StemCell Therapy

Some of the promise of stem cell therapy has been realized. A prime example is bone marrow transplantation. Even here, however, manyproblems remain to be solved.

Challenges facing stem cell therapy include the following:

Adult stem cells Tissue-specific stem cells in adult individuals tend to be rare. Furthermore, while they can regenerate themselves in an animal or person they are generally very difficult to grow and to expand in the laboratory. Because of this, it is difficult to obtain sufficient numbers of many adult stem cell types for study and clinical use. Hematopoietic or blood-forming stem cells in the bone marrow, for example, only make up one in a hundred thousand cells of the bone marrow. They can be isolated, but can only be expanded a very limited amount in the laboratory. Fortunately, large numbers of whole bone marrow cells can be isolated and administered for the treatment for a variety of diseases of the blood. Skin stem cells can be expanded however, and are used to treat burns. For other types of stem cells, such as mesenchymal stem cells, some success has been achieved in expanding the cellsin vitro, but application in animals has been difficult. One major problem is the mode of administration. Bone marrow cells can be infused in the blood stream, and will find their way to the bone marrow. For other stem cells, such as muscle stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells and neural stem cells, the route of administration in humans is more problematic. It is believed, however, that once healthy stem cells find their niche, they will start repairing the tissue. In another approach, attempts are made to differentiate stem cells into functional tissue, which is then transplanted. A final problem is rejection. If stem cells from the patients are used, rejection by the immune system is not a problem. However, with donor stem cells, the immune system of the recipient will reject the cells, unless the immune system is suppressed by drugs. In the case of bone marrow transplantation, another problem arises. The bone marrow contains immune cells from the donor. These will attack the tissues of the recipient, causing the sometimes deadly graft-versus-host disease.

Pluripotent stem cells All embryonic stem cell lines are derived from very early stage embryos, and will therefore be genetically different from any patient. Hence, immune rejection will be major issue. For this reason, iPS cells, which are generated from the cells of the patient through a process of reprogramming, are a major breakthrough, since these will not be rejected. A problem however is that many iPS cell lines are generated by insertion of genes using viruses, carrying the risk of transformation into cancer cells. Furthermore, undifferentiated embryonic stem cells or iPS cells form tumors when transplanted into mice. Therefore, cells derived from embryonic stem cells or iPS cells have to be devoid of the original stem cells to avoid tumor formation. This is a major safety concern.

A second major challenge is differentiation of pluripotent cells into cells or tissues that are functional in an adult patient and that meet the standards that are required for 'transplantation grade' tissues and cells.

A major advantage of pluripotent cells is that they can be grown and expanded indefinitely in the laboratory. Therefore, in contrast to adult stem cells, cell number will be less of a limiting factor. Another advantage is that given their very broad potential, several cell types that are present in an organ might be generated. Sophisticated tissue engineering approaches are therefore being developed to reconstruct organs in the lab.

While results from animal models are promising, the research on stem cells and their applications to treat various human diseases is still at a preliminary stage. As with any medical treatment, a rigorous research and testing process must be followed to ensure long-term efficacy and safety.

Read this article:
Stem Cell FAQ

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By: Mike Mahler

Research now confirms what common sense has always told us: Happy people live longer, enjoy healthier lives, achieve more success... Look deep to see if you are happy or not and learn what genetics have to do with it.

Date Added: Dec 18, 2007

By: Vince Del Monte

Skinny guys must play by different rules and figuring out a workout routine can be a source of confusion and frustration. Here are six reasons skinny guys must focus on strength and a sample training program with notes. Try it now for great success!

Date Added: Jan 2, 2007

By: Babyboomers

Baby boomers that hit the gym and demand physiques for health, wellness, longevity, and yes, creating and maintaining an attractive body, want to make the most of their time working out. So, how can we maximize our genetics to speed up those results?

Date Added: May 1, 2003

By: Matt Danielsson

Genetics is a popular scapegoat for lazy people. It is very convenient, and there's no one around to prove that this is the sole purpose of fitness limitations for some people! Learn more here ...

Date Added: Nov 7, 2002

Excerpt from:
Genetics Articles - Bodybuilding.com

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but so far there is a huge rejection factor and the death ra...

" rea-from what i have read the donor stem cell transplant is the only "cure" but so far there is a huge rejection factor and the death rate was too high for them to continue this as... "

ssage. I have found out that the death rate for stem cell tr...

" ...for your message. I have found out that the death rate for stem cell transplants is less than 1%. It's ...the process. I have been taking vitamin E and Beta Carotene. I'll... "

time of her death (unfortunately suicide). I also talked...

" ...type of BC than I do and had a stem cell transplant at UCLA over 10 years ago and was NED at the time of her death (unfortunately suicide). I also talked to someone who had... "

and had great success with it. The rate of death i...

" ...heard a woman here in BC speak about her stem cell transplant. She is 3 years post treatment and had great success with it. The rate of death is mostly attributed to liver problems brought on by... "

on the death of your mother. My mother died just...

" ...all, my condolences on the death of your mother. My mother died just over 9 years ago of GBM, a primary brain cancer. ...for any other Lymphoma included Stem Cell Transplant for very aggressive forms of... "

the time of his death he was being treated in Boston for...

" ...4/20/13 from flu after a stem cell transplant; M, 57 yrs. Source: http://obits.mlive.com/obituaries/an...37#fbLoggedOut ...2013. At the time of his death he was being treated in ...He had recently received a... "

more complications and a higher death rate. The mi...

" ...Hutchinson Cancer Research Center said: "Allogeneic stem cell transplants have the advantage of a ...immune reconstitution and "graft-versus-host disease", have more complications and a higher... "

did not cause her death.Kellie van Meurs suffered from a ra...

" ...say it did not cause her death. Kellie van Meurs suffered from ...to undergo an autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) under the care of ...cells after high-dose chemotherapy. Ms van Meurs was... "

the UK has been suspended following the death of a patient,...

" ...in the bowel. Also, with Stem Cell Transplant, you absolutely cannot have any ...trial in the UK has been suspended following the death of a patient, so it looks... "

rd year. Getting over the death of a parent is difficult en...

" ...that you have had such a hard year. Getting over the death of a parent is difficult enough without having to cope ...joining. My husband had his stem cell transplant January 2011 and although he... "

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Death and Stem Cell Transplant - Posts about Drugs, Side ...

The Philippine Medical Association (PMA) is reportedly(article fromABS-CBN News) investigating the recent deaths of 3 prominent politicians due to stem cell therapies via stem cell tourism in Germany at an as yet unidentified clinic.

The names of the politicians are unknown, but strangely enough today theres another separate article on stem cells from the Philippine Daily Inquirerthat mentions 3 politicians who have received stem cell treatments:

A number of politicians have been reported to have used stem cell therapy, including former President Joseph Estrada, Sen. Juan Ponce Enrile and former Sen. Ernesto Maceda.

Of course these men may not be the politicians referred to in the ABS-CBN piece. Maceda was quoted:

I am now convinced that my stem cell therapy is effective and thats the reason why Ive been able to keep up with the rigorous campaign schedule, he said. I feel 20 years younger.

In the past the German stem cell clinic X-cell was notorious for being linked to a babys death.

PMA president Dr. Leo Olarte commented on the more recent case:

They were given stem cells from sheep, rabbits and animals. They died after one year, they had late hypersensitivity reaction, he said.

It sounds like a very horrible situation. More information is needed to get the bottom of this.

The ABS-CBN Foundation, presumably the outfit responsible for ABS-CBN News that reported the 3 politician deaths, is an advocacy group of some kind in the Philippines that works with Olarte ( see him with Gina Lopez, Managing Director of ABS-CBN in the pic below).

Stem cells are generating a lot of buzz in the Philippines and apparently stem cell interventions of various kinds are becoming more common including a supposed aphrodisiac stem cell potion called Soup. No. 7. Thus, efforts to reign in dangerous stem cell interventions there are very important. At the same time some in the Philippines such as Olarte want to promote stem cell tourism as well it seems. Its a fine line to walk

For example, in commenting toABS-CBN News in the same article as about the German deaths, Olarte seems to be playing up the state of stem cell interventions in that country more generally:

Olarte said the country already has experts, who are members of the Philippine Society for Stem Cell Medicine (PSSCM), competent to perform the treatment in the Philippines.

We have more or less 400 specialists, he said, even noting that the stem cell treatment in the country is much cheaper by 50% than what is being sold abroad.

Im not so convinced that even these supposedly okay stem cell treatments promoted by Olarte are proven safe or effective either even if they are cheaper.

The deaths of the three politicians in Germany are disturbing news and highlight the care that must be taken in regulating stem cell interventions to keep patients safe.

. Bookmark the

.

Read the rest here:
deaths of 3 politicians - Knoepfler Lab Stem Cell Blog

Stem Cell Therapy Plus is also called Live Cell Therapy or Regenerative Medicine.

Anecdotal evidence shows that through the usage of Stem Cell Therapy Plus, improvements can be seen in the following cases of degenerative diseases:

Learn More

Stem cells are cells with the ability to divide for indefinite periods in culture and to give rise to specialized cells. Stem cells have the remarkable potential to develop into many different cell types. In addition, in many tissues they serve as a sort of internal repair system, dividing essentially without limit to replenish other cells.

When a stem cell divides, each new cell has the potential either to remain a stem cell or become another type of cell with a more specialized function, such as a muscle cell, a nerve cell, or a brain cell.

Stem Cell Supplements are developed based on the merits of stem cells and they are applied for degenerative diseases treatments and to stimulate the formation of all the different tissues of the body: muscle, cartilage, tendon, ligament, bone, blood, nerve, organs, etc.

Stem Cell Supplements bring essential anti-ageing, health & beauty benefits by providing necessary elements to the body to improve cellular regeneration, organ rejuvenation and tissue healing.

Learn More

See the rest here:
Stem Cell Therapy in Switzerland Life Cell Injections ...

The molecular genetics research interests are in human population genetics, anthropological genetics, immunogenetics, and the genetics of complex diseases. Ultimate goals surround elucidating questions of human variation, the evolutionary history of genes within populations and how these gene histories are involved in the etiology of complex diseases. While the laboratory's research goals have shared consequences for all humanity, specific interests focus on populations of African ancestry.

Operational Objectives:

1. Develop a SNP database for mapping functional mutations linked to diseases common in African peoples.

2. Utilization of evolutionary history of candidate genes to identify polymorphisms that are associated with diseases.

3. Exploit the linkage disquilibrium generated by admixture in the African American population for gene mapping.

CURRENT RESEARCH PROJECTS

The biological transition of enslaved Africans-to-African Americans is marked by the transition of environmental stresses from Africa to those in the Americas, and to a lesser extent, by The incorporation of non-African genes into the African American gene pool. The transition from the various African environments of origin to the diverse American environments is far from insignificant. The American environment imposed new selective pressures on the Africans. These selective pressures may have favored certain genes while eliminating others. This evolutionary hypothesis has been a controversial explanation for the high incidence of diseases such as hypertension in African Americans. Thus, African American biology has been significantly shaped by periods of intermixture creating high heterogeneity, and selective pressures emanating from the unique and particularly adverse social, economic, and political conditions in the US. All of these factors might contribute to the high incidence of diseases with a significant genetic component such as type 2 diabetes, asthma, hereditary cancer (prostate, breast and lung), and hypertension in African Americans.

Prostate cancer is the most common solid malignancy among men in the United States. African American men have the highest incidence of prostate cancer compared to other ethnic groups. This cohort also appears to present more commonly at an advanced stage with aggressive histology and increased cancer-related mortality. Thus, there is a critical need to explore the etiologic pathways (genetic and environmental factors) that contribute to this disparity. In on of our projects "Genes, environment and prostate cancer in populations of African descent" we seek to understand the relative contribution of allelic variations of candidate genes and environmental factors to determine an individuals risk of prostate cancer. The work is geared towards the African American population, for whom genomic studies are limited. African Americans share a common genetic background with West Africans yet vastly different environments. Comparative genetic and epidemiological research on the two populations reveal potential risk factors. This project will provide a better understanding of gene-gene (epistasis), and gene-environment effects on prostate cancer. At research sites in Washington, DC, Chicago, Illinois, and Benin City, Nigeria the goals of the project are to (1) recruit a well characterized cohort of 1200 cases and controls and collect blood for biochemical and molecular assays, along with diet and other environmental information; (2) use state of the art DHPLC technology to provide a formal evaluation of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) variation in 22 candidate genes for prostate cancer (androgen associated genes, apoptosis related genes, and diet related genes); (3) construct a web-based database of the SNPs discovered; (4) determine if haplotypic variation in candidate genes accounts for phenotypic variation in prostate cancer, prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels, and disease progression; and (5) assess whether gene-gene and gene-environment interactions exist by examining if prostate cancer risk is modified after stratification of genetic and/or environmental factors. This is the first study which examines SNP markers within the proposed candidate genes, diet, and other environmental variables in clinically evaluated African and African Americans and which evaluates their relative interactions and contribution, if any, to prostate cancer.

