StemCell Therapy

A progenitor cell is a biological cell that, like a stem cell, has a tendency to differentiate into a specific type of cell, but is already more specific than a stem cell and is pushed to differentiate into its "target" cell. The most important difference between stem cells and progenitor cells is that stem cells can replicate indefinitely, whereas progenitor cells can divide only a limited number of times. Controversy about the exact definition remains and the concept is still evolving.[1]

The terms "progenitor cell" and "stem cell" are sometimes equated.[2]

Most progenitors are described as oligopotent. In this point of view, they may be compared to adult stem cells. But progenitors are said to be in a further stage of cell differentiation. They are in the center between stem cells and fully differentiated cells. The kind of potency they have depends on the type of their "parent" stem cell and also on their niche. Some progenitor cells were found during research, and were isolated. After their marker was found, it was proven that these progenitor could move through the body and migrate towards the tissue where they are needed.[citation needed] Many properties are shared by adult stem cells and progenitor cells.

Progenitor cells are found in adult organisms and they act as a repair system for the body. They replenish special cells, but also maintain the blood, skin and intestinal tissues. They can also be found in developing embryonic pancreatic tissue.

The majority of progenitor cells lie dormant or possess little activity in the tissue in which they reside. They exhibit slow growth and their main role is to replace cells lost by normal attrition. In case of tissue injury, damaged or dead cells, progenitor cells can be activated. Growth factors or cytokines are two substances that trigger the progenitors to mobilize toward the damaged tissue. At the same time, they start to differentiate into the target cells. Not all progenitors are mobile and are situated near the tissue of their target differentiation. When the cytokines, growth factors and other cell division enhancing stimulators take on the progenitors, a higher rate of cell division is introduced. It leads to the recovery of the tissue.

[3] The characterization or the defining principle of progenitor cells, in order to separate them from others, is based on the different cell markers rather than their morphological appearance.

Before embryonic day 40 (E40), progenitor cells generate other progenitor cells; after that period, progenitor cells produce only dissimilar mesenchymal stem cell daughters. The cells from a single progenitor cell form a proliferative unit that creates one cortical column; these columns contain a variety of neurons with different shapes.[citation needed]

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Progenitor cell - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Motor Neurone Disease - Stem Cell Therapy India Motor neurone disease often begins with weakness of the muscles of the hands or feet. It eventually leads to generalised paralysis. People with motor neurone disease need help with daily activities and have a life expectancy of three to five years after their diagnosis. A variety of physical effects The physical effects of motor neurone disease (MND) can include : -

What are the types of motor neuron disease?

There is no cure for motor neurone disease

The drug Rilutek (riluzole) has been demonstrated in clinical trials to show a modest extension of life expectancy, and works best in conjunction with support from a multi-disciplinary team of health professionals. Rilutek is available on the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme.

Costly and unproven therapies are sometimes recommended by well-meaning people. People should seek professional advice before embarking on unproven therapies.

Because stem cells are so versatile, they could potentially be used to repair and replace damaged human tissue. The purpose of experimental stem cell therapy is to offer potential benefits of stem cells, which may be : -

This procedure is considered experimental as it is being tested in clinical research studies, and is not yet available as a standard medical treatment.

The stem cells used in our experimental therapy are Mesenchymal stem cells, which are derived from your own bone marrow. These are multipotent stem cells that can transform into a variety of cell types, and thereby help in regeneration and repair of the diseased tissues.

Motor Neuron disease is one of the progressive degenerative neurological disorders having no effective treatment. It dramatically reduces the life span and the quality of life of the patient. Hence the ideal curative treatment in these cases would be the replacement of degenerated or lost cells. The transplanted Adult mesenchymal stem cells have the potential to differentiate into functional neural cell types, thereby facilitating a possible cure.

For more information, medical assessment and medical quote send your detailed medical history and medical reports as email attachment to Email : - info@wecareindia.com Call: +91 9029304141 (10 am. To 8 pm. IST) (Only for international patients seeking treatment in India)

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Motor Neuron Disease Treatment India,Stem Cell Therapy

Almost all doctors, physicians and specialists claims to cure your arthritis by their treatments, There is complete review of all kind of arthritis treatment that are recommended by them as cure for arthritis. You will find review of all major effective arthritis treatment that are available in 2011 to get your perfect arthritis cure, they includes

Diet, Exercise, Medications, Ayurveda, Injection Supplements, Medical Equipments, Joint Fluid Therapy, Acupuncture & Acupressure, Hydrotherapy or Water Therapy, Joint Replacement Surgery, Yoga, Meditation, Tai Chi, Magnet Therapy and Music therapy. They all are explained below

1. Arthritis treatment diet- It does not includes just tablets or any medications, it includes vegetables and fruits that are rich in Vitamin C, Vitamin D, Calcium, Omega-3 Fatty acid, Zinc, Magensium and many more. They certainly are very helpful in its treatmentFor a list of vegetables and fruits to taken for best natural arthritis treatment in 2011 follow below link to cure arthritis. http://cure2arthritis.com/category/diet/

2. Best Exercise for Arthritis in 2011 Exercises really work good for people suffering from arthritis and it is important to do them regularly to see effective results. For a list of arthritis exercise to for best arthritis treatment in 2011 follow below link.

http://cure2arthritis.com/category/exercises/

3. Ayurveda for arthritis treatment in 2011- Auyrveda says arthritis is mostly beacuse of air and indigestion problem in the body. Indigestion cause gastric problem in body and it adds toxic air & bacteria, they cause inflammation and swelling in the joints. Gugul, Haritaki, sudarsban, Brahmi and Bibbitaki are very effective for natural treatment of arthritis. Mahanarayan oil is also very effective and it reduces joint pain problem in body to cure arthritis. Ayurveda is very effective and for details you can email me at cure2arthritis@gmail.com or info@cure2arthritis.com

4. Medications for treatment of arthritis in 2011- There are many medications available for arthritis treatemnt , they are a) Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug- They are commonly known as NSAIDs and they include Clinoril, Tolectin, Lodine, Meclomen, Arthrotec and many more to cure arthritis. b) Disease-Modifying Anti-Rheumatic Drugs- They are commonly known as DMARDs and they include Plaquenil, Leukeran, Ridaura, Neoral, Cyclophosphamide and many more to cure arthritis. c) Steroids- They are glucocorticoids which are primarily used to reduce inflammation because of arthritis. They include Prednisone, Cortef, Betamethasone and others. d) Pain Killers- They are primarily used to relieve joint pain because of inflammation and swelling. They include Ultram, Ugesic, Morphine Sulphate, Darvon and others. e) Biologic Response Modifiers- They are commonly known as BRMs or Biologics, they are used to increase or restore immune system to withstand any infections and internal wounds beacuse of arthritis. They include Kineret, Orencia, Rituxan, Enbrel and many more to cure arthritis.

Note- There are side effects of arthritis treatment drugs on body, they should be taken on arthritis doctor prescription. I would recommend to concentrate arthritis diet for its treatment.

5. Injection Supplements for arthritis treatment in 2011- There are many injection supplement that are availble in market they are Corticosteroids, Synvisc, Viscosupplementation, Hyalgan and others to cure arthritis. They are found to give relief for only some time, so it is only a temporary arthritis treatment.

6. Medical Equipments for arthritis treatment in 2011- There are many Medical Equipments that are available in market like braces, support systems, socks, arthritis calipers, Insole and many more to cure arthritis. They are suitable to only few people (less than 3%) only Insole i would say is effective, it reduces force of jerk on joints in the body. I would recommend to avoid using any braces, support systems, socks, arthritis calipers for arthritis treatment in 2011.

7. Joint Fluid Therapy- It is process of injecting gel in the joints and it act as supplement for synovial fluid to cure arthritis. They include Synvisc, Hyalgan, Euflexxa and others. They are also for temporary relief in arthritis pain.

8. Acupuncture / Acupressure- It is process of pressing or stimulating various points like nerves, muscles and other body organs. It was developed in China and is a effective arthritis treatment from almost 2000 years, it only tough to find Acupuncture specialist.

9. Hydrotherapy or Water Therapy for treatment of arthritis- Warm water is excellent source to ease and reduce joint pain, they relaxes muscles and increases motion. Swimming or moving in water requires higher force which lay less stress with immediate effect on body. They increase stability of joints, muscles and increases body movement. I would diefnately recommend to swim and opt for Hydrotherapy to get perfect arthritis cure.

arthritis joint replacement surgery

10. Joint Replacement Surgery for treatment of arthritis in 2011- It is process of replacing joint with artificial implants and they have success ratio of almost 40% of total. It is very expensive and Joint Replacement Surgery is not covered under insurance. However it can be done with only few patients with age of above 55 and good immune system.

11. Yoga for arthritis treatment- Yoga related to breathing would be useful but making certain position for Yoga can be harmful for joints. Arthritis joints have limited movement, please do not stress on them. Do Yoga that is related breathing it would relieve pain in joints, it is also recommended in Ayurveda artha Tatwa also.

12. Meditation- Tension is also a reason behind Arthritis, Meditation help you in reducing them and control any stress or anxiety. Try to do at-least 2 min a day.

13. Tai Chi exercise art- It is form of martial arts, light movement exercises that are used to relax and improve body motion. It is certainly very useful for arthritis patients.

14. Magnet Therapy- It is said, Magnet is used to improve blood circulation in body but there is no evidence that it can cure arthritis.

15. Music Therapy- It is used to reduce stress and i would recommend Meditation over it.

Cure2arthritis.com RECOMMENDATIONS for Arthritis treatment in 2011 would be Diet, Exercise, Hydrotherapy or Water Therapy, Joint Replacement Surgery, Meditation, Yoga and Acupuncture & Acupressure to cure for arthritis. This disease is majorly result of changing lifestyle problem in 2011, so my recommendation would be more based on natural treatment than others in 2011.

Follow the links below to know more about arthritis

What is osteoarthritis

What is Rheumatoid Arthritis

Role of Calcium in arthritis

What are Nightshade vegetables and to be avoided in arthritis joint pain

Arthritis symptoms

EXTENDED BLOG TO IDENTIFY & DIAGNOSE ARTHRITIS TREATMENT AND ARTHRITIS SYMPTOMS IN 2011

Osteo arthritis Cartilage knee structure

It is very difficult for doctors and physicians to diagnose arthritis symptoms in initial stage of joint pain. The symptoms of arthritis joint pain are identical with many other diseases like diarrhea, heart problem and other, which makes tough to identify arthritis joint pain from other diseases. Available tests to identify arthritis symptoms in 2011 can be classifieds into following

1. Medical history of patients- There are some general question which physicians ask to determine symptoms of arthritis joint pain a) From how much time you are suffering from the joint pain? b) Where do feel and observe joint pain in body? c) Is there any particular time when joint pain occurs? d) After how much time your joint pain last? e) What was the first time when you observe similar pain? f) Could you describe the intensity of joint pain from scale of 1 to 10? g) What things relieves your joint pain? h) Do you met any injuries or illness that was similar to your pain or describes similar pain? i) Is there any one in family who is suffering from arthritis or any other rheumatic disease? j) What medicines are you currently taking and do you feel relief after them? k) Do you observe any limitation in range of your motion in recent months? l) Do you feel reduction in your muscle strength? m) Do you feel any crickling sounds in the joints during movement?

2. Physical examination to determine arthritis symptoms for joint pain- There are certain examination and questionnaire to determine symptoms of arthritis in patient-

a) Lifting weight (3.5 kg or 8 found) to height of shoulder. b) Boxing- Regular throw of overhand. c) Tucking of shirt backwards. (problem would show symptom of initial arthritis) d) Pressing the back of opposite shoulder. e) Crepitus in motion of joints. f) Sleeping on the affected side of joint pain. g) Physical examination of swelling around joints of body. h) Recording and observing any unusual movement in walking by physician.

Questionnaire to determine arthritis symptoms- Answer all questions from scale 1 to 10. Where 1 is being uncertain and 10 being 100% sure

a) Can you reduce joint pain? b) Can you keep your arthritis joint pain away during sleeping? c) Can you continue with all of your routine activities? d) Can you relieve your joint pain by medications e) Can you reduce intensity of pain in joints by intake of more medications? f) Can you walk 22 meters in 25 seconds? g) Can you walk 15 steps downstairs in 15 seconds? h) Can you scratch your opposite back easily? i) Can you wear shirt in 10 seconds? j) Can you improve your fatigue or tiredness? k) How sure you are in handling your arthritis joint pain in routine activities? l) Can you get up from chair or bed without help of arms or hands in 5 second? m) Can you turn up and down outdoor faucet or taps? n) Can you sit and pull yourself out from the driver seat of car? o) Can you do all routine work when you are not feeling well? p) Can you manage your joint pain while doing activities you enjoy most like gaming, roaming or other activities? q) Do you feel frustrated in dealing with your joint pain? r) Do you feel you can get relieve from joint pain by reducing joint pain?

3. Laboratory tests, imaging tests and other screening test to determine arthritis symptoms for joint pain

Laboratory tests for arthritis

Laboratory test to determine symptoms of arthritis in 2011 are

A) Anti Nuclear Antibody Test (ANA)- This test is conducted to determine the amount of antibodies present in the patient. Normal range is less than or equal to 1:40 dilution.

B) Complement Protein test Complement is protein that is found in blood which determines symptoms with lupus. Normal levels for test is 41 to 90 hemolytic units. C4 level should in between 12 to 75 milligrams per deciliter. C3 level should in between 88 to 252 milligrams per deciliter for male and 88 to 206 milligrams per deciliter in ladies. C1 level should vary between 16 to 33 milligrams per deciliter.

C) Complete Blood Count test (CBC) As names determines it a complete test of blood. Low level of white blood cell in blood indicates leukopenia (Normal range is 4.3 to 10.8 cells per liter). Low red blood count in blood indicates anemia (Normal range is 4.2 to 5.9). Low platelet count in blood indicates Thrombocytopenia which cause prolonged bleeding. RDW is the measurement of size of Red Blood cells (Normal range is 11 to 15).

