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anti-aging stem cells – Lucrece

August 4th, 2016 9:35 am

Stem Cell Technology represents a major breakthrough in anti-aging and regenerative skin care, by protecting, strengthening, and replenishing our own human skin cells. Where Peptides stimulate different functions acting as messengers to skin cells, stem cell technology improves the life of the core of the cell. Working in synergy with peptides, they enhance the effectiveness of peptides and other active ingredients.

Antiaging effects - The stem cells in our skin have a limited life expectancy due to DNA damage, aging and oxidative stress. As our own skin stem cells age, they become more difficult to repair and replenish. Protection of our stem cells becomes more and more beneficial as our skin ages, and with the advent of stem cells, we are now able to delay the natural aging process even further than before.

Expected benefits of stem cells technology for regenerative skin care:

Stem Cell Replenishing Serum Featuring a potent concentration of apple and edelweiss plant stem cells, state-of-the-art peptides, and other cutting edge ingredients, the Stem Cell Replenishing Serum is thoroughly formulated to produce age defying results, restoring the youthful look and vitality to aging skin.

Stem Cell Moisturizing Cream Also featuring a healthy concentration of apple and edelweiss plant stem cells, peptides, and numerous botanical extracts, the Stem Cell Moisturizing Cream is formulated to produce age defying results while also helping to maintain healthy and youthful looking skin as a daily moisturizer.

Our Stem Cell Applications:

LPAR Stem Cell Products contain a wide variety of stem cells with healthy and potent concentrations in order to deliver the results skin care consumers strive for. The first stem cell ingredient discovered and produced is a liposomal preparation based on the stem cells of a rare Swiss apple. The revolutionary active ingredient, Malus Domestica by PhytoCellTec is based on a high tech plant cell culture technology. It has been proven to protect the longevity of skin stem cells and provide significant anti-wrinkle effects. Since the discovery and the worldwide success of Apple Stem Cells introduction to the cosmetic and skin care marketplace, other new and exciting stem cell ingredients have been discovered to provide extraordinary results for all skin types.

We were proud to be the first skin care line to offer the ground-breaking combination of Apple and Edelweiss stem cells, and are dedicated to formulating the best new and existing stem cell ingredients into our product line as the technology continues to develop.

To inquire about purchasing LPAR Stem Cell products. visit our Retail Locator page.

Featuring a luxurious and potent blend of three major botanical stem cells (Apple, Gardenia Jasminoides, Echinacea Angustifolia) two state-of-the-art peptides (Nutripeptides, Matrixyl synthe6), and numerous botanical extracts and minerals, the Stem Cell Nourishing Mask is thoroughly formulated to nourish, firm, and energize mature skin. Total Stem Cell Concentration: 5.5% - Total Peptide Concentration: 9.0%

Directions: Using fingertips, apply on clean, dry skin twice weekly. Avoid the eye area. The mask can be left on the skin for prolonged periods (during the day or overnight). Allow at least 10-15 minutes for the mask to penetrate the skin before rinsing with water or applying additional product For external use only.

Ingredients: Water (Aqua), Glycerin, Glyceryl Acrylate/Acrylic Acid Copolymer, Hydrolyzed Rice Protein (Nutripeptides), Sodium Hyaluronate, Hydroxypropyl Cyclodextrin, Palmitoyl Tripeptide-38 (Matrixyl synthe6), Biosaccharide Gum-1, Olea Europaea (Olive) Fruit Oil, Gardenia Jasminoides Meristem Cell Culture, Xanthan Gum, Malus Domestica Fruit Cell Culture, Lecithin, Porphyridium Polysaccharide, Echinacea Angustifolia Meristem Cell Culture, Carbomer, Triethanolamine, Mentha Pipertita (Peppermint) Extract, Camellia Sinensis (Green Tea) Leaf Extract, Palmaria Palmata (Dulce) Extract, Chamomilla Recutita (Matricaria) Flower Extract, Phenoxyethanol, Caprylyl Glycol, Ethylhexylglycerin, Hexylene Glycol, Copper PCA, Zinc PCA, Dipotassium Glycyrrhizate, Olea Europaea (Olive) Fruit Extract, Aloe Barbadensis Leaf Juice Powder, Fragrance (Parfum)

Featuring a plant and fruit stem cell enhanced blend of three major stem cells (Apple, Edelweiss, Alpine Rose), state-of-the-art peptides (Eyeseryl, Nutripeptides), the Stem Cell Eye Therapy is an advanced eye formula designed to nourish, firm, and increase skin elasticity and skin smoothness around the eye area. Total Stem Cell Concentration: 6.75% - Total Peptide Concentration: 11.0%

Directions: Using fingertips, apply product around both eyes on clean, dry skin once or twice daily before applying a moisturizer or night cream. For external use only.

Ingredients: Water, Acetyl Tetrapeptide-5 (Eyeseryl), Sodium Hyaluronate, Hydrolyzed Rice Protein (Nutripeptides), Glycerin, Leontopodium Alpinum Meristem Cell Culture (Edelweiss Stem Cells), Xanthan Gum, Malus Domestica Fruit Cell Culture (Apple Stem Cells), Lecithin, Porphyridium Polysaccharide, Camellia Sinensis (Green Tea) Leaf Extract, Cucumis Sativus (Cucumber) Fruit Extract, Phenoxyethanol, Caprylyl Glycol, Ethylhexylglycerin, Hexylene Glycol, Carbomer, Triethanolamine, Rhododendron Ferrugineum Leaf Cell Culture Extract (Alpine Rose Stem Cells) Isomalt, Sodium Benzoate, Lactic Acid, Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate, Allantoin, Copper PCA, Aloe Barbadensis Leaf Juice Powder

Plant stem cells represent a major breakthrough in skin care, launching the beginning of a new system of treating the skin...by protecting and replenishing the building blocks of what makes up our own skin: Stem Cells. Rather than working around the natural aging process of our skin stem cells, we now have the technology available to improve the life of our skins most important and central component.

Featuring a potent combination of apple, edelweiss, and grape stem cells, state-of-the-art peptides, and other cutting edge ingredients, the Stem Cell Replenishing Serum is thoroughly formulated to produce age defying results, restoring the youthful look and vitality to aging skin.

Directions: Apply with fingertips on clean, dry skin once or twice daily. Avoid the eye area by approximately 1 cm. Suitable for mature skin types. For external use only.

Ingredients: Water (Aqua), Glycerin, Dipeptide Diaminobutyroyl Benzylamide Diacetate, Acetyl Octapeptide-3, Malus Domestica Fruit Cell Culture (Apple Stem Cells), Hydrolyzed Ceratonia Siliqua Seed Extract, Palmitoyl Tripeptide-5, PEG-8 Dimethicone, Saccharide Isomerate, Imperata Cylindrica (Root) Extract, Polysorbate 20, Leontopodium Alpinum Meristem Cell Culture (Edelweiss Stem Cells), Leucojum Aestivum Bulb Extract, Triethanolamine, Carbomer, Xanthan Gum, Vitis Vinifera Fruit Cell Extract (Grape Stem Cells), Isomalt, Sodium Benzoate, Lecithin, Disodium EDTA, Allantoin, Aloe Barbadensis Leaf Juice Powder, Phenoxyethanol, Caprylyl Glycol, Ethylhexylglycerin, Hexylene Glycol, PEG-8-Carbomer, Fragrance (Parfum)

Plant stem cells represent a major breakthrough in skin care, launching the beginning of a new system of treating the skin...by protecting and replenishing the building blocks of what makes up our own skin: Stem Cells. Rather than working around the natural aging process of our skin stem cells, we now have the technology available to improve the life of our skins most important and central component.

Featuring a healthy concentration and a diverse group of stem cells (apple, edelweiss, grape), peptides, and numerous botanical extracts, the Stem Cell Moisturizing Cream is formulated to produce age-defying results, while also helping to maintain healthy and youthful looking skin as a daily moisturizer.

Directions: For mature skin and/or skin conditioning, apply onto clean, dry skin with fingertips once daily. Avoid the eye. For external use only.

Ingredient Highlights: Plant/Fruit Stem Cells 4% - Malus Domestica (Apple Stem Cells) - Leontopodium Alpinum Cell Culture Extract (Edelweiss Stem Cells) - Vitis Vinifera Fruit Cell Extract (Grape Stem Cells)

Ingredients: Water (Aqua), Glycerin, Isopropyl Myristate, Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride, Cetearyl Olivate, Sorbitan Olivate, Sorbitol, Saccharide Isomerate, Sodium Hyaluronate, Leucojum Aestivum Bulb Extract, Malus Domestica Fruit Cell Extract (Apple Stem Cells), Leontopodium Alpinum Meristem Cell Culture (Edelweiss Stem Cells), Vitis Vinifera Fruit Cell Extract (Grape Stem Cells), Crambe Abyssinica Seed Oil, Dimethicone, Cetyl Alcohol, Imperata Cylindrica (Root) Extract, Acetyl Octapeptide-3 (SNAP-8), Dipeptide Diaminobutyroyl Benzylamide Diacetate(SYN-AKE), Palmitoyl Tripeptide-3 (SYN-COL), Hydrolyzed Ceratonia Siliqua Seed Extract, Aloe Barbadensis Leaf Juice Powder, Olea Europaea (Olive) Leaf Extract, Glyceryl Stearate, Xantham Gum, Cetyl Palmitate, Sorbitan Palmitate, Bisabolol, Tocopheryl Acetate, Fragrance, Phenoxyethanol, Caprylyl Glycol, Ethylhexyglycerin, Hexylene Glycol, PEG-8, Carbomer, Lecithin, Isomalt, Sodium Benzoate, Disodium EDTA

[ pH: 5.00 ]

Featuring high concentrations of Vitamin C (Tetrahexyldecyl Ascorbate), Orange Stem Cells, and Peptides, this is a multi-beneficial cream with state-of-the-art actives formulated to deliver significant and lasting results.

Tetrahexyldecyl Ascorbate is a stable, oil soluble form of Vitamin C that penetrates deeper into the skin than traditional ascorbic acid based Vitamin C. It's a proven skin lightener, a powerful Anti-Oxidant, DNA protector, and increases collagen synthesis more effectively than ascorbic acid. Orange Stem Cells work to increase elasticity and skin resistance to the dermis, which increase firmness and diminish wrinkles while also working synergistically with peptides to further increase skin elasticity and collagen support.

How to Use: Smooth a pearl sized drop onto the face once daily (morning or evening). Avoid the eye area while applying. Follow with Solar Protection if used during the day.

Ingredients: Water (Aqua), Tetrahexyldecyl Ascorbate (Vitamin C Ester), Glycerin, Hexyl Laurate, Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride, Butylene Glycol, Sorbitol, Stearic Acid, Glyceryl Stearate, PEG-100 Stearate, Cetyl Alcohol, Sorbitan Stearate, Polysorbate 60, Acetyl Hexapeptide-8, Sodium Hyaluronate, Squalane, Dimethicone, PPG-12/SMDI Copolymer, Citrus Aurantium Dulcis Callus Culture Extract (Orange Stem Cells), Tocopheryl Acetate, Cetearyl Ethylhexanoate, Linoleic Acid, Glycine Soja (Soybean) Sterols, Phospholipids, Di-PPG-2 Myreth-10 Adipate, Retinol, Polysorbate 20, Hydrolyzed Glycosaminoglycans, Alcohol, Ectoin, Lecithin, Cyclotetrapeptide-24 Aminocyclohexane Carboxylate, Glucosamine HCl, Algae Extract, Yeast Extract, Urea, Micrococcus Lysate, Plankton Extract, Arabidopsis Thaliana Extract, Magnesium Aluminum Silicate, Xanthan Gum, Phenoxyethanol, Caprylyl Glycol, Ethylhexylglycerin, Hexylene Glycol, Disodium EDTA, Citrus Aurantium Dulcis (Orange) Peel Oil

[ pH: 4.7 ]

The Vitamin C Stem Cell Mask combines a potent blend of Vitamin C Ester (Tetrahexyldecyl Ascorbate), highly concentrated plant and fruit stem cells (Argan, Sea Fennel), and Aldenine, a unique peptide that acts as a cellular detoxifier and a collagen III booster.

Directions: Apply on clean, dry skin. Avoid the eye area. The mask may be left on the skin (i.e. during the day or overnight), or it may be rinsed off with lukewarm water after 10 - 15 minutes. Suitable for mature skin types.

Ingredients: Water (Aqua), Tetrahexyldecyl Ascorbate, Kaolin, Glycerin, Glyceryl Stearate, Sorbitan Olivate, Cetearyl Olivate, Cetyl Palmitate, Sorbitol, Sorbitan Palmitate, Stearic Acid, Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride, Cyclopentasiloxane, Cyclhexasiloxane, Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil, Punica Granatum Extract, Butylene Glycol, Ananas Sativus (Pineapple) Fruit Extract, Carica Papaya Fruit Extract, Hydrolyzed Wheat Protein, Hydrolyzed Soy Protein, Tripeptide-1, Argania Spinosa (Argan Stem Cells) Sprout Cell Extract, Crithmum Maritimum (Sea Fennel Stem Cells) Callus Culture Filtrate, Oligopeptide-68, Sodium Oleate, Phenoxyethanol, Caprylyl Glycol, Ethylhexylglycerin, Hexylene Glycol, Polyacrylamide, C13-14 Isoparaffin, Laureth-7, Isomalt, Hydrogenated Lecithin, Lecithin, Sodium Benzoate, Allantoin, Citrus Aurantium Dulcis (Orange) Peel Oil, Magnesium Aluminum Silicate, Xanthan Gum, Disodium EDTA

[ pH: 6.00 ]

Originally designed to prepare and increase the skins receptiveness to our Professional Peptide Peel, the Premier Peptide Serum has gone on to become our most powerful anti-wrinkle product for year-round home care due to its high concentration and diversity of peptides. Composed of a total concentration of 65% peptides, the Premier Peptide Serum is a state of the art facial serum expertly formulated to reduce the signs of aging, energizing mature skin.