In another project, "Haplotype analyses of X chromosome variants: population genetics and implications for prostate cancer" the goals are to (1) provide a formal evaluation of X chromosome variation and linkage disequilibrium in the African American population, (2) determine the relationship of microsatellite alleles (CAG and GGN repeats) within the androgen receptor with the risk for prostate cancer and (3) exploit the evolutionary history of X chromosome haplotypes in order to determine if differences in X chromosome haplotypes account for phenotypic variation in prostate cancer and prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels.

While the molecular genetic research has shared consequences for all humanity, our specific interests focus on populations of African ancestry. Other areas of immediate interest are molecular evolutionary genetics, and biological anthropology. In another project, "the genetics of human pigmentation," we seek to understand the relative contribution of allelic variations of candidate genes responsible for variation in human pigmentation. Pigmentation is a classic anthropological trait that has been studied objectively using reflectance spectroscopy for over 50 years. Skin pigmentation is likely the trait that shows the largest degree of variability among human populations. That there are such dramatic differences in the levels of skin pigmentation among human populations is almost definite evidence for the action of natural selection. The identification of the genes that determine normal within-population variation in pigmentation and differences between populations is the first essential step in the elucidation of the molecular history of human pigmentation. The goals of this project are to (1) develop a database and sample collection that will allow for the delineation of the genes that determine pigmentation, and (2) genotype these individuals for a number of candidate genes to identify those which determine natural variation in pigmentation.

Mutation analyses of BRCA1 and BRCA2. We are analyzing the breast cancer predisposing genes, BRCA1 and BRCA2, for germline mutations in African American families at high-risk for hereditary breast cancer. Patients are considered high-risk if they have a family history of the disease, early onset breast cancer, bilateral breast cancer, breast and ovarian cancer, or a male affected with breast cancer. The entire BRCA1 and BRCA2 coding and flanking intron regions are being examined for mutation detection. In preliminary studies of BRCA1 using the technique of single strand conformation polymorphism, we identified 11 different germline mutations/ variations in 7 patients from 45 high-risk families. Two pathogenic, protein-truncating mutations were detected in exon 11. A ten base pair tandem duplication, 943ins10, was present in a woman with breast and ovarian cancer whose first-degree relatives had prostate cancer. A four base pair deletion, 3450del4, was detected in a breast cancer patient with five cases of breast cancer in the family; two of the proband's sisters with breast cancer also carried the same mutation. Four amino acid substitutions (Lys1183Arg, Leu1564Pro, Gln1785His, and Glu1794Asp) and four nucleotide substitutions in intron 22 (IVS22+78 C/A, IVS22+67 T/C, IVS22+8 T/A and IVS22+7 T/C) were observed in patients and not in control subjects. One early onset breast cancer patient carried five distinct BRCA1 variations, two amino acid substitutions and three substitutions in intron 22. An amino acid substitution in exon 11, Ser1140Gly, was identified in 3 different unrelated patients and in 6 of 92 control samples. The latter probably represents a benign polymorphism. BRCA1 and BRCA2 analyses for the detection of mutations are ongoing.

Genetic variation in asthma. Asthma families collected by HU investigators were part of the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Asthma (CSGA) genome-wide search for asthma susceptibility loci in ethnically diverse populations. Asthma is an inflammatory airways disease associated with intermittent respiratory symptoms, bronchial hyper-responsiveness (BHR) and reversible airflow obstruction and is phenotypically heterogeneous. Patterns of clustering and segregation analyses in asthma families have suggested a genetic component to asthma. Previous studies reported linkage of BHR and atopy to chromosomes 5q, 6p, 11q, 14q, and 12q. One genome-wide search in atopic sib pairs had been reported, however, only 12% of their subjects had asthma. The CSGA conducted a genome-wide search in 140 families with > or = 2 asthmatic sibs, from three different populations and reported evidence for linkage to six novel regions: 5p15 (P = 0.0008) and 17p11.1-q11.2 (P = 0.0015) in African Americans; 11p15 (P = 0.0089) and 19q13 (P = 0.0013) in Caucasians; 2q33 (P = 0.0005) and 21q21 (P = 0.0040) in Hispanics. Evidence for linkage was also detected in five regions previously reported to be linked to asthma-associated phenotypes: 5q23-31 (P = 0.0187), 6p21.3-23 (P = 0.0129), 12q14-24.2 (P = 0.0042), 13q21.3-qter (P = 0.0014), and 14q11.2-13 (P = 0.0062) in Caucasians and 12q14-24.2 (P = 0.0260) in Hispanics.

Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Der p) is one of the most frequently implicated allergens in atopic diseases. Although HLA could play an important role in the development of the IgE response to the Der p allergens, genetic regulation by non-HLA genes influences certain HLA-associated IgE responses to complex allergens. To clarify genetic control for the expression of Der p-specific IgE responsiveness, a genome-wide search was conducted for genes influencing Der p-specific IgE antibody levels by using 45 Caucasian and 53 African American families ascertained as part of the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Asthma (CSGA). Specific IgE antibody levels to the Der p crude allergen and to the purified allergens Der p 1 and Der p 2 were measured. Multipoint, nonparametric linkage analysis of 370 polymorphic markers was performed with the GENEHUNTER program. The best evidence of genes controlling specific IgE response to Der p was obtained in 2 novel regions: chromosomes 2q21-q23 (P = .0033 for Caucasian subjects) and 8p23-p21 (P = .0011 for African American subjects). Three regions previously proposed as candidate regions for atopy, total IgE, or asthma also showed evidence for linkage to Der p- specific IgE responsiveness: 6p21 (P = .0064) and 13q32-q34 (P = 0.0064) in Caucasian subjects and 5q23-q33 (P = 0.0071) in African American subjects. No single locus generated overwhelming evidence for linkage in terms of established criteria and guidelines for a genome-wide screening, which supports previous assertions of a heterogeneous etiology for Der p-specific IgE responsiveness. Two novel regions, 2q21-q23 and 8p23-p21, that were identified in this study merit additional study. In addition genome-wide screening was conducted for genes influencing Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus-specific IgE responsiveness as a part of the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Asthma (CSGA). Evidence for linkage was found in some regions, including chromosomes 5131-q33 and 11q13 in African American families. Plans are underway to initiate an international study of the genetics of asthma in collaboration with medical scientists in Ghana and investigators at the NHGC. These investigations will target regions where associations with specific IgE responses have been indicated in African Americans.

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DEVELOPING PROJECTS

Characterization of African American Ancestral HLA Haplotypes in West Africa.

An important area of investigation at the NHGC is the inclusion of evolutionary history of genes as a diagnostic probe in tracing the history of disease in a population.

This project builds upon the foundation of research on the genetics of complex diseases common in African Americans already established with the NHGRI in partnership with the NIH Office of Research on Minority Health. More specifically, it would build upon African American Diabetes mellitus (AADM) an international human gnome research initiative to map genes for type 2 diabetes in ancestral populations of African Americans. Because of the overlap in clinical phenotype of some subsets of types 1 and 2 diabetes, the rationale for this study is that characterization of HLA class II haplotypes in the west African study population may assist in refining the clinical phenotype of a subset of type 2 diabetes patients.

The association of HLA class II genes with susceptibility to type 1 diabetes is well documented in many populations. In African Americans type 1 diabetes patients, unique HLA class II polymorphisms have been instructive in determining risk assessment of closely linked HLA loci. We have reported the association of a unique HLA-DR3 haplotype in African Americans that appears to be associated with resistance to type 1 diabetes. The higher frequency of this haplotype among controls raises questions about the frequency of this haplotype in west African ancestral populations of African Americans.

The long range goal of research at the NHGC is to improve the health status of African Americans through research on human DNA sequence variation and to apply the knowledge gained to better understand the biomedical significance of gene-based differences already known to exist among populations in the immune response to organ transplants; sensitivity to drugs; influence of environment on health, and susceptibility to complex diseases, such as cancer and diabetes.

The research goals of the molecular genetics component are predicated upon the two broad hypotheses of population variation in DNA polymorphic markers used to map genes and the correlation of population-based variation in DNA polymorphic markers with disease.Studies of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) polymorphisms and other genetic polymorphic systems have consistently shown greater genetic variability in African populations. The biomedical implications of population-based variation in HLA genes are seen in association in the arena of clinical transplantation, where decisions regarding the distribution of limited donor organs must be informed by science and balanced by the ethical concerns of the larger society.

The goal of this study is to define HLA alleles and haplotypes in the study population and determine whether allele and haplotype frequencies in diabetics differ from controls. If a difference is found, the implication of HLA associations with the clinical phenotype of type 2 diabetes will be investigated. The study of HLA haplotypes in west African ancestral populations of African Americans will help identify HLA polymorphisms that are common in this population.Since HLA has been associated with a variety of autoimmune diseases, the results of this study should not only be useful in the analysis of HLA haplotypes in type 2 diabetes, but also informative for population-based HLA evolutionary studies.

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Linkage disequilibrium (LD) in African Americans.

Linkage disequilibrium is a population genetic phenomenon that has been useful for gene mapping efforts. LD can usually be found in populations for genes that are tightly (close genetic distance) linked, and can be generated by mutation, selection, or admixture of populations with different allele frequencies. Generally, disequilibrium is dependent on population size, time (generations), and distance between genetic markers. Normally, the greater the distance between markers, the faster the decay of disequilibrium. The nonrandom association of alleles at different genetic loci can be measured by a variety of linkage disequilibrium measures.

Within the African American population one would expect to find short genomic areas of tight LD, a legacy of this population's roots in the antiquity of African human history, together with large areas of LD, a legacy of more recent admixture with Europeans and Native Americans. Assessment of the level of genetic variation and LD in the African American population is important for several reasons. It will allow us to better understand the mechanisms responsible for the creation and maintenance of LD over genomic regions.

This better understanding will aid in the mapping of genes responsible for complex diseases. We expect to observe a diverse pattern of LD among the African American chromosomes when compared to other populations. While the pattern observed among African Americans is not restricted to the population, it is observed at higher frequency than others with diffferent populatioin histories. African American chromosomes with ancestry in West Africa should exhibit closely linked disequilibrium while chromosomes with ultimate ancestry from Europe will reveal broader regions of disequilibrium. What this study will do is assess patterns and level of LD among chromosomal regions within the African American population.

Significance of the African American population for gene mapping

As stated above, LD can be generated by admixture between divergent populations. Thus, a genetic consequence of the unique population history of African Americans is increased LD. We caution that much of the disequilibrium may not actually be due to genetic linkage, but are artifacts of divergent allele frequencies in the parental populations. However, it is expected that linked loci will also show significant disequilibrium in the African American population. The analysis of LD between marker and disease loci has proven to be a powerful tool for positional cloning of disease genes.

When a disease or trait manifests variation between populations, admixed populations provide a population based approach to evaluate the relative importance of genetic factors. A variety of statistical genetic methods for disease studies exploit the LD created by admixture. These include the Transmission Disequilibrium Test (TDT) and Mapping by Admixture Linkage Disequilibrium (MALD). An important assumption of many of these methods is that the ancestry of alleles at each locus be assigned to one of the two founding populations. The assignment of alleles to parent populations is problematic at times, however as more informative genetic markers are found and more individuals and populations sampled, the statistical power to assign alleles increases.

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RESOURCES

The Molecular Genetics Laboratory in the National Human Genome Center is newly renovated and is located on the 6th floor of the Howard University Cancer Center. This facility is approximately 7,500 square feet. There are two large laboratories (~1500 sq. ft. each), a DNA sequencing and genotyping room (~800 sq. ft.), two cold rooms, dark room, and a walk-in freezer. The laboratory space is equipped with benches, tables, sinks, distilled water, fume hoods and separate areas for tissue culture, PCR, and radioisotope use.

