researchers have revealed that stress actually accelerates the rate at which our immune system ages. In other words, stress causes premature aging of the immune system.

Stress can be influenced by many factors, including the death of a family member, a relationship breakdown or financial concerns. Research is now suggesting that stress can increase a persons risk of cancer, cardiovascular disease and illness from infections such as COVID-19.

These ground-breaking findings may explain why there are such disparities in age-related health and why some seemingly healthy individuals fared much worse than others during the height of the pandemic.

It is important for another reason too it could also identify possible interventions to prevent avoidable illnesses.

The research was published June in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS).

Lead study author Eric Klopack, a postdoctoral scholar in the USC Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, commented: As the worlds population of older adults increases, understanding disparities in age-related health is essential. Age-related changes in the immune system play a critical role in declining health. This study helps clarify mechanisms involved in accelerated immune aging.

As we age, the immune system begins the process of downgrading. The condition is called immunosenescence. As an older persons immune profile weakens, it includes too many worn-out white blood cells circulating and too few fresh, naive white blood cells ready to take on new invaders.

This process isassociated not only with cancer, but with cardiovascular disease, increased risk of pneumonia, reduced efficacy of vaccines and organ system aging.

USC researchers decided to investigate this very question and see what they could find.

The authors were looking for a connection between lifetime exposure to stress and declining vigour in the immune system.

Bycross-referencing enormous data sets from University of Michigans Health and Retirement Study, a national longitudinal study of the economic, health, marital, family status, and public and private support systems of older Americans, they managed to come to a conclusion.

Researchers analysed responses from a national sample of 5,744 adults over the age of 50 to calculate exposure to various forms of social stress. They assessed respondents experiences with social stress, stressful life events, chronic stress, everyday discrimination and lifetime discrimination to determine their results.

Blood samples from the participants were then analysed through flow cytometry, a lab technique that counts and classifies blood cells as they pass one-by-one in a narrow stream in front of a laser.

As expected, those who achieved a higher stress score also had older-seeming immune profiles, with lower percentages of fresh disease fighters and higher percentages of worn-out white blood cells.

The association between stressful life events and fewer ready to respond, or naive, T cells remained strong even after controlling for education, smoking, drinking, BMI and race or ethnicity.

Undoubtedly some stress is natural, and also impossible to control, but there may be a way of mitigating it, researchers claim.

T-cells, a critical component of immunity, mature in a gland called the thymus, which sits just in front of and above the heart.

As people age, the tissue in their thymus shrinks and is replaced by fatty tissue, resulting in reduced production of immune cells. Past research suggests that this process is accelerated by lifestyle factors like poor diet and low exercise, which are both associated with social stress.

In this study, after statistically controlling for poor diet and low exercise, the connection between stress and accelerated immune aging wasnt as strong, said Klopack. What this means is people who experience more stress tend to have poorer diet and exercise habits, partly explaining why they have more accelerated immune aging.

Additionally, statistically controlling cytomegalovirus (CMV) positivity may also reduce the connection between stress and accelerated immune aging. Widespread CMV vaccination could be a relatively simple and potentially powerful intervention to the immune aging effects of stress.

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Stress accelerates aging of the immune system - Open Access Government

While there is no magic bullet for stress, there are a lot of things you can do to prevent it. Obviously, the goal isnt to get rid of stress completely (thats impossible) but to find ways to minimize and manage it.

Your immune system is the first to suffer when youre stressed about work, family, finance, or current life events. Its also the first to fight viruses unless stress hits. Its ability to fight off infection gets weakened by psychological stress, especially if its chronic. In this post, well explore the effects of stress, highlighting the important line between stress and diet and how nutrition can help us better deal with it.

There are a lot of causes of stress. We might feel stressed because of one situation or one big vent in our life. Or it might be an amalgam of lots of smaller things. More often than not,we may experience stress if we:

No matter the cause, its essential to remember that stress is a natural feeling of not being able to cope with particular events and demands. But if you dont take steps to manage it, stress can become a chronic condition. And because our bodys stress response system shouldnt constantly be in fight or flight mode, the impact of this on well-being and health can be detrimental.

Our immune system is often the most affected by stress. Whenever we feel under pressure, the immune systems ability reduces to fight off stress. That makes us more susceptible to infections or, in most cases, more likely to adopt unhealthy behavioral coping strategies, such as smoking or drinking, just to fight off stress.

Luckily there are many healthier ways you can fight off stress, and you probably already know how to start with the basics: sleep, self-care, management, and sport. But did you know there are some foods that reduce stress levels, too?

Dietitians explain how certain nutrients can help lower your levels of cortisol the hormone responsible for stress. What you eat, therefore, may help stabilize blood sugar or, better yet, your emotional response.

Stress and digestion are two distinct things that often go hand in hand. Stress can affect your appetite (youre either too hungry or not at all) and cause digestive problems likeirritable bowel syndrome.

A growing body of research shows that our brain and gut communicate via body chemicals, which is why stress can exacerbate gastrointestinal symptoms. AUCLA study found that consuming probiotics in yogurt can reduce brain activity in areas that manage emotions, including stress.

While more research is required to confirm the results knowing that yogurt is full of protein and calcium in addition to probiotics, you really cant go wrong by adding it to your daily meals.

Stress causes our anxiety hormones to spikes, such as cortisol and adrenaline. You may counteract the negative effects of these hormones by simply adding more salmon to your diet. One study found that people who consumed omega-3 fatty acids in fish or supplements had a 20% reduction in anxiety.

For example, a 3-ounce slice of cooked wild salmon can have up to 2,000 milligrams of omega-3s, double the dosage recommended by nutritionists for people with heart disease.

Its tempting to choose tacos instead of greens when fed up with work. But going green can help you face and fend off day-to-day challenges much easier.

Leafy vegetables like kale, spinach, cabbage, and microgreens contain folate, which produces the pleasure-inducing chemical known as dopamine. One study found that those who often included green leafy vegetables in their meals had a lower risk of depression symptoms than those who took in the least amount of folate.

Another study found that college students tended to be happier, more energetic, and calmer on days when they consumed more veggies and fruits.

Whats more, adding to your diet certain supplements may help keep your immune system strong when faced with life uncertainties that play havoc with your health both in the short and long term.

The levels of magnesium in the blood can work wonders for our immune systems ability to fight off stress and tackle pathogens. A growing body of research suggests magnesium could play an important role in regulating the bodys response to stress.

Chronic mental or physical stress depletes our body of magnesium, and reduced magnesium levels intensify stress creating a vicious cycle. Magnesium can help regulate our bodys stress-response system, and studies point out that increasing magnesium intake may ease stress, reduce anxiety, and minimize the response to fear.

This mushroom species began gaining attention over the last few decades due to its health benefits. Some early lab studies on Chaga mushrooms found that they can strengthen our immune system and fight cancer, among others.

Chaga contains naturally occurring beta-glucan, a carbohydrate that can improve your immune system. Early research in mice found thatChaga extract may also regulate cytokine production, strengthening the immune systems means of communication by simulating blood cells.

Umpaporn/Shutterstock

B vitamins, such as B1, B2, B3, B6, and B12, can help maintain a healthy nervous system. Thats partly where anxiety relief comes in, which is why you need a strong nervous system to combat the symptoms of stress.

Research shows that theres alink between vitamin B and stress levels. For example, one study found that including a B complex in our diet (a supplement containing a combination of B vitamins) can significantly reduce self-perceived stress.

Although we cant avoid stress entirely, there are a lot of things we can do, like paying more attention to what we eat, exercising, and meditating.

More often than not, the best approach to stress is a combination of different proven stress-relieving strategies.

Mashum Mollah

Mashum Mollah is an entrepreneur, founder, and CEO at BloggerOutreach.io, a blogger outreach agency that drives visibility, engagement, and proven results. He blogs at Blogstellar.

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Fight off Stress With Immune-Boosting Nutrients the right way - Longevity LIVE

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A study revealed that the toxic chemical was 29 to 81 times higher than the prescribed limit.

"Nonylphenol is a toxic chemical and a well-known endocrine disruptor associated with a number of adverse effects on human health. Daily intake of Nonylphenol through drinking water can have adverse health impacts on citizens," said Piyush Mohapatra, Senior Programme Coordinator, Toxics Link.

It is common to use nonylphenol in the production of nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPEs). A variety of consumer products, such as detergents, wetting agents and dispersants, contain NPEs as surfactants.

Upon entering the environment, NPEs break down into nonylphenols, which can enter the soil, water, and other environmental matrices.

"Countries like the US, European Union, Japan and China have already acknowledged the dangers of this chemical and have come up with regulations to phase out its use in many of the products, including detergents, for minimising the risks at the downstream level," Omkar Gaonkar, the programme coordinator of the research, said.

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Toxic chemical that can disrupt reproductive and immune system found in drinking water across country: Report - Times Now

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease where the primary risk factor is age. Its caused by the deterioration of cartilage, a type of tissue that cushions your joints. This results in pain, stiffness, and loss of mobility.

Research into the effect of COVID-19 on osteoarthritis symptoms is still ongoing. However, COVID-19 seems to worsen symptoms of osteoarthritis in some people. This may be due to the increase in system-wide inflammation while your body responds to the virus.

Read on to learn about what we know so far about how COVID-19 and life during the pandemic may impact people with osteoarthritis.

Currently, there is not a large body of evidence suggesting that COVID-19 triggers the onset of osteoarthritis. Research into the potential impact of SARS-CoV-2, the coronavirus that causes COVID-19, on cartilage degeneration or synovial inflammation in joints is still in its early stages.

The SARS-CoV-2 virus causes an inflammatory response in the body. Low grade inflammation of the synovial membrane, which lines your joints (synovitis), has been found to trigger the onset of osteoarthritis.

Data indicates that low grade inflammation can also generate a large number of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which may contribute to cartilage destruction. This could ultimately cause or worsen osteoarthritis. However, a definitive connection between COVID-19, inflammation, and osteoarthritis has not been established in research.

Theres a number of other factors that can worsen osteoarthritis symptoms that arent directly related to SARS-CoV-2 effects on your body. This includes impact due to lifestyle changes during the pandemic, as people have spent more time in quarantine, temporarily lost access to spaces to exercise, and gone out less.

A 2021 review of multiple studies found that people with physical disabilities and chronic conditions became more sedentary during the pandemic. Participation in physical activities that support joint health often lessened due to gym closures and reduced social activity.

Exercises that support muscle strengthening and flexibility have been shown to improve OA symptoms. The inability to enjoy physical pursuits and sports might also lead to weight gain, which can contribute to osteoarthritis severity.

The pandemic has also caused a worsening of mental health conditions and symptoms. Depression and anxiety can increase stress levels and contribute to you forgoing hobbies and activities that can be good for overall well-being and joint health.

Common osteoarthritis symptoms include joint and muscle pain. These are also commonly reported symptoms of COVID-19. Not everyone will experience muscle and joint pain during a case of COVID-19, and those who do often have symptoms temporarily.

COVID-19 has been tentatively linked to worsening osteoarthritis symptoms. It has not been proven to trigger the onset of osteoarthritis. For many people, the muscle and joint pain you experience during your illness is not due to osteoarthritis.

However, 2022 research explains that studies on musculoskeletal pain in people with COVID-19 indicate that these symptoms can persist for 6 months or longer after the initial infection. Some affected people experienced widespread joint and muscle pain throughout the body. Others had pain in specific joints, including the knee, foot, ankle, and shoulder. These areas of the body are also affected by osteoarthritis.

Its hard to know how COVID-19 will continue to impact our daily lives moving forward. Taking care of your overall health is essential, even if this viral infection limits your access to regular hobbies, exercise, or social spaces.