The Intensive Clarifying Peptide Cream is a unique and high potency moisturizing cream formulated with an abundance of natural skin lighteners, peptides, and botanical extracts that combine to clarify and firm mature skin, while effectively minimizing fine lines and wrinkles.

The Collagen Peptide Complex builds off of our original Collagen Copper Activating Complex, and includes an advanced formulation of peptides, including Syn-Coll, a small but powerful peptide that stimulates collagen synthesis at a cellular level, helping to compensate for any collagen deficit in the skin.

Boasting a remarkable collection of natural and innovative ingredients from exotic plants and enhanced peptides, the neck firming cream has been designed & tested to firm and energize mature skin, while providing increased smoothness and elasticity to the often neglected neck area.

Providing sufficient hydration is the most essential way to keep our skin healthy and youthful. While many of our products assist in hydrating the skin, hydration is the main focus of the Nano-Peptide B5 Complex, acting as the foundation for your home care regimen. Fortified with Sodium Hyaluronate (30%) and Pantothenic acid, it provides an especially deep and complete hydration. Because of the presence of peptides, it also assists in tightening and firming the skin while allowing for maximum absorption and effectiveness.

Designed for mature skin, this sophisticated moisturizer promotes cell renewal, stimulating the dermis layer of the skin with a high potency blend of peptides (Argireline, Matrixyl, & Biopeptide-CLTM) and botanical extracts that make it a particularly refined and effective moisturizing cream for age management.

The A&M Eye Recovery Therapy is an advanced age management treatment, applying the most tried and true peptides and delivery systems; Argireline & Matrixyl, to the highly wrinkle prone and fragile eye area, providing diminished wrinkle depth, and increased firmness and elasticity. The peptide Eyeliss is added to further enhance this treatment by counteracting skin slackening, puffiness, and decreasing irritation.

The A&M Facial Recovery Therapy is an advanced age-management treatment that blends the most tried and true peptides and delivery systems; Argireline & Matrixyl. Stimulating the deeper layers of the skin, the A&M Facial Recovery Therapy provides diminished wrinkle depth, as well as an increase in skin elasticity and firmness.

Originally designed to prepare and increase the skins receptiveness to our Professional Peptide Peel, the Premier Peptide Serum has gone on to become our most powerful anti-wrinkle product for year-round home care due to its high concentration and diversity of peptides. Composed of a total concentration of 65% peptides, the Premier Peptide Serum is a state of the art facial serum expertly formulated to reduce the signs of aging, energizing mature skin.

Directions: For mature skin types; apply at least three weeks before beginning the Lucrece Professional Peptide Peel treatment, and use twice a day leading up to the Peel. For year round application, apply once per day after the Collagen Peptide Complex. Avoid the eye area by at least 1 cm during application.

Peptides: SYN-AKE: A small peptide (Dipeptide Diaminobutyroyl Benzylamide Diacetate) that mimics the activity of Waglerin 1, a polypeptide that is found in the venom of the Temple Viper, Tropidolaemus wagleri. Clinical trials have shown SYN-AKE is capable of reducing wrinkle depth by inhibiting muscle contractions. SNAP-8: An anti-wrinkle (Acetyl Octapeptide-3) elongation of the famous Hexapeptide Argireline. The study of the basic biochemical mechanisms of anti-wrinkle activity led to the revolutionary Hexapeptide which has taken the cosmetic world by storm. ARGIRELINE: (Acetyl Hexapeptide-8) MATRIXYL: (Palmitoyl Pentapeptide-4) REGU-AGE: (Hydrolyzed Rice Bran Protein - Oxido Reductases - Soybean Protein) BIOPEPTIDE CL: (Palmitoyl Oligopeptide) RIGIN: (Palmitoyl Tetrapeptide-7) EYELISS: (Dipeptide-2 & Palmitoyl Tetrapeptide-7) INYLINE: (Acetyl Hexapeptide 30)

Other Ingredients: Water, Sodium Hyaluronate, Spiraea Ulmaria Flower Extract & Centella Asiatica Extract & Echinacea Purpurea Extract, Phenoxyethanol & Benzyl Alcohol & Potassium Sorbate & Tocopherol, Meadowsweet, Hydrocotyl Extract, Leucojum Aestivum Bulb Extract, Amino Acids, Diazolidinyl Urea, Imperata Cylindrica Extract, SMDI Copolymer, Hydroxyethylcellulose

[ pH: 5.00 ]

This unique and high potency moisturizing cream is formulated with an abundance of natural skin lighteners, peptides, and botanical extracts that combine to help clarify and energize mature skin.

Directions: Smooth a pearl size drop onto the face, gently massaging in with fingertips once per day (morning), avoiding the eye area. Follow with solar protection if applicable.

Skin Lightening Agents: Mulberry Bark, Saxifrage Extract, Grape Extract, Scutellaria Root Extracts, Vitamin C Ester (Tetrahexyldecyl Ascorbate), Emblica Fruit Extract, Licorice Root Extract.

Ingredients: Water (Aqua), Saxifrage Extract & Grape Extract & Butylene Glycol & Water & Mulberry Bark Extract & Scutellaria Root Extract, Prunus Amygdalus Dulcis (Sweet Almond) Oil, Caprylic/Capric Triglycerides, Sesamum Indicum (Sesame) Seed Oil, Cetearyl Olivate & Sorbitan Olivate, Glycerin, Palmitoyl Pentapeptide-4 (Matrixyl), Tetrahexyldecyl Ascorbate (C-Ester), Glyceryl Stearate & PEG 100 Stearate, Stearic Acid, Theobroma Cocao (Cocoa) Seed Butter, PPG-12/SMDI Copolymer, Butyrospermum Parkii (Shea) Butter, Tocopheryl Acetate (Vitamin E), Phyllanthus Emblica Fruit Extract, Palmitoyl Tripeptide-5 (Syn-Coll), Triethanolamine, Phenoxyethanol, Mangifera Indica (Mango) Seed Butter, Darutoside, Tricholoma Matsutake Singer (Mushroom) Extract, Imperata Cylindrica (Root) Extract, Fragrance (Parfum), Glucosamine HCL & Algae Extract & Yeast Extract & Urea, Retinyl Palmitate (Vitamin A), Centella Asiatica Extract & Echinacea Purpurea Extract, Xanthan Gum, Arctostaphylos Uva Ursi Leaf Extract, Glycyrrhiza Glabra Root Extract, Magnesium Aluminum Silicate, Disodium EDTA

[ pH: 5.75 ]

Specializing in firming the skin, the Collagen Peptide Complex builds off of our original Collagen Copper Activating Complex, and adds a combination of (5) major peptides, helping to keep the skin looking its youngest and most alive, as it works to firm, and add elasticity & texture to the skin. For best results, apply directly after the Nano-Peptide B5 Complex.

Directions: Apply a liberal amount on clean, dry face using fingertips, and massage into the skin. Let dry, and follow with a moisturizer and sun-block if used during the day, or the Vitamin A Facial Cream + III if used at night. Warning: For mature skin only. If redness occurs, lessen use to once or twice per week. If reactions persist, discontinue use.

Ingredients: Water (Aqua), Dipalmitoylhydroxyproline, Glycerin, Palmitoyl Tetrapeptide-7 (Rigin), Palmitoyl Oligopeptide (Biopeptide-CL), Butylene Glycol, Yeast (Faex Extract), Hydrocotyl Extract & Coneflower Extract, Aloe Barbadensis Leaf Extract, Palmitoyl Tripeptide-5 (Syn-Coll), Acetyl Hexapeptide-8 (Argireline), Palmitoyl Pentapeptide-4 (Matrixyl), Panthenol, Phenoxyethanol & Caprylyl Glycol & Ethylhexylglycerin & Hexylene Glycol, Triethanolamine, Carbomer, Decarboxy Carsonine HCI, Citrus Grandis (Grapefruit) Seed Extract, Copper PCA, Olea Europaea (Olive) Leaf Extract, Disodium EDTA

[ pH: 5.50 ]

Boasting a remarkable collection of natural and innovative ingredients from exotic plants and enhanced peptides, the neck firming cream has been designed & tested to firm and energize mature skin, while providing increased smoothness and elasticity to the often neglected neck area.

Directions: On clean dry skin, apply onto the neck area with fingertips in an upward motion. Apply twice a day, or as needed.

Key Ingredients: Bio-Bustyl: Stimulates cell metabolism, promotes collagen synthesis, and enhances fibroblast (collagen-producing cell) proliferation. INCI: Glyceryl Polymethacrylate, Soy Protein Ferment, PEG-8, & Palmitoyl Oligopeptide Polylift: Using a cross-linking technology, biopolymerization, Polylift reinforces the natural lifting effect of sweet almond proteins, providing a smooth firmness & radiance to the surface of the skin. INCI: Prunus Amygdalus Dulcis (Sweet Almond) Seed Extract.

Ingredients: Deionized Water, Prunus Amygdalus Dulcis (Sweet Almond Oil), Caprylic/Capric Triglycerides, Sesamum Indicum (Sesame) Seed Oil, Simmondsia (Jojoba) Seed Oil/ Buxus Chinensis, Cetearyl Alcohol, Dicetyl Phosphate, Ceteth-10 Phosphate, Palmitoyl Oligopeptide, Palmitoyl Tetrapeptide-7, Prunus Amygdalus Dulcis Seed Extract, Terminalia Catappa Leaf Extract & Sambucus Nigra Flower Extract & PVP & Tannic Acid, Glyceryl Polymethacrylate & Rahnella/ Soy Protein Ferment & PEG-8 & Palmitoyl Oligopeptide, Glycerin, Glyceryl Stearate & PEG 100 Stearate, Biosaccharide Gim-1, PPG-12/ SMDI Copolymer, Phyllanthus Emblica Fruit Extract, Stearic Acid, Centella Asiatica Extract & Darutosidetriethanolamine, Tocopheryl Acetate, Magnifera Indica (Mango) Seed Butter, Glycerin & Aqua & Lysolecithin & Perilla Frutescens Seed Oil, Xantham Gum, Retinyl Palmitate, Tetrahexyldecyl Ascorbate (Vitamin C Ester), Echinacea Purpurea Extract, Imperata Cylindrica (Root) Extract, Glycyrrhiza Glabra Root Extract, Magnesium, Aluminum Silicate, Disodium EDTA

[ pH: 6.25 ]

Hydration is the most essential way to keep our skin healthy feeling and healthy looking. While many of our products assist in hydrating the skin, hydration is the main focus for this product, making it an essential for all skin types. Fortified with Hyaluronic (30%) and Panthenol (Vitamin B5), the Nano-Peptide B5 Complex provides an especially deep and complete hydration. With the addition of peptides, it also assists in tightening and firming the skin while allowing for maximum absorption and effectiveness.

The Nano-Peptide B5 Complex should be applied directly after cleansing the skin, as the 2nd step in skin care regimens for all skin types (morning & night). For best results, age management regimens should follow with the Stem Cell Replenishing Serum and/or the Collagen Peptide Complex before moisturizing.

Directions: Apply a healthy amount on clean, dry skin. May be used around the eye area.

Key Ingredients: Palmitoyl Pentapeptide-4: Stimulates the skins fibroblasts to rebuild the extra-cellular matrix, including the synthesis of Collagen I and Collagen IV, fibronectin and of Glycosaminoglycans. It also stimulates the production of the dermal matrix (Collagen I & III) resulting in a significant reduction of wrinkles and fine lines. Acetyl Hexapeptide-8: Reduces facial wrinkle depth and the signs of skin aging resulting from facial movements and facial muscle contraction by halting the release of neurotransmitters from SNARE and catecholamine complexes, (which can also induce formation of wrinkles and fine lines to the skin). Hyaluronic Acid (30%): Penetrates deep into the skin, providing ample moisture Panthenol: Enhances formation of skin pigments for younger looking skin, and contains deep penetrating properties that allow a more complete hydration.

Other Ingredients: Water (Aqua), Hyaluronic Acid, Panthenol (Vitamin B5), MDI Complex, Palmitoyl Pentapeptide-4, Acetyl Hexapeptide-8, Phenoxyethanol, Hydrolyzed Wheat Protein, Butylene Glycol, Hydrocotyl & Coneflower Extract, Glycosaminoglycans.

[ pH: 5.5 ]

Designed for mature, sun damaged, and/or dehydrated skin, the Anti-Wrinkle Facial Cream is a peptide enriched moisturizer focused on increasing skin firmness & elasticity, and fortifying the skin with anti-oxidants & botanical extracts to facilitate healthy feeling and healthy looking skin.