Four Pentium III NT Workstations (400-500 mHz) and four Power Macintosh G4's provide the computational hardware for the Molecular Genetics laboratory. The eight computers are networked together via the Genome Center NT server with the 5 computers operating three ABI 377 DNA sequencers and two DNA Wave Machines in addition to the computers used by the Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics units. The molecular genetics laboratory contains all the standard equipment necessary for large-scale, high throughput molecular analysis of DNA variation. These items include centrifuges, waterbaths, gel electrophoresis apparatus, pipettes, glassware, balances, etc. The laboratory also has two Transgenomics DNA Wave machines for SNP detection using dHPLC. The genotyping room contains three ABI 377 automated sequencers, ten Perkin Elmer 9700 thermocyclers, and the PSQ 96 Pyrosequencing platform for SNP genotyping.

Molecular genetics laboratory space on the 5th floor of the cancer center, contains two ABI 373 automated sequencers. The immunogenetics core research laboratory, also on the 5thfloor of the cancer center, provides approximately 800 sq ft of additional laboratory space for molecular genetics work.

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CORE SERVICES

The Molecular Genetics Laboratory will utilize current SNP technologies to:

1) identify and characterize DNA sequence variation in the NHGC African American population resource,

2) generate databases for locating functional mutations in candidate genes involved in the biology and pathophysiology of complex diseases common in African Americans and other populations in the African Diaspora,

3) develop a database of allele and haplotype frequencies for a reference panel of SNP variants in the NHGC population resource. This will include a set of candidate genes for complex diseases common in African Americans,

Prostate Cancer

Breast cancer

Asthma

Type 2 diabetes

Hypertension

HIV aids

4) Use coalescence models to construct phylogenies of the candidate genes in order to evaluate the evolutionary history of the genes in various populations. Construct haplotype phylogenies for a reference set of DNA loci/markers representative of various types of polymorphic systems found in the genome. This will include but is not limited to the following:

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)

Microsatellites (mono, di, tri, and tetra nucleotide repeats)

Minisatellites (variable number of tandem repeats/VNTRs)

Nucleotide insertions and deletions

Alu repeats

MOLECULAR GENETICS UNIT GROUP PICTURE

06-Jan-2008

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See the article here:
Howard University National Human Genome Center

On this blog I have been writing about stem cells, hyperbaric oxygen (HBOT), and some incredible new observations related to reversing brain inflammation. All of the diseases I listed above and a whole bunch more are tied to persistent inflammation. Inflammation itself is very important to the body. In a healthy person it doesnt persist. It comes in response injury or infection cleans that up then stem cells communicate the need to stop the inflammation and heal. To that extent, these chronic persistent inflammatory conditions are the result of a failure of stem cells to do their job to counter inflammation. I will explain what is keeping them out of the process below and in future posts.

As this following picture demonstrates, the balance of inflammation regulation in the brain is complicated, intricate and precarious. But science has reached a point where we understand a large portion of the regulatory pathways.

[Frontiers in Bioscience 14, 5291-5338, June 1, 2009]

Caption: Microglia are the primary recipients of peripheral inflammatory signals as they reach the brain. Activated microglia initiate an inflammatory cascade by releasing cytokines, chemokines, prostaglandins and reactive nitrogen and oxygen species (RNS and ROS, respectively). Bi-directional exchanges between microglia and astroglia amplify inflammatory signals within the central nervous system (CNS). Cytokines including interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, tumor necrosis (TNF)-alpha and interferon (IFN)-gamma induce indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO), the enzyme responsible for degrading tryptophan, the primary precursor of serotonin (5-HT), into kynurenine, which is eventually metabolized into quinolinic acid (QUIN), a potent NMDA agonist and stimulator of glutamate (Glu) release. Multiple astrocytic functions are compromised due to the excessive exposure to cytokines, prostaglandins, QUIN and RNS/ROS, ultimately leading to downregulation of glutamate transporters, impaired glutamate reuptake, excessive glutamate release and compromised synthesis and release of neurotrophic factors. Oligodendroglia suffer damage due to toxic overexposure to cytokines such as TNF-alpha, and diminished neurotrophic support, both of which promote apoptosis and demyelination. Copious amounts of glutamate are released from astrocytes in the vicinity of extrasynaptic NMDA receptors, whose activation leads to inhibition of BDNF synthesis. Excessive NMDA activation, caused by QUIN and D-serine, is compounded by diminished glutamate reuptake by astrocytes and oligodendroglia. NMDA-mediated excitotoxicity, combined with a consequent decline in neurotrophic support, and an increase in oxidative stress, synergistically disrupts neural plasticity and induces apoptosis (cell death).

So it doesnt matter if we are talking about autism, post-stroke inflammation, Alzheimers, HIV dementia; the central mechanism is largely the same.

Now this is important to understand: if we have persistent inflammation in the brain, what is driving that signal? The immune system has lots of regulatory steps designed to keep it in balance, but despite all the intrinsic safeguards in the system it has lost control. Why?

Some perspective: About 5 years ago I was sitting on a bus with Professor Thayne Sweeten. We were on our way to dinner to relax after a full day of brainstorming as a group of researchers interested in autism. Thayne is a bright guy. His PhD dissertation was Immune Activation and Autoimmunity in Autism. He explained from everything he had seen regarding the immune system of autism; the CSF observations, the increase in neopterin, etc,, that at least a significant subgroup of children had the immunological footprint of a persistent viral pathogen.

I agreed and I still do agree especially after 5 years of discoveries. And it doesnt have to be a virus: many other pathogenic bacteria and fungi could cause the same response. But for simplicity lets just say virus.

We dont have to agree about which virus is persistent in autism, it actually doesnt matter that much. I am surprised to hear myself say that, but after what I have learned in the last few months, I dont think the actual virus is that important. That is because most do not have a specific anti-viral drug (apart from HIV and some Herpes viruses). Even in those cases the drugs are inadequate and something else is needed.

THE IMMUNE SYSTEM IS BLINDED

The picture depicts the blind miraculously being given sight. I would love to see a miracle of immune unblinding in autism, or any of these other disorders. Absent that we need to give it sight medically.

If you read my blog about this last night I spoke about the problem. We have a raging immune response just like we would expect with a viral infection, except it doesnt go away. Why? The immune cells (particularly macrophages) seem to be blind and cannot find the enemy they are looking for. So while they stumble around, unable to find the viral enemies, the entire system stays turned on. And it will stay turned on until either stem cells say enough its time to heal, or until the virus is eliminated.

The evidence is we dont generate enough stem cell response to regulate this type of immune response presumably because the viruses are still present. Therefore, extra stem cells may help cool the immune fires. BUT, and it is an important but, do we want to down-regulate the immune system if a virus is still present? My belief is no.

What we want is to make the virus go away and with that have the immune response naturally calm down.

To do that we have to give sight to the blind and help the macrophages find their targets.

To do this we are working with some of the finest biotech labs in Europe and we believe we have the solution. More on that to come.

A brief but helpful discussion about TNF alpha is on wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumor_necrosis_factor-alpha

Continue reading here:
Stem Cell Therapy | Dr Jeff Bradstreet, MD, MD(H), FAAFP

Where does it hurt? Detroit Medical Center is proud to be the official Healthcare Services Provider of the Detroit Tigers, Detroit Red Wings, Detroit Pistons, Detroit Grand Prix and the Detroit Free Press Marathon.

DMC Sports Medicine is dedicated to bringing the local Collegiate, School-Aged, Club Sport athletes and Weekend Warriors the same expert care as we provide the professional athletes on the Detroit Tigers, Detroit Pistons, Detroit Red Wings and Detroit Grand Prix. For years, the Detroit Medical Center has provided top level care to our pros and with DMC Sports Medicine you too are a VIP!

Talk to a DMC Sports Medicine physician about your injury 24/7 If you or a member of your family has a sports injury and you are not sure what to do, for immediate attention or to schedule an appointment, call 313-910-9328 to get in touch with DMC Sports Medicine physician 24/7 regarding your injury.

DMC Therapists and Trainers The DMCs Sports Medicine Program can help you get back in the game, thanks to the DMC Rehabilitation Institute of Michigans expert therapists. The DMC Sports Medicine program offers 30 convenient locations across southeast Michigan for patients seeking the best in physical medicine and rehabilitation. Click here to find a location near you.

DMC Sports Performance Academy The DMC Sports Performance Academy is designed to give athletes instruction and training in Performance Enhancement in their specific sport. Our Sports Medicine Physicians, Physical Therapists and Certified Athletic Trainers are dedicate to working with athletes to return from injury, prevent future injuries or lead them in reaching their athletic potential and improving their performance in their sport.

To learn more aboutthe Sports Performance Academy, click here.

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Sports Medicine Detroit | DMC Sports Medicine Program ...

Preventive medicine services focus primarily on preventive health care including required and recommended vaccines, allergy shots, TB screening, prescription injection medications, and traveler's health.

The Preventive Medicine Program will administer injections when requested by a Student Health Services provider or an outside provider. The following criteria must be met in order to proceed with the injection.

Tuberculosis, also called TB, is an infection caused by a bacteria that commonly affects the lungs but can spread to other parts of the body. It is particularly common in some international countries. At SIU Carbondale, all incoming international students are required to have a TB screening. There are two different screening tests for TB infection which include PPD skin test and the Quantiferon Gold test, which is a blood sample. Your provider will decide which test is most appropriate for you.

We also provide this service to students who are required to have testing for certain school or employment reasons such as hospital or medical personnel, students in medically based programs, teachers/student teachers, etc.

Tuberculosis testing is performed in our Preventive Medicine Office and is by appointment only. PPD Skin testing is not performed on Thursdays as the test must be read in 48-72 hours which falls on the weekend when we are closed. If the test is not read in 48-72 hours it will need to be repeated.

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The goal of the Allergy Injection Program is to maintain a desensitization program for students who have been started on allergy injections by their private allergist. We do require that at least the initial injection be administered at the allergists office. Injections are by appointment only. Students requesting to continue on an established injection program must have their private allergist provide the following:

This information may be sent to:

Student Health Services Attention: Preventive Medicine Southern Illinois University Carbondale 374 E. Grand Avenue Carbondale, IL 62901

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Preventive Medicine | Student Health Center | SIU

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Illinoisans are increasingly feeling the effects of diabetes as thousands of people suffer from the disease, and many others may have diabetes and not know it! It is estimated that one out of every three children born after 2000 in the United States will be directly affected by diabetes.

That is why the American Diabetes Association's Chicago office is so committed to educating the public about how to stop diabetes and support those living with the disease.

We are here to help.

Additional Events

We welcome your help.

Your involvement as an American Diabetes Association volunteer whether on a local or national level will help us expand our community outreach and impact, inspire healthy living, intensify our advocacy efforts, raise critical dollars to fund our mission, and uphold our reputation as the moving force and trusted leader in the diabetes community.

Find volunteer opportunities in our area through the Volunteer Center.

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Chicago Illinois Office of the American Diabetes Association

A progenitor cell is a biological cell that, like a stem cell, has a tendency to differentiate into a specific type of cell, but is already more specific than a stem cell and is pushed to differentiate into its "target" cell. The most important difference between stem cells and progenitor cells is that stem cells can replicate indefinitely, whereas progenitor cells can divide only a limited number of times. Controversy about the exact definition remains and the concept is still evolving.[1]

The terms "progenitor cell" and "stem cell" are sometimes equated.[2]

Most progenitors are described as oligopotent. In this point of view, they may be compared to adult stem cells. But progenitors are said to be in a further stage of cell differentiation. They are in the center between stem cells and fully differentiated cells. The kind of potency they have depends on the type of their "parent" stem cell and also on their niche. Some progenitor cells were found during research, and were isolated. After their marker was found, it was proven that these progenitor could move through the body and migrate towards the tissue where they are needed.[citation needed] Many properties are shared by adult stem cells and progenitor cells.

Progenitor cells are found in adult organisms and they act as a repair system for the body. They replenish special cells, but also maintain the blood, skin and intestinal tissues. They can also be found in developing embryonic pancreatic tissue.

The majority of progenitor cells lie dormant or possess little activity in the tissue in which they reside. They exhibit slow growth and their main role is to replace cells lost by normal attrition. In case of tissue injury, damaged or dead cells, progenitor cells can be activated. Growth factors or cytokines are two substances that trigger the progenitors to mobilize toward the damaged tissue. At the same time, they start to differentiate into the target cells. Not all progenitors are mobile and are situated near the tissue of their target differentiation. When the cytokines, growth factors and other cell division enhancing stimulators take on the progenitors, a higher rate of cell division is introduced. It leads to the recovery of the tissue.