Consider incorporating some of these tips for staying active and engaged during the pandemic:

You and your doctor can continually assess your treatment regimen based on your symptoms. Your doctor may recommend that you see a physical or occupational therapist, particularly if you are unable to exercise at home.

Treatments for OA include:

Having osteoarthritis should not stop you from getting vaccinated against COVID-19.

Vaccinations and booster shots are your best way of reducing your risk for serious or fatal disease. Vaccination may not be advisable for some people who are immunocompromised or who have drug allergies. Reach out to your doctor for vaccine counseling.

Other strategies that reduce your risk of getting or spreading COVID-19 include social distancing and wearing a face mask. Make sure to wear a high quality mask, such as a KN95 or KF94.

In general, avoid crowded areas, prioritizing outdoor gatherings or events with a vaccination or mask requirement. Avoid contact with people who have COVID-19 and follow quarantine measures from your doctor if you contract the virus.

Have rapid home tests on hand for if and when you need them and seek out COVID-19 testing after a possible exposure. COVID-19 Test-to-Treat centers are now an option and may also potentially provide access to anti-viral medications, like Paxlovid, at no cost.

Regular testing, even if you dont have any symptoms, may catch a case of COVID-19 early, helping you take proper quarantine measures. Some cases of the viral infection are asymptomatic, so you may transmit the virus without ever feeling sick.

Both osteoarthritis and COVID-19 can cause muscle and joint pain. Many people who manage these symptoms during a case of COVID-19 will only have to do so temporarily, although some have to manage them for several months.

For people with existing osteoarthritis, COVID-19 may worsen symptoms by increasing systemic inflammation. However, no concrete connection has been made between COVID-19 and osteoarthritis onset or symptom impact, so these findings are tentative, and research is ongoing.

The wide-ranging lifestyle impact of the pandemic has reduced peoples activity levels and increased rates of depression, anxiety, and stress. These factors can also worsen OA symptoms and other chronic conditions.

OA and COVID-19 are both treatable, together and separately.

However, the best way to help ensure you do not contract SARS-CoV-2 and develop COVID-19, and experience its potential impact on your joints is to practice scientifically proven measures for preventing viral transmission. This includes masking, social distancing, and getting vaccinated if eligible.

See more here:
COVID-19 and Osteoarthritis: Potential Connection and Outlook - Healthline

In Functional Medicine, the gut, or gastrointestinal (GI) tract, is often considered the gateway to health. Most of us limit considerations of gut function to eating and nutrition, but as we explore connections with the rest of our body, there is so much more. Important aspects of gut health include barrier function, nutrition, immune balance, the microbiome, and even mental status.

Consider this. The GI tract is like a hollow tube going through our body with an opening on either end. As such, this hollow space (gut lumen) is actually outside our body making it the largest interface with the external environment. Flattening the numerous folds of the gut results in a surface area equal to the size of half a badminton court-about 20x20 feet! The integrity of the gut lining is critical for providing a protective barrier while allowing nourishmentkeeping the bad out and allowing the good in. This is astounding intelligence at work.

The immune system is an integral collaborator with our GI tract. Incredibly, it is estimated that the gut-associated immune system accounts for 70-75% of our entire immune system. It provides an additional vital layer of protection from external environmental threats. At the same time, the interplay between the gut and the immune system influences immune function. Exposures in the gut teach the immune system to tolerate things that are not threatening and to react to things that are potentially harmful. When a healthy gut is working well, the immune system learns for example, that a peanut should be safe and an infectious organism is not.

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We cant talk about gut health without talking about the gut microbiome, the micro-organisms in our GI tract also known as our gut flora. Consisting primarily of bacteria (but also fungi and viruses) our gut microbiome is comprised of approximately a trillion cells (similar to the number of cells making up our body) and contains 100 times more genes than the human genome. The composition of our microbiome (favorable vs. unfavorable organisms) greatly influences the health of our gut and in turn our overall health and vitality. This ecosystem is easily thrown off by such things as dietary choices, toxin exposures and medications we may need to take (think antibiotics).

One of the most fascinating connections to health and well-being is the so called gut-brain axis. This is a bidirectional path of communication between the gut and the brain and is very much influenced by our gut microbiome. Information between brain and gut occurs through nerves (especially the vagus nerve), hormones, metabolic channels and the immune system. These modes of communication allow the brain to influence intestinal activities and the gut to influence mood, cognition, and mental health. Ever experience nausea or sudden diarrhea when stressed? How about making a decision from your gut? This is the gut-brain axis in action.

Gut health can be compromised for many reasons and we dont necessarily experience this as GI symptoms; problems can manifest in skin, brain, joints and more. Thus, when working with my patients, we usually start by assessing gut health often with the aid of specialized testing looking at the microbiome, digestive function, inflammatory markers and more. Many tools are available for healing and optimizing gut health. This effort alone can have a profound impact on ones quality of life.

In upcoming articles, we will take a deeper dive into GI health and associated maladies. In the meantime, consider these first steps with dietgo plant centered with more fiber rich veggies while minimizing processed foods and refined sugars.

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What is Your Gut Telling You? - Shepherd Express

Stanford Medicine researchers have developed a new technique that allowed three children to receive kidney transplants without needing to take immunosuppressant drugs for the rest of their lives.

Its a development that could change the lives of countless people in need of new organs.

The Holy Grail of transplantation is immune tolerance This is ground-breaking, Amit Tevar, surgical director of the Kidney and Pancreas Transplant Program at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, who wasnt involved in the study, told NBC News.

Immunosuppressants leave a transplant recipient at greater risk from infection.

The challenge: For most people, their immune system is a powerful weapon against illness by detecting and attacking foreign invaders in the body, it can stop everything from common colds to potentially deadly infections.

But for people who need organ transplants, the immune system is an obstacle to a healthy life if they dont take immunosuppressant drugs, it will identify their new organ as foreign and attack it, too.

These drugs typically have to be taken for the rest of a transplant recipients life, and while they do help prevent organ rejection, they can have nasty side effects and leave a person at greater risk from infection.

The Stanford team gave each child a new kidney and a new immune system from the same donor.

A two-parter: The three children who received kidney transplants at Stanford have a rare disease called Schimke immuno-osseous dysplasia (SIOD), which affects both their kidney function and their immune systems.

Successfully treating them without immunosuppressants required the Stanford team to perform what it calls a dual immune/solid organ transplant (DISOT) essentially, they gave each child a new kidney and a new immune system from the same donor.

The donated stem cells were processed using a technique designed to prevent a potentially fatal complication.

First, the kids underwent a grueling regimen of chemotherapy, radiation, and immune-suppressing medications to destroy their own immune systems.

Then they received a stem cell transplant from one of their parents. That gave them a functional immune system something they previously lacked due to their disease.

Before transplantation, the donated stem cells were processed using a technique developed by lead author Alice Bertaina to prevent graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). That is a potentially fatal complication in which the new immune cells attack the recipients body.

The children were then given 5 to 10 months to recover from the stem cell transplants before they underwent kidney transplants, with each donated organ coming from the same parent who donated the stem cells.

They are doing everything They are having completely normal lives.

The results: One child experienced a mild case of GVHD that was cleared up with medication. Two received immunosuppressants for just 30 days after the kidney transplants. The third stopped taking them even sooner due to short-term side effects.

Its now been around 2-3 years since the kidney transplants, and all three children are living without any signs of immune disease or organ rejection. They have fully functioning kidneys with no immunosuppressants required.

They are doing everything: They go to school, they go on vacation, they are doing sports, Bertaina said. They are having completely normal lives.

Looking ahead: The Stanford team isnt the first to try transplanting a donors immune system along with a new organ, but in past attempts, patients still ended up needing to use immunosuppressants or were at high risk of developing GVHD.

Bertainas stem cell processing technique appears to be the key to a successful two-transplant combination, and in May 2022, the FDA approved DISOT to treat patients with a variety of conditions related to kidney disease, including SIOD, cystinosis, and systemic lupus.

Thats a challenge, but its not impossible.

The Stanford team now plans to trial the protocol in other patients, including children whose bodies have already rejected kidney transplants. They also plan to investigate its use for other types of transplants, including ones where the organs come from deceased donors.

Thats a challenge, but its not impossible, Bertaina said. Well need three to five years of research to get that working well.

Wed love to hear from you! If you have a comment about this article or if you have a tip for a future Freethink story, please email us at tips@freethink.com.

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How three kids got kidney transplants without immunosuppressants - Freethink

One of the best ways to combat COVID-19 is by understanding how your immune system responds to the virus.

That said, our body's immune system is divided into two separate systems namely, the innate and adaptive (or acquired) immune systems.

Innate immune system is the first line of defense against viruses, which includes barriers like the skin and layers in our throat or gut, chemicals in our blood, and different immune cells.

On the other hand, the adaptive or acquired immune system helps with the production of antibodies and white blood cells to both attack and remember the virus, also known as B cells, which also helps fight off the virus, if it attacks a second time. This type of immune response is slower and may take days or weeks to generate.

There is also something called the T cells, which are also part of your adaptive immune system. Some of these stimulate B cells to make antibodies, while some others eliminate the cells that have been infected by the virus.

With that brief account of how the immune system functions under a virus attack, we can also determine why some people get more sick than others. Those with asymptomatic or mild infections, both innate and adaptive immune responses seem to work as planned and normally, however, in people who develop a more severe form of infection, experts believe it is due to a weakened immune system.

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Coronavirus explainer: Can drinking green tea help with COVID symptoms? - Times of India

The first month of life is the most critical time for a childs survival after birth since they are sensitive to diseases as newborns. Therefore, immunization is highly crucial for the survival of newborns. In addition, timely immunizations limit illness transmission and protect newborns and toddlers from potentially fatal illnesses.

Sustainable Development Goals prioritize reducing the child mortality0020rate to at least as low as 2.5% in all countries by 2030. Furthermore, to build appropriate immunity and decrease susceptibility to disease in newborns, vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs) require an early receipt of the recommended number of doses of a given vaccine.

An extensive immunization program, adequate nutrition, hygiene, and quality baby care products can increase newborn survival and health. In addition, timely care, immunization, and necessary nutritional support eliminate unnecessary stillbirths by increasing access to high-quality antenatal care, skilled birth care, and postnatal care for mothers and newborns.

Unfortunately, due to the Covid-19 pandemic, approximately 23 million children were denied crucial immunizations in 2020, increasing by roughly 4 million over 2019. Conflict, underinvestment in national immunization programmes, vaccine stock-outs, and disease outbreaks such as Covid-19 contribute to the disruption of health systems and limit the sustainable supply of vaccination services. In addition, approximately 42% (9.6 million) of unvaccinated and under-vaccinated babies live in fragile or humanitarian environments, including conflict-affected nations. These are the most vulnerable children to illness outbreaks.

It recommended that all parents follow (CDC) the Centers for Disease Control and Preventions recommended immunization schedule for their children, protecting them from 14 potentially deadly diseases before their second birthday. In addition, doctors must diagnose any life-threatening symptoms in time at the hospitals or at home. Furthermore, the newborns should immediately get referred to the appropriate provider for further diagnosis and care.

In 2022, Indias infant mortality rate will be 26 deaths per 1000 live births, a 3.74 percent decrease from 2021. Pneumonia, diarrhoea, birth abnormalities, and malaria are the leading causes of death from the end of the newborn period until the first five years of life.

Malnutrition is the underlying condition that makes children more sensitive to severe diseases. However, with the increase in approximately 80 percent of hospital deliveries worldwide, there is an excellent potential for delivering necessary infant care and detecting and mitigating high-risk newborns.

Apart from providing ART (Preventive Antiretroviral Treatment) to mothers and newborns to prevent opportunistic infections, doctors and healthcare workers must conduct HIV testing and care for exposed infants and counseling and assistance for moms regarding infant feeding.

So why should all newborns get timely vaccination?

