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Teaching in Northeasterns Biotechnology master's program is an opportunity to transfer my knowledge in industry to bright young scientists. I hire some in co-op positions and watch them grow as professionals. There is nothing more rewarding than seeing your pupils become successful in what they were taught. - Greg Zarbis-Papastoitsis, VP Process & Manufacturing, Eleven Biotherapeutics

"The biotechnology master's degree program played a significant role in my development as a science professional. By the end of my co-op at EMD Serono, Inc., I was not only recognized as a valuable technical expert but also as a responsible professional the company needed." Shruti Pratapa, Research Associate, EMD Serono, Inc.

The Northeastern University MS in Biotechnology is a certified Professional Science Master's Degree program -- a unique and cutting-edge degree that combines advanced science education with opportunities to interact with leading practitioners in the biomedical and pharmaceutical community here in Boston and around the world.

360 Huntington Ave., Boston, Massachusetts 02115 617.373.2000 TTY 617.373.3768 2015 Northeastern University

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Home - Biotechnology Programs

The Agricultural Biotechnology Project addresses scientific concerns, government policies, and corporate practices pertaining to genetically engineered (GE) plants and animals that are released into the environment or that end up in our foods.

Download the CSPI Biotechnology Project brochure.

What is Genetic Engineering? Genetic engineering allows specific genes isolated from any organism (such as a bacterium) to be added to the genetic material of the same or a different organism (such as a corn plant). This technology differs from traditional plant and animal breeding in which the genes of only closely related organisms (such as a corn plant and its wild relatives) can be exchanged. As a result, GE foods can carry traits that were never previously in our foods. However, GE is just one of many different methods that scientists use to create improved varieties of plants and animals. Other laboratory methods to create genetic variety include chemical mutagenesis, x-ray mutagenesis, cell fusion, and artificial insemination.

The Projects goals are to:

Biotechnology Project Positions:

1.) Foods and ingredients made from currently grown GE crops are safe to eat. That is the conclusion of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, the National Academy of Sciences, the European Food Safety Authority, and numerous other international regulatory agencies and scientific bodies.

2.) GE crops grown in the U.S. and around the world provide tremendous benefits to farmers and the environment. Corn and cotton engineered with their own built-in pesticide have greatly reduced the amount of chemical insecticides sprayed by farmers in the United States, India, and China. Herbicide-tolerant soybeans have allowed farmers to use an environmentally safer herbicide (glyphosate), practice conservation-till agriculture, and save time. Corn engineered with a biological insecticide has reduced insect populations so that all corn farmers (biotech, non-GE conventional farmers, and organic farmers) benefit by using less chemical insecticide and having corn with less pest damage. Virus-resistant GE papayas saved the Hawaiian papaya industry from a deadly virus.

3.) The U.S. regulatory system for GE crops and animals needs improvement. Congress should establish at FDA a mandatory pre-market approval process for GE crops and provide explicit authority to regulate any environmental risks associated with GE animals. USDA needs to update its oversight of GE crops to include its noxious weed authority and to ensure that all GE crops are regulated.

4.) Sustainable practices are essential to achieving long-term benefits from GE crops. Resistant weeds and pests have developed because of misuse and overuse of GE crops by technology developers and farmers. Herbicide-tolerant crops must be grown in conjunction with integrated weed management techniques, with emphasis on rotation of crops and herbicides with different modes of action. Farmers growing Bt corn must use integrated pest management and crop rotation, and comply with refuge requirements to prevent development of pesticide-resistant pests.

5.) GE crops can play a positive role in the agriculture of developing countries. While GE crops are not a panacea for solving food insecurity or world hunger, they are an extremely powerful and beneficial tool scientists can use to create crop varieties helpful to farmers in developing countries. If GE crops are safe for humans and the environment, farmers in developing countries should be given the opportunity to decide for themselves whether to adopt such varieties.

Click here to download a brochure about the CSPI Biotechnology Project.

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Biotechnology - Center for Science in the Public Interest

What is Biotechnology

Biotechnology is most briefly defined as the art of utilizing living organisms and their products for the production of food, drink, medicine or for other benefits to the human race, or other animal species.

Technically speaking, humans have been making use of biotechnology since they discovered farming, with the planting of seeds to control plant growth and crop production.

Animal breeding is also a form of biotechnology. More recently, cross-pollination of plants and cross-breeding of animals were macro-biological techniques in biotechnology, used to enhance product quality and/or meet specific requirements or standards.

The discovery of microorganisms and the subsequent burst of knowledge related to the causes of infectious diseases, antibiotics and immunizations could probably be counted among mans most significant, life-altering discoveries.

However, the most modern techniques in biotechnology owe their existence to the discovery of DNA and the protein products of genes, most importantly, enzymes. The discovery of the techniques essential for gene cloning allowed scientists to manipulate enzyme structure and function for specific purposes. Current scientific methods are more specific than historical techniques, as scientists now directly alter genetic material with atomic precision, using techniques otherwise known as recombinant DNA technology.

As technology advances, the many roles biotech plays in our lives increases. Since George Washington Carver, scientists have been learning how to use biochemicals isolated from plants, to produce chemical products for everyday use around the house, the first "green biotech products".

Since then, biotechnological advances can be found in nearly all sectors of industry. There are, of course, the obvious medical, pharmaceutical and food industries. Biotechnology is being used to determine cause and effect of various diseases and are used in the production of drugs.

The production of foods is enhanced by biotechnological advances that improve crop yields, introduce in-situ insect resistance and provide new ways of food preservation.

Other advances include packaging consisting of biomass plastics, or bioplastics, and built-in bioindicators for detecting contamination.

In the environmental sector, biotech has played a role in remediation of contaminated land, water and air, pest control, treatment of industrial effluents and emissions, and acid mine drainage. Bioremediation and phytoremediation are used to restore brownfields for redevelopment.

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Biotechnology - Biomedical - Industrial Enzymes

What is Biotechnology?

Biotechnology is a group of related technologies that use biological agents in a broad spectrum of applications to provide goods and services. In only a few years, biotechnology has revolutionized many disciplines including:

The Biotechnology Technician Program provides students of diverse backgrounds with the knowledge and skills needed to perform competently in a life sciences laboratory environment. The industry is a large and growing contributor to regional and national economic output. As such, Biotechnology is an important emerging industry that is expected to contribute dramatically to the 21st century economy and is thus an excellent career choice for students.

Program personnel seek to foster a sense of excitement for scientific discovery, teamwork, critical thinking, effective communication, and a positive attitude in students. In addition, partnerships with local industries provide students with the most current and cutting edge knowledge and techniques in the field. The program provides hands-on experience with over 100 hours spent in the laboratory, beginning in the first semester.

DNA manipulation and analysis

Expression and purification of proteins

Cell culture techniques

Enzyme and antibody assays

Lab safety

Critical thinking and problem solving

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Salt Lake Community College - Biotechnology

LATISSEis thefirst andonlyFDA-approved product indicated to treat hypotrichosis of the eyelashes by increasing their growth, including length, thickness, and darkness.Hear from real LATISSEpatientsWatch

Question: How is LATISSEsolution different from other eyelash growth products?

Answer:Only LATISSEhas been approved by the FDA as a prescription treatment to grow eyelashes in people with inadequate or not enough eyelashes.

Question: How does it work?

Answer:LATISSEis believed to prolong the anagen (active growth) phase 1The exact way it works is unknown.

Question: How do patients apply the product?

Answer:Patients should be informed that LATISSEshould be applied every night using only the accompanying sterile applicators. They should start by ensuring their face is clean, all makeup is removed, and their contact lenses removed (if applicable). Then carefully place one drop of LATISSEsolution on the disposable sterile applicator and brush cautiously along the skin of the upper eyelid margin at the base of the eyelashes. If any LATISSEsolution gets into the eye proper, it will not cause harm. The eye should not be rinsed. Patients should be informed not to apply to the lower eyelash line. Any excess solution outside the upper eyelid margin should be blotted with a tissue or other absorbent material.

Question: How should patients handle the bottle and applicators?

Answer:Patients should be instructed that the LATISSEbottle must be maintained intact and to avoid allowing the tip of the bottle or applicator to contact surrounding structures, fingers, or any other unintended surface in order to avoid contamination of the bottle or applicator by common bacteria known to cause ocular infections. Patients should also be instructed to only use the applicator supplied with the product once and then discard since reuse could result in using a contaminated applicator. Serious infections may result from using contaminated solutions or applicators.

Question: What is hypotrichosis of the eyelashes?

Answer:Hypotrichosis is another name for having inadequate or not enough eyelashes.

Question: Who should not use LATISSEsolution?

Answer:Patients should not use LATISSEsolution if they are allergic to one of its ingredients.

Question: Whom should patients tell if theyre using LATISSE?

Answer:Patients should tell their physician they are using LATISSEespecially if they have a history of eye pressure problems. They should also tell anyone conducting an eye pressure screening that they are using LATISSEsolution.

Question: Are there any special warnings associated with LATISSEuse?

Answer:LATISSEsolution is intended foruse on the skin of the upper eyelid margins at the base of the eyelashes. DO NOT APPLYto the lower lid. If patients are using LUMIGANor other products in the same class for elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), or if they have a history of abnormal IOP, they should only use LATISSEunder the close supervision of their physician.

LATISSEuse may cause darkening of the eyelid skin, which may be reversible. LATISSEuse may also cause increased brown pigmentation of the colored part of the eye, which is likely to permanent.

It is possible for hair growth to occur in other areas of the skin that LATISSEfrequently touches. Any excess solution outside the upper eyelid margin should be blotted with a tissue or other absorbent material to reduce the chance of this from happening. It is also possible for a difference in eyelash length, thickness, fullness, pigmentation, number of eyelash hairs, and/or direction of eyelash growth to occur between eyes. These differences, should they occur, will usually go away if the patient stops using LATISSEsolution.

Question. What are the most common side effects of LATISSE?

Answer:The most frequently reported adverse events were eye pruritus, conjunctival hyperemia, skin hyperpigmentation, ocular irritation, dry eye symptoms, and erythema of the eyelid. These events occurred in less than 4% of patients.

Question: Is there potential for iris darkening?

Answer:Increased iris pigmentation has occurred when bimatoprost solution was administered. Patients should be advised about the potential for increased brown iris pigmentation, which is likely to be permanent.

Question: What if patients stop using LATISSE?

Answer:Patients lashes are expected to return to their previous appearance over several weeks to months.

Question: Where is LATISSEavailable?