Directions: Smooth a pearl size drop onto the face, massage into skin thoroughly. For use in the morning (recommended), follow with solar protection.

Ingredients: Water (Aqua), Glycerin, Dimethicone, Caprylic/Capric Triglycerides, C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate, Linoleic Acid & Glycine Soja (Soybean) Sterols & Phospholipids, Acetyl Hexapeptide-8, Butylene Glycol & Carbomer & Polysorbate 20 & Palmitoyl Pentapeptide-4, Cetearyl Alcohol & Dicetyl Phosphate & Ceteth-10 Phosphate, Glyceryl Stearate & PEG 100 Stearate, PPG-12/ SMDI Copolymer, Phyllanthus Emblica Fruit Extract, Darutoside, Cocoa Butter, Cetyl Alcohol, Butyrospermum Parkii (Shea Butter), Saccharomyces/Xylinum Black Tea Ferment & Glycerin & Hydroxyethylcellulose, Glucoseamine HCL & Algae Extract & Saccharomyces Cerevisiae (Yeast Extract) & Urea, Steareth-20 & Palmitoyl Tetrapeptide-7, Centella Asiatica Extract & Echinacea Purpurea Extract, Hydrolyzed Vegetable Protein, Imperata Cylindrica (Root) Extract & PEG-8 & Carbomer, Phenoxyethanol & Caprylyl Glycol & Ethylhexylglycerin & Hexylene Glycol, Polyglyceryl Methacrylate & Propylene Glycol & Palmitoyl Oligopeptide, Cyclopentasiloxane & Dimethicone, Stearic Acid, Mangifera Indica (Mango) Seed Butter, Tocopheryl Acetate, Glycyrrhiza Glabra Root Extract, Arctostaphylos Uva Ursi Leaf Extract, Chlorella Vulgaris Extract, Corallina Officinalis Extract, Dipotassium Glycyrrhizate, PEG-8 & Tocopherol & Ascorbyl Palmitate & Ascorbic Acid & Citric Acid, Disodium EDTA, Magnesium Aluminum Silicate, Xanthan Gum, Triethanolamine, Retinyl Palmitate, Lavandula Angustifolia (Lavender) Oil

[ pH: 5.75 ]

This advanced eye care treatment is expertly formulated to diminish the depth, increase firmness & elasticity, and to counteract skin slackening to the highly wrinkle prone and fragile eye area. Featuring (4) major peptides (Argireline, Matrixyl, Eyeliss, & Regu-age), the A&M Eye Recovery Therapy is our most potent eye treatment, and is recommended for mature skin.

Directions: Using fingertips, massage to surrounding eye areas affected by wrinkles due to muscle contractions. Also use in the nasal labial area. For best results, apply once per evening, followed by the A&M Facial Recovery Therapy, and/or the Vitamin A Facial Cream + III.

Ingredients Highlights: Palmitoyl Pentapeptide-4 (Matrixyl): Stimulates the skins fibroblasts to rebuild the extra-cellular matrix, including the synthesis of Collagen I and Collagen IV, fibronectin and of Glycosaminoglycans. It also stimulates the production of dermal matrix (Collagen I & III) resulting in a significant reduction of wrinkles and fine lines of the skin. Acetyl Hexapeptide-8 (Argireline): Reduces facial wrinkle depth and the signs of skin aging resulting from facial movements and facial muscle contraction by halting the release of neurotransmitters from SNARE and catecholamine complexes, (which can also induce formation of wrinkles and fine lines to the skin). Dipeptide-2 & Palmitoyl Tetrapeptide-7 (Eyeliss): Combats the effect of tiredness and hypertension, as well as the natural effects of aging, which contribute to the formation of bags under the eyes, Eyeliss is an outstanding anti-aging ingredient. Soy Peptides & Hydrolyzed Rice Bran Extract (Regu-Age): A highly active complex of specially purified soy and rice peptides and biotechnologically derived yeast protein, Regu-Age effectively addresses dark circles and puffiness around the eyes.

Other Ingredients: Water, Sodium Hyaluronate, Centella Asiatica Extract & Echinacea Purpurea Extract, Xanthan Gum-Chondrus Crispus & Glucose, Lecithin & Dipalmitoyl Hydroxyproline, Imperata Cylindrica Extract, PEG-8 Dimethicone, Cyclomethicone

[ pH: 6.25 ]

An advanced age management treatment that blends the most tried and true peptides and delivery systems, Argireline & Matrixyl, helping to prevent skin aging induced by repeated facial movement caused by excessive catecholamine release. Stimulating the deeper layers of the skin, the A&M Facial Recovery Therapy provides diminished wrinkle depth, as well as an increase in the elasticity and firmness of the skin. Recommend for mature skin types.

Directions: Using fingertips apply to facial areas and massage into skin once per evening, allowing it to absorb into the skin. Apply directly after the A&M Eye Recovery Therapy.

Ingredients Highlights: Palmitoyl Pentapeptide-4: Stimulates the skins fibroblasts to rebuild the extra-cellular matrix, including the synthesis of Collagen I and Collagen IV, fibronectin and of Glycosaminoglycans. It also stimulates the production of dermal matrix (Collagen I & III) resulting in a significant reduction of wrinkles and fine lines of the skin. Acetyl Hexapeptide-8: Reduces facial wrinkle depth and the signs of skin aging resulting from facial movements and facial muscle contraction by halting the release of neurotransmitters from SNARE and catecholamine complexes, (which can also induce formation of wrinkles and fine lines to the skin).

Other Ingredients: Deionized Water, Sodium Hyaluronate, Lecithin & Dipalmitoyl Hydroxyproline, Hydrocotyl & Coneflower Extracts, Glycosaminoglycans, Glucosamine HCI & Alagae Extract & Yeast Extract & Urea, Magnesium Ascorbyl Phosphate, Glycine HCL, Retinyl Palmitate

[ pH: 6.25 ]

Addressing the multiple problems of sun and age damaged skin, the Intensive Clarifying Facial Cream + III is a glycolic acid based moisturizer featuring three potent skin lighteners; Kojic Acid, Licorice, and Hydro- quinone (2%), which quickly & effectively treat hyperpigmentation & discolorations.

Vitamin C Ester (Tetrahexyldecyl Ascorbate) is a stable, oil-soluble form of Vitamin C, providing high level skin lightening, enhanced collagen synthesis, and increased DNA & UV protection with higher absorption capabilities and less irritating than Ascorbic Acid.

Because of how well it protects the skins collagen fibers, ascorbic acid based Vitamin C is widely considered one of the most effective antioxidants for skin rejuvenation & revitalization. The 20% Vitamin C Lightening drops combine a potent concentration of ascorbic acid with aloe, green tea leaf extract, and mushroom extract. *Also available is our original Vitamin C Serum, containing a milder blend of ascorbic acid (14%).

The Anti-Wrinkle Eye Cream contains a high potency blend of peptides, including EyelissTM & Regu-age (in addition to Argireline & Matrixyl) which work synergistically to improve firmness, elasticity, and reduce puffiness & dark circles around the eye area.

Addressing the multiple problems of sun and age damaged skin, the Intensive Clarifying Facial Cream + III moisturizer combines three powerful lightening. Agents: Hydroquinone, Kojic Acid, & Licorice, with Alpha Lipoic Acid, Vitamin C, & Co-enzyme Q10, minimizing fine lines, evening skin tone, and naturally exfoliating the outer layer of the skin while providing a 15 sun protection factor (SPF).

Directions: Smooth a pearl sized drop onto the face once or twice daily. Avoid eye area. If used during the day, apply additional sun protection if skin is in contact with the sun for an extended period (twenty minutes or more).

Active Ingredients: Octyl Methoxycinnamate - 7.5% Octyl Salcylate - 5% Glycolic Acid - 4% Benzophenone - 3% Hydroquinone - 2%

Inactive Ingredients: Deionized Water, Glyceryl Stearate & PEG-100 Stearate, Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C), Alpha Lipoic Acid, Co-enzyme Q 10, Kojic Acid, Cetyl Alcohol, Licorice, Palmitic Acid, Octyl Salcylate, Phenoxyethanol, Tocopheryl Acetate, Essential Oil of Rosewood, Disodium tEDTA

[ pH: 4.5 ]

Vitamin C Ester is a stable, oil-soluble form of Vitamin C, providing high level Skin Lightening, enhanced Collagen Synthesis, and increased DNA & UV protection with higher absorption capabilities than Ascorbic Acid.

Directions: On clean, dry skin, apply four to five drops directly onto the face once a day, avoiding the eye area.

Ingredients: Cyclomethicone, Tetrahexyldecyl Ascorbate (Vitamin C Ester 10%), PPG-12/SMDI Copolymer, Santalum Album Extract, Phellodendrone Amurense Bark Extract, Barley Extract, Jojoba Seed Oil/Buxus Chinensis, Tocopheryl Acetate, Phenoxyethanol, Tricholoma Matsutake Singer (Mushroom Extract), Ascorbyl Palmitate, Bisabolol

[ pH: 7.0 ]

Ascorbic acid based Vitamin C is widely considered one of the most effective antioxidants for rejuvenating mature skin due to its ability to protect the skins collagen fibers, and for its ability to help inhibit melanin production, creating a lightening effect to the skin. The 20% Vitamin C Lightening Drops combine a potent concentration of ascorbic acid with aloe, green tea extract, and an exotic mushroom extract (Tricholoma Matsutake Singer) for additional lightening.

Directions: On clean, dry skin apply four to five drops directly onto the face once daily. Avoid the eye area. Thoroughly wash hands after use. Though a light tingling sensation is normal, if irritation (redness) results after application, discontinue or reduce the frequency of use of the product.

Ingredients: Water (Aqua), Ascorbic Acid -20%, Ethoxydiglycol, Hydroxyethylcellulose, Phenoxyethanol, Polysorbate 20, Camellia Sinensis Leaf Extract, Aloe Barbadensis Leaf Extract, Mushroom Extract (Tricholoma Matsutake Singer)-Enzymes- Alcohol, Sodium Sulfite, Disodium EDTA

[ pH: 3.00 ]

The Anti-Wrinkle Eye Cream is formulated to reduce puffiness, enhances firmness, strengthens connective tissues, and to help diminish dark circles around the eye area. In contrast to the A&M Eye Recovery Therapy, the Anti-Wrinkle Eye Cream concentrates on the upper layers of the skin, making it a great day moisturizer for the eyes.

Directions: Apply around the eye area with the ring finger once daily. For best results, follow with a moisturizer and solar protection.

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anti-aging stem cells - Lucrece

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Biotechnology | Home

August 4th, 2016 9:35 am

ARE YOU READY FOR A JOB IN BIOTECHNOLOGY? Associate in Applied Science (AAS) Certificate of Specialization (CS)

Hands-on lab experience: Earn a new degree, enhance your current degree, or upgrade your professional skills.

Internship opportunities: Working for cutting-edge biotechnology companies.

A working professional? The entire program is available in evening classes over the course of two years.

State-of-the-art facilities that surpass most four-year universities:

Two degree options to choose from: Associate in Applied Science:

Certificate of Specialization:

Hands-on: Students practice lab techniques on millions of dollars worth of equipment covering a variety of bioscience niches the same equipment used by researchers at BRDG Park.

Workplace learning: Students benefit from the opportunity to gain real-world experience, and often want to extend beyond the 150-hour minimum per semester. Workplace learning is a requirement in the AAS program, but is also available to students pursuing a certificate. Youll be placed with a company based upon your research interests and current industry needs. On many occasions the companies requesting interns are interested in finding permanent employees, and internships often lead to full-time jobs.

Biotechnologists utilize cellular and molecular processes to develop technologies and products that help improve our lives and the health of our planet. If you enjoy biology, this program adds a technological aspect to your studies, preparing you for a job that will heal, fuel or feed the world:

Youll learn how to:

Faculty: Our instructors worked for industry giants like Monsanto and Sigma-Aldrich, and bring that experience to the classroom. Youll learn from seasoned professionals who offer one-on-one coaching, extended office hours, and opportunities for extra lab practice.

Stackable: If youve earned your LSLA certificate of specialization youve also earned six credit hours that will apply towards your AAS degree in Biotechnology.

Professional Networking: The BRDG Park bio-research incubator houses more than a dozen exciting start-up companies top innovators in the field and students regularly interact with industry leaders. In addition, as part of the technical skills assessment, students showcase their ability by presenting the findings of a laboratory experiment they performed in one of their courses and defending their skills to a panel of industry professionals.

More than one million students have attended STLCC. Its the largest institute of higher education in the region, and the second largest in Missouri.

To find out if STLCC is right for you, we invite you to visit. You can meet with one of our faculty members, tour the campus, and get answers to any questions you might have.CLICK HERE

Companies that have hired STLCC grads:

Monsanto Covidien Sigma-Aldrich

MOgene LC Benson Hill Biosystems Arvegenix

NewLeaf Symbiotics Gallus BioPharmaceuticals

STLCC Career and Employment Services (CES):On each campus CES offices provide services and resources to assist students and alumni in finding full-time or part-time, on-campus or off-campus, internship or co-op, permanent, seasonal or temporary employment. CES also assists employers who are looking for qualified applicants.Click Here

Job Resources

STLCC provides a top quality education at a much more affordable cost than other institutions.