D) Creatinine Test This test to identify any disease related to kidneys. Normal range is 0.6 to 1.2 mg/dl.

E) Rheumatoid Factor Test This determines determines presence of rheumatoid factor in the blood. The normal Rheumatoid Factor is below 20%, however it vary from laboratory to laboratory. Rheumatoid arthritis patient have Rheumatoid Factor from 25 to 90 percent.

F) ESR and SED Rate Test This test is also related to red blood cells. Normal range for Males should be in between 1 13 mm/hr and in case of female it is 1 20 mm/hr.

G) Hematocrit Test It determine the amount of Red blood cells found in blood. Normal range for Males should be in between 45 62% and in case of female it should be between 37 48%.

H) Urinalysis Test This test indicates and examines RBC, WBC, protein level or any infection in urine of patient. Normal range for Specific gravity should be between 1.002-1.030, Urobilinogen should vary between 0.2-1.0 Ehr U/dL, pH should be 5-7 and other all test should be negative.

I) White Blood Cell Count Test Normal range is 4.3-10.8 10cubic/mm cube

J) C-Reactive Protein Test- It is a kind of protein that developes and aggravates due to inflammation around the joints. Normal range is 1.0 and 3.0 milligram/litre

Imaging and Other tests to determine symptoms of arthritis in 2011 are

A) X-ray- It provide images which helps in indicating wear and tear of bones & tissues.

B) MRI- This test provides with images of every organ and structure in body from different degrees to determine symptoms of arthritis.

C) Joint Ultrasound Test- This test is rarely used to determine arthritis symptoms before x-rays.

D) Computed Tomography Scan This test is commonly known as CT Scan, it involves a mixture of x-rays and latest technology to determine arthritis symptoms in body. Images of bones, muscles, fat, and organs are displayed in CT Scan to determine arthritis indication.

E) Arthroscopy Arthroscope tube is inserted inside joint to check wear and tear in around joints. It helps in evaluation of any form of arthritis symptoms and inflammation.

F) DEXA This test determines the density of bones. The lower level of arthritis determines and helps in detection of osteoporosis. Normal range is between 2.5 to 1.

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Arthritis Cure

Regenexx Knee Stem Cell Therapy for Injuries and ArthritisChris Centeno2015-08-07T15:30:40+00:00

The Regenexx family ofnon-surgical stem cell and blood platelet procedures offer next-generation injection treatments for those who are suffering from knee pain or may be facing knee surgery or knee replacement due to common tendon, ligament and bone injuries, arthritis and other degenerative conditions.

As an alternative to knee surgery or knee replacement, Regenexx procedures may help alleviate knee pain and the conditions that cause it with a same-day office injection procedure. Unlike traditional surgery, Regenexx patients are typically encouraged to walk the same day, and most patients experience very little down time from the procedure.

Knee Patient Results | Regenexx SD Procedure Overview | ACL Injuries | Meniscus Tears

This is not a complete list of conditions treated, but the most common knee conditions we have treated throughout the years. If you are experiencing knee pain, injury, or arthritis, please contact us or complete the candidacy form below to learn more about whether the Regenexx Procedures are right for you.

This Regenexx-SD (same-day) bone marrow derived stem cell treatment outcome data analysis is part of the Regenexx data download of patients who were tracked in the Regenexx advanced patient registry.

This Regenexx-SD (same-day) bone marrow derived stem cell treatment outcome data analysis is part of the Regenexx data download of patients who were tracked in the Regenexx advanced patient registry following treatment for Meniscus Tears.

This data utilizes LEFS (Lower Extremity Functional Scale) data from our knee arthritis patients treated with stem cell injections. Functional questionnaires ask the patients questions such as how well they can walk, run, climb stairs, etc. The improvements following the Regenexx-SD procedure are highly statistically significant.

If you are considering a knee replacement, watch the video in the sidebar of this page and read about how stem cells stack up against knee replacements.

BioMed Research International;Volume 2014, Article ID 370621,.Centeno CJ.

Introduction. We investigated the use of autologous bone marrow concentrate (BMC) with and without an adipose graft, fortreatment of knee osteoarthritis (OA). Methods. Treatment registry data for patients who underwent BMC procedures with andwithout an adipose graft were analyzed. Pre- and posttreatment outcomes of interest included the lower extremity functional scale(LEFS), the numerical pain scale (NPS), and a subjective percentage improvement rating. Multivariate analyses were performedto examine the effects of treatment type adjusting for potential confounding factors. The frequency and type of adverse events(AE) were also examined. Results. 840 procedures were performed, 616 without and 224 with adipose graft. The mean LEFS scoreincreased by 7.9 and 9.8 in the two groups (out of 80), respectively, and the mean NPS score decreased from 4 to 2.6 and from 4.3to 3 in the two groups, respectively. AE rates were 6% and 8.9% in the two groups, respectively. Although pre- and posttreatmentimprovements were statistically significant, the differences between the groups were not. Conclusion. BMC injections for knee OAshowed encouraging outcomes and a low rate of AEs. Addition of an adipose graft to the BMC did not provide a detectible benefitover BMC alone.

Two time Super Bowl Champ Jarvis Greens story. From a young boy struggling to get through a football practice, to a 2X Super Bowl Champion, Jarvis tells his story of pain and struggle following knee surgeries, and his return to form following a Regenexx Stem Cell Procedure.

If you are interested in learning whether you are a good candidate for the Regenexx Procedure, please complete the Regenexx Procedure Candidate Form below or call us at 888-525-3005.

Continue reading here:
Knee Stem Cell Therapy - Surgery & Replacement Alternative

Click here to meet our COPC Endocrinologists

Central OhioPrimary Careboard certified Endocrinologists are specialists in the treatment of hormone disorders such as diabetes, osteoporosis and thyroid disease. They partner with your primary care physician in order to create a custom treatment plan that will help you better manage your overall health.

We highly recommend that patients become actively involved in their own healthcare by becoming educated about their condition and treatment options. Our website is a great place to start. It provides educational resources and other valuable information that will help keep you informed. We encourage you to visit our website often so that when you come to your appointments you will feel more confident about asking questions and can have a more productive conversation with your physician.

Diabetes is one of the most common endocrine disorders. If you are being treated for Type I or Type II Diabetes, we will coordinate your care with our Innovative Diabetes Management Team. Together, we will help you prepare a personalized diabetes care plan and get you enrolled in COPC diabetes management classes. Ask us for more information about this valuable COPC resource.

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Endocrinology - Central Ohio Primary Care

The general approach of gene therapy is nothing more than an extension of the technique for clone selection by functional complementation (Chapter 12). The functions absent in the recipient as a result of a defective gene are introduced on a vector that inserts into one of the recipients chromosomes and thereby generates a transgenic animal that has been genetically cured. The technique is of great potential in humans because it offers the hope of correcting hereditary diseases. However, gene therapy is also being applied to mammals other than humans.

The first example of gene therapy in a mammal was the correction of a growth-hormone deficiency in mice. The recessive mutation little (lit) results in dwarf mice. Even though a mouses growth-hormone gene is present and apparently normal, no mRNA for this gene is produced. The initial step in correcting this deficiency was to inject homozygous lit/lit eggs with about 5000 copies of a 5-kb linear DNA fragment that contained the rat growth-hormone structural gene (RGH) fused to a regulatorpromoter sequence from a mouse metallothionein gene (MP). The normal job of metallothionein is to detoxify heavy metals, so the regulatory sequence is responsive to the presence of heavy metals in the animal. The eggs were then implanted into pseudopregnant mice, and the baby mice were raised. About 1 percent of these babies turned out to be transgenic, showing increased size when heavy metals were administered in the course of development. A representative transgenic mouse was then crossed with a homozygous lit/lit female. The ensuing pedigree is shown in . We can see in that mice two to three times the weight of their lit/lit relatives are produced in subsequent generations, with the rat growth-hormone transgene acting as a dominant allele, always heterozygous in this pedigree. The rat growth-hormone transgene also makes lit+ mice bigger ().

The rat growth-hormone gene (RGH), under the control of a mouse promoter region that is responsive to heavy metals, is inserted into a plasmid and used to produce a transgenic mouse. RGH compensates for the inherent dwarfism (lit/lit) in the mouse. RGH (more...)

Transgenic mouse. The mice are siblings, but the mouse on the left was derived from an egg transformed by injection with a new gene composed of the mouse metallothionein promoter fused to the rat growth-hormone structural gene. (This mouse weighs 44g, (more...)

The site of insertion of the introduced DNA in mammals is highly variable, and the DNA is generally not found at the homologous locus. Hence, gene therapy most often provides not a genuine correction of the original problem but a masking of it.

Similar technology has been used to develop transgenic fast-growing strains of Pacific salmon, with spectacular results. A plasmid containing a growth-hormone gene placed next to a metallothionein promoter (all derived from salmon) was microinjected into salmon eggs. A small proportion of the resulting fish proved to be transgenic, testing positive when their DNA was probed with the plasmid construct. These fish were on average 11-fold heavier than the nontransgenic controls (). Progeny inherited the transgene in the same manner as the mice in the earlier example.

Effect of introducing a hormone transgene complex with a strong promoter into Pacific salmon. All salmon shown are the same age. (R. H. Devlin, T. Y. Yesaki, C. A. Biagi, E. M. Donaldson, P. Swanson, and W.-K. Chan, Extraordinary Growth, (more...)

Perhaps the most exciting and controversial application of transgenic technology is in human gene therapy, the treatment and alleviation of human genetic disease by adding exogenous wild-type genes to correct the defective function of mutations. We have seen that the first case of gene therapy in mammals was to cure a genotypically dwarf fertilized mouse egg by injecting the appropriate wild-type allele for normal growth. This technique () has little application in humans, because it is currently impossible to diagnose whether a fertilized egg cell carries a defective genotype without destroying the cell. (However, in an early embryo containing only a few cells, one cell can be removed and analyzed with no ill effects on the remainder.)

Two basic types of gene therapy can be applied to humans, germ line and somatic. The goal of germ-line gene therapy () is the more ambitious: to introduce transgenic cells into the germ line as well as into the somatic cell population. Not only should this therapy achieve a cure of the person treated, but some gametes could also carry the corrected genotype. We have seen that such germinal therapy has been achieved by injecting mice eggs. However, the protocol that is relevant for application to humans is the removal of an early embryo (blastocyst) with a defective genotype from a pregnant mouse and injection with transgenic cells containing the wild-type allele. These cells become part of many tissues of the body, often including the germ line, which will give rise to the gonads. Then the gene can be passed on to some or all progeny, depending on the size of the clone of transgenic cells that lodges in the germinal area. However, no human germ-line gene therapy has been performed to date.

We have seen that most transforming fragments will insert ectopically throughout the genome. This is a disadvantage in human gene therapy not only because of the possibility of the ectopic insert causing gene disruption, but also because, even if the disease phenotype is reversed, the defective allele is still present and can segregate away from the transgene in future generations. Therefore, for effective germinal gene therapy, an efficient targeted gene replacement will be necessary, in which case the wild-type transgene replaces the resident defective copy by a double crossover.

Somatic gene therapy () focuses only on the body (soma). The approach is to attempt to correct a disease phenotype by treating some somatic cells in the affected person. At present, it is not possible to render an entire body transgenic, so the method addresses diseases whose phenotype is caused by genes that are expressed predominantly in one tissue. In such cases, it is likely that not all the cells of that tissue need to become transgenic; a percentage of cells being transgenic can ameliorate the overall disease symptoms. The method proceeds by removing some cells from a patient with the defective genotype and making these cells transgenic through the introduction of copies of the cloned wild-type gene. The transgenic cells are then reintroduced into the patients body, where they provide normal gene function.

Currently, there are two ways of getting the transgene into the defective somatic cells. Both methods use viruses. The older method uses a disarmed retrovirus with the transgene spliced into its genome, replacing most of the viral genes. The natural cycle of retroviruses includes the integration of the viral genome at some location in one of the host cells chromosomes. The recombinant retrovirus will carry the transgene along with it into the chromosome. This type of vector poses a potential problem, because the integrating virus can act as an insertional mutagen and inactivate some unknown resident gene, causing a mutation. Another problem with this type of vector is that a retrovirus attacks only proliferating cells such as blood cells. This procedure has been used for somatic gene therapy of severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID), otherwise known as bubble-boy disease. This disease is caused by a mutation in the gene encoding the blood enzyme adenosine deaminase (ADA). In an attempt at gene therapy, blood stem cells are removed from the bone marrow, the transgene is added, and the transgenic cells are reintroduced into the blood system. Prognosis for such patients is currently good.

Even solid tissues seem to be accessible to somatic gene therapy. In a dramatic case, gene therapy was administered to a patient homozygous for a recessive mutant allele of the LDLR gene for low-density-lipoprotein receptor (genotype LDLR/LDLR). This mutant allele increases the risk of atherosclerosis and coronary disease. The receptor protein is made in liver cells, so 15 percent of the patients liver was removed, and the liver cells were dissociated and treated with retrovirus carrying the LDLR+ allele. Transgenic cells were reintroduced back into the body by injection into the portal venous system, which takes blood from the intestine to the liver. The transgenic cells took up residence in the liver. The latest reports are that the procedure seems to be working and the patients lipid profile has improved.

The other vector used in human gene therapy is the adenovirus. This virus normally attacks respiratory epithelia, injecting its genome into the epithelial cells. The viral genome does not integrate into a chromosome but persists extrachromosomally in the cells, which eliminates the problem of insertional mutagenesis by the vector. Another advantage of the adenovirus as a vector is that it attacks nondividing cells, making most tissues susceptible in principle. Inasmuch as cystic fibrosis is a disease of the respiratory epithelium, adenovirus is an appropriate choice of vector for treating this disease, and gene therapy for cystic fibrosis is currently being attempted with the use of this vector. Viruses bearing the wild-type cystic fibrosis allele are introduced through the nose as a spray. It is also possible to use the adenovirus to attack cells of the nervous system, muscle, and liver.