Answer:LATISSEsolution is available by prescription only and is distributed by Allergan to healthcare professionals offices and retail pharmacies.

Question: Why do contact lenses need to be removed before applying?

Answer:Its recommended that patients remove their contact lenses because LATISSEcontains benzalkonium chloride (BAK), and this may be absorbed by soft contact lenses. Contacts may be reinserted 15 minutes following LATISSEadministration.

Question: Can patients continue to use mascara while using LATISSE?

Answer:Yes, patients can use mascara in addition to LATISSEsolution.

Question: How soon can patients expect results?

Answer:Its important for patients to remember that LATISSEsolution works gradually. While they may start seeing longer lashes after 4 weeks, to reach maximum fullness and darkness, they must use LATISSEevery day for 16 weeks. They should not reduce or stop daily application of LATISSEwhen they first notice results, as they have yet to achieve full, dramatic effects. After 16 weeks, they should talk to their doctor about ongoing use. Individual results may vary.

Question: Can patients use cotton swabs or other cosmetic brushes to apply LATISSE?

Answer:No, LATISSEshould only be used with its FDA-approved sterile applicators, designed to help patients properly apply the product.

Question: What if LATISSEgets in a patients eye?

Answer:It is not expected to cause harm. Patients dont need to rinse their eye. Reinforce the proper application instructions.

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TrimCare | Real Doctors. Real People. Real Weight Loss ...

Henry has been having a hard time managing his health. He knows hes got high blood pressure and diabetes, but he just cant resist extra helpings of his wifes fry bread. During a checkup, Dr. Begay tested Henrys blood. The results showed Henry had developed chronic kidney disease. Henry wondered if the test results could be wrong because he didnt feel sick. Dr. Begay explained that people with kidney disease often do not know it. Thats why it is called a silent disease.

You have two kidneys, each the size of a fist. Your kidneys have an important job. They filter waste out of your blood and remove extra water from your blood to make urine. Your kidneys also control your blood pressure and make hormones that your body needs to stay healthy.

Kidney disease can sometimes develop very quickly, and when this happens, it is called acute kidney injury. Depending on the cause and severity of the problem, this form of kidney disease can sometimes get better. The more common form of kidney disease happens slowly, over a long period of time. This is called chronic kidney disease. You might hear it called CKD. Chronic kidney disease is a lifetime illness; it will not go away.

Chronic kidney disease is a widespread problem, especially in older people. In an early stage of the disease, the kidneys dont do a good job of removing extra water and waste out of the blood.

Over time, the problem gets worse, and the kidneys may completely stop working. This is called end-stage renal disease or ESRD. Renal is another word for kidney. When kidney disease gets very bad, it can cause other problems like heart disease, bone disease, arthritis, and nerve damage.

Older people often take lots of medicines. Kidneys help to filter out parts of the medicines that the body does not use. Kidney disease makes it hard for the kidneys to do this job.If you have kidney disease, your doctor may need to change the dose of some of your medicines. Sometimes this can make the kidney problem get better. Your doctor may also tell you not to take some over-the-counter medicines, like those for arthritis.

Diabetes and high blood pressure are two major causes of kidney disease. People who have heart disease also have an increased risk for kidney disease.

Family history may also play a role in your risk for kidney disease. This means that if someone in your family, like your mother, father, sister, or brother, has kidney disease, you are more likely to have it too.

In addition, people of certain races and ethnicities, such as African Americans, Hispanics, and Native Americans, seem to have a greater chance of developing kidney disease.

Age is another factor. As you get older, your kidneys may not work as well as when you were younger. Ask your doctor to help you keep track of how well your kidneys are working.

Kidney disease often does not have any symptoms. In fact, you might feel fine right up to the point when your kidneys nearly stop working. Only your doctor can tell if you have kidney disease.

There are two kinds of tests your doctor can do to see if you have kidney disease: a blood test and a urine test.

The blood test, called GFR, measures how much blood your kidneys filter each minute. Your doctor uses this information to see how well your kidneys are working. A GFR of over 60 means your kidneys are working fine. A GFR of 60 or lower may mean you have kidney disease. You cannot raise your GFR, but there are things you can do to keep it from getting lower (see the section Prevent Your Kidneys From Getting Worse).

The urine test shows if you have a kind of protein, called albumin, in your urine. Protein in your urine can be a sign of kidney damage. It is more common in people who have diabetes. Your doctor may need to do additional tests to confirm whether or not you have kidney disease.

Because most people who have kidney disease also have diabetes, high blood pressure, or both, your doctor might also check to see if you have these problems.

The earlier kidney disease is found, the sooner you can start a treatment to keep your kidneys healthier longer.

There is no cure for kidney disease. There are things you can do to help keep your kidneys from getting worse.

If your kidney disease is in an early stage, meaning your kidneys are still working, your doctor may prescribe blood pressure medicine and a diuretic (water pill) to lower your blood pressure and protect kidney function. You may also have to make some lifestyle changes, like eating a special low-salt diet and exercising regularly to keep a healthy weight.

You can keep track of your results using Your Kidney Test Results, a fact sheet, available from the National Kidney Disease Education Program.

If your kidneys have stopped working, meaning you are in end-stage renal disease, there are treatments that can replace your kidney function. Two main options are dialysis and a transplant.

Dialysis is a special process that removes waste and water from your blood. Dialysis is done at a special center about three times a week or at home while you sleep. Your doctor will decide which is right for you.

A transplant is when you get a healthy kidney from a donor. Because people have two kidneys, a living person, usually a family member, can give you one of his or her kidneys.

Talk with your doctor about whether dialysis or a transplant might work for you.

Medicare may help pay for some kidney disease education and treatment. Contact Medicare to learn more about what is covered. Look for the publications Medicare Coverage of Kidney Dialysis and Kidney Transplant Services, Medicare and Kidney Disease Education, and Your Medicare Benefits on the Medicare website.

Here are some helpful resources:

American Association of Kidney Patients 3505 East Frontage Road Suite 315 Tampa, FL 33607 1-800-749-2257 (toll-free) http://www.aakp.org

American Kidney Fund 6110 Executive Boulevard, Suite 1010 Rockville, MD 20852 1-866-300-2900 (toll-free) http://www.kidneyfund.org

Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services 7500 Security Boulevard Baltimore, MD 21244-1850 1-800-633-4227 (1-800-MEDICARE/toll-free) 1-877-486-2048 (TTY/toll-free) http://www.medicare.gov

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) Clearinghouse 3 Information Way Bethesda, MD 20892-3580 1-800-891-5390 (toll-free) 1-866-569-1162 (TTY/toll-free) http://www.kidney.niddk.nih.gov

For NIDDKs National Kidney Disease Education Program 1-866-454-3639 (1-866-4-KIDNEY, toll-free) http://www.nkdep.nih.gov

National Kidney Foundation 30 East 33rd Street New York, NY 10016 1-800-622-9010 (toll-free) 1-212-889-2210 http://www.kidney.org

National Library of Medicine MedlinePlus http://www.medlineplus.gov

For more information on health and aging, contact:

National Institute on Aging Information Center P.O. Box 8057 Gaithersburg, MD 20898-8057 1-800-222-2225 (toll-free) 1-800-222-4225 (TTY/toll-free) http://www.nia.nih.gov http://www.nia.nih.gov/espanol

Sign up for regular email alerts about new publications and find other information from the NIA.

Visit http://www.nihseniorhealth.gov, a senior-friendly website from the National Institute on Aging and the National Library of Medicine. This website has health and wellness information for older adults. Special features make it simple to use. For example, you can click on a button to have the text read out loud or to make the type larger.

National Institute on Aging National Institutes of Health U.S. Department of Health & Human Services

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Kidney Disease: A Silent Problem | National Institute on Aging

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Most athletes know of the importance of eating before exercise, however, what and when you eat after exercise can be just as important. While the pre-exercise meal can ensure that adequate glycogen stores are available for optimal performance (glycogen is the the source of energy most often used for exercise), the post-exercise meal is critical to recovery and improves your ability to train consistently.

Keep these four important points in mind when you're refueling after a tough workout.

1.Hydration After Exercise

The first nutritional priority after exercise is to replace any fluid lost during exercise. In general the best way to determine how much to drink (either water of a sports drink) is to:

2. Eating After Exercise It is also important to consume carbohydrate, such as fruit or juice) within 15 minutes post-exercise to help restore glycogen.

Research has shown that eating 0.3-0.6 grams of carbohydrate for each pound of body weight within two hours of endurance exercise is essential to building adequate glycogen stores for continued training. Waiting longer than two hours to eat results in 50 percent less glycogen stored in the muscle. The reason for this is that carbohydrate consumption stimulates insulin production, which aids the production of muscle glycogen. However, the effect of carbohydrate on glycogen storage reaches a plateau.

3. Carbohydrate Plus Protein Speeds Recovery Research also shows that combining protein with carbohydrate within thirty minutes of exercise nearly doubles the insulin response, which results in more stored glycogen. The optimal carbohydrate to protein ratio for this effect is 4:1 (four grams of carbohydrate for every one gram of protein).

Eating more protein than that, however, has a negative impact because it slows rehydration and glycogen replenishment.

One study found that athletes who refueled with carbohydrate and protein had 100 percent greater muscle glycogen stores than those who only ate carbohydrate. Insulin was also highest in those who consumed a carbohydrate and protein drink.

4.Protein Needs After Exercise Consuming protein has other important uses after exercise. Protein provides the amino acids necessary to rebuild muscle tissue that is damaged during intense, prolonged exercise. It can also increase the absorption of water from the intestines and improve muscle hydration. The amino acids in protein can also stimulate the immune system, making you more resistant to colds and other infections.

Bottom Line If you are looking for the best way to refuel your body after long, strenuous endurance exercise, a 4:1 combo of carbohydrate and protein seems to be your best choice. While solid foods can work just as well as a sports drink, a drink may be easier to digest make it easier to get the right ratio and meet the 30 minute window.

Source

Betts JA, et al. Effects of recovery beverages on glycogen restoration and endurance exercise performance Williams MB, et al. Effects of recovery beverages on glycogen restoration and endurance exercise performance. J Strength Cond Res. 2003 Feb;17(1):12-9.

Ivy JL, Goforth HW Jr, Damon BM, McCauley TR, Parsons EC, Price TB. Early postexercise muscle glycogen recovery is enhanced with a carbohydrate-protein supplement. J Appl Physiol. 2002 Oct;93(4):1337-44.