Jennifer Hill, M.S. Program Coordinator Phone: 314-513-4953 Email:jhill330@stlcc.edu

Please note: Fundamentals of Chemistry I or high school chemistry with a grade of A or B within the past three years is required for entry into this program.

Credits transfer: Students who have completed the AAS also qualify for transfer to the following programs:

We invite you to meet with an STLCC advisor for one-on-one help in planning your career pathway in this growing industry. CLICK HERE

Related Programs Life Science Laboratory Assistant

STLCCs Biotechnology Advisory Committeebrings together top industry professionals. Members serve for two-year renewable terms, and STLCCS faculty works hand-in-hand with this elite group to evaluate and update our curriculum, stay up-to-date on the latest innovations, and promote networking.

Resources STEM Scholarship The St. Louis STEM Scholars (S3) Academy of St. Louis Community College-Florissant Valley (STLCC-FV) provides financial and academic support for students in challenging STEM disciplines. The purpose is to increase the number of students completing associate degrees, matriculating to four-year universities, and entering the STEM workforce.

The STLCC-FV Biology and Biotechnology Users Site Provides description of equipment, standard operating procedures, and protocols for a variety of instrumentation used in the courses at FV. Additional training and educational aids are provided for interfaces to other key applications.

Bio-linkwas created to improve and expand educational programs that prepare skilled technicians to work in high-tech fields.

TheMissouri Biotechnology Associationis an organization composed of individuals from industry, education and the private sector who are interested in the growing field of life sciences and are committed to helping educate the general public as to the importance of the scientific discoveries being made.

Location

Biotechnology classes are offered at our BRDG Park site. Students may take general education classes toward this degree at any of our four campuses, our five education centers, and online.

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Biotechnology | Programs & Degrees | Mesa Community College

August 4th, 2016 9:35 am

The ancient Egyptians used biotechnology to develop beer. Others used it to breed basset hounds, Boston terriers, and bull dogs. More recently, biotechnology has been used to design bleaches that battle the bacteria of major diseases.

Biotechnology is the manipulation of biology for some human end. Its the use of microorganisms or biological substances, such as enzymes, to solve problems, make useful products, and perform specific industrial or manufacturing processes. Biotechnology merges biological information with computer technology to advance research in nanotechnology, regenerative medicine, agriculture, and ecology. Applications of biotechnology include the production of pharmaceuticals, synthetic hormones, and bulk foodstuffs, as well as the bioconversion of organic waste and the use of genetically altered bacteria in the cleanup of oil spills.

The Biotechnology program at MCC provides you with a working knowledge of biotechnology by focusing on competency and technical expertise with state-of-the-art laboratory protocol and with critical consideration of current topics in biotechnology. Our courses prepare you for a career as a technical assistant in laboratories. The program includes practical experience through an internship.

The relatively new biotechnology field is booming. Because of this growth, graduates with the necessary biology and chemistry skills and practical hands-on training will be in demand for careers as technical assistants in places such as governmental laboratories, pharmaceutical firms, and bioengineering laboratories. Graduates qualify for these positions with their working knowledge of laboratory protocols, core competencies, and technical expertise.

Medical and Clinical Laboratory Technicians can become technologists if they get additional training and experience. They can also become sales representatives or product testers for lab equipment manufacturers.

Laboratory Technicians:

Before signing up for classes, youll want to meet with an academic advisor. Together, youll lay out an academic plan that suits you best. This step is essential to your academic success.

Advising for the Biotechnology program is available through the Life Science department. They will help you determine the exact courses you need to get the education youre looking for.

For more information about our graduation rates, the median debt of students who completed the program, and other important information, please review the links below:

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Biotechnology | Programs & Degrees | Mesa Community College

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Biology: MS in Biotechnology – California State University …

August 4th, 2016 9:35 am

The Master's in Biotechnology Program is a Professional Science Master's Program, approved by the Council of Graduate Schools. This application focused graduate program is designed to train students in biotechnology. We are preparing the next generation of leaders in biotechnology.

This Section Contains

Our graduates are:

TOP

Biotechnology is a multidisciplinary endeavor that increasingly requires employees fluent in both science and business to enable the development of new technologies and products based on the unique applications of the cellular and molecular life sciences. The Master's Degree in Biotechnology at the California State University, Fresno offers students, who are fundamentally educated in various scientific disciplines, the opportunities to acquire the knowledge and skills required to comprehend and commercialize these emerging technologies and/or their products.

TOP

TOP

As a leading university in the Central Valley, California State University, Fresno will lead the way for new and innovative applications of biotechnology both in the state and throughout the nation.

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Biotechnology | Wolf Greenfield

August 4th, 2016 9:35 am

G R O U P S T A T S

When it comes to advanced scientific degrees, we field the largest biotechnology group in New England 36 members, over 80% of whom have PhDs or MDs. We aggressively recruit people who develop advanced technology, and who speak the language of inventors and scientists, quickly grasping complex biotechnology matters.

Our clients include both large and emerging biotech companies such as Biogen, Dyax Corporation, and Lantheus Medical Imaging, privately financed startup companies,and prestigious academic and research institutions, including MIT, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, and Harvard Medical School. We understand the different needs of each client and bring practical solutions to the table.

Our expertise is broadand deep, covering areas from antibodies to transgenic technologiesand everything inbetween. We also call on members of our other practice groups includingChemical & Materials Technologies and Pharmaceuticalwhen their specialized expertise will benefit a clients project. In addition, our teams routinely include support from our paralegal group and our International Filing Department to contain costs and deliver value.

Our group's services include: IP strategic planning; patent portfolio development, acquisition, and enforcement; studies on patentability, infringement, and validity; IP audits and due diligence; licensing and technology transfer; defending and challenging patent validity, including post-grant proceedings; and freedom to operate and competitor analyses.

Representative clients:

For older news items, please go to News & Events.

Laura Vogel presents at ACI Conference

Wolf Greenfield and Client Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Prevail in 4 IPRs

A.J. Tibbetts and Ed Walsh Present at BBA's 16th Annual Intellectual Property Year in Review

Wolf Greenfield Welcomes Counsel Laura Vogel

Wolf Greenfield and Client BTG Reach Favorable Outcome in IPR for CroFab Rattlesnake Antivenom Patent

LMG Life Sciences Recognizes Wolf Greenfield

Wolf Greenfield Welcomes Shareholder Jeffrey Hsi, Expert in Technology Commercialization

Wolf Greenfield Recognized in 2016 "Best Law Firms" Rankings

23 Wolf Greenfield Attorneys Named to 2015 Massachusetts Super Lawyers List

24 Wolf Greenfield Lawyers Named to 2015 Massachusetts Rising Stars List

Oona Johnstone interviewed by ASHG for Featured Chat Fridays

Managing IP Magazine Recognizes Wolf Greenfield

Favorable Outcome for BTG in Snake Antivenom ITC Investigation

Chelsea Loughran talks about CRISPR in Xconomy

20 Wolf Greenfield Lawyers Named to 2014 Massachusetts Rising Stars List

22 Wolf Greenfield Attorneys Named to 2014 Massachusetts Super Lawyers List

Pat Granahan comments on the battle to own CRISPR

Pat Granahan and Chelsea Loughran quoted on CRISPR-Cas in Nature Biotechnology

Patrick Waller interviewed by Radio Entrepreneurs

GenomeWeb quotes Chelsea Loughran on IP landscape surrounding CRISPR-Cas9

Wolf Greenfield Recognized by Managing IP Magazine

Chelsea Loughran quoted in The Scientist on first awarded CRISPR-Cas9 patent

Chelsea Loughran quoted in MIT Tech Review on first awarded patent for engineered CRISPR-Cas9 system

Doug Wolf featured as the Entrepreneur.com expert for the month of March

G R O U P S T A T S

When it comes to advanced scientific degrees, we field the largest biotechnology group in New England 36 members, over 80% of whom have PhDs or MDs. We aggressively recruit people who develop advanced technology, and who speak the language of inventors and scientists, quickly grasping complex biotechnology matters.

Our clients include both large and emerging biotech companies such as Biogen, Dyax Corporation, and Lantheus Medical Imaging, privately financed startup companies,and prestigious academic and research institutions, including MIT, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, and Harvard Medical School. We understand the different needs of each client and bring practical solutions to the table.

Our expertise is broadand deep, covering areas from antibodies to transgenic technologiesand everything inbetween. We also call on members of our other practice groups includingChemical & Materials Technologies and Pharmaceuticalwhen their specialized expertise will benefit a clients project. In addition, our teams routinely include support from our paralegal group and our International Filing Department to contain costs and deliver value.

Our group's services include: IP strategic planning; patent portfolio development, acquisition, and enforcement; studies on patentability, infringement, and validity; IP audits and due diligence; licensing and technology transfer; defending and challenging patent validity, including post-grant proceedings; and freedom to operate and competitor analyses.

Representative clients:

For older news items, please go to News & Events.

Laura Vogel presents at ACI Conference

Wolf Greenfield and Client Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Prevail in 4 IPRs

A.J. Tibbetts and Ed Walsh Present at BBA's 16th Annual Intellectual Property Year in Review

Wolf Greenfield Welcomes Counsel Laura Vogel

Wolf Greenfield and Client BTG Reach Favorable Outcome in IPR for CroFab Rattlesnake Antivenom Patent

LMG Life Sciences Recognizes Wolf Greenfield

Wolf Greenfield Welcomes Shareholder Jeffrey Hsi, Expert in Technology Commercialization

Wolf Greenfield Recognized in 2016 "Best Law Firms" Rankings

23 Wolf Greenfield Attorneys Named to 2015 Massachusetts Super Lawyers List

24 Wolf Greenfield Lawyers Named to 2015 Massachusetts Rising Stars List

Oona Johnstone interviewed by ASHG for Featured Chat Fridays

Managing IP Magazine Recognizes Wolf Greenfield

Favorable Outcome for BTG in Snake Antivenom ITC Investigation

Chelsea Loughran talks about CRISPR in Xconomy

20 Wolf Greenfield Lawyers Named to 2014 Massachusetts Rising Stars List

22 Wolf Greenfield Attorneys Named to 2014 Massachusetts Super Lawyers List

Pat Granahan comments on the battle to own CRISPR

Pat Granahan and Chelsea Loughran quoted on CRISPR-Cas in Nature Biotechnology

Patrick Waller interviewed by Radio Entrepreneurs

GenomeWeb quotes Chelsea Loughran on IP landscape surrounding CRISPR-Cas9

Wolf Greenfield Recognized by Managing IP Magazine

Chelsea Loughran quoted in The Scientist on first awarded CRISPR-Cas9 patent

Chelsea Loughran quoted in MIT Tech Review on first awarded patent for engineered CRISPR-Cas9 system

Doug Wolf featured as the Entrepreneur.com expert for the month of March

Some areas of expertise

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Biotechnology | Wolf Greenfield

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Stem Cell Worx News

August 4th, 2016 9:35 am

Source: http://www.abc57.com By: Vahid Sadrzadeh

Video Link Here: ABC57 News See the Difference Michiana

An unprecedented stem cell procedure was performed today at a veterinary clinic in Michiana. [Click link above to watch video].

The surgery was for5-year-old German Shepherd, Nike, and set anexample of how stem cell therapy is changing modern medicine.

Although it took merely 30 minutes, it was toughfor Jayne Stommel to watch,Nikes owner and trainer.

Stommel traveled from Indianapolis to South Bend hoping the operation would relieve her 5-year-old super dog of arthritic pain and ensure Nike could continue working for many more years.

Stommelslove for training rescue dogs began long before Guinness and Nike came along.

After seeing the devastation of 9/11 firsthand, Stommel says shediscovered her calling.

With a little bit of research and the right dog,that dream became a reality.

Nike, is one of only 150 certified FEMA trained rescue dogs in the nation that actively works to find survivors of fires, building collapses and natural disasters.

While training at only a year old, Nike was in an accident which ultimately led to arthritis in her hips.

Nike is mid-career, she just turned five. If she doesnt have to stop because the pain in her hips, she should be able to go another four or five years, saidStommel.

Stommel knew in order to prolong Nikes career as long as possible, the stem cell procedure, which was affordable and minimally invasive, was necessary.

It takes a lot of work and training and thats after you find the right dog. They are very unique dogs. Being able to keep her working longer, is very important, saidStommel.

Noticing that Nike was favoring her hip during recent training, Stommelwas recommended to and then sought the help of Dr. Chris Persing and the team at Western Veterinary Clinic on the edge of South Bend.

The treatment was divided into two operations, the first was this morning.

We opened up her abdomen; we found a good healthy layer of fat that we pulled out. I handed that over to a staff so that she could prepare that tissue. To extrude the stem cells, to incubate them, to excite them, to get them ready for a job to do. Later on in the day, we went ahead and used those stem cells to inject in to Nikes hips, says Persing, Associate Veterinarian.

The injection went well and hopes are high for a full recovery.

After a two or three week period, she should be pretty much back to her normal activity and doing the things that she needs to for training again, saidPersing.

And in just two monthsStommels other German Shepherd, Guinness, will be joining that exclusive list of certified FEMA trained rescue K9s.

Until then the two train together, waiting for Nike to join the pack again.