A promising type of construct that should find use in gene therapy is the human artificial chromosome (HAC). HACs contain essentially the same components as YACs. They were made by mixing human telomeric DNA, genomic DNA, and arrays of repetitive -satellite DNA (thought to have centrometric activity). To this unjoined mixture was added lipofectin, a substance needed for passage through the membrane, and the complete mixture was added to cultured cells. Some cells were observed to contain small new chromosomes that seemed to have assembled de novo inside the cell from the added components (). When the technology has been perfected, these HACs should be potent vectors capable of transferring large amounts of human DNA into cells in a stable replicating form.

An artificial human chromosome (at arrow). (John J. Harrington, G. Van Bokkelen, R. W. Mays, K. Gustashaw, and H. F. Willard, Formation of de Novo Centromeres and Construction of First-Generation Human Artificial Microchromosomes, Nature (more...)

Gene therapy introduces transgenic cells either into somatic tissue to correct defective function (somatic therapy) or into the germ line for transmission to descendants (germ-line therapy).

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Gene therapy - An Introduction to Genetic Analysis - NCBI ...

Adult Stem Cells (ASCs), by definition, are unspecialized or undifferentiated cells that not only retain their ability to divide mitotically while still maintaining their undifferentiated state but also, given the right conditions, have the ability to differentiate into different types of cells including cells of different germ-origin an ability referred to as transdifferentiation or plasticity.1,2 In vitro, the conditions under which transdifferentiation occurs can be brought about by modifying the culture medium in which the cells are cultured. In vivo, the same changes are seen when the ASCs are transplanted into a tissue environment different to their own tissue-of origin. Though the exact mechanism of this transdifferentiation of ASCs is still under debate, this ability of ASCs along with their ability to self-renew is of great interest in the field of Regenerative Medicine as a therapeutic tool in being able to regenerate and replace dying, damaged or diseased tissue.

Clinically, however, there are a few criteria that ASCs need to fulfill before they can be viewed as a viable option in Regenerative Medicine. These are as follows:3

Adds Millions of Stem Cells Back into Circulation.

Adipose Tissue Yields an Abundance of ASCs

Compared to any other source, the high concentrations of regenerative cells found in adipose tissue (depots of fat for storing energy) especially in the abdominal region, by sheer volume of availability, ensure an abundance in number of ASCs ranging in the millions per unit volume. The sheer number available also has the added advantage of not needing to be cultured in a laboratory over days in order to get the desired number of ASCs to achieve what is called therapeutic threshold i.e. therapeutic benefit. In addition, harvesting ASCs from adipose tissue through simple, minimally invasive liposuction under local anesthesia is relatively easier and painless and poses minimal risk to the patient compared to all other possible methods.

Adipose tissue ASCs (AT-ASCs) are extremely similar to stem cells isolated from bone marrow (BMSCs). The similarities in profile between the two types of ASCs range from morphology to growth to transcriptional and cell surface phenotypes.4,5 Their similarity extends also to their developmental behavior both in vitro and in vivo. This has led to suggestions that adipose-derived stem cells are in fact a mesenchymal stem cell fraction present within adipose tissue.6

Clinically, however, stromal vascular fraction-derived AT-ASCs have the advantage over their bone marrow-derived counterparts, because of their abundance in numbers eliminating the need for culturing over days to obtain a therapeutically viable number and the ease of the harvest procedure itself being less painful than the harvest of bone marrow. This, in theory, means that an autologous transplant of adipose-derived ASCs will not only work in much the same way as the successes shown using marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell transplant, but also be of minimal risk to the patient.

AT-ASCs, like BM-ASCs, are called Mesenchymal ASCs because they are both of mesodermal germ-origin. This means that AT-ASCs are able to differentiate into specialized cells of mesodermal origin such as adipocytes, fibroblasts, myocytes, osteocytes and chondrocytes.7,8,9 AT-ASCs are also able (given the right conditions of growth factors) to transdifferentiate into cells of germ-origin other than their own. Animal model and human studies have shown AT-ASCs to undergo cardiomyogenic 10, endothelial (vascular)11, pancreatic (endocrine) 12, neurogenic 13, and hepatic trans-differentiation14 , while also supporting haematopoesis15.

Low Risk to the Patient

PhotoActivate ASCs for Stem Cell Treatment with AdiLight-2

Autologous transplant of SVF AT-ASCs also poses extremely low risk to the patient when done as a single procedure in a sterile surgical operating room setting. Furthermore, it is postulated that SVF AT-ASCs due to their immunosuppressive properties may be transplanted into not only autologous but also allogenic tissues without initiating a cytotoxic T-cell response.16 We at AdiStem believe autologous transplant to be the safest and most viable option.

It is noteworthy that the protocol devised by AdiStem for the procurement of SVF AT-ASCs does not overlook the therapeutic potential conferred by the cocktail of ingredients present in the SVF. Let us look at this cocktail of cells, proteins and growth factors in a little more detail.

The extracellular matrix of adipose tissue contains different types of Collagen such as Types 1, 3-4, 7, 14-15, 18 and 27 to name a few.6 This is important in AdiStems Fat Transfer protocol where freshly isolated fat is used as a filler in augmentation or post-lumpectomy reconstruction of the breast and in the augmentation of the penis, and where collagen provides the structural support required for cell survival.

Furthermore, the extracellular matrix plays an important role in adipocyte endocrine secretions, and release of growth factors such as transforming growth factor beta (TGF-), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and fibroblast growth factor (FGF), among others all of which are contained in the SVF.17 This is consistent with the secretions of cells in the presence of an extracellular matrix. The SVF also contains the various proteins present in the adipose tissue extracellular matrix of which Laminin is of interest due to its ability to help in neural regeneration.6

The cellular composition of the SVF ranges from pre-adipocytes to endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, pericytes, fibroblasts, and AT-ASCs. Typically, the SVF also contains blood cells from the capillaries supplying the fat cells. These include erythrocytes, B and T cells, macrophages, monocytes, mast cells, natural killer (NK) cells, hematopoietic stem cells and endothelial progenitor cells, to name a few. The latter two types of cells, namely the hematopoietic stem cells and endothelial progenitor cells play important roles in supporting the viability of existing blood vessels and helping create new ones respectively.

We believe that these other ingredients that make up the SVF cocktail act as an adjuvant to further augment the effect of the autologous transplant of SVF AT-ASCs.

PhotoActivate ASCs for Stem Cell Treatment with AdiLight-2 for Joint Pain

Stem Cell Expansion is Unnecessary

An important point to note is that there is still debate whether freshly isolated ASCs are functionally similar to ASCs which have undergone expansion.18 We believe this debate to be of little consequence because of the high concentrations of regenerative cells we are able to harvest. Expansion is therefore unnecessary. Moreover, our own preliminary results in human subjects (n=32), where wound-healing was tested by the introduction of freshly isolated ASCs into the wound showed more than promising results. It must be stated however, that isolates from the lipoaspirate on its own proved less effective than when the isolates were introduced into either a proprietary Activation Medium containing known growth factor stimulators of stem cells in addition to the patients own platelet-derived growth factors (using PRPKit) for one hour before being re-introduced into the patient.

Centrifuge Separates Dormant Stems Cells From the Fat.

ASCs Require Activation for Full Functionality

The observations stated above confirm that Adipose-derived ASCs though large in number lie dormant within the adipose tissue and that they require activation to come into full functionality for more successful implantation into the host tissue and to begin self-renewal by cell division and formation of other cell types by differentiation and transdifferentiation. This is also in line with the theory that ASCs are called into action only when the tissues within which they reside are dying, damaged or diseased. Further preliminary testing to increase the functionality of the Adipose-derived ASCs using specific frequencies of monochromatic light (LED Technology AdiLight-2) the specifics of which we prefer not to disclose at this time has also revealed significant results.

AdiStem Phase I/II Clinical Trials in Humans on the Safety and Efficacy of Administration of Activated Autologous Adipose-Derived Stromal Vascular Fraction Adult Stem Cells are ongoing and at several stages of completion at various centers around the world for Management of Type II Diabetes, Breast Reconstruction Post-Lumpectomy, Management and Healing of Chronic Diabetic Ulcers and for Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis.

Future research areas which have shown promising results in our initial case studies are Osteoarthritis, Emphysema, Stroke, Heart Failure and early stage Parkinsons Disease.

See Where Activated Stem Cells Go

Patents Have Been Filed

AdiStem Ltd. has filed multiple Australian Innovation Patents and multiple International PCT Patents on its methodology of extraction of adipose-derived ASCs from adipose tissue and various methodologies for activating ASCs.

Stem Cells and PRP

AdiStem Stem Cell Kits include standard PRP components. Growth factors (GFs) from the patients own circulating blood platelets are used to activate the adipose-derived ASCs harvested from the same patient.

Wound healing is a complex process, involving a mechanism of complex cascading regulatory events at both the molecular and cellular levels.19,20 Growth factors (GFs) are secreted by a wide variety of cells to regulate the wound healing process in an orderly manner.21,22 Over the last decade, various GFs, including platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-), have been used to accelerate the healing process.23-27

Platelet-rich plasma (PRP), as a storage vehicle of growth factors, is a new application of tissue engineering which was considered for the application of growth factors. PRP is a concentration of platelets in plasma developed by gradient density centrifugation.28 It contains many growth factors, such as PDGF, TGF-, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), insulin-like growth factor (IGF), etc.29,30 And it has been successfully used in a variety of clinical applications for improving hard and soft tissue healing.31-35 Platelet-rich plasma has also been shown to enhance the proliferation of human adipose-derived stem cells.36

The (stem cell) procedure involves the taking of blood during or just prior to the patients adipose tissue extraction procedure. Platelets are isolated from the blood and then activated to release their growth factors before photoactivation with AdiLight-2. The adipose-derived ASCs are then mixed with the growth factors containing plasma and activated in the AdiLight-2 for 20 minutes prior to being administered to the patient.

See AdiLight-2 Activation Science & Technology

References

See the rest here:
AdiStem -- Adult Stem Cells Derived from Adipose Tissue ...

"Half of your DNA is determined by your mother's side, and half is by your father. So, if you seem to look exactly like your mother, perhaps some DNA that codes for your body and how your organs run was copied from your father's genes."

So close, yet so far. This quote, taken from a high school student's submission in a national essay contest, represents just one of countless misconceptions many people have about the basic nature of heredity and how our bodies read the instructions stored in our genetic material (Shaw et al. 2008). Although it is true that half of our genome is inherited from our mother and half from our father, it is certainly not the case that only some of our cells receive instructions from only some of our DNA. Rather, every diploid, nucleated cell in our body contains a full complement of chromosomes, and our specific cellular phenotypes are the result of complex patterns of gene expression and regulation.

In fact, it is through this dynamic regulation of gene expression that organismal complexity is determined. For example, when the first draft of the human genome was published in 2003, scientists were surprised to find that sequence analysis revealed only around 25,000 genes, instead of the 50,000 to 100,000 genes originally hypothesized. Clues from studies examining the genomic structure of a variety of organisms suggest that much of human uniqueness lies not in our number of genes, but instead in our regulatory control over when and where certain genes are expressed.

Additional examination of different organisms has revealed that all genomes are more complex and dynamic than previously thought. Thus, the central dogma proposed by Francis Crick as early as 1958 that DNA encodes RNA, which is translated into protein is now considered overly simplistic. Today, scientists know that beyond the three types of RNA that make the central dogma possible (mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA), there are many additional varieties of functional RNA within cells, many of which serve a number of known (and unknown) functions, including regulation of gene expression. Understanding how the structure of these and other nucleic acids belies their function at both the macroscopic and microscopic levels, and discovering how that understanding can be manipulated, is the essence of where genetics and molecular biology converge.

Detailed comparative analysis of different organisms' genomes has also shed light on the genetics of evolutionary history. Using molecular approaches, information about mutation rates, and other tools, scientists continue to add more detail to phylogenetic trees, which tell us about the relationships between the marvelous variety of organisms that have existed throughout the planet's history. Examining how different processes shape populations through the culling or maintenance of deleterious or beneficial alleles lies at the heart of the field of population genetics.

Within a population, beneficial alleles are typically maintained through positive natural selection, while alleles that compromise fitness are often removed via negative selection. Some detrimental alleles may remain, however, and a number of these alleles are associated with disease. Many common human diseases, such as asthma, cardiovascular disease, and various forms of cancer, are complex-in other words, they arise from the interaction between multiple alleles at different genetic loci with cues from the environment. Other diseases, which are significantly less prevalent, are inherited. For instance, phenylketonuria (PKU) was the first disease shown to have a recessive pattern of inheritance. Other conditions, like Huntington's disease, are associated with dominant alleles, while still other disorders are sex-linked-a concept that was first identified through studies involving mutations in the common fruit fly. Still other diseases, like Down syndrome, are linked to chromosomal aberrations that can be identified through cytogenetic techniques that examine chromosome structure and number.

Our understanding in all these fields has blossomed in recent years. Thanks to the merger of molecular biology techniques with improved knowledge of genetics, scientists are now able to create transgenic organisms that have specific characters, test embryos for a variety of traits in vitro, and develop all manner of diagnostic tests capable of identifying individuals at risk for particular disorders. This interplay between genetics and society makes it crucial for all of us to grasp the science behind these techniques in order to better inform our decisions at the doctor, at the grocery store, and at home.