Zawadzki KM, Yaspelkis BB 3rd, Ivy JL. Carbohydrate-protein complex increases the rate of muscle glycogen storage after exercise. J Appl Physiol. 1992 May;72(5):1854-9.

Res, P., Ding, Z., Witzman, M.O., Sprague, R.C. and J. L. Ivy. The effect of carbohydrate-protein supplementation on endurance performance during exercise of varying intensity. International Journal of Sports Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism.

Levenhagen DK, Carr C, Carlson MG, Maron DJ, Borel MJ, Flakoll PJ. Post exercise protein intake enhances whole-body and leg protein accretion in human. Medicine and Science in Sports & Exercise. 2002 May; 34(5): 828-37.

Miller SL, Tipton KD, Chinkes DL, Wolf SE, Wolfe RR.Independent and combined effects of amino acids and glucose after resistance exercise. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 2003 March; 35(3):449-55.

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What To Eat After Exercise - Sports Medicine

Regenerative Medicine is the process of engineering living, functional cell and tissue-based therapies and administering these to patients to repair or replace tissue or organ function lost due to age, disease, damage, or congenital defects. Target diseases include cancers, diabetes, heart disease, ALS and target disorders include spinal/movement, hearing loss, vision loss, and neurological (i.e., stroke).

Nearly all currently available and development stage regenerative medicine products and therapies utilize biopreservation processes and products in the acquisition of source material, isolation and manipulation of specific cells, and storage and shipment of a final product dose to a patient location. System optimization is critical and biopreservation economics greatly impact product commercialization potential through shelf life impact on distribution, and clinical dose efficacy following preservation.

This market is comprised of nearly 700 commercial companies and numerous other hospital-based transplant centers developing and delivering cellular therapies such as stem cells isolated from bone marrow, peripheral and umbilical cord blood as well as engineered tissue-based products. MedMarket Diligence, LLC, estimates that the current worldwide market for regenerative medicine products and services is growing at 20 percent annually. We expect pre-formulated biopreservation media products such as our HypoThermosol and CryoStor to continue to displace home-brew cocktails, creating demand for clinical grade preservation reagents that will grow at greater than the overall end market rate.

We have shipped our proprietary biopreservation media products to over 200 regenerative medicine customers. We estimate that our products are now incorporated into 30 to 40 regenerative medicine cell- or tissue-based products in pre-clinical and clinical trial stages of development. While this market is still in an early stage, we have secured a valuable position as a supplier of critical reagents to numerous regenerative medicine companies and university based centers.

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Regenerative Medicine - Biolife Solutions, Inc.

Currently, much of medical practice is based on "standards of care" that are determined by averaging responses across large cohorts.

The theory has been that everyone should get the same care based on clinical trials.

Personalized Medicine is the concept that managing a patient's health should be based on the individual patient's specific characteristics, including age, gender, height/weight, diet, environment, etc.

Potential applications of personalized medicine Personalized medicine aims to identify individuals at risk for common diseases such as cancer, heart disease, and diabetes.

The simple family history has long been used by physicians to identify individuals at increased risk and to advise preventive measures such as lifestyle modifications (changes in diet, cessation of toxic habits, increased exercise) earlier screening, or even prophylactic medications or surgery.

Scientific advancements offer the potential to define an individual's risk based on their genetic make-up.

Fields of Translational Research termed "-omics" (genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics) study the contribution of genes, proteins, and metabolic pathways to human physiology and variations of these pathways that can lead to disease susceptibility.

It is hoped that these fields will enable new approaches to diagnosis, drug development, and individualized therapy.

Pharmacogenetics Pharmacogenetics (also termed pharmacogenomics) is the field of study that examines the impact of genetic variation on the response to medications.

This approach is aimed at tailoring drug therapy at a dosage that is most appropriate for an individual patient, with the potential benefits of increasing the efficacy and safety of medications.

Gene-centered research may also speed the development of novel therapeutics.

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Personalized medicine - ScienceDaily

While getting old may beat the alternative, living in denial is a comfortable choiceand a lot more pleasant than your first colonoscopy. The annual checkup at your doctors office covers the basics, but a truly thorough medical exam will involve trips to several offices, with the usual long waits and patients stacked up like planes over Chicagos OHare. Two years ago one of my closest friends died from a coronary that absolutely could have been prevented had he only taken the time from his crazy work schedule and family obligations for a checkup.

With baby boomers starting to age, there has been a proliferation of facilities offering comprehensive "executive" physicals. Having just turned 50 myself, I figured this might be a good time to see how the examsand my bodyhave evolved. Among the best-known options, the Mayo and Cleveland clinics, along with the Johns Hopkins, Duke, UCLA, and Stanford units, are all associated with major hospitalswhich is useful should serious complications be found or immediate treatment be recommended. According to the Mayo Clinic, less than 5 percent of its exams revealed potentially life-threatening conditions and almost half exposed risk factors for serious illness. These centers draw patients from all over the world and focus not just on medical needs but a lifestyle approach as well. The Cleveland Clinic even offers programs through the Canyon Ranch spa resorts. Also available are a number of private diagnostic centers that only perform physical exams, such as the Princeton Longevity Center in New Jersey and Texass Cooper Clinics. I chose the PLC strictly for its convenience, but some might be more comfortable going to a hospital. Others prefer to go the true luxury route and turn their physical into a spa holiday or fit it into a resort vacation. To me, though, the chance of getting some bad medical news before my kelp facial could be a real buzz kill.

As at most centers, the day in the PLC started at the scanning facility, replete with state-of-the-art, 64-slice CT machines. I was then shuttled around the main office, given every sort of workup imaginable, and promised a full report on my mortality within hours. Some centers recommend full-body CT scans for patients over 45. While they can be lifesavers, they are also controversial. Dr. Reginald Munden, interim chair of the department of Diagnostic Radiology at the University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, says, "Im not comfortable with a shotgun approach to screening," citing the limited sensitivity of scans to common cancer lesions and the small but significant increase in cancer risk from more radiation exposure. There is also the issue of false positives: Up to 80 percent of such tests may find something that can lead to what Munden calls a spiral of expensive and anxiety-provoking follow-up scans with few meaningful results. Interestingly, just as risky can be false negativesbeing told the scan shows no problems to be concerned about. This can lead some people to continue damaging behavior, such as smoking, or to ignore new symptoms.

Of course, there are many stories of serious problems being caught. Doctors at the clinics have received numerous e-mails from patients whose renal cancer or developing aneurysm was detected early, possibly saving their lives. In fact, the day I was at the PLC an exinvestment banker discovered, after 53 years, that he was born with only one kidney. Balancing the risks against the benefits of a scan is a personal decision, and any clinic should provide you with plenty of information to allow you to make an educated evaluation. Dr. Richard S. Lang, who heads the section of preventive medicine at the Cleveland Clinic, explained that while "the scans may not be for everyone," they certainly "offer additional information to a patients profile" and, so long as the findings are managed properly, can be of great valueeven if just as a baseline for future exams.

After the CTs and blood tests are completed, you can expect a very detailed and unrushed physical from a senior staffer instead of the usual Cliffs Notes version offered by your GP. Every aspect of your medical history will be checkedyou will be asked to send copies of all available reports in advanceand any issues, aches, or pains considered. I then had a challenging cardiovascular stress test and gym session with senior exercise physiologist Chris Volgraf. A highly educated trainer and professional strength coach, he completely changed my perspective on my own workout regimen and showed me a series of warm-ups and exercises designed to make my gym time safer, more efficient, and more effective.

Lunch was followed by a vision and hearing test, a bone density and body composition scan, and a meeting with a nutritionist, who evaluated the three-day food log I had been asked to keep.

When all the tests were done, the biggest difference between a full day at one of the clinics and a quick routine maintenance check became clear: A senior doctor sits down with you and reviews the results of every test in detail and their implications. Seeing rotating, 3-D, full-color computer images of your internal organs can be disquieting. Dr. David Fein, medical director and founder of the PLC, told me that one of the most effective tools in convincing patients to modify their unhealthy lifestyle is showing them their blocked arteries or the vascular fat wrapped around their vital organs in high-definition splendor. "You can point to it and say Thats a picture of your heart attack, or your type 2 diabetes diagnosis in five years. " Pushing the predictive envelope, the Duke Executive Health Program will soon offer a cutting-edge genomic DNAbased assessment that screens for certain genetic risks.

I left the PLC with a hefty binder, complete with test results and a disc containing copies of my scans, to give to my personal physician. In my opinion anyone who can afford it, or whose employer or insurer will pay, should immediately sign up for a visit to one of the top clinics and return at reasonable intervals. The Mayo Clinic quotes studies showing that companies can save as much as 20 percent in additional medical claims and 45 percent in extra sick days taken by executives who have regularly undergone thorough physicals. Its unlikely you have ever gotten so complete and detailed a review of not just the results but also the meaning of routine medical tests, as well as specific and practical advice on diet and exercise. While affiliation with a hospital or a major medical clinic is obviously a plus, the most important thing a diagnostic center can do for you is get you in the door. So if traveling makes you less likely to go, pick a center nearby.

centerforpartnershipmedicine.com Location: Chicago, IL Program:1 day Approx. Cost: $3,000$6,000

clevelandclinic.org; executivehealthprogram.com Location: Cleveland, OH; Weston, FL; Toronto; Canyon Ranch (AZ, MA) Program:13 days Approx. Cost: from $3,000

cooperaerobics.com/clinic Location: Dallas and McKinney, TX Program:1 day Approx. Cost: $1,800$4,000

dukeexechealth.org Location: Durham, NC Program:1 day Approx. Cost: $2,800

execmd.com Location: Menlo Park, CA Program:1/2 day Approx. Cost: $2,000$2,600

hopkinsmedicine.org/gim/clinical/executive_health Location: Baltimore, MD Program:1 day Approx. Cost: $1,800$2,200

mayoclinic.org/executive-health Location: Rochester, MN; Scottsdale, AZ; Jacksonville, FL Program:12 days Approx. Cost: $1,500$6,000

theplc.net Location: Princeton, NJ Program:1 day Approx. Cost: $3,250

exechealth.ucla.edu Location: Los Angeles, CA Program:1 day Approx. Cost: from $2,400

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The Big Physical: Where to Go, What to Get | Departures

Welcome

Our group'smission is to provide personal servicefor patients who have a variety of medical concerns, with an emphasis on Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Internal Medicine. The Physicians withVirginia Diabetes & Endocrinology,P.C.have proudly served the greater Richmond area for over 20 years.