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Stem Cell Worx News

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Contact us | Stem Cell Of America

August 4th, 2016 9:35 am

Address:

Please provide only the State / Province / Region and Country

Street AddressAddress Line 2CityState / Province / RegionZip / Postal Code Afghanistan Albania Algeria American Samoa Andorra Angola Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bermuda Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil Brunei Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Chile China Colombia Comoros Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Costa Rica Cte d'Ivoire Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic East Timor Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Fiji Finland France Gabon Gambia Georgia Germany Ghana Greece Greenland Grenada Guam Guatemala Guinea Guinea-Bissau Guyana Haiti Honduras Hong Kong Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Kiribati North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Latvia Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Libya Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Malta Marshall Islands Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Micronesia Moldova Monaco Mongolia Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Myanmar Namibia Nauru Nepal Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Norway Northern Mariana Islands Oman Pakistan Palau Palestine Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Puerto Rico Qatar Romania Russia Rwanda Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa San Marino Sao Tome and Principe Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia and Montenegro Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Slovakia Slovenia Solomon Islands Somalia South Africa Spain Sri Lanka Sudan Sudan, South Suriname Swaziland Sweden Switzerland Syria Taiwan Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand Togo Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Tuvalu Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Uruguay Uzbekistan Vanuatu Vatican City Venezuela Vietnam Virgin Islands, British Virgin Islands, U.S. Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe Country

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Contact us | Stem Cell Of America

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Stem cells from cattle, placentas, and fat are used in …

August 4th, 2016 9:35 am

Topping the list of predatory business schemes, direct-to-consumer clinics peddling unproven stem cell therapies may be right up there with payday loans and Shkreli-esque drug pricing. Such clinics can tout dangerous, often exorbitantly priced treatments. They frequently target the vulnerable and desperate, including terminal cancer patients, parents of autistic children, and grown children of parents with Alzheimers or Parkinsons disease. And the results can range from placebos to bones in eyelids and scary growths on spinal cords.

We tend to think this kind of quackery only thrives in countries with lax regulations like China, India, or Mexico. The phrase stem cell tourism usually evokes a plane trip. But stem cell therapies are unexpectedly flourishing in the US and may only require a short car trip.

In an analysis published this week in Cell Stem Cell, researchers identified a startling 351 businesses, encompassing 570 clinics across the US, that offer stem cell therapies largely unproven and unapproved by the Food and Drug Administration. Without peer-reviewed evidence, these businesses and clinics claim their therapies can treat dozens of diseases, injuries, and cosmetic indications, including joint pain, autism, spinal cord injuries, muscular dystrophy, and breast augmentation. Costs can reach into tens if not hundreds of thousands of dollars for treatments.

Our analysis should serve as a valuable resource for contemporary debate concerning whether the US marketplace for stem cell interventions is adequately monitored and regulated by the FDA, the Federal Trade Commission, state medical boards, and other agencies tasked with promoting patient safety and accurate advertising, the authors conclude.

Stem cells, some of which can differentiate into nearly any type of cell in the body, do hold enormous promise for many types of treatments. But so far, the only type of stem cell treatment that has been scientifically verified and approved by the FDA involves stem cells from bone marrow or blood that are used in transplants to treat cancers or other disorders that affect the immune system and blood. Clinics using these approved treatments may be safe and fall in line with FDA rules.

However, many clinics are likely not in that category. Seizing the scientific excitement, these clinics have made overblown or bogus claims that stem cells can treat or cure a wide variety of other ailments. And they have strayed into using several cell types. In their analysis, Leigh Turner, a bioethicist at the University of Minnesota, and Paul Knoepfler, a stem cell researcher at University of California, Davis, found clinics advertising stem cells made from patients fat, placental stem cells (of origins unknown), and cells that are likely not stem cells of any kind, as well as bovine amniotic cells.

So far, many of these clinics have largely escaped regulatory wrath, perhaps because in the past they mostly extracted patient cells, did some insignificant manipulation to them, and then returned them to the same patient. Procedures like these may have relatively few hazards. However, with the apparent boom of the stem cell industry, the FDA is now moving forward with a draft guidance that would classify most stem cells used in clinics as drugs, which require a tough approval process.

By spotlighting the breadth of the stem cell industry currently in the US, Turner and Knoepfler hope to help the FDA and other regulatory agencies curb the dangerous effects of unproven treatments. For instance, just last week The New York Times wrote about the case of Jim Gass, who spent hundreds of thousands of dollars to get stem cell treatments from Mexico, China, and Argentina that were said to help him recover from a stroke. When he returned to the US, surgeons found a large bloody mass of primitive cells aggressively taking over his lower spinal column. The cells did not belong to Gass. And in another case several years ago, a woman who received a stem cell-based facelift treatment from a clinic in California had to have bone fragments surgically removed from her eyelid months later.

Editor's Note: This story has been updated to clarify that not all stem cells can differentiate into nearly every type of cell in the body.

Cell Stem Cell, 2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2016.06.007

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Stem cells from cattle, placentas, and fat are used in ...

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Unapproved stem cell companies thriving in America – cnn.com

August 4th, 2016 9:35 am

Marketing directly to consumers -- in some cases desperate patients in failing health -- most advertised types of stem cell treatments do not fit within the Food and Drug Administration's regulations.

"When you go on the Internet, what comes up, the first thing you see are these businesses," said Leigh Turner, co-author of the study. He added that many sites appear to intentionally blur the distinctions between approved, evidence-based scientific practices and quack procedures. "The websites are well-done, with links to scientific studies and patient testimonials."

However, the only stem cell treatments explicitly approved for use in the United States are versions of bone marrow transplants or hematopoietic stem cell (isolated from blood or bone marrow) transplants. According to Knoepfler, the FDA considers stem cells "drugs" in most cases. However, unlike other drugs, stem cells consist of living cells that often behave in unpredictable ways that may not be controlled or reversible. They can grow inside your body, move around and change.

To address what they called an urgent need for information about stem cell research in the United States, Turner and Knoepfler performed keyword searches, text mining and content analysis of the websites they discovered.

They found 570 stem cell clinics distributed across the country, though with some clustering. "Hot spot" cities included Beverly Hills, California (18); New York (14); San Antonio (13); Los Angeles (12); Austin, Texas (11); Scottsdale, Arizona (11); and Phoenix (10).

Most of the businesses marketed autologous stem cell-based interventions, using cells derived from the patient's own body. About one in five advertised allogeneic stem cell interventions, using cells derived from someone else. Some clinics marketed both.

The clinics marketing allogenic treatments sourced their cells from amniotic material (17%), placental tissue (3.4%) and umbilical cords (0.6%).

Most of the autologous treatments use fat adipose-derived stem cells. "The fat cell stem cell area is really complicated," said Knoepfler, a professor at the UC Davis School of Medicine, explaining that the clinics tend to use these cells for conditions that have nothing to do with fat -- such as neurological conditions -- and so these interventions are higher-risk.

Some clinics advertise treatments for cosmetic applications, including "stem cell facelifts," "stem cell breast augmentation" and sexual enhancement procedures. Other centers offer interventions for 30 or more diseases and injuries, including popular orthopedic conditions, neurological disorders, degenerative conditions, spinal cord injuries and cardiac diseases. Sometimes, the doctors involved are working in an unfamiliar field; a dermatologist, say, presenting a stem cell therapy for a neurological condition.

"What a lot of us are wondering is: What's going on with the FDA?" Knoepfler said, explaining how he and Turner have emailed and talked with people at some of the clinics. A common reply was, "You can say we are not compliant, but the FDA hasn't contacted us or done anything in that area ... and absent of warning letters from the FDA, we think we're fine."

According to Turner, an associate professor in the Center for Bioethics at the University of Minnesota, the harm is that often people are not making a choice to participate in research; they don't even know that what they'll be receiving is something that should be deemed experimental. It's easy to imagine people with a mixture of desperation, hope and willingness to try anything to save their lives.

"The people we're talking about are just like us. They're us; we're them," Turner said. "How loose and immoral a marketplace are we willing to allow?"

CNN contacted the FDA to learn how many people have complained about adverse events or bad outcomes following a stem cell procedure. However, a Freedom of Information Act application is required to learn the number of medical complications reported to the agency.

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Unapproved stem cell companies thriving in America - cnn.com

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Immortality – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

August 4th, 2016 9:35 am

Immortality is the ability to live forever or eternal life.[2]Natural selection has developed potential biological immortality in at least one species, Turritopsis dohrnii.[3]

Certain scientists, futurists, and philosophers have theorized about the immortality of the human body (either through an immortal cell line researched or else deeper contextual understanding in advanced fields that have certain scope in the proposed long term reality that can be attained such as per mentioned in the reading of an article or scientific documentation of such a proposed idea would lead to), and advocate that human immortality is achievable in the first few decades of the 21st century, whereas other advocates believe that life extension is a more achievable goal in the short term, with immortality awaiting further research breakthroughs into an indefinite future. The absence of aging would provide humans with biological immortality, but not invulnerability to death by physical trauma; although mind uploading could solve that issue. Whether the process of internal endoimmortality would be delivered within the upcoming years depends chiefly on research (and in neuron research in the case of endoimmortality through an immortalized cell line) in the former view and perhaps is an awaited goal in the latter case.[4]

In religious contexts, immortality is often stated to be one of the promises of God (or other deities) to human beings who show goodness or else follow divine law. What form an unending human life would take, or whether an immaterial soul exists and possesses immortality, has been a major point of focus of religion, as well as the subject of speculation, fantasy, and debate.

Life extension technologies promise a path to complete rejuvenation. Cryonics holds out the hope that the dead can be revived in the future, following sufficient medical advancements. While, as shown with creatures such as hydra and planarian worms, it is indeed possible for a creature to be biologically immortal, it is not known if it is possible for humans.

Mind uploading is the transference of brain states from a human brain to an alternative medium providing similar functionality. Assuming the process to be possible and repeatable, this would provide immortality to the computation of the original brain, as predicted by futurists such as Ray Kurzweil.[5]

The belief in an afterlife is a fundamental tenet of most religions, including Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism, Christianity, Zoroastrianism, Islam, Judaism, and the Bah' Faith; however, the concept of an immortal soul is not. The "soul" itself has different meanings and is not used in the same way in different religions and different denominations of a religion. For example, various branches of Christianity have disagreeing views on the soul's immortality and its relation to the body.

Physical immortality is a state of life that allows a person to avoid death and maintain conscious thought. It can mean the unending existence of a person from a physical source other than organic life, such as a computer. Active pursuit of physical immortality can either be based on scientific trends, such as cryonics, digital immortality, breakthroughs in rejuvenation or predictions of an impending technological singularity, or because of a spiritual belief, such as those held by Rastafarians or Rebirthers.

There are three main causes of death: aging, disease and physical trauma.[6] Such issues can be resolved with the solutions provided in research to any end providing such alternate theories at present that require unification.

Aubrey de Grey, a leading researcher in the field,[7] defines aging as "a collection of cumulative changes to the molecular and cellular structure of an adult organism, which result in essential metabolic processes, but which also, once they progress far enough, increasingly disrupt metabolism, resulting in pathology and death." The current causes of aging in humans are cell loss (without replacement), DNA damage, oncogenic nuclear mutations and epimutations, cell senescence, mitochondrial mutations, lysosomal aggregates, extracellular aggregates, random extracellular cross-linking, immune system decline, and endocrine changes. Eliminating aging would require finding a solution to each of these causes, a program de Grey calls engineered negligible senescence. There is also a huge body of knowledge indicating that change is characterized by the loss of molecular fidelity.[8]

Disease is theoretically surmountable via technology. In short, it is an abnormal condition affecting the body of an organism, something the body shouldn't typically have to deal with its natural make up.[9] Human understanding of genetics is leading to cures and treatments for myriad previously incurable diseases. The mechanisms by which other diseases do their damage are becoming better understood. Sophisticated methods of detecting diseases early are being developed. Preventative medicine is becoming better understood. Neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson's and Alzheimer's may soon be curable with the use of stem cells. Breakthroughs in cell biology and telomere research are leading to treatments for cancer. Vaccines are being researched for AIDS and tuberculosis. Genes associated with type 1 diabetes and certain types of cancer have been discovered, allowing for new therapies to be developed. Artificial devices attached directly to the nervous system may restore sight to the blind. Drugs are being developed to treat a myriad of other diseases and ailments.

Physical trauma would remain as a threat to perpetual physical life, as an otherwise immortal person would still be subject to unforeseen accidents or catastrophes. The speed and quality of paramedic response remains a determining factor in surviving severe trauma.[10] A body that could automatically repair itself from severe trauma, such as speculated uses for nanotechnology, would mitigate this factor. Being the seat of consciousness, the brain cannot be risked to trauma if a continuous physical life is to be maintained. This aversion to trauma risk to the brain would naturally result in significant behavioral changes that would render physical immortality undesirable.

Organisms otherwise unaffected by these causes of death would still face the problem of obtaining sustenance (whether from currently available agricultural processes or from hypothetical future technological processes) in the face of changing availability of suitable resources as environmental conditions change. After avoiding aging, disease, and trauma, you could still starve to death.

If there is no limitation on the degree of gradual mitigation of risk then it is possible that the cumulative probability of death over an infinite horizon is less than certainty, even when the risk of fatal trauma in any finite period is greater than zero. Mathematically, this is an aspect of achieving "actuarial escape velocity"

Biological immortality is an absence of aging, specifically the absence of a sustained increase in rate of mortality as a function of chronological age. A cell or organism that does not experience aging, or ceases to age at some point, is biologically immortal.