Timely Vaccination Helps Combat Diseases in Infants

The immunization schedule suggested by the CDC is both safe and effective in safeguarding your infant. It focuses on how your newborns immune system reacts to immunizations at different ages and how probable your infant is to get exposed to a specific disease. It ensures that the child receives vaccination against 14 potentially dangerous diseases at the right moment.

Prevent Chronic Health Complications

Delaying immunizations may expose your baby to disease when they are most vulnerable to dangerous illnesses. Newborn infants are most susceptible to severe disease complications. For example, whooping cough may cause a persistent cough for several weeks and can become fatal for some newborns in the first 12 months. Therefore postponing immunizations will expose your infant to infections such as diphtheria when they are most vulnerable, causing severe health complications.

Administering Complete Course of Doses Helps Curb Diseases

Each recommended vaccination get meticulously designed to protect against a specific disease. A few require multiple doses to create strong enough immunity to safeguard your baby or strengthen immunity that has weakened over time. Others require additional vaccination doses to protect your child if the first dose does not create adequate antibodies.

In some cases, the flu virus evolves, and infants need to complete the full flu vaccine every year. Therefore each vaccines prescribed dose on the schedule is critical.

Spreading Diseases To Other

Infants who dont get vaccinated on time are at risk of becoming ill and transferring infections to other babies and adults with weak immune systems. Timely immunization also helps protect and safeguard the health of the newborns friends, family, and community members.

Strengthening The Immune System For Long-Term Protection

The antibodies the mother passes on to your baby before birth can help protect them from ailments in the first few months of life. Breastfeeding protects against several infections while your babys immune system develops. However, breast milk does not create adequate antibodies to protect newborns against all chronic illnesses. What works best is the immune system must finally combat diseases on its own. Vaccines safeguard infants when maternal antibodies have worn off. Parents could only pass on immunity for diseases to their infants, which they are resistant to, which will only protect your infant for the first few months after birth.

Views expressed above are the author's own.

END OF ARTICLE

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Immunization reduces the death rate in newborns - Times of India

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has publishedfour final guidance documents that are part of a comprehensive policy framework to address how the agency plans to support and expedite the development of regenerative medicine products, including human cells, tissues, and cellular and tissue-based products (HCT/Ps). These guidance documents build upon FDAs risk-based, flexible regulatory framework, and underscore the agencys commitment to help bring new and innovative treatment options to patients.

The first two final guidance documents are:

The final guidance on minimal manipulation and homologous use are intended to provide clarity in the determination of whether HCT/Ps are subject to FDAs premarket review requirements. The final guidance on the same surgical procedure exception is intended to provide clarity as to whether an establishment may qualify for an exception from the requirements under Part 1271 by meeting the exception in 21 CFR 1271.15(b).

The FDA also published twofinal guidances intended to aid in the effort to bring innovative, safe, and effective products to patients as efficiently as possible:

Thefinal guidance on expedited programs describes several programs, such as Fast Track designation and Breakthrough Therapy designation, that are available to sponsors of regenerative medicine therapies, and information about the requirements for, and benefits of, the new RMAT designation program that was created by the 21st Century Cures Act. The final device guidance, which FDA is publishing as required by section 3034 of the 21st Century Cures Act, provides the agencys current thinking about concepts related to the evaluation of devices used in the recovery, isolation and delivery of RMATs.

05/21/2019

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Framework for the Regulation of Regenerative Medicine Products

CHARLOTTE, NC, July 08, 2022 /24-7PressRelease/ An estimated 30 million Americans suffer from osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis or degenerative arthritis is the most common type of arthritis. Its a painful, often debilitating, a condition caused when the cartilage or cushion between our joints breaks down, leaving bone to rub on bone. Osteoarthritis is a leading cause of hospitalization, resulting in over 600,000 joint replacement surgeries annually.

Baby boomers want to stay active, but there is an added factor to developing osteoarthritis from prior injuries. You have an increased risk of developing arthritis from injuries, such as a cartilage tear in the knee, even minor ones, in your 20s or 30s.

Once osteoarthritis sets in, common treatments include over-the-counter pain relievers, prescription medications, physical therapy, or chiropractic adjustmentsnone help improve the joints quality. When the pain gets too great, the last option is joint replacement.

For years, orthopedic surgeons have used regenerative medicine, such as Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP), to help patients recover faster. As the field of regenerative medicine has grown, experienced physicians are emerging.

Dr. James Altizer, MD, is a board-certified medical doctor who has performed thousands of stem cell and PRP procedures since January 2016, making him the most experienced doctor in the Carolinas.

Osteoarthritis and Regenerative Medicine Treatment

Typically, traditional osteoarthritis treatment aims to control the symptoms and cover up the pain until its too late to save the joint. Dr. Altizer treats underlying arthritis by stimulating the bodys natural healing process using regenerative medicine.

Regenerative medicine deals with the process of replacing or regenerating human cells or tissues to restore normal function naturally. This new therapeutic strategy helps prevent osteoarthritis from advancing by stimulating tissue regeneration in the joints and reducing inflammation, which leads to a significant reduction in pain and improved physical activity levels.

At Neogenix, a leading regenerative medicine provider, we treat the patient, not just the pain. Our team provides a personalized treatment plan to improve the lives of those suffering from osteoarthritis using natural regenerative therapies. The first step is where we get to know the patient and give a thorough assessment to determine the root cause of their pain.

We are at a tipping point in medicine when it comes to using our bodies to heal ourselves, says Dr. Altizer. Our patients see a significant reduction in their arthritis pain level and improvement in overall function, which can prolong their active lifestyle for many years.

If you are suffering from arthritis pain and want to put off future joint replacement surgery, schedule a consultation with Dr. Altizer. Find out now if regenerative medicine can help repair tissue damage in your joints.

ABOUT NEOGENIXNeogenix has been a leading regenerative medicine provider in the Carolinas since 2020. Dr. James Altizer, MD, is a board-certified medical doctor who has performed thousands of stem cell and growth factor procedures since January 2016, making him the most experienced doctor in the Carolinas. These powerful, all-natural treatments regenerate and heal damaged tissues to get you back to living the life you deserve. They offer realistic assessments, not false hope or high-pressure sales tactics. Patients experience little to no downtime, and these all-natural, non-surgical treatments carry none of the potentially life-threatening risks of surgery.

Press release service and press release distribution provided by http://www.24-7pressrelease.com

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Regenerative Medicine is an Early Treatment for Osteoarthritis - Digital Journal

Privately-held UK-based company Mogrify and Japanese drugmaker Astellas (TYO: 4503) have signed a collaborative research agreement on in vivo regenerative medicine approaches to address sensorineural hearing loss.

Using Mogrifys proprietary direct cellular reprogramming platform, the collaboration will seek to identify novel combinations of transcription factors involved in cell differentiation to generate new cochlear hair cells.

As part of the

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Mogrify and Astellas link up on regenerative medicine approaches in sensorineural hearing loss - The Pharma Letter

Dublin, July 06, 2022 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- The "Stem Cell Assays Market by Type (Viability, Proliferation, Differentiation, Apoptosis), Cell Type (Mesenchymal, iPSCs, HSCs, hESCs), Product & Service (Instrument), Application (Regenerative Medicine, Clinical Research), End User - Global Forecast to 2027" report has been added to ResearchAndMarkets.com's offering.

The stem cell assay market is projected to reach USD 4.5 Billion by 2027 from USD 1.9 Billion in 2022, at a CAGR of 17.7% during the forecast period.

The growth of the market is projected to be driven by collaborations and agreements among market players for stem cell assay products & services, the launch of new stem cell analysis systems such as flow cytometers, and increase in R&D expenditure by biopharmaceutical and biotechnology companies.The viability/cytotoxicity assays accounted for the largest share of the type segment in the stem cell assays market in 2021Cell viability assays help to determine the number of live and dead cells in a culture medium. The viability/cytotoxicity assays include various types such as tetrazolium reduction assays, resazurin cell viability assays, calcein-AM cell viability assays, and other viability/cytotoxicity assays. The cell viability/cytotoxicity market is likely to be driven by rising R&D spending on stem cell research, an increase in demand for stem cell assays in drug discovery, and development of new stem cell therapies..The adult stem cells segment accounted for the largest share of the cell type segment in the stem cell assays market in 2021.Adult stem cells account for the largest share of the stem cell assay market. The adult stem cells include mesenchymal stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, hematopoietic stem cells, umbilical cord stem cells, and neural stem cells. The growth of the adult stems cells segment is driven by the increasing usage of adult stem cells in regenerative medicine and the development of advanced therapies.Asia Pacific: The fastest-growing region in the stem cell assays marketThe Asia Pacific is estimated to be the fastest-growing segment of the market, owing to the rising prevalence of cancer & other diseases, increasing R&D spending on biopharmaceutical projects, and focus on developing stem cell-based therapies. In this region, China and Japan are the largest markets.

Key Topics Covered:

1 Introduction

2 Research Methodology

3 Executive Summary

4 Premium Insights4.1 Stem Cell Assays Market Overview4.2 North America: Stem Cell Assays Market, by Product & Service and Country (2021)4.3 Stem Cell Assays Market Share, by Type, 2022 Vs. 20274.4 Stem Cell Assays Market Share, by Application, 20214.5 Stem Cell Assays Market: Geographic Growth Opportunities

5 Market Overview5.1 Introduction5.2 Market Dynamics5.2.1 Drivers5.2.1.1 Increasing Awareness About Therapeutic Potency of Stem Cells5.2.1.2 Increasing Funding for Stem Cell Research5.2.1.3 Rising Demand for Cell-Based Assays in Drug Discovery5.2.1.4 Collaborations and Agreements Among Market Players for Stem Cell Assay Products & Services5.2.1.5 Rising Incidence of Cancer5.2.2 Restraints5.2.2.1 Issues in Embryonic Stem Cell Research5.2.2.2 High Cost of Stem Cell Analysis Instruments5.2.3 Opportunities5.2.3.1 Emerging Economies5.2.3.2 Government Initiatives to Boost Stem Cell Research5.2.4 Challenges5.2.4.1 Lack of Infrastructure for Stem Cell Research in Emerging Economies5.2.4.2 Dearth of Trained and Skilled Professionals5.3 Ranges/Scenarios5.4 Impact of COVID-19 on Stem Cell Assays Market5.5 Trends/Disruptions Impacting Customers' Business5.6 Pricing Analysis5.6.1 Average Selling Prices of Products Offered by Key Players5.6.2 Average Selling Price Trend5.7 Technology Analysis

6 Stem Cell Assays Market, by Type6.1 Introduction6.2 Viability/Cytotoxicity Assays6.3 Isolation & Purification Assays6.4 Cell Identification Assays6.5 Proliferation Assays6.6 Differentiation Assays6.7 Function Assays6.8 Apoptosis Assays

7 Stem Cell Assays Market, by Cell Type7.1 Introduction7.2 Adult Stem Cells7.3 Human Embryonic Stem Cells

8 Stem Cell Assays Market, by Product & Service8.1 Introduction8.2 Instruments8.3 Kits8.4 Services

9 Stem Cell Assays Market, by Application9.1 Introduction9.2 Regenerative Medicine & Therapy Development9.3 Drug Discovery & Development9.4 Clinical Research

10 Stem Cell Assays Market, by End-User

11 Stem Cell Assays Market, by Region

12 Competitive Landscape

13 Company Profiles

Companies Mentioned

For more information about this report visit https://www.researchandmarkets.com/r/2i79h7

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Global Stem Cell Assays Market Projected to Reach $4.5 Billion by 2027 - GlobeNewswire

Diabetes is nothing less than a pandemic as according to the World Health Organization, about 422 million people have diabetes worldwide. High blood sugar levels affect different organs and tissues of the body leading to a compromised quality of life for example, you might have experienced or heard of tingling sensation, numbness, or pain in the legs/feet of patients with diabetes which as per the health experts, occur due to nerve and blood circulation-related problems caused by the negative effects of high glucose levels on cells and tissues.