Ourhealth care teamincludes board certified Endocrinologists, Internists, and Nurse Practitioners, as well asa friendly, compassionatesupport staff.Pleaseexplore our website to learn more about Virginia Diabetes & Endocrinology, P.C., our health care providers, and the care and services we offer.

As part of our ongoing effort to provide the highest quality of care, we are proud to introduce our web-based patient portal. This gives patients the opportunity to use the power of the "Web" to track your health care progress in our medical office. We encourage you to take advantage of this new opportunity to play an active role in managing your healthcare.

Visit the portal at health.eclinicalworks.com/vadiabetes To pay your bill on line please click the following link or paste it in your browser https://www.medfusion.net/secure/portal/index.cfm?fuseaction=home.login&dest=paymybill&gid=4116

For patients interested in obtaining individual health and nutrition goals, Specialty Nutrition and Health is arewardingoption. Their Dietitians are available in our Midlothian office. Visit http://www.specialtynutritionandhealth.comto find out more about the practice, their staff and additional locations.

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Virginia Diabetes and Endocrinology

Introduction

Arthritis is a common condition that causes pain and inflammation in ajoint.

In the UK, around 10 million people have arthritis. It affects peopleof all ages, including children (see below).

The two most common types of arthritis are osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.

Osteoarthritis is the most common type of arthritis in the UK, affecting around 8 million people.

It often develops in people who are over 50 years of age. However, it can occur at any age as a result of an injury or another joint-related condition.

Osteoarthritis initially affects the smooth cartilage lining of the joint. This makes movement more difficult than usual, leading to pain and stiffness.

The cartilage lining of the joint can then thin and tissues within the joint can become more active. This can then lead to swelling and the formation of bony spurs, called osteophytes.

In osteoarthritis, the cartilage (connective tissue) between the bones gradually erodes, causing bone in the joints to rub together. The joints that are most commonly affected are those in the hands, spine, knees and hips.

Read more aboutosteoarthritis.

In the UK, rheumatoid arthritis affects more than 400,000 people. It often starts when a person is between 40 and 50 years old. Women are three times more likely to be affected than men.

Rheumatoid and osteoarthritis are two different conditions. Rheumatoidarthritis occurs when the body's immune system targets affected joints, which leads to pain and swelling.

The outer covering (synovium) of the joint is the first place affected. This can then spread across the joint, leading to further swelling and a change in the joint's shape. This can cause thebone and cartilage to break down.

People with rheumatoid arthritis can also develop problems with other tissues and organs in their body.

Read more about rheumatoid arthritis.

Thesymptoms of arthritis you experience will vary depending on the type you have.

This is why it's important to have an accurate diagnosis if you have:

Arthritis is often associated with older people, butit can alsoaffect children. In the UK, about 15,000 children and young people are affected by arthritis.

Most types of childhood arthritis are known as juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). JIA causes pain andinflammation in one or more joints for at least six weeks.

Although the exact cause of JIA isunknown, the symptoms often improve as a child gets older, meaning they can lead a normal life.

The main types of JIA are discussed below. You can also readmore about the different types of juvenile idiopathic arthritis on the Arthritis Research UK website.

Oligo-articular JIA is the most common type of JIA. It affects fewer than five joints in the bodymost commonly in the knees, ankles and wrists.

Oligo-articular JIA has good recovery rates and long-term effects are rare. However, there's a risk that childrenwith the condition may develop eye problems, so regulareyetests with an ophthalmologist (eye care specialist) are recommended.

Polyarticular JIA, or polyarthritis, affects five or more joints. It can develop at any age during childhood.

The symptoms of polyarticular JIA are similar to the symptoms of adult rheumatoid arthritis. The condition is often accompanied by a rash and a high temperature of 38C (100.4F) or above.

Systemic onset JIA begins with symptoms such as a fever, rash, lethargy (a lack of energy) and enlarged glands. Later on, joints canbecome swollen and inflamed.

Like polyarticular JIA, systemic onset JIA can affect children of any age.

Enthesitis-related arthritis is a type of juvenile arthritis that affects older boys or teenagers. It can cause pain in the soles of the feet and around the knee and hip joints, where the ligaments attach to the bone.

There's no cure for arthritis, but there are many treatments that can help slow down the condition.

For osteoarthritis, painkillers,non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) andcorticosteroids are often prescribed.

In severe cases, the following surgical procedures may be recommended:

Read moreabouthow osteoarthritis is treated.

In treating rheumatoid arthritis, the aimis to slow down the condition's progress and minimise damage to the joints. Recommended treatments include:

Read moreabouthow rheumatoid arthritisis treated.

Arthritis Research UK and Arthritis Careprovide moreinformation about arthritis, as well as advice and support for people living witharthritis.

You can also use the NHS post code search tofind arthritis services in your area.

Page last reviewed: 21/02/2014

Next review due: 21/02/2016

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Arthritis - NHS Choices

Northwestern University provides a strong foundation in core genetic counseling skills and identifies each students strengths in order to ignite the passion and lifelong commitment to learning that is critical to professional development. Graduates not only feel extremely capable in multiple clinical settings and specialties, but also recognize how valuable their training has been in preparing them for expanded genetic counseling careers.

Since the inception of the Northwestern University Graduate Program in Genetic Counseling in 1990, the leaders of the program have strived to look to the future of the genetic counseling profession to help guide the overall administration and curriculum. The field of genetics has evolved rapidly over time, and graduate programs need to be aware of the changes that will continue to shape and influence the profession. Northwestern has continued to successfully evolve to meet these changing needs. There are several strengths that allow Northwestern to maintain this cutting edge:

This unique combination, along with the personalized attention a student receives during their training, creates an exciting learning environment and is one of the major strengths of the Northwestern program. We believe our students deserve a strong science, research and psychosocial curriculum.

In addition, Northwestern is proud to offer one of the only dual degree programs available in Genetic Counseling and Medical Humanities and Bioethics.

The combination of the programs nationally recognized faculty, the diversity of clinical and patient experiences, and the cultural excitement of its location in Chicago makes this program unique, exciting and visionary!

Learn more about the program via the links below.

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Graduate Program in Genetic Counseling : Center for ...

Dr. Lang Li, Associate Director of the IIPM, namedDirector ofIU Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics. Read more...

IIPM Member Dr. Janet Carpenter named Indiana University Distinguished Professor.Read more...

Posted on August 12, 2014 IIPM Member receives Conquer Cancer Foundation grant Dr. Costantine Albany, IIPM member, has received a Conquer Cancer Foundation grant. Read more...

Posted on July 25, 2013 Educational Conference on Personalized Medicine and Pharmacogenomics "Pharmacogenomics in Clinical PracticeWhat you need to know" Thursday, September 5, 2013 from 8:30am 3:00pm The Indiana Institute of Personalized Medicine is offering a didactic and case-study oriented educational conference focusing on pharmacogenomics and its application in clinical practice.The IIPM, led by Dr. Flockhart and a select group of clinicians and pharmacogenomic experts, will conduct a CME and ACPE qualified program addressing the use of pharmacogenomics in clinical practice. The program will be held at the IU Health Neuroscience Center Auditorium at 355 West 16th Street Indianapolis IN 46202. Read more...

To assist with the recognition of these medications, Dr. Malaz A. Boustani and an interdisciplinary team developed the Anticholinergic Cognitive Burden (ACB) list as a practical tool that identifies the severity of anticholinergic effects on cognition of both prescription and over-the-counter medications. Read more...

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Welcome to the Indiana Institute for Personalized Medicine

Announcing Our Newest Location in Fairfax, Virginia Call Us for Details!

The Princeton Longevity Comprehensive Exam takes your health beyond the "Annual Physical".

With the latest technology, combined with caring experts who take the time to fully evaluate your health, the Princeton Longevity Center Comprehensive Exam can detect early cancers, heart disease, aneurysms and the "silent killers" that are often missed in a typical physical exam or routine blood tests.

Youll get the latest diagnostic, screening and imaging technologies to assess the state of your health and the detailed information you need to optimize the quality of your future years.

The scope of your examination and the amount of useful information you come away with is dramatically more revealing than a standard physical exam or consultation. The effect on your future can be dramatic.

Our proactive approach to illness and premature aging will help you identify your risk of future disease and create a personalized program to improve your health and maintain an active lifestyle. You'll learn how simple, easy changes in nutrition, fitness, lifestyle and natural supplements can effectively prevent most Cancers and Heart Disease.

You'll receive this total, in-depth evaluation in one day and one place. We'll make you comfortable and look after you every step of the way.

Best of all, you'll get the peace of mind that comes from knowing that you are doing all you can to take care of your health- for yourself and for the people who care about you.

Request an Appointment or More Information

Learn More About the Exam with Frequently Asked Questions About The Comprehensive Exam

Comprehensive Exam Components

Comprehensive Exam Options and Electives

Find out how to use your Health Savings Account or Flex Account for A Comprehensive Exam

The Road Map

We'll explain the results of your evaluations, provide you with a clear understanding of your health issues and create a detailed, customized treatment plan for you. You'll walk out with a practical "road map" you can follow to maintain and enhance your health and fitness on a daily basis.

At the Princeton Longevity Center, we are your partners in long-term health care. When you walk out of our office, our involvement in your well-being does not end, and we will continue to monitor your progress through a choice of Follow-Up Options. This is not just an exam, it's the start of your plan for staying well for the years to come.

The Rewards

A Comprehensive Exam lets you take control of your health. If you are worried about your risk of heart disease, cancer or other health problems, a Princeton Longevity Center Comprehensive Exam can give you the Peace of Mind that comes from knowing that all is well.

Youll know whether or not you are really at risk for heart attack, cancer, diabetes, premature aging or other significant health issues. And, you will find out what you can do about those risks. You'll learn how to prevent cancer, heart disease, diabetes and many other diseases from affecting your future.

You'll have the opportunity to anticipate and prevent illness and premature aging. You'll learn the simple, easy steps that you can take to prevent cancer, heart attacks, diabetes, lung disease, and more. We will show you how you can improve your nutrition and fitness so that your future years are healthier and more active.

The Princeton Longevity Center is focused on helping you with healthy living at the forefront of new medical knowledge and diagnostic technologies. So, you can stop worrying and know that you are doing all you can to optimize your health for today and the years to come.

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Read about the Comprehensive Exam in the

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Comprehensive Health Exam :: Princeton Longevity Center

Sensation 64-Slice CT High Definition Coronary Artery Scans

I don't want to know if something is wrong. Won't the scan make me too nervous?