Biologists have chosen the word immortal to designate cells that are not limited by the Hayflick limit, where cells no longer divide because of DNA damage or shortened telomeres. The first and still most widely used immortal cell line is HeLa, developed from cells taken from the malignant cervical tumor of Henrietta Lacks without her consent in 1951. Prior to the 1961 work of Leonard Hayflick and Paul Moorhead, there was the erroneous belief fostered by Alexis Carrel that all normal somatic cells are immortal. By preventing cells from reaching senescence one can achieve biological immortality; telomeres, a "cap" at the end of DNA, are thought to be the cause of cell aging. Every time a cell divides the telomere becomes a bit shorter; when it is finally worn down, the cell is unable to split and dies. Telomerase is an enzyme which rebuilds the telomeres in stem cells and cancer cells, allowing them to replicate an infinite number of times.[11] No definitive work has yet demonstrated that telomerase can be used in human somatic cells to prevent healthy tissues from aging. On the other hand, scientists hope to be able to grow organs with the help of stem cells, allowing organ transplants without the risk of rejection, another step in extending human life expectancy. These technologies are the subject of ongoing research, and are not yet realized.[citation needed]

Life defined as biologically immortal is still susceptible to causes of death besides aging, including disease and trauma, as defined above. Notable immortal species include:

As the existence of biologically immortal species demonstrates, there is no thermodynamic necessity for senescence: a defining feature of life is that it takes in free energy from the environment and unloads its entropy as waste. Living systems can even build themselves up from seed, and routinely repair themselves. Aging is therefore presumed to be a byproduct of evolution, but why mortality should be selected for remains a subject of research and debate. Programmed cell death and the telomere "end replication problem" are found even in the earliest and simplest of organisms.[16] This may be a tradeoff between selecting for cancer and selecting for aging.[17]

Modern theories on the evolution of aging include the following:

There are some known naturally occurring and artificially produced chemicals that may increase the lifetime or life-expectancy of a person or organism, such as resveratrol.[20][21]

Some scientists believe that boosting the amount or proportion of telomerase in the body, a naturally forming enzyme that helps maintain the protective caps at the ends of chromosomes,[22] could prevent cells from dying and so may ultimately lead to extended, healthier lifespans. A team of researchers at the Spanish National Cancer Centre (Madrid) tested the hypothesis on mice. It was found that those mice which were genetically engineered to produce 10 times the normal levels of telomerase lived 50% longer than normal mice.[23]

In normal circumstances, without the presence of telomerase, if a cell divides repeatedly, at some point all the progeny will reach their Hayflick limit. With the presence of telomerase, each dividing cell can replace the lost bit of DNA, and any single cell can then divide unbounded. While this unbounded growth property has excited many researchers, caution is warranted in exploiting this property, as exactly this same unbounded growth is a crucial step in enabling cancerous growth. If an organism can replicate its body cells faster, then it would theoretically stop aging.

Embryonic stem cells express telomerase, which allows them to divide repeatedly and form the individual. In adults, telomerase is highly expressed in cells that need to divide regularly (e.g., in the immune system), whereas most somatic cells express it only at very low levels in a cell-cycle dependent manner.

Technological immortality is the prospect for much longer life spans made possible by scientific advances in a variety of fields: nanotechnology, emergency room procedures, genetics, biological engineering, regenerative medicine, microbiology, and others. Contemporary life spans in the advanced industrial societies are already markedly longer than those of the past because of better nutrition, availability of health care, standard of living and bio-medical scientific advances. Technological immortality predicts further progress for the same reasons over the near term. An important aspect of current scientific thinking about immortality is that some combination of human cloning, cryonics or nanotechnology will play an essential role in extreme life extension. Robert Freitas, a nanorobotics theorist, suggests tiny medical nanorobots could be created to go through human bloodstreams, find dangerous things like cancer cells and bacteria, and destroy them.[24] Freitas anticipates that gene-therapies and nanotechnology will eventually make the human body effectively self-sustainable and capable of living indefinitely in empty space, short of severe brain trauma. This supports the theory that we will be able to continually create biological or synthetic replacement parts to replace damaged or dying ones. Future advances in nanomedicine could give rise to life extension through the repair of many processes thought to be responsible for aging. K. Eric Drexler, one of the founders of nanotechnology, postulated cell repair devices, including ones operating within cells and utilizing as yet hypothetical biological machines, in his 1986 book Engines of Creation. Raymond Kurzweil, a futurist and transhumanist, stated in his book The Singularity Is Near that he believes that advanced medical nanorobotics could completely remedy the effects of aging by 2030.[25] According to Richard Feynman, it was his former graduate student and collaborator Albert Hibbs who originally suggested to him (circa 1959) the idea of a medical use for Feynman's theoretical micromachines (see nanobiotechnology). Hibbs suggested that certain repair machines might one day be reduced in size to the point that it would, in theory, be possible to (as Feynman put it) "swallow the doctor". The idea was incorporated into Feynman's 1959 essay There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom.[26]

Cryonics, the practice of preserving organisms (either intact specimens or only their brains) for possible future revival by storing them at cryogenic temperatures where metabolism and decay are almost completely stopped, can be used to 'pause' for those who believe that life extension technologies will not develop sufficiently within their lifetime. Ideally, cryonics would allow clinically dead people to be brought back in the future after cures to the patients' diseases have been discovered and aging is reversible. Modern cryonics procedures use a process called vitrification which creates a glass-like state rather than freezing as the body is brought to low temperatures. This process reduces the risk of ice crystals damaging the cell-structure, which would be especially detrimental to cell structures in the brain, as their minute adjustment evokes the individual's mind.

One idea that has been advanced involves uploading an individual's habits and memories via direct mind-computer interface. The individual's memory may be loaded to a computer or to a new organic body. Extropian futurists like Moravec and Kurzweil have proposed that, thanks to exponentially growing computing power, it will someday be possible to upload human consciousness onto a computer system, and exist indefinitely in a virtual environment. This could be accomplished via advanced cybernetics, where computer hardware would initially be installed in the brain to help sort memory or accelerate thought processes. Components would be added gradually until the person's entire brain functions were handled by artificial devices, avoiding sharp transitions that would lead to issues of identity, thus running the risk of the person to be declared dead and thus not be a legitimate owner of his or her property. After this point, the human body could be treated as an optional accessory and the program implementing the person could be transferred to any sufficiently powerful computer. Another possible mechanism for mind upload is to perform a detailed scan of an individual's original, organic brain and simulate the entire structure in a computer. What level of detail such scans and simulations would need to achieve to emulate awareness, and whether the scanning process would destroy the brain, is still to be determined.[27] Whatever the route to mind upload, persons in this state could then be considered essentially immortal, short of loss or traumatic destruction of the machines that maintained them.[clarification needed]

Transforming a human into a cyborg can include brain implants or extracting a human processing unit and placing it in a robotic life-support system. Even replacing biological organs with robotic ones could increase life span (i.e., pace makers) and depending on the definition, many technological upgrades to the body, like genetic modifications or the addition of nanobots would qualify an individual as a cyborg. Some people believe that such modifications would make one impervious to aging and disease and theoretically immortal unless killed or destroyed.

Another approach, developed by biogerontologist Marios Kyriazis, holds that human biological immortality is an inevitable consequence of evolution. As the natural tendency is to create progressively more complex structures,[28] there will be a time (Kyriazis claims this time is now[29]), when evolution of a more complex human brain will be faster via a process of developmental singularity[30] rather than through Darwinian evolution. In other words, the evolution of the human brain as we know it will cease and there will be no need for individuals to procreate and then die. Instead, a new type of development will take over, in the same individual who will have to live for many centuries in order for the development to take place. This intellectual development will be facilitated by technology such as synthetic biology, artificial intelligence and a technological singularity process.

As late as 1952, the editorial staff of the Syntopicon found in their compilation of the Great Books of the Western World, that "The philosophical issue concerning immortality cannot be separated from issues concerning the existence and nature of man's soul."[31] Thus, the vast majority of speculation regarding immortality before the 21st century was regarding the nature of the afterlife.

Immortality in ancient Greek religion originally always included an eternal union of body and soul as can be seen in Homer, Hesiod, and various other ancient texts. The soul was considered to have an eternal existence in Hades, but without the body the soul was considered dead. Although almost everybody had nothing to look forward to but an eternal existence as a disembodied dead soul, a number of men and women were considered to have gained physical immortality and been brought to live forever in either Elysium, the Islands of the Blessed, heaven, the ocean or literally right under the ground. Among these were Amphiaraus, Ganymede, Ino, Iphigenia, Menelaus, Peleus, and a great part of those who fought in the Trojan and Theban wars. Some were considered to have died and been resurrected before they achieved physical immortality. Asclepius was killed by Zeus only to be resurrected and transformed into a major deity. In some versions of the Trojan War myth, Achilles, after being killed, was snatched from his funeral pyre by his divine mother Thetis, resurrected, and brought to an immortal existence in either Leuce, the Elysian plains, or the Islands of the Blessed. Memnon, who was killed by Achilles, seems to have received a similar fate. Alcmene, Castor, Heracles, and Melicertes were also among the figures sometimes considered to have been resurrected to physical immortality. According to Herodotus' Histories, the 7th century BC sage Aristeas of Proconnesus was first found dead, after which his body disappeared from a locked room. Later he was found not only to have been resurrected but to have gained immortality.

The philosophical idea of an immortal soul was a belief first appearing with either Pherecydes or the Orphics, and most importantly advocated by Plato and his followers. This, however, never became the general norm in Hellenistic thought. As may be witnessed even into the Christian era, not least by the complaints of various philosophers over popular beliefs, many or perhaps most traditional Greeks maintained the conviction that certain individuals were resurrected from the dead and made physically immortal and that others could only look forward to an existence as disembodied and dead, though everlasting, souls. The parallel between these traditional beliefs and the later resurrection of Jesus was not lost on the early Christians, as Justin Martyr argued: "when we say... Jesus Christ, our teacher, was crucified and died, and rose again, and ascended into heaven, we propose nothing different from what you believe regarding those whom you consider sons of Zeus." (1 Apol. 21).

The goal of Hinayana is Arhatship and Nirvana. By contrast, the goal of Mahayana is Buddhahood.

According to one Tibetan Buddhist teaching, Dzogchen, individuals can transform the physical body into an immortal body of light called the rainbow body.

Christian theology holds that Adam and Eve lost physical immortality for themselves and all their descendants in the Fall of Man, although this initial "imperishability of the bodily frame of man" was "a preternatural condition".[32] Christians who profess the Nicene Creed believe that every dead person (whether they believed in Christ or not) will be resurrected from the dead at the Second Coming, and this belief is known as Universal resurrection.[citation needed]

N.T. Wright, a theologian and former Bishop of Durham, has said many people forget the physical aspect of what Jesus promised. He told Time: "Jesus' resurrection marks the beginning of a restoration that he will complete upon his return. Part of this will be the resurrection of all the dead, who will 'awake', be embodied and participate in the renewal. Wright says John Polkinghorne, a physicist and a priest, has put it this way: 'God will download our software onto his hardware until the time he gives us new hardware to run the software again for ourselves.' That gets to two things nicely: that the period after death (the Intermediate state) is a period when we are in God's presence but not active in our own bodies, and also that the more important transformation will be when we are again embodied and administering Christ's kingdom."[33] This kingdom will consist of Heaven and Earth "joined together in a new creation", he said.

Hindus believe in an immortal soul which is reincarnated after death. According to Hinduism, people repeat a process of life, death, and rebirth in a cycle called samsara. If they live their life well, their karma improves and their station in the next life will be higher, and conversely lower if they live their life poorly. After many life times of perfecting its karma, the soul is freed from the cycle and lives in perpetual bliss. There is no place of eternal torment in Hinduism, although if a soul consistently lives very evil lives, it could work its way down to the very bottom of the cycle.[citation needed]

There are explicit renderings in the Upanishads alluding to a physically immortal state brought about by purification, and sublimation of the 5 elements that make up the body. For example, in the Shvetashvatara Upanishad (Chapter 2, Verse 12), it is stated "When earth, water fire, air and akasa arise, that is to say, when the five attributes of the elements, mentioned in the books on yoga, become manifest then the yogi's body becomes purified by the fire of yoga and he is free from illness, old age and death." This phenomenon is possible when the soul reaches enlightenment while the body and mind are still intact, an extreme rarity, and can only be achieved upon the highest most dedication, meditation and consciousness.[citation needed]

Another view of immortality is traced to the Vedic tradition by the interpretation of Maharishi Mahesh Yogi:

That man indeed whom these (contacts) do not disturb, who is even-minded in pleasure and pain, steadfast, he is fit for immortality, O best of men.[34]

To Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, the verse means, "Once a man has become established in the understanding of the permanent reality of life, his mind rises above the influence of pleasure and pain. Such an unshakable man passes beyond the influence of death and in the permanent phase of life: he attains eternal life... A man established in the understanding of the unlimited abundance of absolute existence is naturally free from existence of the relative order. This is what gives him the status of immortal life."[34]

An Indian Tamil saint known as Vallalar claimed to have achieved immortality before disappearing forever from a locked room in 1874.[35][36]

Many Indian fables and tales include instances of metempsychosisthe ability to jump into another bodyperformed by advanced Yogis in order to live a longer life.[citation needed]

The traditional concept of an immaterial and immortal soul distinct from the body was not found in Judaism before the Babylonian Exile, but developed as a result of interaction with Persian and Hellenistic philosophies. Accordingly, the Hebrew word nephesh, although translated as "soul" in some older English Bibles, actually has a meaning closer to "living being".[citation needed]Nephesh was rendered in the Septuagint as (psch), the Greek word for soul.[citation needed]

The only Hebrew word traditionally translated "soul" (nephesh) in English language Bibles refers to a living, breathing conscious body, rather than to an immortal soul.[37] In the New Testament, the Greek word traditionally translated "soul" () has substantially the same meaning as the Hebrew, without reference to an immortal soul.[38] Soul may refer to the whole person, the self: three thousand souls were converted in Acts 2:41 (see Acts 3:23).