As we seek to cultivate this understanding of modern genetics, it is critical to remember that the misconceptions expressed in the aforementioned essay are the same ones that many individuals carry with them. Thus, when working together, faculty and students need to explore not only what we know about genetics, but also what data and evidence support these claims. Only when we are equipped with the ability to reach our own conclusions will our misconceptions be altered.

-Kenna Shaw, Ph.D

Image: Mehau Kulyk/Science Photo Library/Getty Images.

Shaw, K. (2008) Genetics. Nature Education 2(10):1

Read more from the original source:
Genetics | Learn Science at Scitable

Legal Disclaimer for Stem Cell Science reviews and testimonials:

These articles, and stem-cell-science reviews, testimonials products, statements,and videos, have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. They are for educational and informational purposes only and do not constitute medical advice. The opinions expressed herein are those of the authors and ANY products mentioned or referenced,are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent ANY disease or illness.

For more adult stem cell science information on supporting your bodys natural ability to release stem cells, and to take advantage of any financial opportunities involving optimal health ,stem cells and Stem-Cell-Enhancers

.Watch this VIDEO of the Worlds First Stem-Cells-Enhancer

Stem Cell Science Reviews, along with adult stem cell nutrition Testimonials are being generated with increasing frequency. American citizens and others from around the globe are experiencing new found freedom from disease, affliction, and infirmity. Individuals' lives are forever changed with the strengthened faith and renewed hope that arise from healed bodies and physical restoration.

These seemingly miraculous repairs being proclaimed by scientists involved with Adult Stem Cell Science, are backed by published proof and documented peer reviewed studies.

The popular news media tend to ignore and obscure the medical breakthroughs made by adult stem cell research--success that has conspicuously eluded embryonic stem cell treatments.

Adult stem cells (or, more accurately, tissue stem cells) are regenerative cells of the human body that possess the characteristic of plasticity--the ability to specialize and develop into other tissues of the body. Beginning in an un-specialized and undeveloped state, they can be coaxed to become heart tissue, neural matter, skin cells, and a host of other tissues.

Stem cell science has documented that adult stem cells are found in our own organs and tissues such as fat, bone marrow, umbilical cord blood, placentas, neuronal sources, and olfactory tissue, which resides in the upper nasal cavity.

This simple fact has remarkable implications for medicine--diseased or damaged tissue can become healthy and robust through the infusion of such cells. This has consequently commanded the attention of many researchers as well as those suffering from disease.

It is necessary to note that the power of adult stem cells is not nebulously potential, but tangible and real, as it has produced wonderful results with many adult stem cell science studies and testimonials in multiple cases.

These have been documented in clinical trials, that is, treatments with human patients. With adult stem cells, physicians have successfully treated autoimmune diseases such as lupus, multiple sclerosis, Crohn's disease, and rheumatoid arthritis. Furthermore, adult stem cell science advances have helped to avert corneal degeneration and to restore vision in cases of blindness. They have also restored proper cardiac function to heart attack sufferers and improved movement in spinal cord injury patients.

It is also important to note that adult stem cell science has produced successes and the Worlds first adult stem cell enhancer capsules. Adult stem cell science and adult stem cell research are conducted without any controversy. Embryonic stem cell research, which requires the destruction of early human life to acquire the cells, has not produced any successes in human patients. The breakthroughs demonstrated by adult stem cells are detailed below.

"Spinal cord injuries are one of the most severe forms of debilitation known to humanity. Many times they result in different forms of paralysis, including paraplegia and quadriplegia; other times they involve the immediate or imminent death of the patient. Laura Dominguez is an example of the former. Living in San Antonio, Texas, she was a sixteen-year-old girl attending summer school in 2001. On her way back from class, she and her brother encountered an oil spill on the highway that caused their car to careen out of control. The accident left her paralyzed from the neck down with a C6 vertebrae burst fracture. She subsequently entered various hospitals to be emphatically informed that she would never walk again." She is another candidate for adult stem cell science technologies and Adult Stem Cell Nutrition.

"Recent years have seen the emergence of successful adult stem cell science treatments and consuming adult stem cell nutrition for those who have suffered from heart attacks and heart failure.

Dr. Andreas M. Zeiher, the chairman of the department of internal medicine at the University of Frankfurt, and Dr. Stefanie Dimmeler, head of the division of molecular cardiology at the same institution, conducted a study of 28 heart attack patients in 2003."

"Another area in which adult stem cell science and therapy are demonstrating rapid advancement is the field of ophthalmology. A surgical procedure known as limbal stem cell transplantation offers hope to those suffering from corneal degeneration, blindness, and other ocular diseases.

The procedure involves the extraction of stem cells from the limbus, the region of the eye between the epithelial layer of the cornea and the sclera, the eye's outer layer. The cells are typically extracted from a healthy eye of the patient himself, from a family member, or from cadaveric material. Once extracted, the limbal stem cells are implanted into the patient's defective eye. Stem cell science reveals that the stem cells then differentiate into corneal epithelial cells which improve the health of the outermost layer of the eye."

Autoimmune Disease Treatment: Diabetes, Lupus, Crohn's, Multiple Sclerosis

"Adult stem cell science and treatments has also shown significant results, with life-changing testimonials, in the treatment of various autoimmune disorders. Researchers reported that, of 250 diabetics, 200 were able to discard their insulin needles for over a year after islet cell transplantation from cadavers. A research team at Harvard has shown complete reversal of juvenile diabetes in mice using adult spleen cells, and is now preparing for the first patients trials using these adult cells."

"Parkinson's disease is a disorder of the central nervous system in which the substantia nigra, a part of the brain, ceases to produce dopamine, a chemical that allows for effective motion. Dennis Turner is a man who suffered from the disorder for fourteen years. His condition was characterized by strong shaking on the right side of his body, making arm coordination virtually impossible. He underwent years of medication and watched his condition gradually deteriorate. After consultation with a neurologist, he discovered the option of adult stem cell therapy and decided to have the procedure done. His own stem cells were extracted from his brain and subsequently transplanted into the left side of his brain in a 1999 procedure."

"Adult stem cell transplants are also widely used to treat such diseases as anemias, leukemias, lymphomas, and other cancers. Additional treatable diseases are Fanconi anemia, pure red cell aplasia, juvenile chronic myelogenous leukemia, juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia, immune deficiencies, and some genetic diseases."

The above testimonials are a strong testament to the amazing power of adult stem cells,brought public, by adult stem cell science. These "miracle cells" have provided real treatments for real people.

While stem cell science, has brought "Center Stage" the potency and success of adult stem cell treatments are becoming evident, treatments using embryonic stem cells have not produced any clinical successes. Rather, embryonic stem cell treatments tend to create tumors in numerous animal studies. The public should ponder these issues and ask why the media do not cover such results.

In a world with limited funds for research, why are we arguing about unproven and often dangerous embryonic stem cell treatments when treatments using adult stem cells are today producing testimonials of real results for real patients?

DISCLAIMER - Adult-StemCells-Blog and EJ Morris, a STEMTech Independent Distributor, does not make or infer any claims that Stem Cell Enhancers or Circulation Enhancer supplements can cure, mitigate, treat or prevent ANY disease. The information on this site is provided for educational and informational purposes only.The content is based upon the opinions of each respective author. The viewer is encouraged to make their own healthcare decisions that can be based upon research and then partnering with their own Doctor or health care professional concerning stem cell science, Stem Cell Enhancer capsules and adult stem cell options.

I am 54 years old and I love to work out with my speed bag and heavy bag. I want to give my Adult Stem Cell Nutrition testimony. I do weight training and love to run. A year ago I aggravated my lower back doing some work for a friend of mine from my church.

I have four vertebrae with compression fractures and during the last year I had severe discomfort in my back and I had torn some ligaments and muscles in my right calve.

I started taking AFA Stem-Cell-Enhancer capsules about 1 1/2 months ago. Today my back is free of discomfort and my calve has improved 80 %. I have never taken a product with such drastic results. I am a believer in stem cell science and will be using Stem cell Nutrition capsules for the rest of my life.

Kirk L.

*** [[ side note ]] Whole AFA has been used for more than two decades with a very good track record of safety and health benefits. Whole AFA has been used as a natural anti-inflammatory product, to support the immune system, and to improve mental clarity and mental energy. Over the past few years scientific teams have isolated and identified the various components in AFA responsible for the various health benefits of AFA.

In brief, AFA has been found to contain phenylethylamine (PEA) responsible for providing a feeling of mental energy, phycocyanin responsible for the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, a polysaccharide responsible for supporting the immune system, and most recently an L-selectin ligand responsible for supporting the release of stem cells from the bone marrow.

The World's first Stem Cells Enhancer Capsules are a 5:1 concentrate of AFA that concentrates the four compounds listed above. It is specifically designed and developed to support stem cell physiology, but it also concentrates other compounds unique to AFA, bringing unique support for the whole body.

Witness for yourself .. the Stem Cells Enhancer that helped Kirk

Running With a Bum Knee

A Stem-Cells-Enhancer testimony from Kenny Gaddy I have a bum knee. Over the years it has taken a lot of punishment from playing different sports. My knee would buckle walking upstairs, feeling like the cartilage between the bones was missing. I used to run a lot, but I hadn't been able to lately because of the pain. After three days of taking Stem Cell Nutrition capsules, I walked upstairs without my knee buckling or feeling any discomfort. I was pleasantly surprised at the strength in my knee, so to test it, I ran up the stairs. I was so excited! When I get up in the morning now, I hit the floor running. Nothing but the Stem-Cell-Enhancer capsules could have brought about that improvement.

World's First Stem-Cells- Enhancer Capsules are Right HERE !

Symptoms Gone

George Guyatt My symptoms included loss of memory, difficulty walking, and tremors. Three doctors in town, plus one at the VA, agreed I had a serious disorder. Recently, after starting on AFA Stem Cell Nutrition supplements, I noticed a big difference .. and I wanted to give my Stem Cell Science testimony.

Right away, my memory got better, and my walking improved 100 percent. I found it was much easier to get in and out of cars. I went to the neurologist for my regular check up, and she put me through all kinds of tests, but they all came back clear. I showed no signs of any brain disorder.

When she rotated my joints, she said she could barely detect a problem and couldn't believe what she was seeing.

She asked what I was doing differently, and I told her about the Adult Stem Cell nutrition and stem cell science. She said she would like to know more about it and told me that I would not have to come back anymore unless I wanted to.

"I'll Never be Without my STEM CELL Enhancer Nutrition"

Let's review some adult stem cell science and learn exactly what are Adult Stem Cell Enhancer capsules.. and How Do they Work?

Stem Cell Enhancer capsules,are a water soluble, a five times concentrate of AFA, a fresh-water blue-green algae that grows is Klamath Lake, Oregon, and a few other places around the world.

Stem Cell Science has produced a patented stem cell nutrition formula contains a specific ligand that attaches to a receptor on stem cells in the bone marrow, and thereby releases stem cells from their attachment in the bone marrow.

Stem cell science studies and research work, have discovered that Stem Cell Enhancer capsules, also contains a molecule known as Migratose that helps stem cells enter areas of tissue injury and cell damage. Beyond this, the AFA in Stem-Cell-Enhancer capsules contains chlorophyll, which helps in detoxification.

Stem Cell Science documents that stem cell nutrition capsules also contain PEA, a brain chemical known as the molecule of joy, which improves mood and relaxation in many people.Stem Cell Enhancer capsules also contain phycocyanin, the blue-green pigment which is both anti-inflammatory and has anti-tumor properties.

Scientific studies on Stem Cell Enhancer capsules have demonstrated that it 1) causes a transient, mild enhancement of stem cell release, 2) releases natural killer cells from the bone marrow, which cells help the body eliminate toxic invaders (bacteria and viruses) and cancer cells, and 3) decreases malignant cell growth. Further stem cell science studies are in progress and will be published in the coming months.

The very basic stem cell science of it all, is, when a person takes two Stem Cell Nutrition capsules, from the stomach they go right into the blood stream and then to the bone marrow.

In the bone marrow they activate the natural release of between three to four million of your own stem cells into your blood stream. When the stem cells are released into the blood stream they are like heat-seeking missiles. They go right to the part of your body that is damaged the most. They then attach themselves to the damaged area, they become new cells of that area, they multiply, and they fix the problem the natural way.

Stem cell science has documented that after the millions of your own stem cells circulate in your blood stream for two to three hours fixing things, the stem cells that are not used up go right back to the bone marrow.

So nothing is lost.

The bone marrow then reproduces the number of stem cells that were used up on the previous journey, so you always have a full tank of stem cells for the next time you take two capsules. Pretty exciting. Now well look at some adult stem cell science testimonies from real people.

A Bad Fall .. Stem Cell Enhancer and Circulation enhancer Capsules

Last summer I was walking with some friends of mine through their back yard late at night. It was pitch black. What they didnt tell me was that their son was putting in a fence around the perimeter of their property, and he had dug a deep hole for the 6 x 6 post. Well, he ran out of daylight, didnt have time to put in the post, and he didnt cover the hole. Guess what? I found the hole.

I hit the side of my left leg right under the hip joint on my way down. The discomfort was excruciating. I thought I had broken my leg. They hauled me out of the hole and I started walking around, and I knew that because I could walk I hadnt broken my leg.

Right away my leg swelled up where I had hit the hole. I had been taking four Stem Cell Enhancer capsules a day for over a year on kind of a maintenance program.

Now, to relieve the immense discomfort I took eight StemEnhance three times a day for three days. Every time I took the eight pills the discomfort would go down measurably. At the end of the three days the discomfort was all gone.

But the big puffy bruise about the size of my hand on my leg was still there. It didnt hurt but it was still there. Another amazing thing about that giant bruise that whole time I was taking the massive amounts of Stem Cell Enhancers, that bruise never became in the least discolored.

When I was younger I was a high school and college track athlete and basketball player, and every bruise I ever received would get black and blue. This one never discolored at all. The stem cells had to be taking the bad blood away before it could collect there.