What type of scaner is used?

What happens during the scan?

What about the radiation exposure?

How long does a scan take?

Do I need to fast?

Do I need a referral from my physician?

Is the scan covered by my insurance?

How accurate is a Heart Scan?

My cholesterol level is normal. Should I still have a Heart Scan?

What if I already know I have heart disease?

I was told the scan can't detect "soft" plaque. Does that matter?

I already passed a stress test. Should I still have a scan?

How does the scan detect coronary artery disease?

What about blood tests like C-Reactive Protein and Homocysteine?

Is this the same scan that I saw on Oprah or in the newspapers?

What do I do with my test results?

What makes the Princeton Longevity Center's scans different from all the other scanning centers that I have seen or heard advertised?

Request an Appointment or More Information Back to Coronary Artery Scan Page

I don't want to know if something is wrong. Won't the scan make me too nervous?

Heart disease is extremely treatable, especially if found early. If your scan shows that you are at risk for developing coronary artery disease, we can show you how simple changes or treatments can dramatically alter your risk and lessen the chances that you will have a heart attack. Avoiding a scan will not stop the disease. Knowing what simple steps you can take will make a big difference in the quality of the rest of your life.

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What type of scanner is used?

Our scans are done with a Siemens Definition AS 64 Slice CT Scanner. This state of the art scanner uses very low radiation doses and produces exceptional detail, as small as 1/50th of an inch. The scans are also extremely fast, usually less than 10 seconds, so there is no need for prolonged breath-holds. The scanner is completely non-claustrophic.

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What happens during the scan? Is it uncomfortable?

64 Slice CT scans are quick, painless and safe. You lie on a table and hold your breath for a few seconds. There are no needles or dyes; it is not claustrophobic and you usually don't even have to remove your clothes.

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What about the radiation exposure?

There has been a lot of attention in the media surrounding the issue of radiation exposure. We keep our doses as low as possible. Our Coronary Calcium Heart Scans generally involve a dose of about 1 mSv, an amount much lower than is typically cited in the media. According to the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission the risk of 1 mSv is about 1 in 25,000 or, put another way, it raises your cancer risk from 20.000% to just 20.004%. On the other hand, your risk of dying from cardiovascular disease that goes undetected and untreated is 36%. We believe that the potential benefit of early detection of cardiovascular or other diseases more than offsets the extremely small potential risk of this level of radiation exposure.

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How long does a scan take?

The heart, lung or whole body scans take just a few seconds. We will spend some time explaining the procedure to you before the scan. You will get your results within a few mintues. Altogether, you should plan on being at our center about 30 minutes.

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Do I need to fast?

No. There is no special preparation or fasting required for heart, lung or whole body scans.

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Do I need a referral from my physician?

No. While many physicians do refer their patients for these scans, we do not require physician referrals. However, we do encourage you to discuss the test with your physician. With your consent, we will send a copy of your results to your physician along with any recommendations for further treatment or testing.

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Is the scan covered by my insurance?

Most private insurance plans will notcover coronary artery scans . In some cases, the coverage will depend on whether the test is done solely as a preventive screening test or to help your doctor make a decision about your treatment.

Medicare Beneficiaries please note: In general, Medicare does not cover preventive services. Coronary Arteries Scans (CPT Code 75571) are specifically a non-covered service. You will not be able to receive any reimbursement from Medicare for these services.

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How accurate is the Coronary Artery Scan?

It is VERY accurate. There are no false-positives. The presence of calcium in the coronary artery means there is plaque there. The relationship between calcium in the artery and the risk of a heart attack has been well established in numerous medical studies. The more calcium present the higher your risk of a heart attack. The absence of any calcium on your scan means you are not at risk for a heart attack with a 99.9% certainty.

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My cholesterol level is normal so why should I bother with a coronary scan?

Study after study has shown that cholesterol levels do NOT accurately predict who will have a heart attack. In fact, 70% of heart attacks occur in people with "normal" cholesterol levels. Even if your cholesterol level is below the current guidelines you can still develop coronary artery disease. With coronary artery scans we can tell if your current cholesterol level is safe for you or if it needs to be lower.

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What if I already know I have heart disease?

Coronary artery scans are useful not only in early detection of disease but also for following the course of the disease. The scan can be used to monitor your treatment with diet, medication, etc. If your treatment is working, the scan will show the improvement. If it is not working, serial scans can show the continuing progression of the coronary artery disease and alert your physician to the need for more aggressive or alternative treatments.

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I was told coronary artery scans can't detect "soft plaque" and isn't that really where the danger is?

While it is true that a coronary artery scan only shows "calcified plaque" and not "soft plaque" (plaque that has not yet calcified), that does not make the scan any less useful. Calcified plaque serves as a marker for the presence of soft plaque. Numerous studies have proven that the coronary artery scan is the most accurate and sensitive predictor of your risk of having a heart attack or significant coronary artery disease. If you don't have any calcified plaque the likelihood that there is any soft plaque is extremely small. No other non-invasive test can detect the presence of early coronary artery disease as well as coronary scans.

If you have a high level of calcified plaque or your clinical history warrants further investigation, a CT Angiography will very reliably detect the presence of soft plaque and measure whether there is a signficant blockage in the arteries.

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I already passed a stress test. Should I still have a scan?

Stress tests only show an abnormality if you have an artery that is at least 65-80% blocked. At that point, treatment may require surgery or angioplasty. And, 70% of heart attacks happen in arteries that are less than 50% blocked and a stress test would not have shown anything wrong. The coronary artery scan can detect developing blockages much earlier, often many years before anything is detectable on a stress test. At that point, treatment with minor changes in diet and lifestyle along with nutritional supplements or medications can be very effective in preventing any worsening of the disease. That can allow you to avoid surgery or invasive procedures later on.

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How does the scan detect coronary artery disease?

The coronary artery scan detects the presence of calcium deposits in the wall of the arteries. These are often present long before blockages have become severe enough to be found by other means such as stress tests. Coronary artery calcium deposits are a "clinical marker" for coronary artery disease. The more calcium present the higher the risk that you may have a heart attack.

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What about blood tests like C-Reactive Protein or Homocysteine levels? Can't they tell if I have heart disease?

There is currently NO blood test that is able to tell if you have coronary artery disease. Blood tests can only estimate your probability of getting coronary disease. Many people with high levels of cholesterol, C-Reactive Protein or Homocysteine do not have coronary artery disease. At the same time, it is common to still get coronary disease even if those tests are normal. Relying solely on those tests means treating a lot of people who do not actually need to be treated and missing a lot of cases where heart attacks could have been prevented. Coronary scans look directly at your own arteries to see if you have a problem or not. Then, treatment is based on what is actually going on in your arteries instead of a statistical "guess".

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Is this the same scan that I saw on Oprah or in the newspapers?

Yes. 64-Slice CT Scans have been prominently featured on many national talk shows and in numerous magazines and other publications.

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What do I do with my test results?

You will get a copy of your test results along with a detailed explanation of the significance of the restuls immediately after your scan. We strongly encourage you to share these results with your physician to seek his/her advice as to any additional treatment that may be recommended.

Our Full Body Scans include a consultation with one of our expert physicians who will also explain the significance of the heart scan results. If you have a Full Body Scan (either with your heart scan or as part of a Comprehensive Exam) you will also get a preliminary review, pending the final report by our radiologist. If you are referred by your physician, the report will be sent to your physician and further management should be discussed with your doctor. If you are not referred by a physician, the discussion of your scan results will include general guidelines for steps you can take to help lower your future health risks.

Imaging studies and other medical tests may reveal findings that require additional evaluation or treatment. THe Princeton Longevity Center does not offer Primary Care or on-going medical management. All findings related to any tests performed at Princeton Longevity Center should be discussed by you with your Primary Care or Family Physician. If additional testing or treatment is warranted this can be arranged through your personal physician. A copy of your results will be sent to any physician you designate.

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What makes the Princeton Longevity Center's scans different from all the other scanning centers that I have seen or heard advertised?

For cardiac scans, the 64-Slice CT Scanner is the "gold standard." The Princeton Longevity Center is the region's leader in Cardiac Imaging and prevention. We don't just do Cardiac CT, we TEACH it. Our physicians have trained over a thousand physicians from around the world at our renowned Cardiac CT Training Course. Our scans are read twice, including our premier experts in cardiac imaging and radiologists expert in body scans. No other cardiac imaging center in the area offers this level of expertise in the interpretation of your results.

The Princeton Longevity Center is the only scanning center in the region that goes beyond scanning. Our staff of expert physicians, nutritionists and exercise physiologists are available to show you how to take the next step with our Comprehensive Exam program.

After we explain your results to you in-depth, our comprehensive preventive medicine center can offer you the tools and resources you need to immediately start to take a proactive role in your health. We work with you and your family physician to design a plan that will quickly start to lower your risk of heart attack and many other life-threatening diseases.

Other scanning centers may be able to tell you if there is a problem. The Princeton Longevity Center will tell you what you can do about the problem and help you take the next step to a healthier future.