The Hebrew Bible speaks about Sheol (), originally a synonym of the grave-the repository of the dead or the cessation of existence until the Resurrection. This doctrine of resurrection is mentioned explicitly only in Daniel 12:14 although it may be implied in several other texts. New theories arose concerning Sheol during the intertestamental literature.

The views about immortality in Judaism is perhaps best exemplified by the various references to this in Second Temple Period. The concept of resurrection of the physical body is found in 2 Maccabees, according to which it will happen through recreation of the flesh.[39] Resurrection of the dead also appears in detail in the extra-canonical books of Enoch,[40] and in Apocalypse of Baruch.[41] According to the British scholar in ancient Judaism Philip R. Davies, there is little or no clear reference either to immortality or to resurrection from the dead in the Dead Sea scrolls texts.[42] Both Josephus and the New Testament record that the Sadducees did not believe in an afterlife,[43] but the sources vary on the beliefs of the Pharisees. The New Testament claims that the Pharisees believed in the resurrection, but does not specify whether this included the flesh or not.[44] According to Josephus, who himself was a Pharisee, the Pharisees held that only the soul was immortal and the souls of good people will be reincarnated and pass into other bodies, while the souls of the wicked will suffer eternal punishment. [45]Jubilees seems to refer to the resurrection of the soul only, or to a more general idea of an immortal soul.[46]

Rabbinic Judaism claims that the righteous dead will be resurrected in the Messianic age with the coming of the messiah. They will then be granted immortality in a perfect world. The wicked dead, on the other hand, will not be resurrected at all. This is not the only Jewish belief about the afterlife. The Tanakh is not specific about the afterlife, so there are wide differences in views and explanations among believers.[citation needed]

It is repeatedly stated in Lshi Chunqiu that death is unavoidable.[47]Henri Maspero noted that many scholarly works frame Taoism as a school of thought focused on the quest for immortality.[48] Isabelle Robinet asserts that Taoism is better understood as a way of life than as a religion, and that its adherents do not approach or view Taoism the way non-Taoist historians have done.[49] In the Tractate of Actions and their Retributions, a traditional teaching, spiritual immortality can be rewarded to people who do a certain amount of good deeds and live a simple, pure life. A list of good deeds and sins are tallied to determine whether or not a mortal is worthy. Spiritual immortality in this definition allows the soul to leave the earthly realms of afterlife and go to pure realms in the Taoist cosmology.[50]

Zoroastrians believe that on the fourth day after death, the human soul leaves the body and the body remains as an empty shell. Souls would go to either heaven or hell; these concepts of the afterlife in Zoroastrianism may have influenced Abrahamic religions. The Persian word for "immortal" is associated with the month "Amurdad", meaning "deathless" in Persian, in the Iranian calendar (near the end of July). The month of Amurdad or Ameretat is celebrated in Persian culture as ancient Persians believed the "Angel of Immortality" won over the "Angel of Death" in this month.[51]

The possibility of clinical immortality raises a host of medical, philosophical, and religious issues and ethical questions. These include persistent vegetative states, the nature of personality over time, technology to mimic or copy the mind or its processes, social and economic disparities created by longevity, and survival of the heat death of the universe.

The Epic of Gilgamesh, one of the first literary works, is primarily a quest of a hero seeking to become immortal.[7]

Physical immortality has also been imagined as a form of eternal torment, as in Mary Shelley's short story "The Mortal Immortal", the protagonist of which witnesses everyone he cares about dying around him. Jorge Luis Borges explored the idea that life gets its meaning from death in the short story "The Immortal"; an entire society having achieved immortality, they found time becoming infinite, and so found no motivation for any action. In his book "Thursday's Fictions", and the stage and film adaptations of it, Richard James Allen tells the story of a woman named Thursday who tries to cheat the cycle of reincarnation to get a form of eternal life. At the end of this fantastical tale, her son, Wednesday, who has witnessed the havoc his mother's quest has caused, forgoes the opportunity for immortality when it is offered to him.[52] Likewise, the novel Tuck Everlasting depicts immortality as "falling off the wheel of life" and is viewed as a curse as opposed to a blessing. In the anime Casshern Sins humanity achieves immortality due to advances in medical technology, however the inability of the human race to die causes Luna, a Messianic figure, to come forth and offer normal lifespans because she had believed that without death, humans could not live. Ultimately, Casshern takes up the cause of death for humanity when Luna begins to restore humanity's immortality. In Anne Rice's book series "The Vampire Chronicles", vampires are portrayed as immortal and ageless, but their inability to cope with the changes in the world around them means that few vampires live for much more than a century, and those who do often view their changeless form as a curse.

Although some scientists state that radical life extension, delaying and stopping aging are achievable,[53] there are no international or national programs focused on stopping aging or on radical life extension. In 2012 in Russia, and then in the United States, Israel and the Netherlands, pro-immortality political parties were launched. They aimed to provide political support to anti-aging and radical life extension research and technologies and at the same time transition to the next step, radical life extension, life without aging, and finally, immortality and aim to make possible access to such technologies to most currently living people.[54]

There are numerous symbols representing immortality. The ankh is an Egyptian symbol of life that holds connotations of immortality when depicted in the hands of the gods and pharaohs, who were seen as having control over the journey of life. The Mbius strip in the shape of a trefoil knot is another symbol of immortality. Most symbolic representations of infinity or the life cycle are often used to represent immortality depending on the context they are placed in. Other examples include the Ouroboros, the Chinese fungus of longevity, the ten kanji, the phoenix, the peacock in Christianity,[55] and the colors amaranth (in Western culture) and peach (in Chinese culture).

Immortal species abound in fiction, especially in fantasy literature.

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Sickle cell disease | University of Maryland Medical Center

August 4th, 2016 9:35 am

Description

An in-depth report on the causes, diagnosis, and treatment of sickle cell disease.

Sickle cell anemia

What is Sickle Cell Disease?

Sickle cell disease is an inherited blood disorder in which the body produces abnormally shaped red blood cells. In sickle cell disease, the hemoglobin in red blood cells clumps together. This causes red blood cells to become stiff and C-shaped. These sickle cells block blood and oxygen flow in blood vessels. Sickle cells break down more rapidly than normal red blood cells, which results in anemia.

What Causes Sickle Cell Disease?

Sickle cell disease is a genetic disorder. People who have sickle cell disease are born with two sickle cell genes, one from each parent. If one normal hemoglobin gene and one sickle cell gene are inherited, a person will have sickle cell trait. People who have sickle cell trait do not develop sickle cell disease, but they are carriers who can pass the abnormal gene on to their children.

Complications of Sickle Cell Disease

Sickle cell disease can block the flow of blood in arteries in many parts of the body, causing many complications. The hallmark of sickle cell disease is the sickle cell crisis, which causes sudden attacks of severe pain. Acute chest syndrome, which is triggered by an infection or by blockage of blood vessels in the lungs, is another common and serious occurrence. Additional medical complications include:

New Recommended Vaccine

Infants with sickle cell disease should receive a new vaccine that protects against bacterial meningitis, according to recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control. The MenHibrix vaccine protects against both Neisseria meningitidis and Haemophilus influenza, the bacterial strains most often associated with life-threatening meningitis and bloodstream infections. The vaccine is given as a 4-dose series starting when the baby is 6 - 8 weeks old. The FDA approved the Menhibrix vaccine in 2012.

Sickle cell disease (also called sickle cell anemia) is an inherited blood disorder that affects red blood cells. The sickle cell gene causes the body to produce abnormal hemoglobin. In sickle cell disease, the hemoglobin clumps together, causing red blood cells to become stiff and develop a C-shaped (sickle) form. These sickled red blood cells can block blood vessels, reducing blood flow in many parts of the body. This process results in tissue and organ damage.

Each red blood cell contains about 280 million hemoglobin molecules. Hemoglobin is the most important component of red blood cells. It is composed of protein (globulin) and a molecule (heme), which binds to iron.

In the lungs, the heme component takes up oxygen and releases carbon dioxide. The red blood cells carry the oxygen to the body's tissues, where the hemoglobin releases the oxygen in exchange for carbon dioxide, and the cycle repeats. The oxygen is essential for all cells in the body to function.

Sickle cell disease reduces or denies adequate oxygen to many parts of the body. This contributes to the severe pain experienced as a sickle cell crisis and both short- and long-term organ damage.

Sickle cell disease occurs from genetic changes that cause abnormalities in hemoglobin molecules:

Hemoglobin is the most important component of red blood cells. It is composed of a protein called heme, which binds oxygen. In the lungs, oxygen is exchanged for carbon dioxide. Abnormalities of an individual's hemoglobin value can indicate defects in red blood cell balance. Both low and high values can indicate disease states.

The symptoms and problems of sickle cell disease are a result of the hemoglobin S (HbS) molecule:

The sickle cell gene for hemoglobin S (HbS) is the most common inherited blood condition in the United States. About 70,000 - 100,000 Americans -- mostly African-Americans -- have sickle cell disease. About 2 million Americans have sickle cell trait.

Sickle cell disease is inherited. People at risk for inheriting the gene for sickle cell descend from people who are or were originally from Africa or parts of India and the Mediterranean. The sickle cell gene also occurs in people from South and Central America, the Caribbean, and the Middle East. The high prevalence of the sickle cell gene in these regions of the world is due to the sickle cell's ability to make red blood cells resistant to the malaria parasite.

People inherit a pair of genes that regulate hemoglobin, with one gene coming from each parent:

The risk of a child inheriting sickle cell disease or sickle cell trait is as follows:

If both parents have sickle cell trait (each have one normal hemoglobin gene and one sickle cell gene), the child has a 50% chance of inheriting sickle cell trait (one normal gene, one sickle cell gene), 25% chance of inheriting sickle cell disease (two sickle cell genes), and 25% chance of not inheriting either the trait or the disease (two normal genes).

If one parent has sickle cell trait (one normal gene and one sickle cell gene) and the other parent has two normal hemoglobin genes, the child has a 50% chance of inheriting sickle cell trait (one normal gene and one sickle cell gene) and a 50% of inheriting neither the trait nor the disease (two normal genes). The child is not at risk of inheriting sickle cell disease.

If one parent has sickle cell disease (two sickle cell genes) and the other parent has sickle cell trait (one normal gene, one sickle cell gene), the child has a 50% chance of inheriting sickle cell trait and a 50% chance of inheriting sickle cell disease.

If one parent has sickle cell disease and the other parent has two normal hemoglobin genes, the child has a 100% chance of inheriting sickle cell trait, but not the disease.

If both parents have sickle cell disease, the child has a 100% chance of inheriting the disease.

General Symptoms in Infants. In infants, symptoms do not usually appear until late in the baby's first year. Most commonly, they include:

General Symptoms in Children. Pain is the most common complaint. It can be acute and severe or chronic, usually from orthopedic problems in the legs and low back. Other symptoms include:

Additional Symptoms in Adolescence or Adulthood. Symptoms from childhood continue in adolescence and adulthood. In addition, patients may have:

Sickle cell crises are episodes of pain that occur with varying frequency and severity in different patients and are usually followed by periods of remission. Severe sickle cell pain has been described as being equivalent to cancer pain and more severe than postsurgical pain. It most commonly occurs in the lower back, leg, abdomen, and chest, usually in two or more locations. Episodes usually recur in the same areas. (See "Pain and Acute Sickle Cell Crisis" in Complications section of this report.)

Blood tests can determine whether an individual has sickle cell trait or sickle cell disease.

In the United States, hospitals routinely screen newborn babies for sickle cell disease. To perform the test, a blood sample is taken from the baby's heel using a simple needle prick. Early detection of sickle cell disease can help reduce the risk of life-threatening infections and increase the odds for survival. Babies who are diagnosed with sickle cell disease are given daily antibiotics to help prevent infections.

Prenatal diagnosis is also possible through amniocentesis. The amniotic fluid is tested for the presence of the sickle cell gene.

Unfortunately, no tests can definitely determine which children are at highest risk for a stroke and, therefore, would be candidates for ongoing blood transfusions. The following are diagnostic tools currently used or under investigation:

New and aggressive treatments for sickle cell disease are prolonging life and improving its quality. As recently as 1973, the average lifespan for people with sickle cell disease was only 14 years. Today, life expectancy for these patients can reach 50 years and beyond. Women with sickle cell usually live longer than their male counterparts.