[3] The characterization or the defining principle of progenitor cells, in order to separate them from others, is based on the different cell markers rather than their morphological appearance.

Before embryonic day 40 (E40), progenitor cells generate other progenitor cells; after that period, progenitor cells produce only dissimilar mesenchymal stem cell daughters. The cells from a single progenitor cell form a proliferative unit that creates one cortical column; these columns contain a variety of neurons with different shapes.[citation needed]

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Progenitor cell - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Motor Neurone Disease - Stem Cell Therapy India Motor neurone disease often begins with weakness of the muscles of the hands or feet. It eventually leads to generalised paralysis. People with motor neurone disease need help with daily activities and have a life expectancy of three to five years after their diagnosis. A variety of physical effects The physical effects of motor neurone disease (MND) can include : -

What are the types of motor neuron disease?

There is no cure for motor neurone disease

The drug Rilutek (riluzole) has been demonstrated in clinical trials to show a modest extension of life expectancy, and works best in conjunction with support from a multi-disciplinary team of health professionals. Rilutek is available on the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme.

Costly and unproven therapies are sometimes recommended by well-meaning people. People should seek professional advice before embarking on unproven therapies.

Because stem cells are so versatile, they could potentially be used to repair and replace damaged human tissue. The purpose of experimental stem cell therapy is to offer potential benefits of stem cells, which may be : -

This procedure is considered experimental as it is being tested in clinical research studies, and is not yet available as a standard medical treatment.

The stem cells used in our experimental therapy are Mesenchymal stem cells, which are derived from your own bone marrow. These are multipotent stem cells that can transform into a variety of cell types, and thereby help in regeneration and repair of the diseased tissues.

Motor Neuron disease is one of the progressive degenerative neurological disorders having no effective treatment. It dramatically reduces the life span and the quality of life of the patient. Hence the ideal curative treatment in these cases would be the replacement of degenerated or lost cells. The transplanted Adult mesenchymal stem cells have the potential to differentiate into functional neural cell types, thereby facilitating a possible cure.

For more information, medical assessment and medical quote send your detailed medical history and medical reports as email attachment to Email : - info@wecareindia.com Call: +91 9029304141 (10 am. To 8 pm. IST) (Only for international patients seeking treatment in India)

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Motor Neuron Disease Treatment India,Stem Cell Therapy

Almost all doctors, physicians and specialists claims to cure your arthritis by their treatments, There is complete review of all kind of arthritis treatment that are recommended by them as cure for arthritis. You will find review of all major effective arthritis treatment that are available in 2011 to get your perfect arthritis cure, they includes

Diet, Exercise, Medications, Ayurveda, Injection Supplements, Medical Equipments, Joint Fluid Therapy, Acupuncture & Acupressure, Hydrotherapy or Water Therapy, Joint Replacement Surgery, Yoga, Meditation, Tai Chi, Magnet Therapy and Music therapy. They all are explained below

1. Arthritis treatment diet- It does not includes just tablets or any medications, it includes vegetables and fruits that are rich in Vitamin C, Vitamin D, Calcium, Omega-3 Fatty acid, Zinc, Magensium and many more. They certainly are very helpful in its treatmentFor a list of vegetables and fruits to taken for best natural arthritis treatment in 2011 follow below link to cure arthritis. http://cure2arthritis.com/category/diet/

2. Best Exercise for Arthritis in 2011 Exercises really work good for people suffering from arthritis and it is important to do them regularly to see effective results. For a list of arthritis exercise to for best arthritis treatment in 2011 follow below link.

http://cure2arthritis.com/category/exercises/

3. Ayurveda for arthritis treatment in 2011- Auyrveda says arthritis is mostly beacuse of air and indigestion problem in the body. Indigestion cause gastric problem in body and it adds toxic air & bacteria, they cause inflammation and swelling in the joints. Gugul, Haritaki, sudarsban, Brahmi and Bibbitaki are very effective for natural treatment of arthritis. Mahanarayan oil is also very effective and it reduces joint pain problem in body to cure arthritis. Ayurveda is very effective and for details you can email me at cure2arthritis@gmail.com or info@cure2arthritis.com

4. Medications for treatment of arthritis in 2011- There are many medications available for arthritis treatemnt , they are a) Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug- They are commonly known as NSAIDs and they include Clinoril, Tolectin, Lodine, Meclomen, Arthrotec and many more to cure arthritis. b) Disease-Modifying Anti-Rheumatic Drugs- They are commonly known as DMARDs and they include Plaquenil, Leukeran, Ridaura, Neoral, Cyclophosphamide and many more to cure arthritis. c) Steroids- They are glucocorticoids which are primarily used to reduce inflammation because of arthritis. They include Prednisone, Cortef, Betamethasone and others. d) Pain Killers- They are primarily used to relieve joint pain because of inflammation and swelling. They include Ultram, Ugesic, Morphine Sulphate, Darvon and others. e) Biologic Response Modifiers- They are commonly known as BRMs or Biologics, they are used to increase or restore immune system to withstand any infections and internal wounds beacuse of arthritis. They include Kineret, Orencia, Rituxan, Enbrel and many more to cure arthritis.

Note- There are side effects of arthritis treatment drugs on body, they should be taken on arthritis doctor prescription. I would recommend to concentrate arthritis diet for its treatment.

5. Injection Supplements for arthritis treatment in 2011- There are many injection supplement that are availble in market they are Corticosteroids, Synvisc, Viscosupplementation, Hyalgan and others to cure arthritis. They are found to give relief for only some time, so it is only a temporary arthritis treatment.

6. Medical Equipments for arthritis treatment in 2011- There are many Medical Equipments that are available in market like braces, support systems, socks, arthritis calipers, Insole and many more to cure arthritis. They are suitable to only few people (less than 3%) only Insole i would say is effective, it reduces force of jerk on joints in the body. I would recommend to avoid using any braces, support systems, socks, arthritis calipers for arthritis treatment in 2011.

7. Joint Fluid Therapy- It is process of injecting gel in the joints and it act as supplement for synovial fluid to cure arthritis. They include Synvisc, Hyalgan, Euflexxa and others. They are also for temporary relief in arthritis pain.

8. Acupuncture / Acupressure- It is process of pressing or stimulating various points like nerves, muscles and other body organs. It was developed in China and is a effective arthritis treatment from almost 2000 years, it only tough to find Acupuncture specialist.

9. Hydrotherapy or Water Therapy for treatment of arthritis- Warm water is excellent source to ease and reduce joint pain, they relaxes muscles and increases motion. Swimming or moving in water requires higher force which lay less stress with immediate effect on body. They increase stability of joints, muscles and increases body movement. I would diefnately recommend to swim and opt for Hydrotherapy to get perfect arthritis cure.

arthritis joint replacement surgery

10. Joint Replacement Surgery for treatment of arthritis in 2011- It is process of replacing joint with artificial implants and they have success ratio of almost 40% of total. It is very expensive and Joint Replacement Surgery is not covered under insurance. However it can be done with only few patients with age of above 55 and good immune system.

11. Yoga for arthritis treatment- Yoga related to breathing would be useful but making certain position for Yoga can be harmful for joints. Arthritis joints have limited movement, please do not stress on them. Do Yoga that is related breathing it would relieve pain in joints, it is also recommended in Ayurveda artha Tatwa also.

12. Meditation- Tension is also a reason behind Arthritis, Meditation help you in reducing them and control any stress or anxiety. Try to do at-least 2 min a day.

13. Tai Chi exercise art- It is form of martial arts, light movement exercises that are used to relax and improve body motion. It is certainly very useful for arthritis patients.

14. Magnet Therapy- It is said, Magnet is used to improve blood circulation in body but there is no evidence that it can cure arthritis.

15. Music Therapy- It is used to reduce stress and i would recommend Meditation over it.

Cure2arthritis.com RECOMMENDATIONS for Arthritis treatment in 2011 would be Diet, Exercise, Hydrotherapy or Water Therapy, Joint Replacement Surgery, Meditation, Yoga and Acupuncture & Acupressure to cure for arthritis. This disease is majorly result of changing lifestyle problem in 2011, so my recommendation would be more based on natural treatment than others in 2011.

Follow the links below to know more about arthritis

What is osteoarthritis

What is Rheumatoid Arthritis

Role of Calcium in arthritis

What are Nightshade vegetables and to be avoided in arthritis joint pain

Arthritis symptoms

EXTENDED BLOG TO IDENTIFY & DIAGNOSE ARTHRITIS TREATMENT AND ARTHRITIS SYMPTOMS IN 2011

Osteo arthritis Cartilage knee structure

It is very difficult for doctors and physicians to diagnose arthritis symptoms in initial stage of joint pain. The symptoms of arthritis joint pain are identical with many other diseases like diarrhea, heart problem and other, which makes tough to identify arthritis joint pain from other diseases. Available tests to identify arthritis symptoms in 2011 can be classifieds into following

1. Medical history of patients- There are some general question which physicians ask to determine symptoms of arthritis joint pain a) From how much time you are suffering from the joint pain? b) Where do feel and observe joint pain in body? c) Is there any particular time when joint pain occurs? d) After how much time your joint pain last? e) What was the first time when you observe similar pain? f) Could you describe the intensity of joint pain from scale of 1 to 10? g) What things relieves your joint pain? h) Do you met any injuries or illness that was similar to your pain or describes similar pain? i) Is there any one in family who is suffering from arthritis or any other rheumatic disease? j) What medicines are you currently taking and do you feel relief after them? k) Do you observe any limitation in range of your motion in recent months? l) Do you feel reduction in your muscle strength? m) Do you feel any crickling sounds in the joints during movement?

2. Physical examination to determine arthritis symptoms for joint pain- There are certain examination and questionnaire to determine symptoms of arthritis in patient-

a) Lifting weight (3.5 kg or 8 found) to height of shoulder. b) Boxing- Regular throw of overhand. c) Tucking of shirt backwards. (problem would show symptom of initial arthritis) d) Pressing the back of opposite shoulder. e) Crepitus in motion of joints. f) Sleeping on the affected side of joint pain. g) Physical examination of swelling around joints of body. h) Recording and observing any unusual movement in walking by physician.

Questionnaire to determine arthritis symptoms- Answer all questions from scale 1 to 10. Where 1 is being uncertain and 10 being 100% sure

a) Can you reduce joint pain? b) Can you keep your arthritis joint pain away during sleeping? c) Can you continue with all of your routine activities? d) Can you relieve your joint pain by medications e) Can you reduce intensity of pain in joints by intake of more medications? f) Can you walk 22 meters in 25 seconds? g) Can you walk 15 steps downstairs in 15 seconds? h) Can you scratch your opposite back easily? i) Can you wear shirt in 10 seconds? j) Can you improve your fatigue or tiredness? k) How sure you are in handling your arthritis joint pain in routine activities? l) Can you get up from chair or bed without help of arms or hands in 5 second? m) Can you turn up and down outdoor faucet or taps? n) Can you sit and pull yourself out from the driver seat of car? o) Can you do all routine work when you are not feeling well? p) Can you manage your joint pain while doing activities you enjoy most like gaming, roaming or other activities? q) Do you feel frustrated in dealing with your joint pain? r) Do you feel you can get relieve from joint pain by reducing joint pain?

3. Laboratory tests, imaging tests and other screening test to determine arthritis symptoms for joint pain

Laboratory tests for arthritis

Laboratory test to determine symptoms of arthritis in 2011 are

A) Anti Nuclear Antibody Test (ANA)- This test is conducted to determine the amount of antibodies present in the patient. Normal range is less than or equal to 1:40 dilution.

B) Complement Protein test Complement is protein that is found in blood which determines symptoms with lupus. Normal levels for test is 41 to 90 hemolytic units. C4 level should in between 12 to 75 milligrams per deciliter. C3 level should in between 88 to 252 milligrams per deciliter for male and 88 to 206 milligrams per deciliter in ladies. C1 level should vary between 16 to 33 milligrams per deciliter.

C) Complete Blood Count test (CBC) As names determines it a complete test of blood. Low level of white blood cell in blood indicates leukopenia (Normal range is 4.3 to 10.8 cells per liter). Low red blood count in blood indicates anemia (Normal range is 4.2 to 5.9). Low platelet count in blood indicates Thrombocytopenia which cause prolonged bleeding. RDW is the measurement of size of Red Blood cells (Normal range is 11 to 15).