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Princeton Longevity Center

Microcontrollers Kinetis K K02 - April 2014 Microcontrollers Kinetis K K10 - July 2011 Microcontrollers Kinetis K K11 - August 2012 Microcontrollers Kinetis K K12 - August 2012 Microcontrollers Kinetis K K20 - July 2011 Microcontrollers Kinetis K K21 - August 2013 Microcontrollers Kinetis K K22 - April 2014 Microcontrollers Kinetis K K24 - January 2014 Microcontrollers Kinetis K K26 - May 2015 Microcontrollers Kinetis K K30 - July 2011 Microcontrollers Kinetis K K40 - July 2011 Microcontrollers Kinetis K - K50 July 2011 Microcontrollers Kinetis K - K51 July 2011 Microcontrollers Kinetis K K60 - July 2011 Microcontrollers Kinetis K K63 - January 2014 Microcontrollers Kinetis K K64 - January 2014 Microcontrollers Kinetis K K65 - May 2015 Microcontrollers Kinetis K K66 - May 2015 Microcontrollers Kinetis K K70 - July 2011 Microcontrollers Kinetis L KL02 - June 2013 Microcontrollers Kinetis L KL03 - July 2014 Microcontrollers Kinetis L KL04 September 2012 Microcontrollers Kinetis L KL05 September 2012 Microcontrollers Kinetis L KL13 - May 2015 Microcontrollers Kinetis L KL14 - June 2012 Microcontrollers Kinetis L KL15 - June 2012 Microcontrollers Kinetis L KL16 - October 2013 Microcontrollers Kinetis L KL17 - September 2014 Microcontrollers Kinetis L KL24 - June 2012 Microcontrollers Kinetis L KL25 - June 2012 Microcontrollers Kinetis L KL26 - October 2013 Microcontrollers Kinetis L KL27 - September 2014 Microcontrollers Kinetis L KL33 - September 2014 Microcontrollers Kinetis L KL34 - July 2013 Microcontrollers Kinetis L KL36 - July 2013 Microcontrollers Kinetis L KL46 - July 2013 Microcontrollers Kinetis E KE02 - August 2013 Microcontrollers Kinetis E KE04 - March 2014 Microcontrollers Kinetis E KE06 - March 2014 Microcontrollers Kinetis V KV10 - April 2014 Microcontrollers Kinetis V KV31 - April 2014 Microcontrollers Kinetis V KV40 - April 2014 Microcontrollers Kinetis V KV45 - April 2014 Microcontrollers Kinetis V KV46 - April 2014 Microcontrollers Kinetis M KM14 - November 2013 Microcontrollers Kinetis M KM33 - November 2013 Microcontrollers Kinetis M KM34 - November 2013 Microcontrollers Kinetis W KW01 - March 2014 Microcontrollers Kinetis W KW21 - December 2013 Microcontrollers Kinetis W KW22 - December 2013 Microcontrollers Kinetis W KW24 - December 2013 Microcontrollers 8-bit RS08 RS08KA2/8 - April 2006 Microcontrollers 8-bit RS08 RS08LA8 - October 2008 Microcontrollers 8-bit RS08 RS08LE4 - January 2009 Microcontrollers 8-bit S08 S08QA4 - December 2005 Microcontrollers 8-bit S08 S08QG8 - December 2005 Microcontrollers 8-bit S08 S08QD4 - July 2006 Microcontrollers 8-bit S08 S08JM60/32 - October 2007 Microcontrollers 8-bit S08 - S08QE128/32/8 October 2007 Microcontrollers 8-bit S08 MC9S08SF4 - January 2008 Microcontrollers 8-bit S08 S08SH32/8 - March 2008 Microcontrollers 8-bit S08 S08AC128/16/60 - May 2008 Microcontrollers 8-bit S08 S08QB8 - October 2008 Microcontrollers 8-bit S08 - S08LL16/64 October 2008 Microcontrollers 8-bit S08 S08JS16 - November 2008 Microcontrollers 8-bit S08 S08SE8 - November 2008 Microcontrollers 8-bit S08 S08FL16 - February 2009 Microcontrollers 8-bit S08 S08SV16 - April 2009 Microcontrollers 8-bit S08 - MC9S08LH June 2010 Microcontrollers 8-bit S08 - MC9S08JE September 2010 Microcontrollers 8-bit S08 - MC9S08MM September 2010 Microcontrollers 8-bit S08 S08GW - January 2011 Microcontrollers 8-bit S08 S08P - November 2011 Microcontrollers 16-bit DSC MC56F8013/14 - April 2005 Microcontrollers 16-bit DSC MC56F802X - August 2007 Microcontrollers 16-bit DSC MC56F8006/2 - March 2009 Microcontrollers 16-bit DSC MC56F803X - July 2009 Microcontrollers 32-bit DSC MC56F84xx - June 2012 Microcontrollers 32-bit DSC MC56F827xx - November 2013 Microcontrollers 32-bit ColdFire MCF521X - September 2005 Microcontrollers 32-bit ColdFire MCF523X - September 2005 Microcontrollers 32-bit ColdFire MCF5207/8 - November 2006 Microcontrollers 32-bit ColdFire - MCF537X January 2007 Microcontrollers 32-bit ColdFire - MCF532X January 2007 Microcontrollers 32-bit ColdFire MCF5253 - February 2007 Microcontrollers 32-bit ColdFire MCF5223x - March 2007 Microcontrollers 32-bit ColdFire MCF51QE128/32 - June 2007 Microcontrollers 32-bit ColdFire MCF521XX - June 2007 Microcontrollers 32-bit ColdFire MCF5445x - September 2007 Microcontrollers 32-bit ColdFire MCF5227x - March 2008 Microcontrollers 32-bit ColdFire MCF51JM - July 2008 Microcontrollers 32-bit ColdFire MCF51AC256 - November 2008 Microcontrollers 32-bit ColdFire MCF5225x - November 2008 Microcontrollers 32-bit ColdFire MCF51CN - March 2009 Microcontrollers 32-bit ColdFire MCF51EM256 - May 2010 Microcontrollers 32-bit ColdFire - MCF5441x September 2010 Microcontrollers 32-bit ColdFire - MCF51JE September 2010 Microcontrollers 32-bit ColdFire - MCF51MM September 2010 Microcontrollers MPC5xxx 32-bit Power Architecture - MPC5125YVN400 April 2010 Processors i.MX Family i.MX233 - August 2009 Processors i.MX Family i.MX25 i.MX25 (Auto) June 2009 Processors i.MX Family i.MX27 - June 2007 Processors i.MX Family i.MX28 i.MX28 (Auto) September 2010 Processors i.MX Family i.MX31 - June 2005 Processors i.MX Family i.MX35 i.MX35 (Auto) October 2008 Processors i.MX Family i.MX50 - July 2011 Processors i.MX Family i.MX51 - November 2009 Processors i.MX Family i.MX53 i.MX53 (Auto) February 2011 Processors i.MX 6 Series i.MX 6UltraLite - September 2015 Processors i.MX 6 Series i.MX 6SoloLite - November 2012 Processors i.MX 6 Series i.MX 6SoloX i.MX 6SoloX (Auto) February 2015 Processors i.MX 6 Series i.MX 6Solo i.MX 6Solo (Auto) November 2012 Processors i.MX 6 Series i.MX 6Dual i.MX 6Dual (Auto) November 2012 Processors i.MX 6 Series i.MX 6DualLite i.MX 6DualLite (Auto) November 2012 Processors i.MX 6 Series i.MX 6Quad i.MX 6Quad (Auto) November 2012 Processors Vybrid Vybrid F Series - June 2013 Processors Vybrid - Vybrid R Series December 2014 Processors QorIQ - LS1020A/22A September 2013 Processors QorIQ - LS1021A September 2013 Processors QorIQ P1010/14 - November 2010 Processors QorIQ P1020/11 - June 2008 Processors QorIQ P1021/12 - December 2009 Processors QorIQ P1022/13 - August 2011 Processors QorIQ P1023/17 - August 2010 Processors QorIQ P1024/15 - December 2009 Processors QorIQ P1025/16 - December 2009 Processors QorIQ P2020/10 - June 2008 Processors QorIQ P2040/41 - May 2011 Processors QorIQ P3041 - June 2010 Processors QorIQ P4040 - September 2009 Processors QorIQ P4080 - June 2008 Processors QorIQ P5020/10 - June 2010 Processors QorIQ P5040/21 - May 2012 Processors QorIQ - T1024 April 2014 Processors QorIQ - T1040/42 October 2012 Processors QorIQ - T2080 June 2012 Processors QorIQ - T2081 October 2012 Processors QorIQ T4160 - February 2012 Processors QorIQ T4240 - February 2012 Processors QorIQ Qonverge BSC9131 - August 2011 Processors QorIQ Qonverge BSC9132 - August 2011 Processors QorIQ Qonverge B4860 - February 2012 Processors Crypto Coprocessors C29x - May 2013 Processors Host Processors MPC7448 - February 2004 Processors Host Processors MPC8641D - September 2004 Processors Host Processors MPC8640D - July 2008 Processors PowerQUICC II Pro MPC8358 - March 2005 Processors PowerQUICC II Pro MPC8360 - March 2005 Processors PowerQUICC II Pro MPC8347 - June 2005 Processors PowerQUICC II Pro MPC8349 - June 2005 Processors PowerQUICC II Pro MPC8321 - May 2006 Processors PowerQUICC II Pro MPC8323 - May 2006 Processors PowerQUICC II Pro MPC8313 - November 2006 Processors PowerQUICC II Pro MPC8314 - September 2007 Processors PowerQUICC II Pro MPC8315 - September 2007 Processors PowerQUICC II Pro MPC8378 - September 2007 Processors PowerQUICC II Pro MPC8379 - September 2007 Processors PowerQUICC II Pro MPC8377 - September 2007 Processors PowerQUICC II Pro MPC8308 - November 2009 Processors PowerQUICC II Pro MPC8306 - March 2011 Processors PowerQUICC II Pro MPC8309 - March 2011 Processors PowerQUICC III MPC8540 - June 2000 Processors PowerQUICC III MPC8541 - July 2001 Processors PowerQUICC III MPC8555 - July 2001 Processors PowerQUICC III MPC8560 - July 2002 Processors PowerQUICC III MPC8543 - September 2004 Processors PowerQUICC III MPC8545 - September 2004 Processors PowerQUICC III MPC8547 - September 2004 Processors PowerQUICC III MPC8548 - September 2004 Processors PowerQUICC III MPC8544 - September 2006 Processors PowerQUICC III MPC8572E - June 2007 Processors PowerQUICC III MPC8610 - September 2007 Processors PowerQUICC III MPC8536 - September 2008 Processors PowerQUICC III MPC8569 - February 2009 Processors 32-bit ColdFire - MCF5251 February 2007 Processors 32-bit ColdFire MCF51JU - March 2012 Processors 32-bit ColdFire MCF51JF - March 2012 Processors 32-bit ColdFire MCF51QU - March 2012 Processors 32-bit ColdFire MCF51QM - March 2012 Auto MCU 16-bit S12 - S12G October 2010 Auto MCU 16-bit S12 - S12HYx October 2009 Auto MCU 16-bit S12 - S12Px July 2009 Auto MCU 16-bit S12 MagniV - S12VR64 December 2011 Auto MCU 16-bit S12X - S12V December 2011 Auto MCU 16-bit S12X - S12XE September 2009 Auto MCU 16-bit S12X - S12XF March 2009 Auto MCU 16-bit S12X - S12XHY December 2010 Auto MCU 16-bit S12X - S12XS September 2009 Auto MCU 16-bit S12 MagniV - S12ZVL January 2015 Auto MCU 16-bit S12 MagniV - S12ZVM March 2014 Auto