Foot-related problems occur commonly in patients with diabetes like if we hurt our toe/foot and have an open wound or cut, the nerve endings from the affected part send signals to the brain and cause pain. In case a person with uncontrolled and long-standing diabetes, the sensation of pain may not be transmitted properly due to nerve issues, leading to the patient ignoring the problem and in such cases, even a small cut can progress to a large size wound (as we know wound healing is affected in diabetic patients).

Infection can spread from the feet through the blood to other parts of the body as well and in the feet specifically, increased severity of the issue can lead to gangrene, ultimately necessitating amputation of the toes/foot. It is therefore important to look out for issues such as cuts, bruises, red spots, warm areas, swelling, blisters, corn, etc. in the feet to identify any issue at the earliest and initiate treatment.

From an advanced treatment perspective, Dr Pradeep Mahajan, Regenerative Medicine Researcher at Navi Mumbai's StemRx Bioscience Solutions Pvt Ltd, talked about regenerative medicine for diabetic foot in an interview with HT Lifestyle. He explained, Regenerative medicine is about using biological molecules to enhance the healing potential of the body. These molecules are cells, growth factors, exosomes, peptides, all of which function to enhance the function of other cells in the body, reduce inflammation, regulate the immune system, provide a constant pool of healthy cells, and clear tissue damage, among other functions.

He highlighted that the treatment for diabetic foot includes a combination of mesenchymal stem cells, growth factors that improve nerve health and blood vessel formation, oxygen therapy, as well as allied stimulation-based treatments. He said, We have seen successful outcomes in diabetic foot conditions following cell-based therapy. Patients experience relief from abnormal sensations in the feet, better wound healing and pain along with better control of diabetes.

Dr Mahajan added, When we target the pathology, we get more definitive treatment outcomes. Our patients with diabetic foot do not progress to develop gangrene. In fact, they even achieve better control of blood glucose levels, which prevents further complication and improves their quality of life. The key is a regenerative (not symptomatic) treatment along with lifestyle modifications.

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Diabetic foot treatment: Here's all you need to know about stem cell therapy - Hindustan Times

Introduction

Stem cells are highly specialized cell types with an impressive ability to self-renew, able to transform into one or even more specific cell types that play a significant role in the regulation and tissue healing process.17 To self-renew, a stem divides into two identical daughter stem cells and a progenitor cell and the embryonic and adult cells contain stem cells.1,2,8

Curing patients with serious medical conditions has been the focus of all disciplines of medical research for many years. Stem cell treatment has evolved into a highly exciting and progressed field of scientific research. Major advances have recently been introduced in fundamental and translational stem-cell-based treatment studies. As stem cell research progressed, many therapeutic options were investigated. The development of therapeutic procedures has sparked a great deal of interest.1,9 Humanity has known for many years that it is possible to regenerate lost tissue. Recently, the regenerative medicine research has taken hold, defying the tremendous scientific advances in the molecular biology sciences only. Technological advances provide limitless opportunities for transformational and potentially restorative therapies for many of humanitys most illnesses. A variety of human organs have successfully yielded stem cells. Besides this, the cell therapy is rapidly bringing good advancements in the healthcare system, intending to restore and possibly replace injured tissue, as well as organs, and ultimately restore the functional capacity of the body.2,10,11

The stem cells can be obtained from various sources of Adult (Adult body tissues), Embryonic (Embryos), Mesenchyma (Connective tissue or stroma), and Induced pluripotent stem [ips] cells (Skin cells or tissue-specific cells).3,68,1215

Due to various stem cells cellular characteristics, the therapeutic clinical possibilities of stem-cell-based treatment are considered promising. These cells can regrow and restore various types of body tissues, for this reason, they are recognized as precursor cells to all kinds of cells.15 The following are the distinguishing features: 1. Self-renewal- Divide without distinction to generate an infinite supply, 2. Multi-potency- One mature cell may distinguish more than one, 3. Pluripotency- Create all sorts of cells except for embryonic membrane cells, 4. Toti- potency- Produce various sorts of cells, including embryonic stem cells.1,2,6,7,16

Stem cells are essential human cells that really can self-renew and make a distinction into particular mature cell types.3,6 The different types of stem cells are embryonic, induced pluripotent, and adult kind of cell types. They all share the important feature of self-renewal, and the ability to discern themselves. It should be mentioned that, the stem cells are not homogeneous, but instead appear in a progressive order. Totipotent stem cells are the most basic and immature stem cells. The above cells can form a complete embryo and also extra-embryonic tissue. This one-of-a-kind efficiency is only present for a short period, starting with ovum development and completing whenever the embryo achieves the 4 to 8 cell phases. Having followed that, cells that divide until they approach the blastocyst, about which point they end up losing their totipotency and acquire a pluripotent character trait, at which cells can only distinguish through each embryonic germ stack. After a few divisions, the pluripotency character trait starts to fade and the distinguishing ability has become more lineage constrained, where its cells are becoming multipotent, indicating they could only transform into the cells connected to a cell or tissue of origin.10 Many researchers believe that adult stem cells should be used in stem cell therapies.6,17

The stem cells can be transformed into a wide range of specialized functional cell types.3,18 In response to injury or maturation, those same stem cells can propagate in massive quantities.19 Adult, embryonic, and induced pluripotent stem cells are examples of stem cell-based therapies.14,15,1921 The stem cells, due to their capability to distinguish the specific cell types requisite for a diseased tissue regeneration, can provide an effective solution, while tissue and organ transplantation are considered necessary.10 The sophistication of stem cell-based treatment interventions, on the other hand, probably leads researchers to seek stable, credible, and readily available stem cell sources capable of converting into numerous lineages. As an outcome, it is critical to exercise caution when selecting the type of stem cells to be used in therapeutic trials.12,14,22

Only with the explosive growth of basic stem cell research in recent years, the comparatively recent study sector of Translational Research had also grown exponentially, starting to build on major research knowledge and insight to advance new therapies. Once the necessary regulatory clearances have been obtained, the clinical translation process can start. Translational research is important because it acts as a filtration system, ensuring that only safe and effective therapeutic approaches start making it to the clinic.23 Recent research illustrating, the successful application of stem cell transplantation to patient populations suggests that, such restorative approaches have been used to address a wide variety of complicated ailments of future concerns.19,24

Currently, clinical trials are available for a variety of stem cell-based treatments based on adult stem cells. To date, the WHO International Clinical Experiments Registration process has recorded more than 3000 experiments involved based on adult stem cells. Furthermore, preliminary trials involving novel and intriguing pluripotent stem cell therapies have been registered. These studies findings will assist the ability to comprehend and the timeframes required to obtain effective treatments and it will contribute to a better knowledge of the different disorders or abnormalities.10

The role of stem cells in modern medicine is vital, both for their widespread application in basic research and for the opportunities they provide for developing new therapeutic strategies in clinical practice.6,16 In recent times, the number of studies involving stem cells has expanded tremendously. Globally, thousands of studies claiming to use stem cells in experimental therapies have now been in the investigation field. This may give the impression that such treatments have already been shown to be extremely effective in the context of healthcare. Despite some promising results, the vast majority of stem cell-based therapeutic applications are still in the experimental stage itself.6,25

The stem cells are a valuable resource for understanding organogenesis as well as the bodys continual regenerative capacity. These cells have brought up enormous anticipations among doctors, investigators, patients, and the public at large because of their ability to distinguish into a variety of cell types.25 These cells are necessary for living beings for a variety of reasons and can play a distinguishable role. Several stem cells can play all cell types roles, and when stimulated effectively, they can also repair damaged tissue. This capability has the potential to save lives as well as treat human injuries and tissue destruction. Moreover, different kinds of stem cells could be used for several purposes, including tissue formation, cell deficiency therapeutic interventions, and stem cell donation or retrieval.3,6,26

New research demonstrating that the successful application of stem cell treatments to patients has expressed hope that such regenerative strategies might very well one day is being used to address a wide variety of problematic ailments. Furthermore, clinical trials incorporating stem cell-based therapeutics have advanced at an alarming rate in recent years. Some of these studies had a significant impact on a wide range of medical conditions.10 As a regenerative medicine strategy, cell-based treatment is widely regarded as the most fascinating field of study in advanced science and medicine. Such technological innovation paves the way for an infinite number of transformational and potentially curable solutions to some of humanitys most pressing survival issues. Moreover, it is gradually becoming the next major concern in medical services.11

Modern data, which shows that the successful stem cell transplantation in beneficiaries has raised hopes on the certain rejuvenating approaches, will one day be used to treat many different types of challenging chronic conditions.24 Preliminary data from highly innovative investigations have documented that the prospective advancement of stem cells provides a wide range of life-threatening ailments that have so far eluded current medical therapy.2,10,11 Furthermore, clinical trials involving stem cell-based therapies have advanced at an unprecedented rate. Many of these studies had a significant impact on various disorders.19 Despite the increasing significance of articles concerning viable stem cell-based treatments, the vast majority of clinical experiments have still yet to receive full authorization for stem cell treatments confirmation.11,12,27

Even though the first case of AIDS were noted nearly 27 years ago, and the etiologic agent was noticed 25 years ago, still for the effective control of the AIDS pandemic continues to remain elusive.28 The HIV epidemic started in 1981 when a new virus syndrome defined by a weakened immune system was revealed in human populations across the globe. AIDS showed up to have a substantial reduction in CD4+ cell counts and also elevated B-cell multiplication.15,2831

The agent that causes AIDS, later named HIV, is a retroviral disease with a genomic structural system made up of 2 identical single-stranded RNA particles.3234 According to the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, with over 1.1 million Americans are presently infected with the virus.31 Compromised immune processes in HIV and AIDS, as well as partial immune restoration, barriers are confirmed for HIV disease eradication. Innovative developmental strategies are essential to maximizing virus protection and enabling the host immune response to eliminate the virus.35

The progression of HIV infection in humans is divided into the following stages of acute infection, chronic infection, and AIDS.15,36 During the acute infection phase, the circulation has a high viral replication, is extremely infectious, that may or may not demonstrate flu-like clinical signs. In the chronic stage, the viral load is lesser than in the acute stage, and individuals are still infectious but may be symptomless. The patient has come to the end stage of AIDS whenever the CD4+ cell count begins to fall below 200 cells/mm or even when opportunistic infections are advanced.15,36

There are currently two types of HIV isolated HIV-1 and HIV-2.15,37,38 However, HIV-1 is the most common cause of AIDS throughout the world, while HIV-2 is only found in a few areas of an African country. Although both virions can cause AIDS, HIV-2 infection is much more likely to occur in central nervous system disorder.15 Besides this, HIV-2 seems to be less infectious than HIV-1, and HIV-2 infection induces AIDS to develop more slowly. Even though both HIV-1 and HIV-2 have a comparable genetic structure comprised of group-specific antigen, polymerase, and envelope genes, their genome organizational structures are differed.15,3739

HIV infiltrates immune cell types, CD4+ T cell types, and monocytes, resulting in a drop in T-cell counts below a critical level and the failure of cell-mediated immune function.15,40 The glycoprotein (gp120) observed in the virion envelope comes into contact with the CD4 particle with high affinity, allowing HIV to infect T cells. By interacting with their co-receptors, CXCR4 and CCR5, the virus infiltrates T cells and monocytes. The retrovirus uses reverse transcriptase to convert its RNA into DNA after attaching it to and entering the host cell. These newly replicated DNA copies then exit the host cell and infect other cells.15,40,41