D) Creatinine Test This test to identify any disease related to kidneys. Normal range is 0.6 to 1.2 mg/dl.

E) Rheumatoid Factor Test This determines determines presence of rheumatoid factor in the blood. The normal Rheumatoid Factor is below 20%, however it vary from laboratory to laboratory. Rheumatoid arthritis patient have Rheumatoid Factor from 25 to 90 percent.

F) ESR and SED Rate Test This test is also related to red blood cells. Normal range for Males should be in between 1 13 mm/hr and in case of female it is 1 20 mm/hr.

G) Hematocrit Test It determine the amount of Red blood cells found in blood. Normal range for Males should be in between 45 62% and in case of female it should be between 37 48%.

H) Urinalysis Test This test indicates and examines RBC, WBC, protein level or any infection in urine of patient. Normal range for Specific gravity should be between 1.002-1.030, Urobilinogen should vary between 0.2-1.0 Ehr U/dL, pH should be 5-7 and other all test should be negative.

I) White Blood Cell Count Test Normal range is 4.3-10.8 10cubic/mm cube

J) C-Reactive Protein Test- It is a kind of protein that developes and aggravates due to inflammation around the joints. Normal range is 1.0 and 3.0 milligram/litre

Imaging and Other tests to determine symptoms of arthritis in 2011 are

A) X-ray- It provide images which helps in indicating wear and tear of bones & tissues.

B) MRI- This test provides with images of every organ and structure in body from different degrees to determine symptoms of arthritis.

C) Joint Ultrasound Test- This test is rarely used to determine arthritis symptoms before x-rays.

D) Computed Tomography Scan This test is commonly known as CT Scan, it involves a mixture of x-rays and latest technology to determine arthritis symptoms in body. Images of bones, muscles, fat, and organs are displayed in CT Scan to determine arthritis indication.

E) Arthroscopy Arthroscope tube is inserted inside joint to check wear and tear in around joints. It helps in evaluation of any form of arthritis symptoms and inflammation.

F) DEXA This test determines the density of bones. The lower level of arthritis determines and helps in detection of osteoporosis. Normal range is between 2.5 to 1.

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Arthritis Cure

Regenexx Knee Stem Cell Therapy for Injuries and ArthritisChris Centeno2015-08-07T15:30:40+00:00

The Regenexx family ofnon-surgical stem cell and blood platelet procedures offer next-generation injection treatments for those who are suffering from knee pain or may be facing knee surgery or knee replacement due to common tendon, ligament and bone injuries, arthritis and other degenerative conditions.

As an alternative to knee surgery or knee replacement, Regenexx procedures may help alleviate knee pain and the conditions that cause it with a same-day office injection procedure. Unlike traditional surgery, Regenexx patients are typically encouraged to walk the same day, and most patients experience very little down time from the procedure.

Knee Patient Results | Regenexx SD Procedure Overview | ACL Injuries | Meniscus Tears

This is not a complete list of conditions treated, but the most common knee conditions we have treated throughout the years. If you are experiencing knee pain, injury, or arthritis, please contact us or complete the candidacy form below to learn more about whether the Regenexx Procedures are right for you.

This Regenexx-SD (same-day) bone marrow derived stem cell treatment outcome data analysis is part of the Regenexx data download of patients who were tracked in the Regenexx advanced patient registry.

This Regenexx-SD (same-day) bone marrow derived stem cell treatment outcome data analysis is part of the Regenexx data download of patients who were tracked in the Regenexx advanced patient registry following treatment for Meniscus Tears.

This data utilizes LEFS (Lower Extremity Functional Scale) data from our knee arthritis patients treated with stem cell injections. Functional questionnaires ask the patients questions such as how well they can walk, run, climb stairs, etc. The improvements following the Regenexx-SD procedure are highly statistically significant.

If you are considering a knee replacement, watch the video in the sidebar of this page and read about how stem cells stack up against knee replacements.

BioMed Research International;Volume 2014, Article ID 370621,.Centeno CJ.

Introduction. We investigated the use of autologous bone marrow concentrate (BMC) with and without an adipose graft, fortreatment of knee osteoarthritis (OA). Methods. Treatment registry data for patients who underwent BMC procedures with andwithout an adipose graft were analyzed. Pre- and posttreatment outcomes of interest included the lower extremity functional scale(LEFS), the numerical pain scale (NPS), and a subjective percentage improvement rating. Multivariate analyses were performedto examine the effects of treatment type adjusting for potential confounding factors. The frequency and type of adverse events(AE) were also examined. Results. 840 procedures were performed, 616 without and 224 with adipose graft. The mean LEFS scoreincreased by 7.9 and 9.8 in the two groups (out of 80), respectively, and the mean NPS score decreased from 4 to 2.6 and from 4.3to 3 in the two groups, respectively. AE rates were 6% and 8.9% in the two groups, respectively. Although pre- and posttreatmentimprovements were statistically significant, the differences between the groups were not. Conclusion. BMC injections for knee OAshowed encouraging outcomes and a low rate of AEs. Addition of an adipose graft to the BMC did not provide a detectible benefitover BMC alone.

Two time Super Bowl Champ Jarvis Greens story. From a young boy struggling to get through a football practice, to a 2X Super Bowl Champion, Jarvis tells his story of pain and struggle following knee surgeries, and his return to form following a Regenexx Stem Cell Procedure.

If you are interested in learning whether you are a good candidate for the Regenexx Procedure, please complete the Regenexx Procedure Candidate Form below or call us at 888-525-3005.

Continue reading here:
Knee Stem Cell Therapy - Surgery & Replacement Alternative

Click here to meet our COPC Endocrinologists

Central OhioPrimary Careboard certified Endocrinologists are specialists in the treatment of hormone disorders such as diabetes, osteoporosis and thyroid disease. They partner with your primary care physician in order to create a custom treatment plan that will help you better manage your overall health.

We highly recommend that patients become actively involved in their own healthcare by becoming educated about their condition and treatment options. Our website is a great place to start. It provides educational resources and other valuable information that will help keep you informed. We encourage you to visit our website often so that when you come to your appointments you will feel more confident about asking questions and can have a more productive conversation with your physician.

Diabetes is one of the most common endocrine disorders. If you are being treated for Type I or Type II Diabetes, we will coordinate your care with our Innovative Diabetes Management Team. Together, we will help you prepare a personalized diabetes care plan and get you enrolled in COPC diabetes management classes. Ask us for more information about this valuable COPC resource.

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Endocrinology - Central Ohio Primary Care

The general approach of gene therapy is nothing more than an extension of the technique for clone selection by functional complementation (Chapter 12). The functions absent in the recipient as a result of a defective gene are introduced on a vector that inserts into one of the recipients chromosomes and thereby generates a transgenic animal that has been genetically cured. The technique is of great potential in humans because it offers the hope of correcting hereditary diseases. However, gene therapy is also being applied to mammals other than humans.

The first example of gene therapy in a mammal was the correction of a growth-hormone deficiency in mice. The recessive mutation little (lit) results in dwarf mice. Even though a mouses growth-hormone gene is present and apparently normal, no mRNA for this gene is produced. The initial step in correcting this deficiency was to inject homozygous lit/lit eggs with about 5000 copies of a 5-kb linear DNA fragment that contained the rat growth-hormone structural gene (RGH) fused to a regulatorpromoter sequence from a mouse metallothionein gene (MP). The normal job of metallothionein is to detoxify heavy metals, so the regulatory sequence is responsive to the presence of heavy metals in the animal. The eggs were then implanted into pseudopregnant mice, and the baby mice were raised. About 1 percent of these babies turned out to be transgenic, showing increased size when heavy metals were administered in the course of development. A representative transgenic mouse was then crossed with a homozygous lit/lit female. The ensuing pedigree is shown in . We can see in that mice two to three times the weight of their lit/lit relatives are produced in subsequent generations, with the rat growth-hormone transgene acting as a dominant allele, always heterozygous in this pedigree. The rat growth-hormone transgene also makes lit+ mice bigger ().

The rat growth-hormone gene (RGH), under the control of a mouse promoter region that is responsive to heavy metals, is inserted into a plasmid and used to produce a transgenic mouse. RGH compensates for the inherent dwarfism (lit/lit) in the mouse. RGH (more...)

Transgenic mouse. The mice are siblings, but the mouse on the left was derived from an egg transformed by injection with a new gene composed of the mouse metallothionein promoter fused to the rat growth-hormone structural gene. (This mouse weighs 44g, (more...)

The site of insertion of the introduced DNA in mammals is highly variable, and the DNA is generally not found at the homologous locus. Hence, gene therapy most often provides not a genuine correction of the original problem but a masking of it.

Similar technology has been used to develop transgenic fast-growing strains of Pacific salmon, with spectacular results. A plasmid containing a growth-hormone gene placed next to a metallothionein promoter (all derived from salmon) was microinjected into salmon eggs. A small proportion of the resulting fish proved to be transgenic, testing positive when their DNA was probed with the plasmid construct. These fish were on average 11-fold heavier than the nontransgenic controls (). Progeny inherited the transgene in the same manner as the mice in the earlier example.

Effect of introducing a hormone transgene complex with a strong promoter into Pacific salmon. All salmon shown are the same age. (R. H. Devlin, T. Y. Yesaki, C. A. Biagi, E. M. Donaldson, P. Swanson, and W.-K. Chan, Extraordinary Growth, (more...)

Perhaps the most exciting and controversial application of transgenic technology is in human gene therapy, the treatment and alleviation of human genetic disease by adding exogenous wild-type genes to correct the defective function of mutations. We have seen that the first case of gene therapy in mammals was to cure a genotypically dwarf fertilized mouse egg by injecting the appropriate wild-type allele for normal growth. This technique () has little application in humans, because it is currently impossible to diagnose whether a fertilized egg cell carries a defective genotype without destroying the cell. (However, in an early embryo containing only a few cells, one cell can be removed and analyzed with no ill effects on the remainder.)

Two basic types of gene therapy can be applied to humans, germ line and somatic. The goal of germ-line gene therapy () is the more ambitious: to introduce transgenic cells into the germ line as well as into the somatic cell population. Not only should this therapy achieve a cure of the person treated, but some gametes could also carry the corrected genotype. We have seen that such germinal therapy has been achieved by injecting mice eggs. However, the protocol that is relevant for application to humans is the removal of an early embryo (blastocyst) with a defective genotype from a pregnant mouse and injection with transgenic cells containing the wild-type allele. These cells become part of many tissues of the body, often including the germ line, which will give rise to the gonads. Then the gene can be passed on to some or all progeny, depending on the size of the clone of transgenic cells that lodges in the germinal area. However, no human germ-line gene therapy has been performed to date.

We have seen that most transforming fragments will insert ectopically throughout the genome. This is a disadvantage in human gene therapy not only because of the possibility of the ectopic insert causing gene disruption, but also because, even if the disease phenotype is reversed, the defective allele is still present and can segregate away from the transgene in future generations. Therefore, for effective germinal gene therapy, an efficient targeted gene replacement will be necessary, in which case the wild-type transgene replaces the resident defective copy by a double crossover.

Somatic gene therapy () focuses only on the body (soma). The approach is to attempt to correct a disease phenotype by treating some somatic cells in the affected person. At present, it is not possible to render an entire body transgenic, so the method addresses diseases whose phenotype is caused by genes that are expressed predominantly in one tissue. In such cases, it is likely that not all the cells of that tissue need to become transgenic; a percentage of cells being transgenic can ameliorate the overall disease symptoms. The method proceeds by removing some cells from a patient with the defective genotype and making these cells transgenic through the introduction of copies of the cloned wild-type gene. The transgenic cells are then reintroduced into the patients body, where they provide normal gene function.

Currently, there are two ways of getting the transgene into the defective somatic cells. Both methods use viruses. The older method uses a disarmed retrovirus with the transgene spliced into its genome, replacing most of the viral genes. The natural cycle of retroviruses includes the integration of the viral genome at some location in one of the host cells chromosomes. The recombinant retrovirus will carry the transgene along with it into the chromosome. This type of vector poses a potential problem, because the integrating virus can act as an insertional mutagen and inactivate some unknown resident gene, causing a mutation. Another problem with this type of vector is that a retrovirus attacks only proliferating cells such as blood cells. This procedure has been used for somatic gene therapy of severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID), otherwise known as bubble-boy disease. This disease is caused by a mutation in the gene encoding the blood enzyme adenosine deaminase (ADA). In an attempt at gene therapy, blood stem cells are removed from the bone marrow, the transgene is added, and the transgenic cells are reintroduced into the blood system. Prognosis for such patients is currently good.