After that bad fall I went back to taking four pills a day. The big lump on my leg was still there. It didnt hurt, but it was still there. About two months later the company came out with stem cell circulation nutrition which is an all natural product made out of six very powerful antioxidants. I was so happy with what stem cell nutrition supplements have done for me that I decided to try it to help the circulation of my stem cells.

It has been recommended taking Stem Cell Circulation capsules along with ,Stem Cell Enhancer capsules, in the morning on an empty stomach with plenty of water or other liquid that is good for you.

Stem cell Circulation Enhancer capsules actually speeds the transmission of the stem cells in your blood stream and clears out veins and arteries and actually opens capillaries that were closed. It is especially good for people with poor circulation.

Well, I didnt have poor circulation, but being 65 years old I am always interested in all natural products that will keep me in good health.

So, I bought a bottle of circulation enhancer capsules and started taking them. All of a sudden that big puffy lump on the side of my left leg started to go down. Within a week to a week and a half it was all gone and has never come back.

Another thing I noticed after taking adult stem cell circulation nutrition.. I had a patch of red inflamed skin about the size of a small baseball right above the ankle bone of my right leg. It didnt really hurt, but it was itchy and red, and I didnt want to itch it because I thought it might bleed. I had had this red spot there for several years.

In about two weeks after taking adult stem cell nutrition for enhanced circulation, that red spot was gone, and now it is just regular skin. I also used to get light headed when I would stand up quickly after stooping down to the floor or getting up too fast. The light head feeling is all gone now since I have been taking stem cell circulation formula. K.G.

Muscle aches, Elevated Blood Sugar, and Bad Vision

A 46 years old, self-made businessman had severe muscle discomfort for 26 years. The doctor told him that it was just a matter of time before he was in a wheel chair because there was no medical cure for this condition. He also had a severe case of elevated blood sugar, and because of complications related to this he was losing his vision very fast.

It took him literally two to three hours every morning just to get out of bed so he could get ready to go to work. This man heard me on the radio talking about gold and silver, but when I told him about Stem Cell Enhancer capsules he became very excited. He bought a number of bottles and started taking six or eight capsules a day.

After six weeks his muscle aches were all gone, after two months his elevated blood sugar normalized, and also in this period his vision improved back to 20/20. In fact, he gave a speech to a group of people after that about what these Stem Cell Enhancers had done for him, and his eye doctor went with him with his eye medical records and gave a testimony of what had happened to his vision as a result of taking AFA Stem Cell Enhancers.

A couple months after he started taking Stem-Cell-Enhancer capsules, this mans mother was diagnosed with stage IV lung masses and was expected to live for only a month or two. After starting taking Stem-Cell-Enhancers, two capsules 3x daily, she improved to the point that the hospice workers questioned her diagnosis. She survived for nine months in a much improved state and died of unrelated causes. R. N.

Muscle Aches

A married lady from Colorado in her mid-50s had a bad case of muscle aching. She was in so much discomfort that she could not even physically get out of bed in the morning. Her husband had to pull her out of bed. She would just stand there on the side of the bed and shake almost uncontrollably for about 15 minutes. The shaking would eventually subside and she could slowly start walking around and get ready to go to work. She bought Stem-Cell-Enhancer capsules and started taking it every day. After only a month her muscle discomfort was completely gone, and now she lives a brand new life without that tormenting affliction. J. H.

Healthy Heart & Sunshine

I have a couple gold and silver clients in Alaska. They are both in their mid 50s. The wife has had heart problems and has been experiencing great difficulty walking for any distance even on the level. She would get out of breath and feel very weak. Her husband was a commercial plumber and was relatively healthy. But being a plumber and being outside in the elements he was very concerned about his health, particularly about his immune system.

When I told the wife about Stem Cell Enhancer capsules releasing millions more adult stem cells..and that those stem cells could strengthen her heart she became very excited and bought several bottles. She took about six or eight Stem-Cell-Enhancer capsules a day in order to hasten the repair of her heart. In just a few short weeks she was walking long distances without even breathing hard.

She then decided to try to climb a small mountain that was near to where they lived. Twenty years ago she was able to climb it but not recently. With her knew found strength she decided to try. She climbed to the top of that mountain and was not even breathing hard by the time she got there.

When she bought several bottles of AFA Stem-Cell-Enhancer capsules, her husband ridiculed her, and called it quack medicine. As she started feeling the results of the product she wanted him to take it also, so she made up a story that it was primarily for the immune system, not knowing that stem cell nutrition does very much boost the immune system. Her husband decided to take it on that basis.

When I called back and talked to her after about two months she told me a shocking but funny story. She said that her husband had been transformed into a new person. I didnt know this before, but she told me that her husband was the most pessimistic, negative, critical, nasty person you could ever meet.

She said that she couldnt wait until he had a job away from home so she wouldnt have to be around him and his nastiness. She also told me that after he started taking the Stem-Cell-Enhancer capsules his whole personality changed.

Now he is never negative or pessimistic or nasty. He is the most cheerful, optimistic, positive person you could ever want or hope to meet. She is absolutely astounded at the dramatic change. He went from nasty surly to complete Sunshine in about two months.

What she didnt know about Stem-Cell-Enhancer nutrition, is that the blue-green algae contains a natural chemical, phenylethylamine or PEA, called the Oil of Joy, and it makes people calm, serene, relaxed, and happy. Smile.. and pass the Stem Cell Nutrition T. M.

Eyes, Shingles, Respiratory problems, Bad Knees

One of my clients is a legal secretary. She started out taking just two Stem-Cell-Enhancer capsules a day, one in the morning and one at night. Over the years her eyesight has become bad and she had to start wearing bifocals for close up work, like looking at the computer screen.

After just a few days of taking stem cell nutrition she noticed that the computer at work was becoming blurry. She thought that very strange. Maybe her eyes were going bad. To her shock, when she took off her bifocals she could read the computer screen clearly.

Now she doesnt need to wear glasses any more. Many people with bad vision have almost immediate eye testimonies. Where can you go to buy good natural vision?

Years ago this lady had a bad case of shingles, and there were some places on her face that were still numb from the infection. Within a week all the numbness in those places was gone. Being in an office with attorneys and other office staff, she usually was the first to pick up colds and sniffles or coughs or flu.

She noticed the other day that almost everyone in the office had some kind of cold or malady, but she was feeling just fine and healthy. Lastly, she had bad knees, and they would really hurt when she walked up stairs. After two weeks of taking Stem-Cell-Enhancer capsules, her knees didnt hurt in the least anymore. B. A.

Shoulder, Eyes, Breathing, Bad Back

A man in his mid 50s had lost most of the range of motion in his shoulders, and had a lot of discomfort there. He started taking Stem-Cell-Enhancer capsules and Circulation Enhancers, about eight capsules of each daily. In less than a week he experienced much greater range of motion in his shoulders.

His eyesight was also bad, and in just about a week he was able to drive downtown without his glasses on. He had trouble breathing and went to the doctor to get an MRI. He thought there might be something wrong with his heart, but the tests didnt show that. He had sinus trouble also and was not able to breathe out of his nose.

After about two weeks his breathing had improved dramatically and he could breathe out of his nose for the first time in years. He was also constantly in severe back discomfort, and no medication could touch it. After just four days of taking the worlds first Adult Stem Cell Enhancer capsules his backache was completely gone. R.W.

Memory, Knee, Energy, Granny

A young man in his late 20s wanted to improve his memory. He found that when he was studying hard concepts that it would take him quite a while to grasp them.

Adult stem cell science amazed him. He started taking Adult Stem Cell Enhancer capsules and Stem cell circulation enhancers .. six capsules a day.

He was amazed at the dramatic difference it made and how he could now grasp complicated concepts and remember them. He also had a bad knee from playing soccer when he was younger.

He had to quit playing because of his knee. After two weeks of taking the adult stem cell nutrition formula his knee was 100% fine no discomfort at all.

He also experienced a tremendous boost of energy and strength. He gave a bottle of adult stem cell nutrition formula to his 75 year old grandmother just to try. Years ago she was very active, but age has taken its toll.

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Stem Cell Science Reviews and Adult Stem Cell Nutrition ...

Researchers have been working for decades to bring gene therapy to the clinic, yet very few patients have received any effective gene-therapy treatments. But that doesn't mean gene therapy is an impossible dream. Even though gene therapy has been slow to reach patients, its future is very encouraging. Decades of research have taught us a lot about designing safe and effective vectors, targeting different types of cells, and managing and minimizing immune responses in patients. We've also learned a lot about the disease genes themselves. Today, many clinical trials are underway, where researchers are carefully testing treatments to ensure that any gene therapy brought into the clinic is both safe and effective.

Below are some gene therapy success stories. Successes represent a variety of approachesdifferent vectors, different target cell populations, and both in vivo and ex vivo approachesto treating a variety of disorders.

Sebastian Misztal was a patient in a hemophilia gene therapy trial in 2011. Following the treatment, Misztal no longer had spontaneous bleeding episodes. Credit: UCLH/UCL NIHR Biomedical Research Centre

Several inherited immune deficiencies have been treated successfully with gene therapy. Most commonly, blood stem cells are removed from patients, and retroviruses are used to deliver working copies of the defective genes. After the genes have been delivered, the stem cells are returned to the patient. Because the cells are treated outside the patient's body, the virus will infect and transfer the gene to only the desired target cells.

Severe Combined Immune Deficiency (SCID) was one of the first genetic disorders to be treated successfully with gene therapy, proving that the approach could work. However, the first clinical trials ended when the viral vector triggered leukemia (a type of blood cancer) in some patients. Since then, researchers have begun trials with new, safer viral vectors that are much less likely to cause cancer.

Adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency is another inherited immune disorder that has been successfully treated with gene therapy. In multiple small trials, patients' blood stem cells were removed, treated with a retroviral vector to deliver a functional copy of the ADA gene, and then returned to the patients. For the majority of patients in these trials, immune function improved to the point that they no longer needed injections of ADA enzyme. Importantly, none of them developed leukemia.

Gene therapies are being developed to treat several different types of inherited blindnessespecially degenerative forms, where patients gradually lose the light-sensing cells in their eyes. Encouraging results from animal models (especially mouse, rat, and dog) show that gene therapy has the potential to slow or even reverse vision loss.

The eye turns out to be a convenient compartment for gene therapy. The retina, on the inside of the eye, is both easy to access and partially protected from the immune system. And viruses can't move from the eye to other places in the body. Most gene-therapy vectors used in the eye are based on AAV (adeno-associated virus).

In one small trial of patients with a form of degenerative blindness called LCA (Leber congenital amaurosis), gene therapy greatly improved vision for at least a few years. However, the treatment did not stop the retina from continuing to degenerate. In another trial, 6 out of 9 patients with the degenerative disease choroideremia had improved vision after a virus was used to deliver a functional REP1 gene.

Credit: Jean Bennett, MD, PhD, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania; Manzar Ashtari, Ph.D., of The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Science Translational Medicine.

People with hemophilia are missing proteins that help their blood form clots. Those with the most-severe forms of the disease can lose large amounts of blood through internal bleeding or even a minor cut.

In a small trial, researchers successfully used an adeno-associated viral vector to deliver a gene for Factor IX, the missing clotting protein, to liver cells. After treatment, most of the patients made at least some Factor IX, and they had fewer bleeding incidents.

Patients with beta-Thalassemia have a defect in the beta-globin gene, which codes for an oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells. Because of the defective gene, patients don't have enough red blood cells to carry oxygen to all the body's tissues. Many who have this disorder depend on blood transfusions for survival.

In 2007, a patient received gene therapy for severe beta-Thalassemia. Blood stem cells were taken from his bone marrow and treated with a retrovirus to transfer a working copy of the beta-globin gene. The modified stem cells were returned to his body, where they gave rise to healthy red blood cells. Seven years after the procedure, he was still doing well without blood transfusions.

A similar approach could be used to treat patients with sickle cell disease.

In 2012, Glybera became the first viral gene-therapy treatment to be approved in Europe. The treatment uses an adeno-associated virus to deliver a working copy of the LPL (lipoprotein lipase) gene to muscle cells. The LPL gene codes for a protein that helps break down fats in the blood, preventing fat concentrations from rising to toxic levels.

Several promising gene-therapy treatments are under development for cancer. One, a modified version of the herpes simplex 1 virus (which normally causes cold sores) has been shown to be effective against melanoma (a skin cancer) that has spread throughout the body. The treatment, called T-VEC, uses a virus that has been modified so that it will (1) not cause cold sores; (2) kill only cancer cells, not healthy ones; and (3) make signals that attract the patient's own immune cells, helping them learn to recognize and fight cancer cells throughout the body. The virus is injected directly into the patient's tumors. It replicates (makes more of itself) inside the cancer cells until they burst, releasing more viruses that can infect additional cancer cells.

A completely different approach was used in a trial to treat 59 patients with leukemia, a type of blood cancer. The patients' own immune cells were removed and treated with a virus that genetically altered them to recognize a protein that sits on the surface of the cancer cells. After the immune cells were returned to the patients, 26 experienced complete remission.

Patients with Parkinson's disease gradually lose cells in the brain that produce the signaling molecule dopamine. As the disease advances, patients lose the ability to control their movements.

A small group of patients with advanced Parkinson's disease were treated with a retroviral vector to introduce three genes into cells in a small area of the brain. These genes gave cells that don't normally make dopamine the ability to do so. After treatment, all of the patients in the trial had improved muscle control.