HIV-1 is a retrovirus and belongs to a subset of retroviruses known as lentiviruses.38,42 Infection is the most common global health concern around the world.15 It has destroyed the millions of peoples health and continues to wreak havoc on the individual health of millions more. The pandemic of HIV-1 is the most devastating plague in the history of humans, as well as a significant challenge in the areas of medicine, public health, and biological science of research activities.34,43 Antiretroviral therapy is the only treatment that is commonly used. This is not a curative treatment; it must be used for the rest of ones life.15 Although antiretroviral therapy has reduced significantly HIV intensity and transmission, the virus has not been eradicated, and its continued presence can lead to additional health issues.44

Infection with the human immunodeficiency virus necessitates entry into target cells, such as through adhesion of the viral envelope to CD4 receptor sites.43 Cellular antiviral responses fail to eliminate the virus, resulting in a gradual depletion of CD4+ T cells and, finally, a severely compromised immune functioning system. Unfortunately, there is no cure for the virus that destroys immunity.4447 In advanced HIV infection, memory T-cell depletion primarily affects cellular and adaptive immune responses, with a minor impact on innate immune responses.48 Globally, 37.7 million people were living with HIV in 2020, and with 1.5 million individuals are infected with the virus.49 The advancement of stem cell therapy and the conduct of implemented clinical trials have revealed that stem cell treatment has high hopes for a range of medical conditions and implementations.15

Stem cell treatment has shown impressive outcomes in HIV management and has the potential to have significant implications for HIV treatment and prevention in the future. In HIV patients, stem cell therapy helps to suppress the viral load even while enabling antiretroviral regimens to be tapered. Interestingly, this practice led to a significant improvement in procedure outcomes soon after starting antiretroviral treatment.15 Stem cell transplantation can alleviate a wide variety of diseases that are currently incurable. They could also be used to create a novel anti-infection therapy strategic plan and to enhance the treatment of immunologic conditions such as HIV infection. HIV wreaks havoc on immune system cells.30,50

The virus infects and replicates within T-helper cells (T-cells), which are white immune system cells. T-cells are also referred to as CD4 cells. HIV weakens a persons immune system over time by pulverizing more CD4 cells and multiplying itself. More pertinently, if the individual has been unable to obtain anti-retroviral medicine, he will progressively fail to control the infectious disease and illnesses.3,15,42

Despite 36 years of scientific research, investigators are still trying to cure human HIV and its potential problem, AIDS.3,5153 HIV continues to face unconquerable dangers to human survival. This virus has developed the potential to avoid anti-retroviral therapy and tends to result in victim death.52 Investigators are still looking for effective and all-encompassing treatment for HIV and its complexity, AIDS.54 This massive amount of data revealed potential AIDS treatment targets.55 Thousands of research projects have yielded a great deal of information on the elusive AIDS life cycle to date.5456 These massive amounts of data supplied possible targets for AIDS treatment.33,55,56 In HIV-infected patients, using stem cell therapy can augment the process of keeping the viral load stagnant by permitting antiretroviral regimens to be tapered.15

Overall, stem cell-based strategies for HIV and AIDS treatment have recently emerged and have become a key area of research. Ideally, effective stem cell-based therapeutic approaches might have several benefits.30 Clinical studies encompassing stem cell therapy have shown substantial therapeutic effects in the treatment of various autoimmune, degenerative, and genetic problems.15,25 Substantial progress has been developed in the treatment of HIV infection using stem cell-based techniques.30

Successfully treated, clinical studies have shown that total tissue recovery is feasible.15,57 In the early 1980s, the first stem cell transplants were accomplished on HIV-positive patients who were unsure of their viral disease. Following the above preliminary aspects, many HIV-positive patients with concurrent malignant tumours or other hematologic disorders underwent allogeneic stem cell transplantation around the world.42 After ART became a common treatment option for patients,58,59 the procedures prognosis improved dramatically. In addition, a retrospective study of 111 HIV+ transplant patients demonstrated a mildly lower overall survivorship performance in comparison to an HIV-uninfected comparison group.60

Earlier, the primary problem for people living with HIV and AIDS was immunodeficiency caused by a loss of productive T-cells. Some clinicians intended to replenish lost lymphocytes through adoptive cell transplants in the initial days before efficacious antiretroviral therapy options were available. Immunologically, it is relatively simple in an isogeneic condition, as illustrated on HIV-positive individuals with just a correlating identical twin who received T-lymphocytes and stem cell transfusions to rebuild the weak immune status of the patient.60 Cell therapy transfusion may be used to remove resting virion genomes from CD4+ immune cells and macrophages mostly through genome-editing or cytotoxic anti-viral cells.15,60 Cell technology and stem cell biological reprogramming developments have made a significant contribution to novel strategies that may give confidence to HIV healing process.3 However, human embryonic stem cells can be distinguished into significant HIV target cells, according to several research findings.30,61,62

Initially, stem cell transplantation was believed to influence the clinical significance of HIV infection, but viral regulation was not accomplished in the discipline. Moreover, improvements in stem cell transplants utilizing synthetic or natural resistant cell resources, in combination with novel genetic manipulative tactics or the advancement of cytotoxic anti-HIV effector cells, have significantly accelerated this sector of HIV cell management.60 Multiple techniques are being introduced to overcome HIV, either through protecting cells from infectious disease or by continuing to increase immune responses to the viral infection.30 The various methods are as follows: Bone marrow stem cells Therapies, Autologous stem cell transplantations, Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, Genetical modifications of Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCT), HSCT and HAART therapeutic approach, Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell transplantation, Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) applications, CCR5 Delta32/Delta32 Stem-Cell Transplantation, CRISPR and stem cell applications, Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells applications.

According to the findings, circulating replicative HIV remains the most significant threat to effective AIDS therapy. As a result, a method for conferring resistance to circulating HIV particles is required. The effective viral burden in the human body would be significantly reduced if it were possible to defeat reproducing HIV particles.43,44 For the treatment of AIDS, a restorative approach that relies on bone marrow stem cells has been suggested.52 The proposed treatment method captures and eventually destroys circulating HIVs using receptor-integrated red blood cells. Red blood cell membranes can be equipped with the CD4 receptor and the C-C chemokine receptor type 5 and C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 co-receptors, which will selectively bind circulating HIV particles.15,30,32,33,43,44,46,6365

The term autologous pertains to blood-forming stem cells obtained from the patient for use as a source of fresh blood cells followed by high-dose chemotherapeutic agents.66 Lymphoma is still the biggest cause of mortality in HIV patients. Autologous stem cell recovery or transplantation with high-dose treatments has long been supported as a treatment for certain types of cancer in HIV-negative patients, including leukaemia and lymphoma. Individuals over the age of 65, as well as those with health problems such as HIV, were excluded from initial transfusion experiments. Moreover, the treatment regimen mortality of transplantation has also been reduced significantly due to its use of peripheral blood stem cells rather than bone marrow and the use of newer marginal conditioning therapeutic strategies. HIV-infected clients may be able to utilize enough stem cells for an autologous transplant advancement in HIV management. High-dose Autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT) treatments are better than conventional treatment in people with relapsed non-Hodgkin lymphoma, according to randomized trial evidence. Similarly, studies on HIV-negative people with Hodgkin Lymphoma have shown that ASCT would provide patients with repetitive illness with long-term progression-free survival.66,67 Even so, the clinical trial on Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplant for HIV Patients with Hematologic Malignancies report was explained as, the cell-associated HIV DNA and inducible infectious virus were not detectable in the blood of patients who attained complete chimerism.68

The study on long-term multilineage engraftment of autologous genome-edited hematopoietic stem cells in nonhuman primates report findings was Genome editing in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) is a potential innovative approach for the treatment of numerous human disorders. This report shows that genome-edited HSPCs engraft and contribute to multilineage repopulation following autologous transplantation in a clinically relevant large animal model, which is an important step toward developing stem cell-based genome-editing therapeutics for HIV and possibly other illnesses.69

Research on comprehensive virologic and immune interpretation in an HIV-infected participant again just after allogeneic transfusion and analytical interruption of antiretroviral treatment findings are the instance of HIV-1 cure having followed allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT), resulting allo-SCTs in HIV-1 positive participants have failed to cure the disease. It describes adjustments in the HIV reservoir in a single chronically HIV-infected client who had undergone allo-SCT for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia treatment and was obtaining suppressive antiretroviral treatment.

To estimate the size of the HIV-1 reservoir and describe viral phylogenetic and phenotypic modifications in immune cells, the investigators just used leukapheresis to obtain peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from a 55-year-old man with chronic HIV infection prior and after allo-SCT. Once HIV-1 was found to be unrecognizable by numerous tests, including the PCR measurement techniques both of overall and fully integrated HIV-1 DNA, recompilation virus precise measurement by significant cell input quantifiable viral outgrowth assay, and in situ hybridization of intestine tissue, the client accepted to an analytic treatment interruption (ATI) with recurrent clinical observing on day 784 post-transplantation. He continued to remain aviremic off ART until ATI day 288, once a reduced virus rebound of 60 HIV-1 copies/mL resulted, which expanded to 1640 HIV-1 copies/mL five days later, urging ART reinitiation. Rebounding serum HIV-1 action sequences were phylogenetically distinguishable from pro-viral HIV-1 DNA discovered in circulating PBMCs before transplantation. It was indicated that allo-SCT tends to result in significant reductions in the magnitude of the HIV-1 reservoir and a >9-month ART-free cessation from HIV-1 multiplication.34

The Impact of HIV Infection on Transplant Outcomes after Autologous Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Transplantation: A Retrospective Study of Japanese Registry Data reported as ASCT is a successful treatment option for HIV-positive patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma and multiple myeloma (MM). HIV infection was associated with an increased risk of overall mortality and relapse after ASCT for NHL in a study population.70

The procedure of delivering hematopoietic stem cells mostly through intravenous infusion to restore normal haematopoiesis or treat cancer is known as hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.71 There has recently been a rise in the desire to develop strategies for treating HIV/AIDS diseases employing human hematopoietic stem cells,30 along with this Hutter and Zaia were evaluated the background of Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in HIV-infected individuals.42

Attempts to use HSCT as a technique for immunologic restoration in AIDS patients or as a therapeutic intervention for malignant tumours were initially insufficient. Regretfully, in the absence of sufficient ART, HSCT seemed to have no impact on the evolution of HIV infection, and the majority of the patients ended up dead of rapidly deteriorating immunosuppression or reoccurring lymphoma or leukaemia. A specific instance report described how an un-associated, matched donor supplied allogeneic HSCT to a patient with refractory lymphoma. The virus was unrecognizable by isolating or PCR of peripheral blood mononuclear cells commencing on day 32 after transplantation. Although HIV-1 was unrecognizable by cultural environment or PCR of several tissues examined at mortem, the patient died of recurring lymphoma on day 47. Another client who obtained both allogeneic HSCT and zidovudine had similar results, with HIV-1 becoming unnoticeable in the blood by PCR analysis. In some other particular instances, a 25-year-old woman with AIDS who obtained an allogeneic HSCT from a corresponding, unfamiliar donor after controlling with busulfan and cyclophosphamide and ART with zidovudine and IFN-2 regimen continued to live for 10 months before falling victim to adult respiratory distress. However, PCR testing of autopsy tissues revealed that they were HIV-1 negative.72

Recent research discovered significant progress towards the clinical application of stem cell-based HIV therapeutic interventions, principally illustrating the opportunity to effectively undertake a large-scale phase two HSC-based gene therapy experiment. In this investigation, the research team used autologous adult HSCs that had been transduced to a retroviral vector that usually contains a tat-vpr-specific anti-HIV ribozyme to develop cells that were less vulnerable to productive infection,73 whereas vector-containing cells have been discovered for extended periods (more than 100 weeks in most people) and CD4+ T cell gets counted were significantly high within anti-HIV ribozyme treating people group compared with the placebo group, the impacts on viral loads were minimal. The studys success, even so, is based on the realization that a stem cell-based strategy like this is being used as a more conventional and efficacious therapeutic approach.30 Some other latest clinical studies used a multi-pronged RNA-based strategic plan which included a CCR5-targeted ribozyme, an shRNA targeting tat/rev transcripts, and a TAR segment decoy.74