Even solid tissues seem to be accessible to somatic gene therapy. In a dramatic case, gene therapy was administered to a patient homozygous for a recessive mutant allele of the LDLR gene for low-density-lipoprotein receptor (genotype LDLR/LDLR). This mutant allele increases the risk of atherosclerosis and coronary disease. The receptor protein is made in liver cells, so 15 percent of the patients liver was removed, and the liver cells were dissociated and treated with retrovirus carrying the LDLR+ allele. Transgenic cells were reintroduced back into the body by injection into the portal venous system, which takes blood from the intestine to the liver. The transgenic cells took up residence in the liver. The latest reports are that the procedure seems to be working and the patients lipid profile has improved.

The other vector used in human gene therapy is the adenovirus. This virus normally attacks respiratory epithelia, injecting its genome into the epithelial cells. The viral genome does not integrate into a chromosome but persists extrachromosomally in the cells, which eliminates the problem of insertional mutagenesis by the vector. Another advantage of the adenovirus as a vector is that it attacks nondividing cells, making most tissues susceptible in principle. Inasmuch as cystic fibrosis is a disease of the respiratory epithelium, adenovirus is an appropriate choice of vector for treating this disease, and gene therapy for cystic fibrosis is currently being attempted with the use of this vector. Viruses bearing the wild-type cystic fibrosis allele are introduced through the nose as a spray. It is also possible to use the adenovirus to attack cells of the nervous system, muscle, and liver.

A promising type of construct that should find use in gene therapy is the human artificial chromosome (HAC). HACs contain essentially the same components as YACs. They were made by mixing human telomeric DNA, genomic DNA, and arrays of repetitive -satellite DNA (thought to have centrometric activity). To this unjoined mixture was added lipofectin, a substance needed for passage through the membrane, and the complete mixture was added to cultured cells. Some cells were observed to contain small new chromosomes that seemed to have assembled de novo inside the cell from the added components (). When the technology has been perfected, these HACs should be potent vectors capable of transferring large amounts of human DNA into cells in a stable replicating form.

An artificial human chromosome (at arrow). (John J. Harrington, G. Van Bokkelen, R. W. Mays, K. Gustashaw, and H. F. Willard, Formation of de Novo Centromeres and Construction of First-Generation Human Artificial Microchromosomes, Nature (more...)

Gene therapy introduces transgenic cells either into somatic tissue to correct defective function (somatic therapy) or into the germ line for transmission to descendants (germ-line therapy).

Original post:
Gene therapy - An Introduction to Genetic Analysis - NCBI ...

Adult Stem Cells (ASCs), by definition, are unspecialized or undifferentiated cells that not only retain their ability to divide mitotically while still maintaining their undifferentiated state but also, given the right conditions, have the ability to differentiate into different types of cells including cells of different germ-origin an ability referred to as transdifferentiation or plasticity.1,2 In vitro, the conditions under which transdifferentiation occurs can be brought about by modifying the culture medium in which the cells are cultured. In vivo, the same changes are seen when the ASCs are transplanted into a tissue environment different to their own tissue-of origin. Though the exact mechanism of this transdifferentiation of ASCs is still under debate, this ability of ASCs along with their ability to self-renew is of great interest in the field of Regenerative Medicine as a therapeutic tool in being able to regenerate and replace dying, damaged or diseased tissue.

Clinically, however, there are a few criteria that ASCs need to fulfill before they can be viewed as a viable option in Regenerative Medicine. These are as follows:3

Adds Millions of Stem Cells Back into Circulation.

Adipose Tissue Yields an Abundance of ASCs

Compared to any other source, the high concentrations of regenerative cells found in adipose tissue (depots of fat for storing energy) especially in the abdominal region, by sheer volume of availability, ensure an abundance in number of ASCs ranging in the millions per unit volume. The sheer number available also has the added advantage of not needing to be cultured in a laboratory over days in order to get the desired number of ASCs to achieve what is called therapeutic threshold i.e. therapeutic benefit. In addition, harvesting ASCs from adipose tissue through simple, minimally invasive liposuction under local anesthesia is relatively easier and painless and poses minimal risk to the patient compared to all other possible methods.

Adipose tissue ASCs (AT-ASCs) are extremely similar to stem cells isolated from bone marrow (BMSCs). The similarities in profile between the two types of ASCs range from morphology to growth to transcriptional and cell surface phenotypes.4,5 Their similarity extends also to their developmental behavior both in vitro and in vivo. This has led to suggestions that adipose-derived stem cells are in fact a mesenchymal stem cell fraction present within adipose tissue.6

Clinically, however, stromal vascular fraction-derived AT-ASCs have the advantage over their bone marrow-derived counterparts, because of their abundance in numbers eliminating the need for culturing over days to obtain a therapeutically viable number and the ease of the harvest procedure itself being less painful than the harvest of bone marrow. This, in theory, means that an autologous transplant of adipose-derived ASCs will not only work in much the same way as the successes shown using marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell transplant, but also be of minimal risk to the patient.

AT-ASCs, like BM-ASCs, are called Mesenchymal ASCs because they are both of mesodermal germ-origin. This means that AT-ASCs are able to differentiate into specialized cells of mesodermal origin such as adipocytes, fibroblasts, myocytes, osteocytes and chondrocytes.7,8,9 AT-ASCs are also able (given the right conditions of growth factors) to transdifferentiate into cells of germ-origin other than their own. Animal model and human studies have shown AT-ASCs to undergo cardiomyogenic 10, endothelial (vascular)11, pancreatic (endocrine) 12, neurogenic 13, and hepatic trans-differentiation14 , while also supporting haematopoesis15.

Low Risk to the Patient

PhotoActivate ASCs for Stem Cell Treatment with AdiLight-2

Autologous transplant of SVF AT-ASCs also poses extremely low risk to the patient when done as a single procedure in a sterile surgical operating room setting. Furthermore, it is postulated that SVF AT-ASCs due to their immunosuppressive properties may be transplanted into not only autologous but also allogenic tissues without initiating a cytotoxic T-cell response.16 We at AdiStem believe autologous transplant to be the safest and most viable option.

It is noteworthy that the protocol devised by AdiStem for the procurement of SVF AT-ASCs does not overlook the therapeutic potential conferred by the cocktail of ingredients present in the SVF. Let us look at this cocktail of cells, proteins and growth factors in a little more detail.

The extracellular matrix of adipose tissue contains different types of Collagen such as Types 1, 3-4, 7, 14-15, 18 and 27 to name a few.6 This is important in AdiStems Fat Transfer protocol where freshly isolated fat is used as a filler in augmentation or post-lumpectomy reconstruction of the breast and in the augmentation of the penis, and where collagen provides the structural support required for cell survival.

Furthermore, the extracellular matrix plays an important role in adipocyte endocrine secretions, and release of growth factors such as transforming growth factor beta (TGF-), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and fibroblast growth factor (FGF), among others all of which are contained in the SVF.17 This is consistent with the secretions of cells in the presence of an extracellular matrix. The SVF also contains the various proteins present in the adipose tissue extracellular matrix of which Laminin is of interest due to its ability to help in neural regeneration.6

The cellular composition of the SVF ranges from pre-adipocytes to endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, pericytes, fibroblasts, and AT-ASCs. Typically, the SVF also contains blood cells from the capillaries supplying the fat cells. These include erythrocytes, B and T cells, macrophages, monocytes, mast cells, natural killer (NK) cells, hematopoietic stem cells and endothelial progenitor cells, to name a few. The latter two types of cells, namely the hematopoietic stem cells and endothelial progenitor cells play important roles in supporting the viability of existing blood vessels and helping create new ones respectively.

We believe that these other ingredients that make up the SVF cocktail act as an adjuvant to further augment the effect of the autologous transplant of SVF AT-ASCs.

PhotoActivate ASCs for Stem Cell Treatment with AdiLight-2 for Joint Pain

Stem Cell Expansion is Unnecessary

An important point to note is that there is still debate whether freshly isolated ASCs are functionally similar to ASCs which have undergone expansion.18 We believe this debate to be of little consequence because of the high concentrations of regenerative cells we are able to harvest. Expansion is therefore unnecessary. Moreover, our own preliminary results in human subjects (n=32), where wound-healing was tested by the introduction of freshly isolated ASCs into the wound showed more than promising results. It must be stated however, that isolates from the lipoaspirate on its own proved less effective than when the isolates were introduced into either a proprietary Activation Medium containing known growth factor stimulators of stem cells in addition to the patients own platelet-derived growth factors (using PRPKit) for one hour before being re-introduced into the patient.

Centrifuge Separates Dormant Stems Cells From the Fat.

ASCs Require Activation for Full Functionality

The observations stated above confirm that Adipose-derived ASCs though large in number lie dormant within the adipose tissue and that they require activation to come into full functionality for more successful implantation into the host tissue and to begin self-renewal by cell division and formation of other cell types by differentiation and transdifferentiation. This is also in line with the theory that ASCs are called into action only when the tissues within which they reside are dying, damaged or diseased. Further preliminary testing to increase the functionality of the Adipose-derived ASCs using specific frequencies of monochromatic light (LED Technology AdiLight-2) the specifics of which we prefer not to disclose at this time has also revealed significant results.

AdiStem Phase I/II Clinical Trials in Humans on the Safety and Efficacy of Administration of Activated Autologous Adipose-Derived Stromal Vascular Fraction Adult Stem Cells are ongoing and at several stages of completion at various centers around the world for Management of Type II Diabetes, Breast Reconstruction Post-Lumpectomy, Management and Healing of Chronic Diabetic Ulcers and for Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis.

Future research areas which have shown promising results in our initial case studies are Osteoarthritis, Emphysema, Stroke, Heart Failure and early stage Parkinsons Disease.

See Where Activated Stem Cells Go

Patents Have Been Filed

AdiStem Ltd. has filed multiple Australian Innovation Patents and multiple International PCT Patents on its methodology of extraction of adipose-derived ASCs from adipose tissue and various methodologies for activating ASCs.

Stem Cells and PRP

AdiStem Stem Cell Kits include standard PRP components. Growth factors (GFs) from the patients own circulating blood platelets are used to activate the adipose-derived ASCs harvested from the same patient.

Wound healing is a complex process, involving a mechanism of complex cascading regulatory events at both the molecular and cellular levels.19,20 Growth factors (GFs) are secreted by a wide variety of cells to regulate the wound healing process in an orderly manner.21,22 Over the last decade, various GFs, including platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-), have been used to accelerate the healing process.23-27

Platelet-rich plasma (PRP), as a storage vehicle of growth factors, is a new application of tissue engineering which was considered for the application of growth factors. PRP is a concentration of platelets in plasma developed by gradient density centrifugation.28 It contains many growth factors, such as PDGF, TGF-, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), insulin-like growth factor (IGF), etc.29,30 And it has been successfully used in a variety of clinical applications for improving hard and soft tissue healing.31-35 Platelet-rich plasma has also been shown to enhance the proliferation of human adipose-derived stem cells.36

The (stem cell) procedure involves the taking of blood during or just prior to the patients adipose tissue extraction procedure. Platelets are isolated from the blood and then activated to release their growth factors before photoactivation with AdiLight-2. The adipose-derived ASCs are then mixed with the growth factors containing plasma and activated in the AdiLight-2 for 20 minutes prior to being administered to the patient.

See AdiLight-2 Activation Science & Technology

References

See the rest here:
AdiStem -- Adult Stem Cells Derived from Adipose Tissue ...

"Half of your DNA is determined by your mother's side, and half is by your father. So, if you seem to look exactly like your mother, perhaps some DNA that codes for your body and how your organs run was copied from your father's genes."

So close, yet so far. This quote, taken from a high school student's submission in a national essay contest, represents just one of countless misconceptions many people have about the basic nature of heredity and how our bodies read the instructions stored in our genetic material (Shaw et al. 2008). Although it is true that half of our genome is inherited from our mother and half from our father, it is certainly not the case that only some of our cells receive instructions from only some of our DNA. Rather, every diploid, nucleated cell in our body contains a full complement of chromosomes, and our specific cellular phenotypes are the result of complex patterns of gene expression and regulation.