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Gene Therapy Successes - Learn Genetics

HBsAg-negative/HBcAb-positive haematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients are at high risk of hepatitis B virus (HBV) reactivation. Allogeneic HSCT recipients from years 2000 to 2010 were evaluated in order to study the impact of being HBsAg-negative/HBcAb-positive in this population. Overall, 137 of 764 patients (18%) were HBsAg-negative/HBcAb-positive before HSCT. Overall survival, non-relapse mortality (NRM), acute and chronic graft-vs.-host disease were similar in HBcAb-positive and HBcAb-negative patients. Reactivation occurred in 14 patients (10%) within a median of 19 months after HSCT (range 9-77). Cause-specific hazard for reactivation was decreased in the case of an HBV-immune/exposed donor (HRadjusted = 0.12; 95% CI, 0.02-0.96; p 0.045) and increased in patients who received rituximab treatment (HRadjusted = 2.91; 95%CI, 0.77-10.97; p 0.11). Competing risk analyses documented a protective role of an HBV-immune/exposed donor (p 0.041) and an increased probability associated with the length of treatment with cyclosporine (p <0.001) and treatment with rituximab (but not with low-dose rituximab prophylaxis, p <0.001 at each landmark point). No differences in overall survival and NRM were found between patients with and without HBV reactivation. The donor's immunity was independently and consistently associated with a decreased risk of HBV reactivation, while rituximab and cyclosporine treatments increased the probability.

2014 The Authors Clinical Microbiology and Infection 2014 European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.

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Hepatitis B reactivation in HBsAg-negative/HBcAb-positive ...

Simply put, biotechnology is a toolbox that solves problems.

Biotechnology leverages our understanding of the natural sciences to create novel solutions for many of our world problems. We use biotechnology to grow our food to feed our families. We use biotechnology to make medicines and vaccines to fight diseases. And we are now turning to biotechnology to find alternatives to fossil-based fuels for a cleaner, healthier planet.

We often think of biotechnology as a new area for exploration, but its rich history actually dates back to 8000 B.C when the domestication of crops and livestock made it possible for civilizations to prosper. The 17th century discovery of cells and later discoveries of proteins and genes had a tremendous impact on the evolution of biotechnology.

Biotechnology is grounded in the pure biological sciences of genetics, microbiology, animal cell cultures, molecular biology, embryology and cell biology. The discoveries of biotechnology are intimately entwined in the industry sectors for development in agricultural biotechnology, biofuels, biomanufacturing, human health, nanobiotechnology, regenerative medicine and vaccines.

The foundation of biotechnology is based in our understanding of cells, proteins and genes.

Biologists study the structure and functions of cellswhat cells do and how they do it. Biomedical researchers use their understanding of genes, cells and proteins to pinpoint the differences between diseased and healthy dells. Once they discover how diseased cells are altered, they can more easily develop new medical diagnostics, devices and therapies to treat diseases and chronic conditions.*

*Paraphrased from How Biology Drives Biotechnology; Amgen Scholarsthe Scientist.

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What is Biotechnology? | North Carolina Biotech Center

Biotechnology companies are saving on taxes by transferring patents on their lucrative and expensive drugs to foreign subsidiaries; tactic is not as advantageous as an inversion, but provides substantial tax benefit. MORE

Bioengineers for the first time create functional three-dimensional brain-like tissue, discovery that could eventually be used to study brain disease, injury and treatment; research is published in the journal PNAS, and is the latest example of biomedical engineering being used to make realistic models of organs such as the heart, lungs and liver. MORE

Michael Behar article examines growing field of bioelectronics, in which implants are thought to be able to communicate directly with the nervous system in order to try to fight wide variety of diseases; notes that GlaxoSmithKline runs newly formed Bioelectronics R & D Unit, which has partnerships with 26 independent research groups in six countries. MORE

Scientists at Scripps Research Institute create first living organism with artificial DNA, taking significant step toward altering the fundamental alphabet of life; accomplishment could lead to new antibiotics, vaccines and other products, though a lot more work needs to be done before this is practical; research, published online in journal Nature, is bound to raise safety concerns and questions about whether humans are playing God. MORE

Jeff Sommer Strategies column argues that while recent surge in Internet and biotech stock values may recall notorious bubble of 2000, overall Standard & Poor's 500-stock index remains far more tethered to reality than it was in that period. MORE

Harlem Biospace, new business incubator focused on biotechnology, will provide start-up lab space in renovated former confectionery research lab on West 127th Street in Harlem, near City College and Columbia University; incubator represents new investment in a neighborhood that has for decades struggled to restore its former economic and social vitality. MORE

Dr Shoukhrat Mitalipov has shaken field of genetics with development of process in which nucleus can be removed from one human egg and placed into another; procedure, intended to help women conceive children without passing on genetic defects in their cellular mitochondria, has drawn ire of bioethicists and scrutiny of federal regulators. MORE

Food and Drug Administration's new proposal to purge artery-clogging trans fats from foods could ease marketing of genetically modified soybean, which has been manipulated to be free of trans fat; new beans, developed by Monsanto and DuPont Pioneer, could help image of biotechnology industry because they are among the first genetically modified crops with a trait that benefits consumers, as opposed to farmers. MORE

California Gov Jerry Brown vetoes bill that would have allowed biosimilar versions of biologic drugs to be substituted by pharmacists if Food and Drug Administration deemed them 'interchangeable' with the brand-name reference product. MORE

Hawaii has become hub for development of genetically engineered corn and other crops that are sold to farmers worldwide, and seeds are state's leading agricultural commodity; activists opposed to biotech crops have joined with residents who say corn farms expose them to dust and pesticides, and they are trying to drive companies away, or at least rein them in. MORE

Some farmers are noticing soil degradation after using glyphosate, while others argue that the herbicide, along with biotech crops, produces yields too profitable to give up; some critics warn that glyphosate may be producing herbicide-resistant 'superweeds'; issue is part of larger debate over long-term effects of biotech crops, which account for 90 percent of corn, soybeans and sugar beets grown in the United States. MORE

David Blech, who was once considered biotechnologys top gunslinger and was worth about $300 million, is about to begin a four-year prison term, having pleaded guilty to stock manipulation; Blech's downfall reflects maturation of biotechnology from get-rich-quick days to sophisticated, multibillion dollar industry. MORE

Researchers at laboratories around world are experimenting with bioprinting, process of using 3-D printing technology to assemble living tissue; while research has made great progress, there are still many formidable obstacles to overcome. MORE

Researchers at University of Illinois have used 3-D printer to make small hybrid 'biobots'--part part gel, part muscle cell--that can move on their own; research may someday lead to development of tiny devices that could travel within body, sensing toxins and delivering medication. MORE

Developers of biotechnology crops, facing increasing pressure to label genetically modified foods, begin campaign to gain support for products by promising openness; centerpiece of effort is Web site to answer questions posed by consumers about genetically engineered crops and will include safety data similar to that submitted to regulatory agencies. MORE

The rise of personalized medicine has spurred giant pharmaceutical companies to home in on small biotechnology firms. MORE

Physician and tissue engineer Mark Post is attempting to grow so-called in vitro meat, or cultured meat, in Netherlands laboratory through use of stem cells and techniques adapted from medical research for growing tissues and organs; arguments in favor of such technology include both animal welfare and environmental issues, but questions of cost, safety and taste remain. MORE

Group of hobbyists and entrepreneurs begin project to develop plants that glow, potentially leading way for trees that can replace electric streetlamps and potted flowers to read by; project, which will use sophisticated form of genetic engineering called synthetic biology, is unique in that it is not sponsored by corporate or academic interests, and may give rise to similar do-it-yourself ventures. MORE

Interview with Nick Goldman, British molecular biologist who led study that successfully stored digital information in synthetic DNA molecules and then recreated it without error; study, suggesting the possibility of a storage medium of immense scale and longevity, was published in journal Nature. MORE

Craig Venter, controversial scientist and the head of Synthetic Genomics Inc, is convinced that synthetic biology holds the key to solving many of the world's problems, and his company has been actively trying to find and use new microbes for wildly varied purposes. MORE

Obama administration will announce a broad plan to foster development of the nation's bioeconomy, including the use of renewable resources and biological manufacturing methods to replace harsher industrial methods. MORE

Firms are racing to cut the cost of sequencing the human genome, as hope rises for faster development of medical advances; promise is that low-cost gene sequencing will lead to a new era of personalized medicine, yielding new approaches for treating cancers and other serious diseases. MORE

Central New Jersey, with its concentration of pharmaceutical giants and academic powerhouses has long had the potential to be a major center for life sciences business, but has never lived up to that potential; now, signs of a small revival are apparent; the number of biotechnology companies has grown to 335 from 10 in 1998; a 64,000-square-foot specialized office building leased to Elementis PLC is being built on spec in a new Woodmont Properties development called SciPark. MORE

Essay by Stanford University bioengineer Drew Endy discusses the outlook for biological computers that could operate at the cellular and even genetic level. MORE

Geron, the company conducting the world's first clinical trial of a therapy using human embryonic stem cells, says it is halting that trial and leaving the stem cell business entirely; company says its move does not reflect a lack of promise for the controversial field, but a refocusing of its limited resources. MORE

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Biotechnology - News - Times Topics - The New York Times

Professionals in biotechnology come up with answers to a host of humanity's problemsfrom Ebola to failing crops. With a bachelor's degree in biotechnology from University of Maryland University College, you can become a part of the solution.

For this program, you are required to have already gained technical and scientific knowledge of biotechnology through transferred credit and direct experience in the field.

The major combines laboratory skills and applied coursework with a biotechnology internship experience and upper-level study and helps prepare you to enter the pharmaceutical, agricultural, or biomedical research industries and organizations as a laboratory technician, quality control technician, assay analyst, chemical technician, or bioinformatician.

In your courses, you'll study biological and chemical sciences, biotechniques, bioinstrumentation, bioinformatics, microbiology, molecular biology, and cell biology.

Through your coursework, you will learn how to

In past projects, students have had the opportunity to

Our curriculum is designed with input from employers, industry experts, and scholars. You'll learn theories combined with real-world applications and practical skills you can apply on the job right away.

Arts and Humanities Classes | 6 Credits

Classes must be from different disciplines.

Technological Transformations (3 Credits, HIST 125)

A 3-credit class in ARTH or HIST

Introduction to Humanities (3 Credits, HUMN 100)

A 3-credit class in ARTH, ARTT, ASTD, ENGL, GRCO, HIST, HUMN, MUSC, PHIL, THET, dance, literature, or foreign language

Behavioral and Social Science Classes | 6 Credits

Classes must be from different disciplines.

Economics in the Information Age (3 Credits, ECON 103)

Technology in Contemporary Society (3 Credits, BEHS 103)

Biological and Physical Sciences Classes | 7 Credits

Introduction to Biology (4 Credits, BIOL 103)

Introduction to Physical Science (3 Credits, NSCI 100)

Computing Classes | 6 Credits

Overall Bachelor's Degree Requirements

In addition to the general education requirements and the major, minor, and elective requirements, the overall requirements listed below apply to all bachelor's degrees.

Double majors: You can earn a dual major upon completion of all requirements for both majors, including the required minimum number of credits for each major and all related requirements for both majors. The same class cannot be used to fulfill requirements for more than one major. Certain restrictions (including use of credit and acceptable combinations of majors) apply for double majors. You cannot major in two programs with excessive overlap of required coursework. Contact an admissions counselor before selecting a double major.

Second bachelor's degree: To earn a second bachelor's degree, you must complete at least 30 credits through UMUC after completing the first degree. The combined credit in both degrees must add up to at least 150 credits. You must complete all requirements for the major. All prerequisites apply. If any of these requirements were satisfied in the previous degree, the remainder necessary to complete the minimum 30 credits of new classes should be satisfied with classes related to your major. Contact an admissions counselor before pursuing a second bachelor's degree.

Electives: Electives can be taken in any academic discipline. No more than 21 credits can consist of vocational or technical credit. Pass/fail credit, up to a maximum of 18 credits, can be applied toward electives only.

Lower-level coursework must be taken as part of an appropriate degree program at an approved community college or other institution. Coursework does not have to be completed prior to admission, but it must be completed prior to graduation. Transfer coursework must include 4 credits in general microbiology with a lab, 4 credits in general genetics with a lab, and 7 credits in biotechnology applications and techniques with a lab. Additional required related science coursework (17 credits) may be applied anywhere in the bachelor's degree.

The BTPS is only available to students who have completed the required lower-level coursework for the major either within an Associate of Applied Science degree at a community college with which UMUC has an articulation agreement or within another appropriate transfer program. Students should consult an admissions counselor before selecting the BTPS.

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Bachelor's Degree in Biotechnology | UMUC

Chemists in biotechnology generally work in a laboratory setting in an industrial or academic environment. A single laboratory may be involved in 510 projects, and the scientists will have varying degrees of responsibility for each project. Teamwork is vital, and it is unusual to work alone on tasks. Most chemists in biotech positions say they work more than 40 hours a week, although they add that this is largely an individual choice and not necessarily required.

Most biotechnologists today began their careers working for small, innovative biotech companies that were founded by scientists. However, as the field has developed, many major drug companies added or acquired biotech divisions. Chemical companies with large agricultural chemical businesses also have substantial biotech labs. Biotech companies are generally located near universities. The industry began in a few major areas such as San Francisco and Boston (the traditional homes of biotech firms), Chicago, Denver/Boulder, San Diego, Seattle, and Research Triangle Park, NC, but there are now biotech companies all across the country.

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Biotechnology - American Chemical Society

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Biotechnology Jobs, Employment | Indeed.com

Biotechnology is that "branch of technology concerned with modern forms of industrial production utilizing living organisms, especially micro-organisms, and their biological processes," according to the Oxford English Dictionary. The actual term applies to a wide variety of uses of such biological technology, including the development of new breeds of plants and animals, the creation of therapeutic drugs and preventive vaccines, the growing of more nutritious and naturally pest-resistant crops as a food source, and the production of biofuels as an alternative energy source.