These crucial research findings are explained on lentiviral-based gene therapy vectors that can genetically manipulate both dividing and non-dividing HSCs and are less likely to cause cellular changes than murine retro-viral-based vectors. Long-term engraftment and multipotential haematopoiesis have been demonstrated in vector-containing and expressing cells, according to the researchers. Whereas the antiviral effectiveness was not reviewed, the results demonstrate the strategys protection, which helps to expand well for the possibility of a lentiviral-based approach in the upcoming years.30

A further approach, with a different emphasis, has been started up in the hopes of trying to direct immune function to target specific HIV to overcome barriers to attempting to clear the virus from the patient's body. These strategies use gene treatment innovations on peripheral blood cells to biologically modify cells so that they assert a receptor or chimeric particle that enables them to especially target a specific viral antigen,75 deception of HIV-infected peoples peripheral blood T cells raises issues to be addressed, such as the effects of ongoing HIV infection and ex vivo modification on the capabilities and lifetime of peripheral blood cells. Further to that, the above genetically manipulated cells would demonstrate their endogenous T cell receptors, and the representation of the newly introduced receptor could outcome in cross-receptor pairing, resulting in self-reactive T cells. Most of these deficiencies could be countered by enabling specific developmental strategies to take place that can start generating huge numbers of HIV-specific cells in a renewable, consistent way that can restore defective natural immune activity against HIV.30

One strategy being recognized is the application of B cells obtained from HSCs to demonstrate anti-HIV neutralizing specific antibodies. While animal studies have shown that neutralizing antibodies could protect against infection, and extensively neutralizing antibodies have been noticed in some HIV-infected persons, safety from a single engineered antibody might be exceptional.76,77 Realizing antibody binding and virus neutralization may assist in the development of chimeric receptors or single-chain therapeutic antibodies with recognition domains for other techniques that identify cellular immunity against HIV-infected cells.78,79 Thereby, genetically modifying HSCs to generate B cells that produce neutralizing anti-HIV specific antibodies, or engineering HSCs to enable multipotential haematopoiesis of cells that express a chimeric cellular receptor usually contains an antibody recognition domain, indicate one arm of an HSC-based engineered immunity process.30

A further technique of using HSCs that were genetically altered with molecularly cloned T-cell receptors or chimeric molecules particular to HIV to yield antigen-specific T cells. The basic difference in this strategy is that the cells produced from HSCs after standard advancement in the bone marrow and thymus are made subject to normal central tolerance modalities and are antigen-specific naive cells, and therefore do not have the ex-vivo manipulation and impaired functioning or exhaustion problems that other external cell modification methods would have. In this context, the latest actual evidence research using a molecularly cloned T cell receptor particular to an HIV-1 Gag epitope in the aspect of HLA-A*0201 revealed that HSC altered in this ability can progress into fully functioning, mature HIV specialized CD8+ T cells in human thymic tissue that conveys the acceptable constrained HLA-A*0201 particles.80 This explores the possibility of genetically engineering HSCs with a molecularly cloned receptor and signifies a step toward a better understanding and application of initiated T cell responses, which would probably result in the eradication of HIV infection from the body, similar to the natural immune function of other virus infections and pathogenic organisms.30

In an allogeneic transplantation, donor stem cells replace the patients cells.66 Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) has appeared as one of the most potent treatment possibilities for many people who suffer from hemopoietic system carcinomas and non-malignant ailments.81 Both HIV-cured people have received HSCT utilizing CCR5 132 donor cells.82,83 This implies that HIV eradication necessitates a decrease in the viral reservoir through the myeloablative procedures,8486 Having followed that, immune rebuilding with HIV-resistant cells was carried out to prevent re-infection.45 The possibility of adoptive transfer of ex vivo-grown, virus-specific T-cells to prevent and control infectious diseases (eg, Cytomegalovirus and EBV) in immunocompromised patients helps to make adoptive T-cell treatment a feasible strategy to inhibit HIV rebound having followed HSCT.81,87,88

The Engineered Zinc Finger Protein Targeting 2LTR Inhibits HIV Integration in Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cell-Derived Macrophages: In Vitro Study, the researchers investigated the efficacy and safety of 2LTRZFP in human CD34+ HSPCs. Researchers used a lentiviral vector to transduce 2LTRZFP with the mCherry tag (2LTRZFPmCherry) into human CD34+ HSPCs. The study findings suggest that the anti-HIV-1 integrase scaffold is an enticing antiviral molecule that could be utilised in human CD34+ HSPC-based gene therapy for AIDS patients.89

The fundamental element of HIV management is stem cell genetic modification, which involves genetically enhanced patient-derived stem cells to overcome HIV infection. In this sector, numerous experimental studies, in vitro as well as in vivo examinations, and positive outcomes for AIDS patients have been conducted.65,74 Genetic engineering for HIV-infected individuals can provide a once-only intervention that minimizes viral load, restores the immune system, and minimizes the accumulated toxicities concerned with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART).73 HSCs can be genetically altered, permitting for the addition of exogenous components to the progeny that protects them from direct infectious disease and/or enables them to target a specific antigen. Besides that, HSC-based strategies can enhance multilineage hemopoietic advancement by re-establishing several arms of the immune function. Eventually, as HSCs can be produced autologously, immunologic tolerance is typically high, enabling effective engraftment and subsequent distinction into the fully functioning mature hematopoietic cells.30

The utilization of human HSCs to rebuild the immune function in HIV disease is one application that tries to preserve newly formed cells from HIV infection, while another attempts to develop immune cells that attack HIV infected cells. While each initiative has many different aspects at the moment, they represent huge attention to HIV/AIDS therapies that, most likely when integrated with the other therapeutic approaches, would result in the body trying to overcome the obstacles needed for the virus to be effectively cleaned up.30

While HSC transplantation technique and processes are not accurately novel, as they are commonly and effectively used to address a wide variety of haematological diseases and malignant neoplasms,90 trying to combine them with a gene therapeutic strategy represents a unique and possibly potent therapeutic approach for HIV and AIDS-related ailments. As the results of HIV-infected patients who obtained autologous HSCT continued to improve, there was growing interest in genetically altered stem cells that were tolerant to HIV disease. Multiple logistical challenges have impeded the advancement of genetically modified hematopoietic stem cells as a conceivable therapeutic option for HIV/AIDS.72,73

UCLAs Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Restorative Medicine and Stem Cell Studies is one bit closer to constructing an instrument to arm the bodys immune system to attack and defeat HIV. Dr. Kitchen et al are the first ones to disclose the use of a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR), a genetically manipulated molecule, in blood-forming stem cells. In the experiment, the research team introduced a CAR gene into blood-forming stem cells, which were then moved into HIV-infected mice that had been genetically programmed. The scientists found that CAR-carrying blood stem cells efficiently transformed into fully functioning T cells that have the ability to kill HIV-infected cells in mice. The outcome was an 80-to-95 percentage reduction in HIV levels, suggesting that stem-cell-based genetic engineering with a CAR might be a viable and effective approach for treating HIV infection among humans. The CAR initiative, according to Dr. Kitchen, is much more able to adapt and ultimately more efficient, which can conceivably be used by others. If any further experiment showcases keep promising, the scientists expect that a practice based on their strategy will be accessible for clinical development within the next 510 years.91

HSCT and HAART therapeutic approaches in treating HIV/AIDS as the emergence of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in the 1990s improved survival rates of HIV infection, leading to a major dramatic drop in the occurrence of AIDS and AIDS-related mortalities. As an outcome, there is much less involvement with using HSCT as a therapy for HIV infection.28,33,43,67,86

A randomized clinical trial of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell transplant among HIV/AIDS immunological non responders investigation, the researchers examined the clinical efficacy of transfusion of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSC) for immunological non-responder clients with long-term HIV disease who have an unmet medical need in the aspect of effective antiretroviral therapy. From May 2013 to March 2016, 72 HIV-infected participants were admitted in this stage of the randomized, double-blind, multi-center, placebo-controlled dose-determination investigation. They were either given a high dose of hUC-MSC of 1.5106/kg body weight as well as small doses of hUC-MSC of 0.5106/kg body weight, or a placebo application. During the 96-week follow-up experiment, interventional and immunological character traits were analysed. They found that hUC-MSC therapy was both safe and efficacious among humans. There was a significant rise in CD4+ T counts after 48 weeks of treatment in both the high-dose (P 0.001) and low-dose (P 0.001) groups, but no changes in the comparison group.92

One interesting invention made by a team of UC Davis investigators is the recognition of a particular form of stem cell that can minimize the quantity of the virus that tends to cause AIDS, thus dramatically increasing the bodys antiviral immune activity. Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) furnish an incredible opportunity for a creative and innovative, multi-pronged HIV cure strategic plan by augmenting prevailing HIV potential treatments. Even while no antivirals have been used, MSCs have been able to increase the hosts antiviral responses. MSC therapeutic approaches require specialized delivery systems and good cell quality regulation. The studys findings lay the proper scientific foundation for future research into MSC in the ongoing treatment of HIV and other contagious diseases in the clinical organization.35

Infection with HIV-1 necessitates the existence of both specific receptors and a chemokine receptor, particularly chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5).46 Resistance to HIV-1 infection is attained by homozygozygozity for a 32-bp removal in the CCR5 allele.93 In this investigation, stem cells were transplanted in a patient with severe myeloid leukaemia and HIV-1 infection from a donor who was homozygous to Chemokine receptor 5 delta 32. The client seemed to have no viral relapses after 20 months of transplantation and attempting to stop antiretroviral medicine. This finding highlights the essential role that CCR5 tries to play in HIV-1 infection maintenance.86

In comparison, additional HIV-1-infected people who have received allogeneic stem cell transplants with cells from CCR5 truly wild donors did not have long-term relapses from HIV-1 rebound, with 2 of these patients trying to report viral reoccurrence 12 as well as 32 weeks after analytic treatment interruption, respectively. Among these 2 patients, allogeneic stem cell transplantation probably reduced but did not eliminate latently HIV-infected cells, enabling persistent viral reservoirs to activate viral rebound. This viewpoint may not rule out the potential that allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation might result in a much more comprehensive or near-complete elimination of viral reservoirs, enabling long-term drug-free relapse of HIV-1 infection in some contexts.84 As just one report demonstrated a decade earlier, a curative treatment for HIV-1 remained elusive. The Berlin Patient has undergone 2 allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantations to cure his acute myeloid leukaemia utilizing a potential donor with a homozygous genetic mutation in HIV coreceptor CCR5 (CCR532/32).15,34,46,64,65,72,82,84,86,9496 Other similar studies with CCR5 receptor targets are as follows: Automated production of CCR5-negative CD4+-T cells in a GMP compatible, clinical scale for treatment of HIV-positive patients,97 Mechanistic Models Predict Efficacy of CCR5-Deficient Stem Cell Transplants in HIV Patient Populations,98 Conditional suicidal gene with CCR5 knockout.99

Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats CRISPR/Cas9 is a promising gene editing approach that can edit genes for gain-of-function or loss-of-function mutations in order to address genetic abnormalities. Despite the fact that other gene editing techniques exist, CRISPR/Cas9 is the most reliable and efficient proven method for gene rectification.100103

Genome engineering employing CRISPR/Cas has proven to be a strong method for quickly and accurately changing specific genomic sequences. The rise of innovative haematopoiesis research tools to examine the complexity of hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) biology has been fuelled by considerable advancements in CRISPR technology over the last five years. High-throughput CRISPR screenings using many new flavours of Cas and sequential and/or functional outcomes, in specific, have become more effective and practical.104,105