In fact, it is through this dynamic regulation of gene expression that organismal complexity is determined. For example, when the first draft of the human genome was published in 2003, scientists were surprised to find that sequence analysis revealed only around 25,000 genes, instead of the 50,000 to 100,000 genes originally hypothesized. Clues from studies examining the genomic structure of a variety of organisms suggest that much of human uniqueness lies not in our number of genes, but instead in our regulatory control over when and where certain genes are expressed.

Additional examination of different organisms has revealed that all genomes are more complex and dynamic than previously thought. Thus, the central dogma proposed by Francis Crick as early as 1958 that DNA encodes RNA, which is translated into protein is now considered overly simplistic. Today, scientists know that beyond the three types of RNA that make the central dogma possible (mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA), there are many additional varieties of functional RNA within cells, many of which serve a number of known (and unknown) functions, including regulation of gene expression. Understanding how the structure of these and other nucleic acids belies their function at both the macroscopic and microscopic levels, and discovering how that understanding can be manipulated, is the essence of where genetics and molecular biology converge.

Detailed comparative analysis of different organisms' genomes has also shed light on the genetics of evolutionary history. Using molecular approaches, information about mutation rates, and other tools, scientists continue to add more detail to phylogenetic trees, which tell us about the relationships between the marvelous variety of organisms that have existed throughout the planet's history. Examining how different processes shape populations through the culling or maintenance of deleterious or beneficial alleles lies at the heart of the field of population genetics.

Within a population, beneficial alleles are typically maintained through positive natural selection, while alleles that compromise fitness are often removed via negative selection. Some detrimental alleles may remain, however, and a number of these alleles are associated with disease. Many common human diseases, such as asthma, cardiovascular disease, and various forms of cancer, are complex-in other words, they arise from the interaction between multiple alleles at different genetic loci with cues from the environment. Other diseases, which are significantly less prevalent, are inherited. For instance, phenylketonuria (PKU) was the first disease shown to have a recessive pattern of inheritance. Other conditions, like Huntington's disease, are associated with dominant alleles, while still other disorders are sex-linked-a concept that was first identified through studies involving mutations in the common fruit fly. Still other diseases, like Down syndrome, are linked to chromosomal aberrations that can be identified through cytogenetic techniques that examine chromosome structure and number.

Our understanding in all these fields has blossomed in recent years. Thanks to the merger of molecular biology techniques with improved knowledge of genetics, scientists are now able to create transgenic organisms that have specific characters, test embryos for a variety of traits in vitro, and develop all manner of diagnostic tests capable of identifying individuals at risk for particular disorders. This interplay between genetics and society makes it crucial for all of us to grasp the science behind these techniques in order to better inform our decisions at the doctor, at the grocery store, and at home.

As we seek to cultivate this understanding of modern genetics, it is critical to remember that the misconceptions expressed in the aforementioned essay are the same ones that many individuals carry with them. Thus, when working together, faculty and students need to explore not only what we know about genetics, but also what data and evidence support these claims. Only when we are equipped with the ability to reach our own conclusions will our misconceptions be altered.

-Kenna Shaw, Ph.D

Image: Mehau Kulyk/Science Photo Library/Getty Images.

Shaw, K. (2008) Genetics. Nature Education 2(10):1

Read more from the original source:
Genetics | Learn Science at Scitable

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These articles, and stem-cell-science reviews, testimonials products, statements,and videos, have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. They are for educational and informational purposes only and do not constitute medical advice. The opinions expressed herein are those of the authors and ANY products mentioned or referenced,are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent ANY disease or illness.

For more adult stem cell science information on supporting your bodys natural ability to release stem cells, and to take advantage of any financial opportunities involving optimal health ,stem cells and Stem-Cell-Enhancers

.Watch this VIDEO of the Worlds First Stem-Cells-Enhancer

Stem Cell Science Reviews, along with adult stem cell nutrition Testimonials are being generated with increasing frequency. American citizens and others from around the globe are experiencing new found freedom from disease, affliction, and infirmity. Individuals' lives are forever changed with the strengthened faith and renewed hope that arise from healed bodies and physical restoration.

These seemingly miraculous repairs being proclaimed by scientists involved with Adult Stem Cell Science, are backed by published proof and documented peer reviewed studies.

The popular news media tend to ignore and obscure the medical breakthroughs made by adult stem cell research--success that has conspicuously eluded embryonic stem cell treatments.

Adult stem cells (or, more accurately, tissue stem cells) are regenerative cells of the human body that possess the characteristic of plasticity--the ability to specialize and develop into other tissues of the body. Beginning in an un-specialized and undeveloped state, they can be coaxed to become heart tissue, neural matter, skin cells, and a host of other tissues.

Stem cell science has documented that adult stem cells are found in our own organs and tissues such as fat, bone marrow, umbilical cord blood, placentas, neuronal sources, and olfactory tissue, which resides in the upper nasal cavity.

This simple fact has remarkable implications for medicine--diseased or damaged tissue can become healthy and robust through the infusion of such cells. This has consequently commanded the attention of many researchers as well as those suffering from disease.

It is necessary to note that the power of adult stem cells is not nebulously potential, but tangible and real, as it has produced wonderful results with many adult stem cell science studies and testimonials in multiple cases.

These have been documented in clinical trials, that is, treatments with human patients. With adult stem cells, physicians have successfully treated autoimmune diseases such as lupus, multiple sclerosis, Crohn's disease, and rheumatoid arthritis. Furthermore, adult stem cell science advances have helped to avert corneal degeneration and to restore vision in cases of blindness. They have also restored proper cardiac function to heart attack sufferers and improved movement in spinal cord injury patients.

It is also important to note that adult stem cell science has produced successes and the Worlds first adult stem cell enhancer capsules. Adult stem cell science and adult stem cell research are conducted without any controversy. Embryonic stem cell research, which requires the destruction of early human life to acquire the cells, has not produced any successes in human patients. The breakthroughs demonstrated by adult stem cells are detailed below.

"Spinal cord injuries are one of the most severe forms of debilitation known to humanity. Many times they result in different forms of paralysis, including paraplegia and quadriplegia; other times they involve the immediate or imminent death of the patient. Laura Dominguez is an example of the former. Living in San Antonio, Texas, she was a sixteen-year-old girl attending summer school in 2001. On her way back from class, she and her brother encountered an oil spill on the highway that caused their car to careen out of control. The accident left her paralyzed from the neck down with a C6 vertebrae burst fracture. She subsequently entered various hospitals to be emphatically informed that she would never walk again." She is another candidate for adult stem cell science technologies and Adult Stem Cell Nutrition.

"Recent years have seen the emergence of successful adult stem cell science treatments and consuming adult stem cell nutrition for those who have suffered from heart attacks and heart failure.

Dr. Andreas M. Zeiher, the chairman of the department of internal medicine at the University of Frankfurt, and Dr. Stefanie Dimmeler, head of the division of molecular cardiology at the same institution, conducted a study of 28 heart attack patients in 2003."

"Another area in which adult stem cell science and therapy are demonstrating rapid advancement is the field of ophthalmology. A surgical procedure known as limbal stem cell transplantation offers hope to those suffering from corneal degeneration, blindness, and other ocular diseases.

The procedure involves the extraction of stem cells from the limbus, the region of the eye between the epithelial layer of the cornea and the sclera, the eye's outer layer. The cells are typically extracted from a healthy eye of the patient himself, from a family member, or from cadaveric material. Once extracted, the limbal stem cells are implanted into the patient's defective eye. Stem cell science reveals that the stem cells then differentiate into corneal epithelial cells which improve the health of the outermost layer of the eye."

Autoimmune Disease Treatment: Diabetes, Lupus, Crohn's, Multiple Sclerosis

"Adult stem cell science and treatments has also shown significant results, with life-changing testimonials, in the treatment of various autoimmune disorders. Researchers reported that, of 250 diabetics, 200 were able to discard their insulin needles for over a year after islet cell transplantation from cadavers. A research team at Harvard has shown complete reversal of juvenile diabetes in mice using adult spleen cells, and is now preparing for the first patients trials using these adult cells."

"Parkinson's disease is a disorder of the central nervous system in which the substantia nigra, a part of the brain, ceases to produce dopamine, a chemical that allows for effective motion. Dennis Turner is a man who suffered from the disorder for fourteen years. His condition was characterized by strong shaking on the right side of his body, making arm coordination virtually impossible. He underwent years of medication and watched his condition gradually deteriorate. After consultation with a neurologist, he discovered the option of adult stem cell therapy and decided to have the procedure done. His own stem cells were extracted from his brain and subsequently transplanted into the left side of his brain in a 1999 procedure."

"Adult stem cell transplants are also widely used to treat such diseases as anemias, leukemias, lymphomas, and other cancers. Additional treatable diseases are Fanconi anemia, pure red cell aplasia, juvenile chronic myelogenous leukemia, juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia, immune deficiencies, and some genetic diseases."

The above testimonials are a strong testament to the amazing power of adult stem cells,brought public, by adult stem cell science. These "miracle cells" have provided real treatments for real people.

While stem cell science, has brought "Center Stage" the potency and success of adult stem cell treatments are becoming evident, treatments using embryonic stem cells have not produced any clinical successes. Rather, embryonic stem cell treatments tend to create tumors in numerous animal studies. The public should ponder these issues and ask why the media do not cover such results.

In a world with limited funds for research, why are we arguing about unproven and often dangerous embryonic stem cell treatments when treatments using adult stem cells are today producing testimonials of real results for real patients?

DISCLAIMER - Adult-StemCells-Blog and EJ Morris, a STEMTech Independent Distributor, does not make or infer any claims that Stem Cell Enhancers or Circulation Enhancer supplements can cure, mitigate, treat or prevent ANY disease. The information on this site is provided for educational and informational purposes only.The content is based upon the opinions of each respective author. The viewer is encouraged to make their own healthcare decisions that can be based upon research and then partnering with their own Doctor or health care professional concerning stem cell science, Stem Cell Enhancer capsules and adult stem cell options.

I am 54 years old and I love to work out with my speed bag and heavy bag. I want to give my Adult Stem Cell Nutrition testimony. I do weight training and love to run. A year ago I aggravated my lower back doing some work for a friend of mine from my church.

I have four vertebrae with compression fractures and during the last year I had severe discomfort in my back and I had torn some ligaments and muscles in my right calve.

I started taking AFA Stem-Cell-Enhancer capsules about 1 1/2 months ago. Today my back is free of discomfort and my calve has improved 80 %. I have never taken a product with such drastic results. I am a believer in stem cell science and will be using Stem cell Nutrition capsules for the rest of my life.

Kirk L.

*** [[ side note ]] Whole AFA has been used for more than two decades with a very good track record of safety and health benefits. Whole AFA has been used as a natural anti-inflammatory product, to support the immune system, and to improve mental clarity and mental energy. Over the past few years scientific teams have isolated and identified the various components in AFA responsible for the various health benefits of AFA.

In brief, AFA has been found to contain phenylethylamine (PEA) responsible for providing a feeling of mental energy, phycocyanin responsible for the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, a polysaccharide responsible for supporting the immune system, and most recently an L-selectin ligand responsible for supporting the release of stem cells from the bone marrow.

The World's first Stem Cells Enhancer Capsules are a 5:1 concentrate of AFA that concentrates the four compounds listed above. It is specifically designed and developed to support stem cell physiology, but it also concentrates other compounds unique to AFA, bringing unique support for the whole body.

Witness for yourself .. the Stem Cells Enhancer that helped Kirk

Running With a Bum Knee

A Stem-Cells-Enhancer testimony from Kenny Gaddy I have a bum knee. Over the years it has taken a lot of punishment from playing different sports. My knee would buckle walking upstairs, feeling like the cartilage between the bones was missing. I used to run a lot, but I hadn't been able to lately because of the pain. After three days of taking Stem Cell Nutrition capsules, I walked upstairs without my knee buckling or feeling any discomfort. I was pleasantly surprised at the strength in my knee, so to test it, I ran up the stairs. I was so excited! When I get up in the morning now, I hit the floor running. Nothing but the Stem-Cell-Enhancer capsules could have brought about that improvement.

World's First Stem-Cells- Enhancer Capsules are Right HERE !