The basic idea of biotechnology has existed since prehistoric times. When early humans learned that they could plant their own crops and breed their own animals, and realized that they could selectively breed plants and livestock, they were practicing biotechnology. It was in 1919 that the actual term, "Biotechnologie" or "biotechnology," was coined by Karl Ereky, a Hungarian engineer. Since the end of World War II, biotechnology has also been used for large-scale waste management, chemotherapy drug production, ore leaching, and other commercial operations.

The discovery of the structure of DNA in 1953 pushed the field of biotechnology to the DNA level. Since the 1970s, using the techniques of gene splicing and recombinant DNA, scientists have been able to combine the genetic elements of two or more living organisms. Completion of the Human Genome Project in 2003, as well as the availability of the entire genome sequences of various organisms and of advanced molecular techniques and tools (bioinformatics, comparative genomics, cloning, gene splicing, recombinant DNA), has paved the way for further biotechnological developments in agriculture, medicine, and other areas. Yet, as more novel uses of biotechnology are explored, ethical issues and controversies arise.

While the term "biotechnology" covers a very broad area, this guide focuses on the most recent uses of biotechnology in its four major fields: 1. medicine (vaccine development, chemotherapy drugs, stem cell therapy, gene therapy, and pharmacogenomics); 2. agriculture (genetically modified organisms and cloning); 3. energy and environment (biofuel and waste management); and 4. the bioethical and legal implications of biotechnology. This guide updates and replaces TB 84-7, and furnishes a review of the literature in the collections of the Library of Congress on the topic. Not intended as a comprehensive bibliography, this compilation is designed--as the name of the series implies--to put the reader "on target."

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Hoyle, Brian. Biotechnology. In Gale encyclopedia of science. K. Lee Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner, editors. 4th ed. v. 1. Detroit, Thomson Gale, c2008. p. 579-581. Q121.G37 2008

Shmaefsky, Brian. The definition of biotechnology. In his Biotechnology 101. Westport, CT, Greenwood Press, 2006. p. 1-17. TP248.215.S56 2006

Smith, J. E. Public perception of biotechnology. In Basic biotechnology. Edited by Colin Ratledge and Bjrn Kristiansen. 3rd ed. Cambridge, New York, Cambridge University Press, 2006. p. 3-33. TP248.2.B367 2006

Zaitlin, Milton. Biotechnology. In McGraw-Hill encyclopedia of science & technology. 10th ed. v. 3. New York, McGraw-Hill, 2007. p. 127-130. Q121.M3 2007

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Subject headings used by the Library of Congress, under which books on biotechnology can be found include the following:

HIGHLY RELEVANT

RELEVANT

RELATED

MORE GENERAL

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Basic biotechnology. Edited by Colin Ratledge and Bjrn Kristiansen. 3rd ed. Cambridge, New York, Cambridge University Press, 2006. 666 p. TP248.2.B367 2006

Batiza, Ann. Bioinformatics, genomics, and proteomics: getting the big picture. Philadelphia, Chelsea House Publishers, c2006. 196 p. Bibliography: p. 181-188. QH324.2.B38 2006

Gazit, Ehud. Plenty of room for biology at the bottom: an introduction to bionanotechnology. London, Imperial College Press; Hackensack, NJ, World Scientific Pub., c2007. 183 p. Bibliography: p. 171-179. QP514.2.G39 2007

An Introduction to molecular biotechnology: molecular fundamentals, methods and applications in modern biotechnology. Edited by Michael Wink, translated by Renate Fitzroy. Weinheim, Wiley-VCH, c2006. 768 p. Includes bibliographical references. TP248.2.I6813 2006

Nicholl, Desmond S. T. An introduction to genetic engineering. 3rd ed. Cambridge, New York, Cambridge University Press, 2008. 336 p. Includes bibliographical references. QH442.N53 2008

Renneberg, Reinhard. Biotechnology for beginners. Edited by Arnold L. Demain. Berlin, Boston, Springer-Verlag, c2008. 360 p. Includes bibliographical references. TP248.2.R45 2008

Shmaefsky, Brian. Biotechnology 101. Westport, CT, Greenwood Press, 2006. 251 p. Bibliography: p. 235-245. TP248.215.S56 2006

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Biotechnology: changing life through science. K. Lee Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner, editors. Detroit, Thomson Gale, c2007. 3 v. Includes bibliographical references. TP248.218.B56 2007

Brown, T. A. Gene cloning and DNA analysis: an introduction. 5th ed. Oxford, Malden, MA, Blackwell Pub., 2006. 386 p. Includes bibliographical references. QH442.2.B76 2006

Daugherty, Ellyn. Biotechnology: science for the new millennium. St. Paul, MN, Paradigm Publishers, c2007. 420 p. + 1 CD-ROM. TP248.2.D38 2007 FT MEADE

McGloughlin, Martina, and Edward Re. The evolution of biotechnology: from Natufians to nanotechnology. Dordrecht, Springer, c2006. 262 p. Includes bibliographical references. TP248.2.M434 2006

Pimentel, David, and Marcia H. Pimentel. Food, energy, and society. 3rd ed. Boca Raton, CRC Press, c2008. 380 p. Includes bibliographical references. HD9000.6.P55 2008

Shmaefsky, Brian. Biotechnology on the farm and in the factory: agricultural and industrial applications. Philadelphia, Chelsea House Publishers, c2006. 158 p. Bibliography: p. 145-149. S494.5.B563S53 2006

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Agriculture, Genetically Modified Organisms, and Food Biotechnology

Andre, Peter. Genetically modified diplomacy: the global politics of agricultural biotechnology and the environment. Vancouver, UBC Press, c2007. 324 p. Includes bibliographical references. S494.5.B563A53 2007

Biotechnology of fruit and nut crops. Edited by Richard E. Litz. Wallingford, Oxfordshire, Eng., Cambridge, MA, CABI Pub., c2005. 723 p. (Biotechnology in agriculture series, no. 29) Includes bibliographical references. SB359.3.B549 2005

Food biotechnology. Edited by Kalidas Shetty and others. 2nd ed. New York, CRC Press, Taylor & Francis, 2006. 1982 p. Includes bibliographical references. TP248.65.F66F6482 2006

Food biochemistry and food processing. Editor, Y. H. Hui; Associate editors, Wai-Kit Nip and others. Ames, IA, Blackwell Pub. Professional, 2006. 769 p. Includes bibliographical references. TP370.8.F66 2006

The Gene revolution: GM crops and unequal development. Edited by Sakiko Fukuda-Parr. London, Sterling, VA, Earthscan, 2007. 248 p. Includes bibliographical references. TP248.65.F66G44 2007

Herren, Ray V. Introduction to biotechnology: an agricultural revolution. Clifton Park, NY, Delmar Learning, c2005. 413 p. S494.5.B563H47 2005

Labeling genetically modified food: the philosophical and legal debate. Edited by Paul Weirich. Oxford, New York, Oxford University Press, 2007. 249 p. Includes bibliographical references. TP248.65.F66L33 2007

Murphy, Denis J. Plant breeding and biotechnology: societal context and the future of agriculture. Cambridge, New York, Cambridge University Press, 2007. 423 p. Includes bibliographical references. SB123.M77 2007

Safety of genetically engineered foods: approaches to assessing unintended health effects. Committee on Identifying and Assessing Unintended Effects of Genetically Engineered Foods on Human Health, Board on Life Sciences, Food and Nutrition Board, Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources, Institute of Medicine. Washington, National Academies Press, 2004. 235 p. Includes bibliographical references. TP248.65.F66S245 2004

Sanderson, Colin J. Understanding genes and GMOs. Singapore, Hackensack, NJ, World Scientific, c2007. 345 p. Includes bibliographical references. QH442.6.S26 2007

Thompson, Paul B. Food biotechnology in ethical perspective. 2nd ed. Dordrecht, Springer, c2007. 340 p. (The International library of environmental, agricultural and food ethics, 10) Bibliography: p. 309-334. TP248.65.F66T47 2007

Biotechnology Ethics and Law

Bailey, Ronald. Liberation biology: the scientific and moral case for the biotech revolution. Amherst, NY, Prometheus Books, 2005. 332 p. Bibliography: p. 247-310. TP248.23.B35 2005

Biotechnology and the law. Hugh B. Wellons and others. Chicago, American Bar Association, c2006. l957 p. Includes bibliographical references. KF3133.B56B56 2006

Bohrer, Robert A. A guide to biotechnology law and business. Durham, NC, Carolina Academic Press, c2007. 341 p. Includes bibliographical references. KF3133.B56 B64 2007

Cohen, Cynthia B. Renewing the stuff of life: stem cells, ethics, and public policy. Oxford, New York, Oxford University Press, 2007. 311 p. Bibliography: p. 244-295. QH588.S83C46 2007

Fundamentals of the stem cell debate: the scientific, religious, ethical, and political issues. Edited by Kristen Renwick Monroe, Ronald B. Miller, and Jerome S. Tobis. Berkeley, University of California Press, c2008. 218 p. Includes bibliographical references. QH588.S83F86 2008

Morris, Jonathan. The ethics of biotechnology. Philadelphia, Chelsea House Publishers, c2006. 158 p. Bibliography: p. 142-144. TP248.23.M67 2006

Energy and Environment: Biofuels and Waste Management

Biofuels for transport: global potential and implications for sustainable energy and agriculture. Worldwatch Institute. London, Sterling, VA, Earthscan, 2007. 452 p. Bibliography: p. 407-443. TP339.B5435 2007

Biofuels refining and performance. Ahindra Nag, editor. New York, McGraw-Hill, c2008. 312 p. Includes bibliographical references. TP339.B5437 2008

Biomass: energy from plants and animals. Amanda de la Garza, book editor. Detroit, Greenhaven Press, c2007. 120 p. Bibliography: p. 109-113. TP339.B5646 2007

Bitton, Gabriel. Wastewater microbiology. 3rd ed. Hoboken, NJ, Wiley-Liss, John Wiley & Sons, c2005. 746 p. Includes bibliographical references. QR48.B53 2005

Logan, Bruce E. Microbial fuel cells. Hoboken, NJ, Wiley-Interscience, c2008. 200 p. Bibliography: p. 189-198. TP339.L64 2008

Materials, chemicals, and energy from forest biomass. Dimitris S. Argyropoulos, editor. Washington, American Chemical Society; Distributed by Oxford University Press, c2007. 591 p. (ACS symposium series, 954) Includes bibliographical references. TP339.M367 2007

Progress in biomass and bioenergy research. Steven F. Warnmer, editor. New York, Nova Science Publishers, c2007. 217 p. Includes bibliographical references. TP360.P768 2007

Medical and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology

Autologous and cancer stem cell gene therapy. Editors, Roger Bertolotti, Keiya Ozawa. Hackensack, NJ, World Scientific, c2008. 446 p. (Progress in gene therapy, v. 3) Includes bibliographical references. QH588.S83A98 2008

Biotechnology in personal care. Edited by Raj Lad. New York, Taylor & Francis, 2006. 454 p. (Cosmetic science and technology series, v. 29) Includes bibliographical references. TP983.B565 2006

Cancer biotherapy: an introductory guide. Edited by Annie Young, Lewis Rowett, David Kerr. Oxford, New York, Oxford University Press, c2006. 323 p. Includes bibliographical references. RC271.I45C33 2006

Kelly, Evelyn B. Stem cells. Westport, CT, Greenwood Press, 2007. 203 p. Bibliography: p. 193-198. QH588.S83K45 2007

The National Academies guidelines for human embryonic stem cell research. Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research Advisory Committee, Board on Life Sciences, Division on Earth and Life Studies, Board on Health Sciences Policy, Institute of Medicine, National Research Council and Institute of Medicine of the National Academies. Washington, National Academies Press, c2007. 36 p. Includes bibliographical references. "2007 amendments." QH442.2.N38 2007

Newton, David E. Stem cell research. New York, Facts On File, c2007. 284 p. Includes bibliographical references. QH588.S83N49 2007

Panno, Joseph. Stem cell research: medical applications and ethical controversy. New York, Facts On File, c2005. 178 p. Bibliography: p. 157-161. QH588.S83P36 2005

Pharmaceutical biotechnology. Edited by Michael J. Groves. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, Taylor & Francis, 2006. 411 p. Includes bibliographical references. RS380.P475 2005

Pharmaceutical biotechnology: fundamentals and applications. Edited by Daan J. A. Crommelin, Robert D. Sindelar, Bernd Meibohm. 3rd ed. New York, Informa Healthcare, c2008. 466 p. Includes bibliographical references. RS380.P484 2008

Sasson, Albert. Medical biotechnology: achievements, prospects and perceptions. Tokyo, New York, United Nations University Press, c2005. 154 p. Bibliography: p. 143-148. TP248.2.S273 2005

Schacter, Bernice. Biotechnology and your health: pharmaceutical applications. Philadelphia, Chelsea House Publishers, c2006. 178 p. Bibliography: p. 163-167. RS380.S33 2006

Stem cells and cancer. Devon W. Parsons, editor. New York, Nova Biomedical Books, c2007. 284 p. Includes bibliographical references. RC269.7.S74 2007

Stem cells: from bench to bedside. Editors, Ariff Bongso and Eng Hin Lee. Singapore, Hackensack, NJ, World Scientific, c2005. 565 p. Includes bibliographical references. QH588.S83B66 2005

Stephenson, Frank Harold. DNA: how the biotech revolution is changing the way we fight disease. Amherst, NY, Prometheus Books, 2007. 333 p. Bibliography: p. 303-312. TP248.215.S74 2007

Walsh, Gary. Pharmaceutical biotechnology: concepts and applications. Chichester, Eng., Hoboken, NJ, John Wiley & Sons, c2007. 480 p. Includes bibliographical references. RS380.W35 2007

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Glazer, Alexander N., and Hiroshi Nikaido. Microbial biotechnology: fundamentals of applied microbiology. 2nd ed. Cambridge, New York, Cambridge University Press, 2007. 554 p. Includes bibliographical references. TP248.27.M53G57 2007