The power of the CRISPR/Cas system is that it can specifically and efficiently target sequences in the genome with just a single synthetic guide RNA (sgRNA) and a single protein. Cas9 is directed to the specific DNA sequence by the sgRNA, which causes double stranded breaks and activates the cells DNA repair processes. Non-homologous end joining can cause insertiondeletion (indel) substitutions at the target location, whereas homology-directed repair can use a template DNA to insert new genetic material.104,106

The possibility for CRISPR/Cas9 to be used in the hematopoietic system was emphasised as pretty shortly after it was initiated as a new genome editing method.106,107 The efficiency with which CRISPR-mediated alteration can be used to evaluate hematopoietic stem/progenitor and mature cell function via transplantation. As a result, hematopoietic research has significantly advanced with the implementation of these technologies. Whilst single-gene CRISPR/Cas9 programming is a significant tool for testing gene function in primary hematopoietic cells, high-throughput screenings potentially offer CRISPR/Cas9 an even greater advantage in hematopoietic research.104

While understanding human haematological disorders requires the ability to mimic diseases, the ultimate goal is to transfer this innovation into therapies. Despite significant advancements in CRISPR technology, there are still barriers to overcome before CRISPR/Cas9 can be used effectively and safely in humans. CRISPR has also been used to target CCR5 in CD34+ HSPCs in an effort to make immune cells resistant to HIV infection, as CCR5 is an important coreceptor for HIV infection.104

CRISPR is a modern genome editing technique that could be used to treat immunological illnesses including HIV. The utilization of CRISPR in stem cells for HIV-related investigation, on the other end, was ineffective, and much of the experiment was done in vivo. The new research idea is about increasing CRISPR-editing efficiencies in stem cell transplantation for HIV treatment, as well as its future perspective. The possible genes that enhance HIV resistance and stem cell engraftment should be explored more in the future studies. To strengthen HIV therapy or resistance, double knockout and knock-in approaches must be used to build a positive engraftment. In the future, CRISPR/SaCas9 and Ribonucleoprotein (RNP) administration should be explored in the further investigations.108 As well as some different title studies were explained the effectiveness of the CRISPR gene editing technology on the management of HIV/AIDS including: CRISPR view of hematopoietic stem cells: Moving innovative bioengineering into the clinic,104 CRISPR-Edited Stem Cells in a Patient with HIV and Acute Lymphocytic Leukaemia,109 Sequential LASER ART and CRISPR Treatments Eliminate HIV-1 in a Subset of Infected Humanized Mice,110 Extinction of all infectious HIV in cell culture by the CRISPR-Cas12a system with only a single crRNA,111 HIV-specific humoral immune responses by CRISPR/Cas9-edited B cells,112 CRISPR-Cas9 Mediated Exonic Disruption for HIV-1 Elimination,113 RNA-directed gene editing specifically eradicates latent and prevents new HIV-1 infection,114 CRISPR/Cas9 Ablation of Integrated HIV-1 Accumulates Pro viral DNA Circles with Reformed Long Terminal Repeats,115 CRISPR-Cas9-mediated gene disruption of HIV-1 co-receptors confers broad resistance to infection in human T cells and humanized mice,116 Inhibition of HIV-1 infection of primary CD4+ T-cells by gene editing of CCR5 using adenovirus-delivered CRISPR/Cas9,117 Transient CRISPR-Cas Treatment Can Prevent Reactivation of HIV-1 Replication in a Latently Infected T-Cell Line,118 CCR5 Gene Disruption via Lentiviral Vectors Expressing Cas9 and Single Guided RNA Renders Cells Resistant to HIV-1 Infection,119 CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated CCR5 Ablation in Human Hematopoietic Stem/Progenitor Cells Confers HIV-1 Resistance In Vivo.109

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have significantly advanced the field of regenerative medicine by allowing the generation of patient-specific pluripotent stem cells from adult individuals. The progress of iPSCs for HIV treatment has the potential to generate a continuous supply of therapeutic cells for transplantation into HIV-infected patients. The title of the study is reported on Generation of HIV-1 Resistant and Functional Macrophages from Hematopoietic Stem Cellderived Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. In this investigation, researchers used human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) to produce anti-HIV gene expressing iPSCs for HIV gene therapy. HSCs were dedifferentiated into constantly growing iPSC lines using 4 reprogramming factors and a combination anti-HIV lentiviral vector comprising a CCR5 shRNA and a human/rhesus chimeric TRIM5 gene. After directing the anti-HIV iPSCs toward the hematopoietic lineage, a large number of colony-forming CD133+ HSCs were acquired. These cells were distinguished further into functional end-stage macrophages with a normal phenotypic profile. Upon viral challenge, the anti-HIV iPSC-derived macrophages displayed good protection against HIV-1 infection. Researchers have clearly shown how iPSCs can establish into HIV-1 resistant immune cells and explain their prospective use in HIV gene and cellular therapies.120

Some other similar titles of the studies reported on the effectiveness of IPSCs on HIV/AIDS managements are as follows: Generation of HIV-Resistant Macrophages from IPSCs by Using Transcriptional Gene Silencing and Promoter-Targeted RNA,121 Generation of HIV-1-infected patients gene-edited induced pluripotent stem cells using feeder-free culture conditions,122 A High-Throughput Method as a Diagnostic Tool for HIV Detection in Patient-Specific Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Generated by Different Reprogramming Methods,123 Genetically edited CD34+ cells derived from human iPS cells in vivo but not in vitro engraft and differentiate into HIV-resistant cells,124 Engineered induced-pluripotent stem cell-derived monocyte extracellular vesicles alter inflammation in HIV humanized mice,125 Sustainable Antiviral Efficacy of Rejuvenated HIV-Specific Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes Generated from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells.126

Recently, one HIV patient appeared to be virus-free after having undergone a stem-cell transfusion in which their WBCs were changed with HIV-resistant variations.84 Timothy Ray Brown also noted as the Berlin patient, who is still virus-free, was the first individual to undertake stem-cell transplantation a decade earlier. The most recent patient, like Brown, had a type of leukaemia that was vulnerable to chemo treatments. They required a bone marrow transplantation, which involved removing their blood cells and replacing them with stem cells from a donor cell.5,31,34,41,127130 Rather than simply choosing a suitable donor, Ravindra Gupta et al chose one who already had 2 copies of a mutant within the CCR5 gene,128,131 which provides resistance to HIV infection.3

Additionally, this gene encodes for a specific receptor of white blood cells that are assisted in the bodys immunological responses. The transplant, according to Guptas team, completely replaced the clients White cells with HIV-resistant forms.41,83 Cells in the patients blood disrupted expressing the CCR5 receptor, making it unfeasible for the clients form of HIV to infect the above cells again. The scientists determined that the virus had been cleared from the patients blood after the transplantation. Besides that, after 16 months, the client has withdrawn antiretroviral treatment. The infection was not detected in the most recent follow-up, which occurred 18 months after the treatment was discontinued. Adam, also known as the London patient, was the second person to be cured of HIV as a result of a stem cell transfusion. This discovery is an important step forward in HIV research because it may aid in the detection of potential future therapeutic interventions. It must be noted, but even so, that this is not an extensively used HIV treatment. For HIV-infected patients, antiretroviral drugs have been the foremost therapeutic option.3,31,41,94,129,130 It also encourages many investigators and clinicians to look at the use of stem cells in the treatment of a wide range of serious medical conditions. The reprogramming abilities of stem cells, as well as their accessibility, have created a window of opportunity in medical research. The clinical utility of stem cells is forecast to expand rapidly in the coming years.

On Feb 15, 2022, scientific researchers confirmed that a woman had become the 3rd person in history to be successfully treated for HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, after just receiving a stem-cell transfusion that has used cells from cord blood. Within those transplant recipients, adult hematopoietic stem cells have been used; these are stem cells that eventually develop into all blood cell types, which include white blood cells, these are a vital component of the immune framework. Even so, the woman who had fairly recently been completely cured of HIV infection had a more unique experience than that of the 2 men who were actually cured before her.132

The clients physician, Dr. JingMei Hsu of Weill Cornell Medicine in New York, informed them that, she had been discharged from the hospital just 17 days after her procedure was performed, even with no indications of graft vs host ailment. The woman was HIV-positive but also had acute myeloid leukaemia, a blood cancer of the bone marrow that affects blood-forming cells. She had likely received cord blood as a successful treatment for both her cancer and HIV once her doctors decided on a potential donor well with HIV-blocking gene mutation. Cord blood comprises a high accumulation of hematopoietic stem cells; the blood is obtained during a childs birth and donated by the parents.132

The patients donor was partly nearly matched, and she received stem cells from a close family member to enhance her immune function after the transfusion. The procedure was performed on the woman in August of 2017. She chose to discontinue taking antiretroviral drugs, the standardized HIV intervention, 37 months upon her transfusion. After more than 14 months, there is no evidence of the viral infection or antibodies against it in her blood. Umbilical cord blood, in reality, is much more commonly accessible and simpler to try to match to beneficiaries than bone marrow. Perhaps, some research suggests that the method could be more available to HIV patients than bone marrow transplantation. Nearly 38 million people worldwide are infected with HIV. The potential for using partly matched umbilical cord blood transplantation increases the chances of choosing appropriate suitable donors for these clients considerably.132

It is really exciting to see the earlier terminally ill diseases of being effectively treated. In recent times, there has been a surge of focus on stem cell research.3 Stem cell therapy advancements in inpatient care are receiving a growing amount of attention.20 HIV/AIDS has been and remains a significant health concern around the world. Effective control of the HIV pandemic will necessitate a thorough understanding of the viruss transmission.32

Despite concerns about full compliance and adverse reactions, HAART has demonstrated to be able to succeed and is a sign specifically targeted form of treatment against HIV advancement. As illustrated by the first case of HIV infection relapse attained by bone marrow transplant, anti-HIV HPSC-based stem cell treatment and genotype technology have established a possible future upcoming technique to try to combat HIV/AIDS.

Investigators have conducted experiments with engineering distinct anti-HIV genetic traits trying to target different phases of HIV infection utilizing advanced scientific modalities. In numerous in vivo and in vitro animal studies, HSPCs and successive mature cells were secured from HIV infection by trying to target genetic factors in the infection. Anti-HIV gene engineering of HSPCs is safe and efficacious.15

The number of stem-cell-based research trials has risen in recent years. Thousands of studies claiming to use stem cells in experimental therapies have been registered worldwide. Despite some promising results, the majority of clinical stem cell technologies are still in their early life. These achievements have drawn attention to the possibility of the potential and advancement of various promising stem cell treatments currently in development.11

HIV remains a major danger to humanity. This virus has developed the ability to evade antiretroviral medication, resulting in the death of individuals. Scientists are constantly looking for a treatment for HIV/AIDS that is both effective and efficient.52 The 1st treatments in HIV+ clients were conducted in the early 1980s, even though they were cognizant of their viral disease. Following these early cases, allogeneic SCT was used to treat HIV+ patients with associated cancer or other haematological disorders all over the world. Stem cell transplantation developments have also stimulated the improvement of innovative HIV therapeutic approaches, especially for large goals like eradication and relapse.60

Numerous stem cell therapy progressions have been recognized with autologous and allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, as well as umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stem cell transplant in AIDS immunologic non-responders. Whereas this sector continues to advance and distinguishing directives for these cells become much more effective, totipotent stem cells such as hESC and the recently reported induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) could be very useful for genetic engineering methods to counter hematopoietic abnormalities such as HIV disease.133135

Immunocompromised people are at a higher risk of catching life-threatening diseases. The perseverance of latently infected cells, which is formed by viral genome inclusion into host cell chromosomes, is a significant challenge in HIV-1 elimination. Stem cell therapy is producing impressive patient outcomes, illustrating not only the broad relevance of these strategies but also the huge potential of cell and gene treatment using adult stem cells and somatic derivative products of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs).