MCU MPC5xxx 32-bit Power Architecture - MPC5554 July 2004 Auto MCU MPC5xxx 32-bit Power Architecture - MPC5200 March 2005 Auto MCU MPC5xxx 32-bit Power Architecture - MPC5534 June 2005 Auto MCU MPC5xxx 32-bit Power Architecture - MPC5565 February 2006 Auto MCU MPC5xxx 32-bit Power Architecture - MPC5566 May 2006 Auto MCU MPC5xxx 32-bit Power Architecture - MPC5567 December 2006 Auto MCU MPC5xxx 32-bit Power Architecture - MPC5200B September 2007 Auto MCU MPC5xxx 32-bit Power Architecture - MPC567XF October 2008 Auto MCU MPC5xxx 32-bit Power Architecture - MPC564xB-C October 2011 Auto MCU MPC5xxx 32-bit Power Architecture - MPC5676R October 2011 Auto MCU MPC5xxx 32-bit Power Architecture - MPC5777M December 2014 Auto MCU MPC5xxx 32-bit Power Architecture - MPC5121e January 2009 Auto MCU MPC5xxx 32-bit Power Architecture - MPC563XM January 2009 Auto MCU MPC5xxx 32-bit Power Architecture - MPC551X September 2009 Auto MCU MPC5xxx 32-bit Power Architecture - MPC560XB December 2009 Auto MCU MPC5xxx 32-bit Power Architecture - MPC560xP April 2010 Auto MCU MPC5xxx 32-bit Power Architecture - MPC5668G/E September 2010 Auto MCU MPC5xxx 32-bit Power Architecture - MPC567xK December 2012 Auto MCU 8-bit S08 - S08AWx January 2009 Auto MCU 8-bit S08 - S08LG32 March 2009 Auto MCU 8-bit S08 - S08SGx April 2009 Auto MCU 8-bit S08 - S08ELx September 2009 Auto MCU 8-bit S08 - S08SLx September 2009 Auto MCU 8-bit S08 - S08D November 2009 Auto MCU 8-bit S08 - S08MP16 November 2009 Auto MCU Kinetis EA - EA September 2014 Auto MCU MPC5xxx 32-bit Power Architecture - MPC5553 July 2004 Auto MCU MPC5xxx 32-bit Power Architecture - MPC560xP April 2010 Auto MCU MPC5xxx 32-bit Power Architecture - MPC5645S October 2012 Auto MCU MPC5xxx 32-bit Power Architecture - MPC564xA May 2012 Auto MCU MPC5xxx 32-bit Power Architecture - MPC564xL October 2009 Auto MCU MPC5xxx 32-bit Power Architecture - MPC564xS May 2012 Auto MCU MPC5xxx 32-bit Power Architecture - MPC5668G July 2012 Auto MCU MPC5xxx 32-bit Power Architecture - MPC567xK December 2012 DSP 24-bit DSP DSP56311 - October 2004 DSP 24-bit DSP DSP56321 - February 2005 DSP 24-bit DSP DSP56720 - May 2008 DSP 24-bit DSP DSP56721 - May 2008 DSP 24-bit DSP DSP56724 - August 2008 DSP 24-bit DSP DSP56725 - August 2008 DSP StarCore DSPs MSC8122 - May 2005 DSP StarCore DSPs MSC8156 - November 2008 DSP StarCore DSPs MSC8154 - April 2010 DSP StarCore DSPs MSC8252 - April 2010 DSP StarCore DSPs MSC8254 - April 2010 DSP StarCore DSPs MSC8256 - April 2010 DSP StarCore DSPs MSC8251 - April 2010 DSP StarCore DSPs MSC8151 - June 2010 DSP StarCore DSPs MSC8152 - June 2010 Sensors Accelerometer - MMA3201 January 2000 Sensors Accelerometer - MMA3202 January 2000 Sensors Accelerometer - MMA3204 January 2000 Sensors Accelerometer - MMA2201 May 2000 Sensors Accelerometer - MMA2202 May 2000 Sensors Accelerometer - MMA2204 May 2000 Sensors Accelerometer - MMA2301 May 2000 Sensors Accelerometer - MMA1254 May 2002 Sensors Accelerometer - MMA1260 November 2003 Sensors Accelerometer - MMA1270 November 2003 Sensors Accelerometer - MMA62xx June 2006 Sensors Accelerometer - MMA65xxKW November 2011 Sensors Accelerometer MMA766X - April 2009 Sensors Accelerometer MMA8451Q - February 2010 Sensors Accelerometer MMA8452Q - February 2010 Sensors Accelerometer MMA8491Q - February 2011 Sensors Touch Sensors MPR031 - February 2009 Sensors Touch Sensors MPR121 - December 2009 Analog Audio SGTL5000 - June 2008 Analog Battery Sensor - MM912_637 February 2011 Analog Communication Transceiver - MC33660 October 2011 Analog Embedded Microcontrollers + power - MM908E626 September 2004 Analog Embedded Microcontrollers + power - MM908E624 November 2004 Analog Embedded Microcontrollers + power - MM908E622 September 2005 Analog Embedded Microcontrollers + power - MM912_634 September 2010 Analog Embedded Microcontrollers + power - MM912F634 October 2010 Analog eXtreme Switch - MC33981 (MC12XS2) August 2004 Analog eXtreme Switch - MC33982 (MC12XS2) July 2006 Analog eXtreme Switch - MC33984 (MC12XS2) July 2006 Analog eXtreme Switch - MC10XS3412 October 2008 Analog eXtreme Switch - MC10XS3435 October 2008 Analog eXtreme Switch - MC15XS3400 October 2008 Analog eXtreme Switch - MC35XS3400 October 2008 Analog eXtreme Switch - MC33988 (MC12XS2) August 2010 Analog eXtreme Switch - MC10XS3535 August 2010 Analog eXtreme Switch - MC35XS3500 August 2010 Analog eXtreme Switch - MC09XS3400 March 2012 Analog eXtreme Switch - MC06XS3517 March 2012 Analog eXtreme Switch - MC10XS4200 (MC24XS4) June 2012 Analog eXtreme Switch - MC20XS4200 (MC24XS4) June 2012 Analog eXtreme Switch - MC06XS4200 (MC24XS4) September 2012 Analog H-bridge - MC33887 September 2006 Analog H-bridge - MC33932 January 2009 Analog H-bridge - MC33931 March 2009 Analog H-bridge MC34931 - January 2015 Analog H-bridge MC34932 - January 2015 Analog H-bridge - MC33926 May 2009 Analog H-bridge MC34933 - July 2010 Analog L/HS Switch - MC33879 December 2006 Analog LED Driver MC34844 - October 2008 Analog LED Driver MC34845 - June 2009 Analog LED Driver MC34848 - June 2010 Analog LIN Physical Layer - MC33662 September 2011 Analog LIN physical Layer - MC33663 August 2012 Analog Linear Regulator - MC33730 March 2009 Analog Power Management and user interface MC13783 - April 2006 Analog Power Management and user interface MC13892 - April 2010 Analog Power Management and user interface MC34708 - November 2011 Analog Power Management and user interface - MC34VR500 October 2014 Analog Power Management and user interface MMPF0100 MMPF0100 (Auto) October 2012 Analog Power Management and user interface MMPF0200 MMPF0200 (Auto) February 2014 Analog Powertrain and Engine Control - MC33810 July 2007 Analog Powertrain and Engine Control - MC33800 July 2007 Analog Powertrain and Engine Control - MC33811 July 2008 Analog Powertrain and Engine Control - MC33812 August 2009 Analog Powertrain and Engine Control - MM912_P812 July 2012 Analog Powertrain and Engine Control - MC33816 April 2014 Analog Pre-Drivers - MC33937 June 2008 Analog SBC - MC33989 November 2002 Analog SBC - MC33742 January 2004 Analog SBC - MC33742 June 2008 Analog SBC - MC33910 March 2009 Analog SBC - MC33911 March 2009 Analog SBC - MC33912 March 2009 Analog SBC - MC33904 November 2009 Analog SBC - MC33905 November 2009 Analog SBC - MC33903 March 2011 Analog SBC - MC33907 April 2014 Analog SBC - MC33908 April 2014 Analog Switch Detection Interface - MC33978 January 2015 Analog Switch Detection Interface MC34978 - February 2015 Analog Signal Conditioning - MC33975 February 2005 Analog Signal Conditioning - MC33972 July 2006 Analog Switching Regulator MC34712 - April 2007 Analog Switching Regulator MC34713 - April 2007 Analog Switching Regulator MC34716 - April 2007 Analog Switching Regulator MC34717 - April 2007 Analog Switching Regulator MC34704 - March 2008 Analog Switching Regulator MC34700 - April 2008 RF Land Mobile - AFT09MS031N April 2012 RF Land Mobile - AFT05MS031N April 2012 RF Land Mobile - AFT05MP075N January 2013 RF Land Mobile - AFT09MS007N June 2013 RF Land Mobile - AFT09MS015N December 2013 RF Land Mobile - AFT09MP055N July 2013 RF Land mobile - AFT05MS004N June 2014 RF RF Military MMRF1004N - December 2013 RF RF Military MMRF1005H - December 2013 RF RF Military MMRF1006H - December 2013 RF RF Military MMRF1007H - December 2013 RF RF Military MMRF1008H - December 2013 RF RF Military MMRF1009H - December 2013 RF RF Military MMRF1012N - February 2014 RF RF Military MMRF1014N - March 2014 RF RF Military MMRF1015N - March 2014 RF RF Military MMRF1016H - February 2014 RF RF Military MMRF1019N - March 2014 RF RF Military MMRF2004NB - December 2013 RF RF Military MMRF2005N - October 2014 RF RF Military MMRF2006N - April 2014 RF RF Military MMRF2007N - October 2014 RF RF Military - MMRF2010N June 2015 RF RF Military - MMRF5014H December 2014 RF RF Military - MMRF1020-04NR3 January 2014 RF RF Military - MMRF1304N December 2013 RF RF Military - MMRF1304L December 2013 RF RF Military - MMRF1305H December 2013 RF RF Military - MMRF1306H December 2013 RF RF Military - MMRF1308H March 2014 RF RF Military - MMRF1310H March 2014 RF RF Military - MMRF1315N June 2014 RF RF Military MMRF1316N - June 2014 RF RF Military - MMRF1318N June 2014 RF RF Military - MMRF1320N March 2015 RF RF Power Products - AFIC10275N November 2014 RF RF Power Products - MRF6V2150N February 2007 RF RF Power Products MRF6VP41KH - December 2007 RF RF Power Products - MRF6V14300H September 2008 RF RF Power Products - MRF6V12250H May 2009 RF RF Power Products - MRF6V12500H August 2009 RF RF Power Products MRF6VP121KH - December 2009 RF RF Power Products - MRFE6VP6300H October 2010 RF RF Power Products - MRFE6VP61K25H November 2010 RF RF Power Products - MRFE6VP5600H December 2010 RF RF Power Products - MRF8P29300H February 2011 RF RF Power Products - MRFE6VP8600H September 2011 RF RF Power Products - MRFE6VP100H April 2012 RF RF Power Products - MRFE6VS25N May 2012 RF RF Power Products - MRFE6S9060N/GN March 2007 RF RF Power Products - MRFE6VP5150N June 2014 RF RF Power Products - MRFE6VP5300N June 2014 RF RF Power Products - MRFE6VP61K25N February 2015 RF RF Power Products - MRF8VP13350N May 2015 RF RF Power Products - MRF7S24250N September 2015 Analog Power Management and user interface PF3000 - Jun 2015