Globalization, biosecurity, and the future of the life sciences. Committee on Advances in Technology and the Prevention of Their Application to Next Generation Biowarfare Threats, Development, Security, and Cooperation Policy and Global Affairs Division, Board on Global Health, Institute of Medicine, Institute of Medicine and National Research Council of the National Academies. Washington, National Academies Press, c2006. 299 p. Includes bibliographical references. HV6433.3.G56 2006

Landecker, Hannah. Culturing life: how cells became technologies. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 2007. 276 p. Bibliography: p. 239-271. QH585.2.L36 2007

Okafor, Nduka. Modern industrial microbiology and biotechnology. Enfield, NH, Science Publishers, c2007. 530 p. Includes bibliographical references. QR53.O355 2007

Principles of tissue engineering. Edited by Robert P. Lanza, Robert Langer, Joseph Vacanti. 3rd ed. Amsterdam, Boston, Elsevier/Academic Press, c2007. 1307 p. Includes bibliographical references. TP248.27.A53P75 2007

Sunder Rajan, Kaushik. Biocapital: the constitution of postgenomic life. Durham, NC, Duke University Press, 2006. 343 p. Bibliography: p. 315-326. HD9999.B442S86 2006

Ullmanns biotechnology and biochemical engineering. Weinheim, Wiley-VCH, c2007. 2 v. (855 p.) Includes bibliographical references. TP248.2.U44 2007

Zimmer, Marc. Glowing genes: a revolution in biotechnology. Amherst, NY, Prometheus Books, 2005. 221 p. Includes bibliographical references. QP552.G73Z56 2005

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Bains, William. Biotechnology from A to Z. 3rd ed. Oxford, New York, Oxford University Press, 2004. 413 p. Bibliography: p. 387. TP248.16.B33 2004

Encyclopedia of genetics. Editor, revised edition, Bryan D. Ness; editor, first edition, Jeffrey A. Knight. Rev. ed. Pasadena, CA, Salem Press, c2004. 2 v. Includes bibliographical references. QH427.E53 2004

Kahl, Gnter. The dictionary of gene technology: genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics. 3rd ed. Weinheim, Wiley-VCH, c2004. 2 v. (1290 p.) QH442.K333 2004

Kent and Riegel's handbook of industrial chemistry and biotechnology. Edited by James A. Kent. 11th ed. New York, Springer, c2007. 1 v. Includes bibliographical references. Rev. ed. of Riegels handbook of industrial chemistry. 2003. TP145.R53 2007

Nill, Kimball R. Glossary of biotechnology and nanobiotechnology terms. 4th ed. Boca Raton, Taylor & Francis, 2006. 402 p. TP248.16.F54 2006

Plunkett's biotech & genetics industry almanac. Houston, TX, Plunkett Research, c2001- . Annual. HD9999.B44P57

Steinberg, Mark, and Sharon D. Cosloy. The Facts on File dictionary of biotechnology and genetic engineering. 3rd ed. New York, Facts on File, 2006. 275 p. Not yet in LC

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Challenges and risks of genetically engineered organisms. Paris, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, c2004. 223 p. Includes bibliographical references. Proceedings of a workshop on "Challenges and Risks of GMOs-What Risk Analysis is Appropriate?" held in Maastricht, Netherlands, 16-18 July 2003. QH450.C45 2004

European Society of Animal Cell Technology. General Meeting (19th, 2005, Harrogate, England). Cell technology for cell products: proceedings of the 19th ESACT Meeting, Harrogate, UK, June 5-8, 2005. Edited by Rodney Smith. Dordrecht, Springer, c2007. 821 p. Includes bibliographical references. TP248.27.A53E93 2005

European Symposium on Environmental Biotechnology (2004, Oostende, Belgium). European Symposium on Environmental Biotechnology--ESEB 2004: proceedings of the European Symposium on Environmental Biotechnology, ESEB 2004, 25-28 April 2004, Oostende, Belgium. Edited by W. Verstraete. Leiden, Balkema, 2004. 909 p. Includes bibliographical references. TD192.5.E965 2004

Food Innovation: Emerging Science, Technologies and Applications (FIESTA) conference. Edited by Peter Roupas. In Innovative food science & emerging technologies, v. 9, Apr. 2008: 139-254. TP248.65.F66I55

Frontiers in Biomedical Devices Conference (2nd, 2007, Irvine, Calif.). Proceedings of the 2nd Frontiers in Biomedical Devices Conference--2007: presented at the Frontiers in Biomedical Devices Conference, June 7-8, 2007, Irvine, California, USA. New York, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, c2007. 160 p. Includes bibliographical references. R857.M3F76 2007

International Conference on Experimental Mechanics (2006, Jeju, Korea). Experimental mechanics in nano and biotechnology. Edited by Soon-Bok Lee, Yun-Jae Kim. etikon Zrich, Switzerland; Enfield, NH, Trans Tech Publications, Ltd., 2006. 2 v. (Key engineering materials, v. 326-328) Includes bibliographical references. Proceedings of the International Conference on Experimental Mechanics (ICEM 2006) and the 5th Asian Conference on Experimental Mechanics (ACEM5), September 26-29, 2006, Jeju, Korea; organized by Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) and Asian Committee for Experimental Mechanics (ACEM). TA349.I478 2006

Symposium of the Tohoku University 21st Century Center of Excellence Program (2007, Tohoku University, Japan). Future medical engineering based on bionanotechnology: proceedings of the final symposium of the Tohoku University 21st Century Center of Excellence Program, Sendai International Center, Japan 7-9 January 2007. Editors, Esashi Masayoshi and others. London, Imperial College Press, 2006. 1115 p. Includes bibliographical references. R857.N34S94 2007

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Original post:
Biotechnology - Science Tracer Bullet

Biotechnology, or the genetic modification of living materials, has ignited heated debates over trade policy. Innovations in the manipulation of microbes, plants, and animals raises serious ethical questions related to the commoditization and exchange of living organisms. In the arena of trade policy, these ethical questions pose a unique economic dilemma: to what extent should trade policy reflect moral and ethical judgments about the fruits of biotechnology?

Debate on Genetically Modified Foods

The principal cause of the debate surrounding products of biotechnology is the uncertainty of the long-term health and environmental effects of genetically modified living materials. Though many scientists believe GM foods to be safe, a small but influential group of researchers maintain that uncertainty about their effects on human health justifies extreme precaution, including the possible use of trade restrictions. Some supporters of GM foods agree that rigorous testing and research should continue but that in the meantime the benefits of heartier or enriched crops are too great to ignore and are essential in eliminating world hunger and malnutrition. Advocates of sustainable development are also wary of the long-term effects that GM crops could exert on the environment.

Agricultural concerns center on issues of 'genetic pollution' or the genetic flow from GM crops to unmodified plants in the wild. Transfer of genes from GM to wild plants could create health problems in humans, anti-biotic resistance in plants and associated insects, long-term damage to ecosystems, loss of biodiversity, and lack of consumer choice.

Defenders of biotechnology often argue that genetic manipulation holds the key to eliminating hunger and suffering across the world. One commonly cited example is 'Golden rice' which scientists have engineered to produce extra Vitamin A. The rice has been hailed as a godsend for malnourished people in the developing world because Vitamin A helps prevent blindness. Critics take two different stances on these wonder-foods. Some refer to recent studies and statements by doctors that Golden rice is not a sufficient source of vitamin A. Specifically, people with diarrheal diseases are incapable of absorbing vitamin A from the rice, thus people in developing countries who commonly suffer from diarrheal disease and vitamin A deficiency remain afflicted by both. Other critics reply that 'Franken foods' are the wrong answer to the problems of hunger and malnutrition, which they claim are the outcomes of distributional problems. Instead of posing a viable long-term solution, GM foods distract from and exacerbate the real issues involved.

Patenting Life

Biotechnology issues related to intellectual property rights are concerned with the moral and ethical implication of patenting living organisms. These concerns are linked to fears that biotechnology will transfer resources from the public sphere to private ownership via the enforcement of intellectual property rights. Firms that have invested in the development of genetically modified varieties want to protect their proprietary knowledge, but many farmer groups have protested that enforcing intellectual property rights will disrupt their access to seed. Farmers accustomed to harvesting and replanting their seeds are not willing to pay for GM seeds year after year. These debates draw attention to the controversial TRIPs Article 27.3(b), which exempts certain life forms from patentability but requires countries to establish some form of protection for plant varieties.

GM Food and Hunger

Producers of GM crops argue that biotechnology could be the world's cure for hunger. They cite the technology's ability to produce high yields, resist natural disasters such as drought and certain viruses, and be enriched with vital nutrients that starving people are likely to lack.

However, aid agencies and anti-GM countries argue that in regards to eliminating world hunger, alternatives to GM crop production have not been sufficiently researched. In fact, they note that many countries where hunger is a major problem do produce adequate amounts of food to feed their population. Hunger, they argue, is not only a function of agricultural yield; it is also a function of mismanaged government and a series of other factors, which technology cannot resolve.

At present there is no international law dealing with aid shipments of GM crops to needy countries. However, debates over a country's right to refuse GM food aid during a famine are bringing this issue to the forefront of biotechnology concerns.

Multiple Forums for Debate

There are a number of forums attempting to guide the international debate on biodiversity. At the WTO level, the March 8, 2004 TRIPS Council meeting saw the nations of Brazil, Bolivia, Cuba, Ecuador, India, Pakistan, Peru, Thailand and Venezuela called for greater urgency in resolving possible conflicts between the TRIPS agreement and the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). [1] The Convention was established with the three main goals of conservation of biological diversity, sustainable use of its components and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits from the use of genetic resources. [2] The CBD is concerned with preservation while the TRIPS agreement examines the intersection of business and biodiversity and so there would naturally be conflicts between the different missions of the two arenas. The U.S. and Japan have called for discussions to take place in the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) forum instead which is mandated to increase intellectual property protection. Meanwhile, free trade agreements continue to change the intersection of trade law and biotechnology. For instance the U.S.-Central American Free Trade Agreement encourages plant patentability, a step beyond that of the TRIPS agreement, reflecting the U.S. desire for intellectual property protection to encourage innovation. It also and forbids reversion to weaker patent laws once stronger laws have been enacted. [3]

Current Events

Since 1998, the EU has placed a moratorium on the import of genetically modified living materials, citing insufficient proof that these organisms do not cause long-term negative effects to public health. The ban has frustrated the US, the largest producer of genetically modified crops, and it has long been threatening to file a formal complaint with the WTO over the EU ban, citing the ban as unjustified and discriminatory. In July 2003, however, the EU lifted the five-year ban on the condition that all products containing at least 0.9% genetically altered ingredients be explicitly labeled as such. Despite this move, which would finally allow US farmers of genetically altered crops access to European markets, the US, Canada, Argentina, Brazil and numerous other countries filed a formal complaint with the WTO in May 2003. They argued that the EU's moratorium on the approval of new GM foods violated WTO rules, and cost their farmers hundreds of millions of dollars in lost revenues each year. [4] These countries have also expressed dissatisfaction with the EU's new stipulation that all GM foods be labeled, but the EU has called the complaint unnecessary in light of their new policy toward GM foods. In March 2004 a WTO panel was appointed to rule on the US-Argentina-Canada complaint against the EU de facto moratorium on the approval of new GMOs. [5] (See also the GTN SPS/TBT page.)

The issue of biotechnology's ability to battle hunger has also manifested itself in the complicated cases of 6 African nations, who have banned GMO food aid. [6] Zambia rejected GM food aid while it was hard hit by a famine in 2003 for health and environmental reasons. [7] Zambia voiced concern that GM seed might contaminate their local crop, thus jeopardizing their ability to continue shipping organically grown crops to the EU. The fear that millions in Zambia might starve proved false and the nation ended up producing a 120,000 ton surplus. [8] US food aid which most likely contain GM crops had to be rerouted by the UN World Food Program which distributes the aid. The US has said that it is impossible in practice to keep separate GM foods from non-GM foods. [9]

Conclusion

Biotechnology and its products have created some amazing possibility as well as raised fears among many of their potential negative consequences. There is also the moral dimension of playing with living beings. Nevertheless, the technology and its products are here to stay. GM foods highlight both the potential and the problems with this technology. Foods like "golden rice" may one day ensure that malnutrition is never a concern. However, the fears and uncertainty of its impact on health and the environment have raised important ethical issues as in the case of Zambia turning down GM food aid while in the midst of a famine.

Last updated April 2004.

[1] BRIDGES Monthly Review. Year 8, Number 3, March 2004. [2] http://www.biodiv.org/doc/publications/guide.asp [3] http://www.biodiv.org/doc/publications/guide.asp [4] http://www.usda.gov/news/releases/2003/05/0157.htm [5] http://www.ictsd.org/weekly/04-03-10/wtoinbrief.htm#2 [6] http://www.guardian.co.uk/gmdebate/Story/0,2763,1182378,00.html [7] Southern Africa; Controversy rages over 'GM' food aid. AllAfrica Africa News. February 12, 2003. [8] http://www.guardian.co.uk/gmdebate/Story/0,2763,1182378,00.html [9] http://www.news24.com/News24/Africa/News/0,6119,2-11-1447_1509711,00.html

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Job type: Contractor | Pay: $30.00 - $50.00/hour

Joule Engineering is currentlylooking for Biomedical Engineers with the following experience. We willconsider candidateswhoare mid-seniorcareer...

NJ - Mahwah

Job type: Full-Time

A career in technology at Envision Pharma Group may be just what youre looking for. About Envision Pharma Group and Envision Technology Solutions...

CT - Glastonbury

Job type: Full-Time | Pay: $0 - $100k/year

Principal Biomedical Engineer Location: Houston, TX Salary & Benefits: Up to $100k per year with Comprehensive Benefits Package including matched 4...

TX - Houston

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