Symptoms Gone

George Guyatt My symptoms included loss of memory, difficulty walking, and tremors. Three doctors in town, plus one at the VA, agreed I had a serious disorder. Recently, after starting on AFA Stem Cell Nutrition supplements, I noticed a big difference .. and I wanted to give my Stem Cell Science testimony.

Right away, my memory got better, and my walking improved 100 percent. I found it was much easier to get in and out of cars. I went to the neurologist for my regular check up, and she put me through all kinds of tests, but they all came back clear. I showed no signs of any brain disorder.

When she rotated my joints, she said she could barely detect a problem and couldn't believe what she was seeing.

She asked what I was doing differently, and I told her about the Adult Stem Cell nutrition and stem cell science. She said she would like to know more about it and told me that I would not have to come back anymore unless I wanted to.

"I'll Never be Without my STEM CELL Enhancer Nutrition"

Let's review some adult stem cell science and learn exactly what are Adult Stem Cell Enhancer capsules.. and How Do they Work?

Stem Cell Enhancer capsules,are a water soluble, a five times concentrate of AFA, a fresh-water blue-green algae that grows is Klamath Lake, Oregon, and a few other places around the world.

Stem Cell Science has produced a patented stem cell nutrition formula contains a specific ligand that attaches to a receptor on stem cells in the bone marrow, and thereby releases stem cells from their attachment in the bone marrow.

Stem cell science studies and research work, have discovered that Stem Cell Enhancer capsules, also contains a molecule known as Migratose that helps stem cells enter areas of tissue injury and cell damage. Beyond this, the AFA in Stem-Cell-Enhancer capsules contains chlorophyll, which helps in detoxification.

Stem Cell Science documents that stem cell nutrition capsules also contain PEA, a brain chemical known as the molecule of joy, which improves mood and relaxation in many people.Stem Cell Enhancer capsules also contain phycocyanin, the blue-green pigment which is both anti-inflammatory and has anti-tumor properties.

Scientific studies on Stem Cell Enhancer capsules have demonstrated that it 1) causes a transient, mild enhancement of stem cell release, 2) releases natural killer cells from the bone marrow, which cells help the body eliminate toxic invaders (bacteria and viruses) and cancer cells, and 3) decreases malignant cell growth. Further stem cell science studies are in progress and will be published in the coming months.

The very basic stem cell science of it all, is, when a person takes two Stem Cell Nutrition capsules, from the stomach they go right into the blood stream and then to the bone marrow.

In the bone marrow they activate the natural release of between three to four million of your own stem cells into your blood stream. When the stem cells are released into the blood stream they are like heat-seeking missiles. They go right to the part of your body that is damaged the most. They then attach themselves to the damaged area, they become new cells of that area, they multiply, and they fix the problem the natural way.

Stem cell science has documented that after the millions of your own stem cells circulate in your blood stream for two to three hours fixing things, the stem cells that are not used up go right back to the bone marrow.

So nothing is lost.

The bone marrow then reproduces the number of stem cells that were used up on the previous journey, so you always have a full tank of stem cells for the next time you take two capsules. Pretty exciting. Now well look at some adult stem cell science testimonies from real people.

A Bad Fall .. Stem Cell Enhancer and Circulation enhancer Capsules

Last summer I was walking with some friends of mine through their back yard late at night. It was pitch black. What they didnt tell me was that their son was putting in a fence around the perimeter of their property, and he had dug a deep hole for the 6 x 6 post. Well, he ran out of daylight, didnt have time to put in the post, and he didnt cover the hole. Guess what? I found the hole.

I hit the side of my left leg right under the hip joint on my way down. The discomfort was excruciating. I thought I had broken my leg. They hauled me out of the hole and I started walking around, and I knew that because I could walk I hadnt broken my leg.

Right away my leg swelled up where I had hit the hole. I had been taking four Stem Cell Enhancer capsules a day for over a year on kind of a maintenance program.

Now, to relieve the immense discomfort I took eight StemEnhance three times a day for three days. Every time I took the eight pills the discomfort would go down measurably. At the end of the three days the discomfort was all gone.

But the big puffy bruise about the size of my hand on my leg was still there. It didnt hurt but it was still there. Another amazing thing about that giant bruise that whole time I was taking the massive amounts of Stem Cell Enhancers, that bruise never became in the least discolored.

When I was younger I was a high school and college track athlete and basketball player, and every bruise I ever received would get black and blue. This one never discolored at all. The stem cells had to be taking the bad blood away before it could collect there.

After that bad fall I went back to taking four pills a day. The big lump on my leg was still there. It didnt hurt, but it was still there. About two months later the company came out with stem cell circulation nutrition which is an all natural product made out of six very powerful antioxidants. I was so happy with what stem cell nutrition supplements have done for me that I decided to try it to help the circulation of my stem cells.

It has been recommended taking Stem Cell Circulation capsules along with ,Stem Cell Enhancer capsules, in the morning on an empty stomach with plenty of water or other liquid that is good for you.

Stem cell Circulation Enhancer capsules actually speeds the transmission of the stem cells in your blood stream and clears out veins and arteries and actually opens capillaries that were closed. It is especially good for people with poor circulation.

Well, I didnt have poor circulation, but being 65 years old I am always interested in all natural products that will keep me in good health.

So, I bought a bottle of circulation enhancer capsules and started taking them. All of a sudden that big puffy lump on the side of my left leg started to go down. Within a week to a week and a half it was all gone and has never come back.

Another thing I noticed after taking adult stem cell circulation nutrition.. I had a patch of red inflamed skin about the size of a small baseball right above the ankle bone of my right leg. It didnt really hurt, but it was itchy and red, and I didnt want to itch it because I thought it might bleed. I had had this red spot there for several years.

In about two weeks after taking adult stem cell nutrition for enhanced circulation, that red spot was gone, and now it is just regular skin. I also used to get light headed when I would stand up quickly after stooping down to the floor or getting up too fast. The light head feeling is all gone now since I have been taking stem cell circulation formula. K.G.

Muscle aches, Elevated Blood Sugar, and Bad Vision

A 46 years old, self-made businessman had severe muscle discomfort for 26 years. The doctor told him that it was just a matter of time before he was in a wheel chair because there was no medical cure for this condition. He also had a severe case of elevated blood sugar, and because of complications related to this he was losing his vision very fast.

It took him literally two to three hours every morning just to get out of bed so he could get ready to go to work. This man heard me on the radio talking about gold and silver, but when I told him about Stem Cell Enhancer capsules he became very excited. He bought a number of bottles and started taking six or eight capsules a day.

After six weeks his muscle aches were all gone, after two months his elevated blood sugar normalized, and also in this period his vision improved back to 20/20. In fact, he gave a speech to a group of people after that about what these Stem Cell Enhancers had done for him, and his eye doctor went with him with his eye medical records and gave a testimony of what had happened to his vision as a result of taking AFA Stem Cell Enhancers.

A couple months after he started taking Stem-Cell-Enhancer capsules, this mans mother was diagnosed with stage IV lung masses and was expected to live for only a month or two. After starting taking Stem-Cell-Enhancers, two capsules 3x daily, she improved to the point that the hospice workers questioned her diagnosis. She survived for nine months in a much improved state and died of unrelated causes. R. N.

Muscle Aches

A married lady from Colorado in her mid-50s had a bad case of muscle aching. She was in so much discomfort that she could not even physically get out of bed in the morning. Her husband had to pull her out of bed. She would just stand there on the side of the bed and shake almost uncontrollably for about 15 minutes. The shaking would eventually subside and she could slowly start walking around and get ready to go to work. She bought Stem-Cell-Enhancer capsules and started taking it every day. After only a month her muscle discomfort was completely gone, and now she lives a brand new life without that tormenting affliction. J. H.

Healthy Heart & Sunshine

I have a couple gold and silver clients in Alaska. They are both in their mid 50s. The wife has had heart problems and has been experiencing great difficulty walking for any distance even on the level. She would get out of breath and feel very weak. Her husband was a commercial plumber and was relatively healthy. But being a plumber and being outside in the elements he was very concerned about his health, particularly about his immune system.

When I told the wife about Stem Cell Enhancer capsules releasing millions more adult stem cells..and that those stem cells could strengthen her heart she became very excited and bought several bottles. She took about six or eight Stem-Cell-Enhancer capsules a day in order to hasten the repair of her heart. In just a few short weeks she was walking long distances without even breathing hard.

She then decided to try to climb a small mountain that was near to where they lived. Twenty years ago she was able to climb it but not recently. With her knew found strength she decided to try. She climbed to the top of that mountain and was not even breathing hard by the time she got there.

When she bought several bottles of AFA Stem-Cell-Enhancer capsules, her husband ridiculed her, and called it quack medicine. As she started feeling the results of the product she wanted him to take it also, so she made up a story that it was primarily for the immune system, not knowing that stem cell nutrition does very much boost the immune system. Her husband decided to take it on that basis.

When I called back and talked to her after about two months she told me a shocking but funny story. She said that her husband had been transformed into a new person. I didnt know this before, but she told me that her husband was the most pessimistic, negative, critical, nasty person you could ever meet.

She said that she couldnt wait until he had a job away from home so she wouldnt have to be around him and his nastiness. She also told me that after he started taking the Stem-Cell-Enhancer capsules his whole personality changed.

Now he is never negative or pessimistic or nasty. He is the most cheerful, optimistic, positive person you could ever want or hope to meet. She is absolutely astounded at the dramatic change. He went from nasty surly to complete Sunshine in about two months.

What she didnt know about Stem-Cell-Enhancer nutrition, is that the blue-green algae contains a natural chemical, phenylethylamine or PEA, called the Oil of Joy, and it makes people calm, serene, relaxed, and happy. Smile.. and pass the Stem Cell Nutrition T. M.

Eyes, Shingles, Respiratory problems, Bad Knees

One of my clients is a legal secretary. She started out taking just two Stem-Cell-Enhancer capsules a day, one in the morning and one at night. Over the years her eyesight has become bad and she had to start wearing bifocals for close up work, like looking at the computer screen.

After just a few days of taking stem cell nutrition she noticed that the computer at work was becoming blurry. She thought that very strange. Maybe her eyes were going bad. To her shock, when she took off her bifocals she could read the computer screen clearly.

Now she doesnt need to wear glasses any more. Many people with bad vision have almost immediate eye testimonies. Where can you go to buy good natural vision?

Years ago this lady had a bad case of shingles, and there were some places on her face that were still numb from the infection. Within a week all the numbness in those places was gone. Being in an office with attorneys and other office staff, she usually was the first to pick up colds and sniffles or coughs or flu.

She noticed the other day that almost everyone in the office had some kind of cold or malady, but she was feeling just fine and healthy. Lastly, she had bad knees, and they would really hurt when she walked up stairs. After two weeks of taking Stem-Cell-Enhancer capsules, her knees didnt hurt in the least anymore. B. A.

Shoulder, Eyes, Breathing, Bad Back

A man in his mid 50s had lost most of the range of motion in his shoulders, and had a lot of discomfort there. He started taking Stem-Cell-Enhancer capsules and Circulation Enhancers, about eight capsules of each daily. In less than a week he experienced much greater range of motion in his shoulders.

His eyesight was also bad, and in just about a week he was able to drive downtown without his glasses on. He had trouble breathing and went to the doctor to get an MRI. He thought there might be something wrong with his heart, but the tests didnt show that. He had sinus trouble also and was not able to breathe out of his nose.

After about two weeks his breathing had improved dramatically and he could breathe out of his nose for the first time in years. He was also constantly in severe back discomfort, and no medication could touch it. After just four days of taking the worlds first Adult Stem Cell Enhancer capsules his backache was completely gone. R.W.

Memory, Knee, Energy, Granny

A young man in his late 20s wanted to improve his memory. He found that when he was studying hard concepts that it would take him quite a while to grasp them.

Adult stem cell science amazed him. He started taking Adult Stem Cell Enhancer capsules and Stem cell circulation enhancers .. six capsules a day.

He was amazed at the dramatic difference it made and how he could now grasp complicated concepts and remember them. He also had a bad knee from playing soccer when he was younger.

He had to quit playing because of his knee. After two weeks of taking the adult stem cell nutrition formula his knee was 100% fine no discomfort at all.

He also experienced a tremendous boost of energy and strength. He gave a bottle of adult stem cell nutrition formula to his 75 year old grandmother just to try. Years ago she was very active, but age has taken its toll.

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Stem Cell Science Reviews and Adult Stem Cell Nutrition ...