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Product Longevity|Freescale

Scientists have discovered a new type of stem cell in the skin that acts surprisingly like certain stem cells found in embryos: both can generate fat, bone, cartilage, and even nerve cells. These newly-described dermal stem cells may one day prove useful for treating neurological disorders and persistent wounds, such as diabetic ulcers, says Freda Miller, an HHMI international research scholar.

Miller and her colleagues first saw the cells several years ago in both rodents and people, but only now confirmed that the cells are stem cells. Like other stem cells, these cell scan self-renew and, under the right conditions, they can grow into the cell types that constitute the skins dermal layer, which lies under the surface epidermal layer. We showed that these cells are, in fact, the real thing, says Miller, a professor at the University of Toronto and a senior scientist in the department of developmental biology at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto. The dermal stem cells also appear tohelp form the basis for hair growth.The new work was published December 4, 2009, in the journal Cell Stem Cells.

Stem cell researchers like to talk about building organs in a dish. You can imagine, if you have all the right playersdermal stem cells and epidermal stem cellsworking together, you could do that with skin in a very real way.

Freda D. Miller

Though this research focuses on the skin, Miller has spent her career searching for cures for neurological diseases such as Parkinsons. About a decade ago, she decided to find an easily accessible cell that could be coaxed into making nerves. Brain stem cells, some of which can grow into nerves, lie deep in the middle of the organ and are too difficult to reach if the scientists eventually wanted to cultivate the cells from individual patients. I thought, This is blue sky stuff, but you never know. She searched the literature and found that amphibians can regenerate nerves in their skin. She also found published hints that mammalian nerve cells could do the same.

Her team looked in the dermal layer of the skin in both mice and people. Hair follicles and sweat glands are rooted in the dermis, a thick layer of cells that also help support and nourish blood vessels and touch-perceiving nerves. In 2001, Millers team hit paydirt when they discovered cells that respond to the same growth factors that make brain stem cells differentiate. She named them skin-derived precursors (SKPs, or skips).

Miller soon discovered that the cells act like neural crest cells from embryosstem cells that generate the entire peripheral nervous system and part of the headin that they could turn into nerves, fat, bone, and cartilage.That gave us the idea that these were some kind of embryonic-like precursor cell that migrated into the skin of the embryo, Miller said. But instead of disappearing as the embryo develops, the cells survive into adulthood.

Even though the SKPs acted like stem cells in Petri dishes, Miller didnt know if they behaved the same way in the body. We were obviously very excited about these cells, she said. The problem was, cells can do all kinds of weird things in culture dishes that look right but really arent. We thought, Maybe were being deceived.So lab member Jeffrey Biernaskie put the cells through their paces, performing a series of experiments to test whether the SKPs indeed acted like stem cells in the body.

Earlier work in the lab had shown that the SKPs produce a transcription factor called SOX2, which is produced in many types of stem cells. The team used genetically engineered mice with SOX2 genes tagged with green fluorescent protein, which allowed them to track where SOX2 was expressed in the animals. They found that about 1% of skin cells from adult mice contained the SOX2-making cells, and they were concentrated in the bulb at the base of hair follicles.When the team cultured these cells, they began behaving like SKPs.

Next, the scientists decided to see if the cells would not just settle at the base of hair follicles but grow new hair. They took the fluorescent cells, mixed them with epidermal cellswhich make up the majority of cells in a hair follicleand transplanted the mixture under the skin of hairless mice. These mice began growing hair, and analysis showed the green cells migrated to their home base in the bulb of the new hair follicles. The team also transplanted rat SKP cells under the skin of mice. The cells behaved exactly like dermal stem cellsthey spread out through the dermis and differentiated into various dermal cell types, including fat cells and dermal fibroblasts, which form the structural framework of the dermal layer. Intriguingly, the mice that carried transplanted rat SKPs also grew longer, thicker,rat-like hair, instead of short, thin mouse hair. These cells are instructive, they tell the epidermal cellswhich form the bulk of the hair follicleto make bigger, rat-like hair follicles, Miller said. There are a lot of jokes in my lab about bald men running around with rat hair on their heads.

Finally, the team gave mice small puncture wounds and then transplanted their fluorescent SKPs next to the wound. Within a month, many transplanted cells appeared in the scar, showing they had contributed to wound healing. The SKPs were also found in new hair follicles in the healed skin.

The cells behavior both in wound healing and hair growth led the team to conclude that the SKPs are, in fact, dermal stem cells. Miller said the finding complements work by HHMI investigator Elaine Fuchs, who found epidermal stem cells, which help renew the top layer of skin. Combining the evidence from the two labs suggests a possible path to baldness treatments, Miller saidthe dermal stem cells at the base of the hair follicle seem to be signaling the epidermal cells that form the shaft of the follicle to grow hair. But much about the signaling mechanism remains unknown.

Miller wants to investigate less cosmetic applications, such as treating nerve and brain diseases. Experiments she published between 2005 and 2007 showed that SKPs can grow into nerves and help repair spinal cord damage in rats. Her lab is continuing to pursue that research. She is also searching for signals that could trigger the dermal stem cells to rev up their innate wound-healing ability. If such a signal can be found and mimicked, Miller can envision one day treating chronic woundssuch as diabetic ulcerswith a topical cream. Such a treatment is years or decades away, she said, but now researchers know which cell types to focus on. Another possibility: improving skin grafts, which today consist of only epidermal, not dermal, cells. While skin grafts can dramatically help burn victims, those grafts dont function like normal skin.

Stem cell researchers like to talk about building organs in a dish, said Miller. You can imagine, if you have all the right playersdermal stem cells and epidermal stem cellsworking together, you could do that with skin in a very real way.

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Research News: New Skin Stem Cells Surprisingly Similar to ...

Earlier this week, researchers from Yale University demonstrated a connection between fat derived stem cells (fatty or adipose stem cells) and hair follicle stimulation and new hair growth in mice.

During the experiment, the team found a correlation between the number of precursor fat cells (fatty stem cells) surrounding hair follicles and the number of follicles capable of entering the anagen growth phase and producing terminal hairs in mice.

In fatty stem cell deficient mice (with little to no fat cells surrounding the hair follicles), the follicles remained in the dormant, telogen phase and caused noticeable baldness. The researchers injected these deficient mice with fat (containing the fatty stem cells) derived from healthy donors and found normal follicle function and new hair growth within two weeks.

According to the research team, the new hair growth and reversal of follicle dormancy, which was noted in 86% of resting hair follicles treated with the injected stem cells, is likely caused by a platelet derived growth factor produced by the fatty stem cells in amounts 100 times greater than the average cell.

In an interview with BBC news, Dr. Valerie Horsley, a member of the Yale research team, claimed:If we can get these fat cells in the skin to talk to the dormant stem cells at the base of hair follicles, we might be able to get hair to grow again.

At this point in time, the researchers claim these results are seen exclusively in mice and may not be reproduced in human trials. However, the study definitely represents an exciting development in the search for non-invasive, cellular-based hair loss treatments.

To review the published study, click here. _______________ Blake Bloxham formerly Future_HT_Doc

Editorial Assistant and Forum Co-Moderator for the Hair Transplant Network, the Hair Loss Learning Center, the Hair Loss Q&A Blog, and the Hair Restoration Forum

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Technorati Tags: stem cells, adipose stem cells, hair follicle, precursor fat cells, fatty stem cells, anagen growth phase, baldness, hair growth, injected stem cells, hair loss

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Fat Stem Cells Induce New Hair Growth in Hair Loss ...

Fat vs. Bone Marrow Stem Cells in Orthopedics: More Research Showing Marrow is Better

We dont much care where you get your stem cells, as long as the source of the stem cells matches the tissue youre trying to repair. Theproblemwith stem cells is that certain sources produce stem cells more capable of repairing certain tissues and stem cells from other sources are less capable. The general rule of thumb is, the closer the stem cells are to the structure in need or repair, the better they are at repairing that area. This makes sense at face value, as these resident stem cells in all of our tissues have a role inmaintainingand repairing that local organ or tissue. As an example, fat stem cells from your belly or thigh would be good at repairing the local tissues like skin, nerves, blood vessels, etcSo it wasnt surprising to see yet another study showingthatbone marrow stem cells are better at repairing bone than fat based stem cells. This fits with many other studies showing that bone marrow stem cells are much better at repairing orthopedic tissues than fat derived stem cells. This again makes sense, as why would stem cells from belly fat have any role in repairing bone? At the end of the day, rooting for one type of stem cell because thats all the doctor knows how to harvest is like rooting for only one stem cell sports team and not recognizing that all stem cell teams have their positives andnegatives. For example, stem cells derived from fat are much better for cosmetic work and structural fat grafts than stem cells derived from bone marrow. So why fit a square peg into a round hole or use a hammer when a wrench is needed? Use the stem cell source that fits the job!

Disclaimer: Like all medical procedures, Regenexx Procedures have a success & failure rate. Not all patients will experience the same results.

If you liked this post, you may really enjoy this book by the same author - Dr. Chris Centeno

Written by Regenexx Founder, Dr. Chris Centeno, this 150 page book explains the Regenexx approach to patients and orthopedic conditions. Whether youre are an existing patient or simply interested in the human body and how everything in the body ties together, you will enjoy exploring this book in-depth. With hyperlinks to more detailed information, related studies and commentary, this book condenses a huge amount of data and resources into an enjoyable and entertaining read.

Chris Centeno, M.D. is a specialist in regenerative medicine and the new field of Interventional Orthopedics.

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Fat vs. Bone Marrow Stem Cells in Orthopedics: More ...