Stem cells have enormous regeneration capacity, and a plethora of interesting therapeutic uses are on the frontier. This is a highly interdisciplinary scientific field. Evolutionary biologists, biological technicians, mechanical engineers, and others that have evolved novel concepts and decided to bring them to medical applications are required to make important contributions. Further to that, recent advancements in several different research areas may contribute to stem cell application forms that are novel. Several hurdles must be conquered, however, in the advancement of stem cells. On the other hand, this discipline appears to be a promising and rapidly expanding research area.

Stem cell-based approaches to HIV treatment resemble an innovative approach to trying to rebuild the ravaged bodys immune system with the utmost goal of eliminating the virus from the body. We will probably see effective experiments from the next new generation of stem cell-based strategies shortly, which will start serving as a base for the further development and use of these techniques in a range of treatment application areas for other chronic diseases.

My immense pleasure was mentioned to family members and friends, who supported and encouraged me in every activity.

There was no funding for this work.

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest in relation to this work.

1. Zakrzewski W, Dobrzyski M, Szymonowicz M, Rybak Z. Stem cells: past, present, and future. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2019;10:68. doi:10.1186/s13287-019-1165-5

2. Nadig RR. Stem cell therapy hype or hope? A review. J Conserv Dent JCD. 2009;12:131138. doi:10.4103/0972-0707.58329

3. Tasnim KN, Adrita SH, Hossain S, Akash SZ, Sharker S. The prospect of stem cells for HIV and cancer treatment: a review. Pharm Biomed Res. 2020;6:1726.

4. Weissman IL. Translating stem and progenitor cell biology to the clinic: barriers and opportunities. Science. 2000;287:14421446. doi:10.1126/science.287.5457.1442

5. Pernet O, Yadav SS, An DS. Stem cellbased therapies for HIV/AIDS. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2016;103:187201. doi:10.1016/j.addr.2016.04.027

6. Kolios G, Moodley Y. Introduction to stem cells and regenerative medicine. Respir Int Rev Thorac Dis. 2013;85:310.

7. Ebrahimi A, Ahmadi H, Ghasrodashti ZP, et al. Therapeutic effects of stem cells in different body systems, a novel method that is yet to gain trust: a comprehensive review. Bosn J Basic Med Sci. 2021;21:672701. doi:10.17305/bjbms.2021.5508

8. Introduction stem cells. Available from: https://www.dpz.eu/en/platforms/degenerative-diseases/research/introduction-stem-cells.html. Accessed December 19, 2021.

9. Hu J, Chen X, Fu S. Stem cell therapy for thalassemia: present and future. Chin J Tissue Eng Res. 2018;22:3431.

10. Aly RM. Current state of stem cell-based therapies: an overview. Stem Cell Investig. 2020;7:8. doi:10.21037/sci-2020-001

11. Chari S, Nguyen A, Saxe J. Stem cells in the clinic. Cell Stem Cell. 2018;22:781782. doi:10.1016/j.stem.2018.05.017

12. De Luca M, Aiuti A, Cossu G, Parmar M, Pellegrini G, Robey PG. Advances in stem cell research and therapeutic development. Nat Cell Biol. 2019;21:801811. doi:10.1038/s41556-019-0344-z

13. Hipp J, Atala A. Sources of stem cells for regenerative medicine. Stem Cell Rev. 2008;4:311. doi:10.1007/s12015-008-9010-8

14. Bobba S, Di Girolamo N, Munsie M, et al. The current state of stem cell therapy for ocular disease. Exp Eye Res. 2018;177:6575. doi:10.1016/j.exer.2018.07.019

15. Khalid K, Padda J, Fernando RW, et al. Stem cell therapy and its significance in HIV infection. Cureus. 2021;13. doi: 10.1038/d41586-019-00798-3

16. Gq D, Morrell CN, Tarango C. Stem cells: roadmap to the clinic. J Clin Invest. 2010;121:120. doi:10.1172/JCI39828

17. Prentice DA. Adult Stem Cells. Circ Res. 2019;124:837839. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.118.313664

18. McKee C, Chaudhry GR. Advances and challenges in stem cell culture. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. 2017;159:6277. doi:10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.07.051

19. Prez Lpez S, Otero Hernndez J. Advances in stem cell therapy. In: Lpez-Larrea C, Lpez-Vzquez A, Surez-lvarez B, editors. Stem Cell Transplantation. New York, NY: Springer US; 2012:290313.

20. Zhang F-Q, Jiang J-L, Zhang J-T, Niu H, X-Q F, Zeng -L-L. Current status and future prospects of stem cell therapy in Alzheimers disease. Neural Regen Res. 2020;15:242250. doi:10.4103/1673-5374.265544

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The Global Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Marketreport provides an in-depth analysis of emerging trends, market drivers, development opportunities and market constraints that may affect the industrys market dynamics. Each market sector is examined in depth in Reports Globe, including products, applications and competition analysis.

The report was created using three different recognition systems. The first step requires in-depth primary and secondary research on a wide range of topics. Approvals, ratings and results based on accurate data obtained by industry specialists are the next step. The research derives an overall estimate of the market size using top-down methods. Finally, the research evaluates the market for a series of sections and subsections using information triangulation and market separation techniques.

Key Drivers & Barriers:

High-impact factors and rendering engines have been studied in the Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine market report to help readers understand the overall development. In addition, the report contains restrictions and challenges that may stand in the way of players. This will help users pay attention and make informed business-related decisions. The specialists also looked at the next business outlook.

In its latest report, ReportsGlobe offers a comprehensive overview of the Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine market with an emphasis on keyword dynamics including driving forces, constraints, opportunities, trends and detailed information on Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine market structure. Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine s market sales in the global market will increase as activities and advanced technology increase. With the outbreak of covid-19, companies have become very dependent on digital platforms to survive.

Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Market Segmentation:

Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Market, By Treatment Type (2017-2028)

Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Market, By Disease Indication (2017-2028)

Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Market, By End User (2017-2028)

Major Players Operating in the Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Market:

Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Market Segment Analysis

The market research explores new data in the Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine market report. It examines the market size in terms of the value of each segment, as well as how market dynamics are likely to change over time. The report then divides this information into types and proposed applications, with a breakdown by geography (North America, Asia, Europe, and the Rest of the World). In addition, the report examines the structure of the industry, offers growth, forecast period, revenue value and volume estimates in industrial applications, and provides clarity regarding industry competition.

Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Market Report Scope

ATTRIBUTES

Description

ESTIMATED YEAR

2022

BASE YEAR

2021

FORECAST YEAR

2022 to 2028

HISTORICAL YEAR

2020

SEGMENTS COVERED

Types, Applications, End-Users, and more.

REPORT COVERAGE

Revenue Forecast, Company Ranking, Competitive Landscape, Growth Factors, and Trends

BY REGION

North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa

Regional Analysis of the Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Market:

The Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Market research report details the ongoing market trends, development outlines, and several research methodologies. It illustrates the key factors that directly manipulate the Market, for instance, production strategies, development platforms, and product portfolio. According to our researchers, even minor changes within the product profiles could result in huge disruptions to the above-mentioned factors.

Goals and objectives of the Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Market Study

The study thoroughly examines the profiles of major market players and their major financial aspects. This comprehensive business analysis report is useful for all new and existing participants when designing their business strategies. This report covers Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine s market output, revenue, market shares and growth rates for each key company and covers breakdown data (production, consumption, revenue and market shares) by regions, type and applications. Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine historical breakdown data from 2017 to 2021 and forecast for 2022-2028.

Global Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Market Research Report 2022 2028

Chapter 1 Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Market Overview

Chapter 2 Global Economic Impact on Industry

Chapter 3 Global Market Competition by Manufacturers

Chapter 4 Global Production, Revenue (Value) by Region

Chapter 5 Global Supply (Production), Consumption, Export, Import by Regions

Chapter 6 Global Production, Revenue (Value), Price Trend by Type

Chapter 7 Global Market Analysis by Application

Chapter 8 Manufacturing Cost Analysis

Chapter 9 Industrial Chain, Sourcing Strategy and Downstream Buyers

Chapter 10 Marketing Strategy Analysis, Distributors/Traders

Chapter 11 Market Effect Factors Analysis

Chapter 12 Global Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Market Forecast

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Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Market Global Industry Research Analysis & Forecast 2022 to 2028 | Ortho Regenerative Technologies Inc.,...

Professor Samuel Stupp welcomes congressional champions of biomedical research to his Northwestern lab

Professor Samuel Stupp welcomed U.S. Sen. Tammy Duckworth, U.S. Rep. Jim Langevin and Northwestern President Morton Schapiro to his lab recently to discuss his research in the area of regenerative medicine and a new injectable therapy that harnesses dancing molecules to reverse paralysis and repair tissue after severe spinal cord injuries.

Duckworth of Illinois and Langevin of Rhode Island have been champions in Congress for Americans with disabilities as well as biomedical research.

Stupp, the Board of Trustees Professor of Materials Science and Engineering, Chemistry, Medicine and Biomedical Engineering at Northwestern, and graduate student Anna Metlushko show a sample of a nanofiber solution that can be injected into an injured spinal cord to help restore movement after paralysis.

Photos by Shane Collins

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'Dancing molecules' in the lab - Northwestern Now - Northwestern Now

A new biomanufacturing method for constructing 3D scaffolds composed of narrow fibers with specific alignments has been developed. The method, called focused rotary jet spinning (FRJS), is enabling researchers to fabricate heart structures and to study how the helical alignments of fibers in the musculature of the heart enhance cardiac function.

The findings, which provide proof-of-concept for a streamlined approach to engineering tissues and organs with complex 3D geometries, were reported by Huibin Chang, PhD, a research associate in bioengineering at Harvard University, and colleagues in a Science article entitled Recreating the hearts helical structure-function relationship with focused rotary jet spinning.

The hearts pumping action comes from cardiomyocytesthe muscle cells of the heartwhich are organized as helical fibers that envelop the ventricles. With each beat, this arrangement results in a combined contracting and twisting motion.

However, it is difficult to specifically assess the extent to which the hearts helical structure contributes to its function, wrote Michael Sefton, ScD, and Craig Simmons, PhD, from the Institute of Biomedical Engineering at the University of Toronto, in a perspective that accompanied the research article. To that end, understanding and replicating the hearts helical structure-function relationship is thought to be an important step.

Designing scaffolds and materials that adequately recapitulate native heart function can be challenging. The newly reported FRJS method offers improvements in fabrication speed and complexity over conventional methods.

In FRJS, long, free-floating polymer fibers are expelled by centrifugal force, and air jet streams align and deposit the fibers on molds. By controlling the shape and rotation of the mold, scaffolds with specific fiber orientations can be constructed. The scaffolds can then be seeded with cellscardiomyocytes, in this caseto recapitulate tissue and organ structures.

Using their method, Chang and colleagues fabricated heart ventricles with similar structural properties to those in natural human hearts. They also fabricated models of diseased hearts with misaligned fiber orientations. Once the scaffolds were seeded with human cardiomyocytes, the authors showed that the helical architecture increased cardiac performance, illustrating that the helical tissue pattern plays a role in the pumping function of the heart.

But the heart is more than a pump. To achieve a fully functional bioengineered heart for use in regenerative medicine, an electrical conduction system, vasculature, and means to avoid immune responses are still needed.

The FRJS method provides an initial pathway toward fabricating more complex tissues and organs. In addition to biofabrication, FRJS may serve an important role in other additive manufacturing processes, wrote Chang and colleagues. It provides production rates comparable to those of current industrial processes while enabling micro/nanoscale feature sizes and controlled 3D alignments.

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New Biofabrication Process Developed to Engineer Heart Structures - Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News