The damage of sickle cell disease occurs because of the logjam that sickle cells cause in the capillaries. Sickle cell disease slows the flow of blood and reduces the supply of oxygen to various tissues. Not only does pain occur when body tissues are damaged by lack of oxygen, but serious and even life-threatening complications can result from severe or prolonged oxygen deprivation.

Sickle cell disease is referred to in some African languages as "a state of suffering," but the disease has a wide spectrum of effects, which vary from patient to patient. In some people, the disease may trigger frequent and very painful sickle cell crises that require hospitalization. In others, it may cause less frequent and milder attacks.

Children with sickle cell disease are very susceptible to infections,mostly because their damaged spleens are unable to protect the body from bacteria. Signs of impaired lung function may occur even in very early years. Because children with sickle cell disease are living longer, older patients are now facing medical problems related to the long-term adverse effects of the disease process. The most serious dangers are acute chest syndrome, long-term damage to major organs, stroke, and complications during pregnancy such as high blood pressure in the mother and low birth weight in the infant.

There is still no cure for sickle cell disease other than experimental transplantation procedures, but treatments for complications of sickle cell have prolonged the lives of many patients who are now living into adulthood.

The hallmark of sickle cell disease is the sickle cell crisis (also calledvaso-occlusive crisis), which is an episode of pain. It is the most common reason for hospitalization in sickle cell disease. The pattern may occur as follows:

Episodes cannot be predicted, and they vary widely among different individuals. Episodes sometimes become less frequent with increasing age. Generally, people can resume a relatively normal life between crises. Most patients are pain-free between episodes although pain can be chronic in some cases.

Acute chest syndrome (ACS) occurs when the lung tissues are deprived of oxygen during a crisis. It can be very painful, dangerous, and even life threatening. It is a leading cause of illness among patients with sickle cell disease and is the most common condition at the time of death. At least one whole segment of a lung is involved, and the following symptoms may be present:

Pain often lasts for several days. In about half of patients, severe pain develops about 2 - 3 days before there are any signs of lung or chest abnormalities. Acute chest syndrome is often accompanied by infections in the lungs, which can be caused by viruses, bacteria, or fungi. Pneumonia is often present. A dull, aching pain usually follows, which most often ends after several weeks, although it may persist between crises.

Air is breathed in (inhaled) through the nasal passageways, and travels through the trachea and bronchi to the lungs.

Causes of Acute Chest Syndrome. Primary causes of acute chest syndrome include:

Some cases of acute chest syndrome may result from treatments of the crisis, including from administration of opioid pain killers (which can reduce breathing and oxygen uptake) or excessive use of intravenous fluids. Other lung diseases may also trigger ACS.

Severity of Acute Chest Syndrome. The mortality rates for ACS are around 2% in children and 4% in adults. The syndrome and its long-term complications are the major causes of death in older patients. The longer a patient survives, the more repetitive sickle cell crises damage the chest and lungs.

The following destructive effects can occur:

Infections are common and an important cause of severe complications. Before early screening for sickle cell disease and the use of preventive antibiotics in children, 35% of infants with sickle cell died from infections. Fortunately, with screening tests for sickle cell now required for newborns, and with the use of preventive antibiotics and immunizations in babies who are born with the disease, the mortality rate has dropped significantly.

Infections in Infants and Toddlers with Sickle Cell Disease. The most common organisms causing infection in children with sickle cell disease include:

Such infections pose aserious threat to infants and very young children with sickle cell disease. They can progress to fatal pneumonia with devastating speed in infants, and death can occur only a few hours after onset of fever. The risk for pneumococcal meningitis, a dangerous infection of the central nervous system, is also significant.

Infections in Children and Adults. Infections are also common in older children and adults with sickle cell disease, particularly respiratory infections such as pneumonia, kidney infections, and osteomyelitis, a serious infection in the bone. (The organisms causing them, however, tend to differ from those in young children.) Infection-causing organisms include:

About 30% of patients with sickle cell disease have pulmonary hypertension. Pulmonary hypertension is a serious and potentially deadly condition that develops when pressure in the arteries of the lungs increases. It is an often unrecognized complication and a significant cause of death in sickle cell disease. Many doctors recommend that all adults with sickle cell disease have echocardiographic testing to identify if they are at risk for pulmonary hypertension and need treatment.

The primary symptom of pulmonary hypertension is shortness of breath, which is often severe. Pulmonary hypertension can be very serious and life threatening in the short- and long-term. If pulmonary hypertension develops suddenly it can cause respiratory failure, which is life threatening. Over time, pulmonary hypertension may cause a condition called cor pulmonale, in which the right side of the heart increases in size. In some cases, this enlargement can lead to heart failure.

After acute chest syndrome, stroke is the most common killer of patients with sickle cell disease who are older than 3 years old. Between 8 - 10% of patients suffer strokes, typically at about age 7. Patients may also suffer small strokes that may not be immediately noticeable. However, patients who have many of these small strokes may over time start behaving differently or have worsening mental functioning.

Strokes are usually caused by blockages of vessels carrying oxygen to the brain. Patients with sickle cell disease are also at high risk for stokes caused by aneurysm, a weakened blood vessel wall that can rupture and hemorrhage. Multiple aneurysms are common in sickle cell patients, but they are often located where they cannot be treated surgically.

Anemia is a significant characteristic in sickle cell disease (which is why the disease is commonly referred to as sickle cell anemia).

Severe worsening of anemia. Children, adolescents, and possibly young adults may experience what is called splenic sequestration. This happens when a large number of sickled red blood cells collect in the patient's spleen. Symptoms may include pain in the right abdomen below the ribs and a large mass (the swollen spleen) may be felt.

Chronic Anemia. Because of the short lifespan of the sickle red blood cells, the body is often unable to replace red blood cells as quickly as they are destroyed. This causes a particular form of anemia called hemolytic anemia. Most patients with sickle cell disease have hemoglobin levels of about 8 g/dL, much lower than healthy people. Chronic anemia reduces oxygen levels and increases the demand on the heart to pump more oxygen-bearing blood through the body. Eventually, this can cause the heart to become dangerously enlarged, with an increased risk for heart attack and heart failure.

Sometimes patients may have what is called an aplastic crisis. This happens when the cells in the bone marrow that are normally trying to make new red blood cells suddenly stop working. This sudden stopping is often triggered by a virus called human parvovirus B19.

The kidneys are particularly susceptible to damage from the sickling process. Persistent injury can cause a number of kidney disorders, including infection. Problems with urination are very common, particularly uncontrolled urination during sleep. Patients may have blood in the urine, although this is usually mild and painless and resolves without damaging consequences. Kidney failure is a major danger in older patients and accounts for 10 - 15% of deaths in sickle cell patients. Renal medullary carcinoma is an aggressive, rapidly destructive tumor in the kidney that is rare but can occur in association with sickle cell disease.

About 40% of males, including children, with sickle cell disease suffer from priapism. Priapism causes prolonged and painful erections that can last from several hours to days. If priapism is not treated, permanent partial or complete erectile dysfunction can occur.

Enlargement of the liver occurs in over half of sickle cell patients, and acute liver damage occurs in up to 10% of hospitalized patients. Because sickle cell patients often need transfusions, they are at higher risk for viral hepatitis, an infection of the liver. This risk, however, has decreased since screening procedures for donated blood have been implemented.

About 30% of children with sickle cell disease have gallstones, and by age 30, 70% of patients have them. In most cases, gallstones do not cause symptoms for years. When symptoms develop, patients may feel overly full after meals, have pain in the upper right quadrant of the abdomen, or have nausea and vomiting. Acute attacks can be confused with a sickle cell crisis in the liver. Ultrasound is usually used to confirm a diagnosis of gallstones. If the patient does not have symptoms, no treatment is usually necessary. If there is recurrent or severe pain from gallstones, the gallbladder may need to be removed. Minimally invasive procedures (using laparoscopy) reduce possible complications. [For more information, see In-Depth Report #10: Gallstones.]

The spleen of most adults with sickle cell anemia is nonfunctional due to recurrent episodes of oxygen deprivation that eventually destroy it. Injury to spleen increases the risk for serious infection. Acute splenic sequestration crisis (sudden spleen enlargement) can occur when the spleen suddenly becomes enlarged from trapped blood.

In some children with sickle cell disease, excessive production of blood cells in the bone marrow causes bones to grow abnormally, resulting in long legs and arms or misshapen skulls. Sickling that blocks oxygen to the bone can also cause bone loss and pain. Sickling that affects the hands and feet of children causes a painful condition called hand-foot syndrome. A condition called avascular necrosis of the hip occurs in about half of adult sickle cell patients when oxygen deprivation causes tissue death in the bone. Eventually adult patients may need surgery to remove diseased and dead bone tissue. Patients with severe cases may need joint replacement.

Leg sores and ulcers may occur. They usually affect patients older than 10 years.

Sickle cell disease can damage blood vessels in the eye and cause scarring and detachment of the retina, which can lead to blindness.

Women with sickle cell disease who become pregnant are at higher risk for complications such as miscarriage and premature birth, and their babies may have low birth weight. Sickle cell disease symptoms often worsen during pregnancy and pain crises become more frequent. However, with careful prenatal care and monitoring, serious problems can be avoided. Maternal mortality rates have dropped significantly over the past decades. Most women with sickle cell disease can now anticipate favorable pregnancy outcomes.

Older children and adult patients with sickle cell are subject to other medical problems, including impaired physical development and gum disease. In severe cases, sickle cell disease can cause multiple organ failure.

Treatment goals for sickle cell disease aim to relieve pain, prevent infections, and manage complications. [For specific information on complications, see Treatment of Complications section in this report.] Patients should seek care from a doctor who specializes in blood disorders (hematologist) or a clinic that is experienced in treating sickle cell disease.

Bone marrow transplantation is the only potential cure, but it is used in only a small number of casesbecause few patients are able to find donors who are suitable genetic matches. Blood transfusions are given to prevent worsening anemia and prevent stroke.

Drug treatments for sickle cell disease include:

Antibiotics, usually penicillin, are commonly given to infants and young children, as well as adults, to help prevent infections.

Pain relief medications ranging from nonprescription nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) to opiods are given to control pain.

Hydroxyurea (Droxia) is prescribed for patients with moderate-to-severe sickle cell disease to help reduce the frequency of pain episodes and acute chest syndrome.

HbF, also called fetal hemoglobin, is the form of hemoglobin present in the fetus and young infants. Most HbF disappears early in childhood, although some HbF may persist. Fetal hemoglobin is able to block the sickling action of red blood cells. Because of this, infants with sickle cell disease do not develop symptoms of the illness until HbF levels have dropped. Adults who have sickle cell disease but still retain high levels of hemoglobin F generally have mild disease.

Hydroxyurea (Droxia) is a drug that reduces the severity of sickle cell disease by stimulating production of HbF. It is currently the only drug in general use to prevent acute sickle cell crises.

Hydroxyurea is recommended as first-line therapy to treat adults and adolescents with moderate-to-severe recurrent pain (occurring three or more times a year). Hydroxyurea reduces the frequency of acute pain crises and episodes of acute chest syndrome. It is taken daily by mouth. Hydroxyurea can be taken indefinitely and the benefits appear to be long-lasting.

Hydroxyurea is not a cure-all. Not all patients respond to hydroxyurea, and the best candidates for the treatment are not yet clear. Many patients who could benefit fromthis medicationare not receiving it. Hydroxyurea is still being investigated for younger patients. To date, the response to the drug in children with sickle cell disease is similar to the response in adults, and few severe adverse effects are being reported. Recent research also suggests that hydroxyurea is safe for infants.

Side effects include constipation, nausea, drowsiness, hair loss, and inflammation of the mouth. More severe side effects include reduction of white blood cells (neutropenia) and the cells responsible for normal blood clotting (thrombocytopenia). Hydroxyurea should not be taken by women because it can cause birth defects. There have been concerns that long-term use of hydroxyurea may increase the risk of developing leukemia, but the significance of this risk remains unclear. Still, formany patients the risks of untreated sickle cell disease may outweigh the risks of hydroxyureas side effects.

Patients should handle hydroxyurea with care and wash their hands before and after touching the bottle or capsules. Household members who are not taking hydroxyurea (such as caregivers) should wear disposable gloves when handling the medicine or its bottle.

Blood transfusions are often critical for treating sickle cell disease. Transfusions may be used either as treatment for specific episodes or as chronic transfusion therapy to prevent life-threatening complications Ongoing transfusions can also help improve height and weight in children with sickle cell disease. Normal hemoglobin levels for patients with sickle cell disease are around 8 g/dL. Doctors will try to keep the hemoglobin level no higher than 10 g/dL after transfusion.

Episodic Transfusions. Episodic transfusions are needed in the following situations:

Chronic Transfusions. Chronic (on-going) transfusions are used for:

Stroke prevention for first or recurrent strokes. Evidence shows that regular (every 3 - 4 weeks) blood transfusions can reduce the risk of a first stroke by 90% in high-risk children. In addition, studies indicate that as many as 90% of patients who have experienced a stroke do not experience another stroke after 5 years of transfusions. The U.S. National Institutes of Health strongly recommends that doctors do not stop regular transfusions for children with sickle cell disease who are at high risk for stroke.

Chronic blood transfusions carry their own risks, including iron overload, alloimmunization (an immune response reaction), and exposure to bloodborne microbes. Still, data from large-scale trials suggest that the risks for stroke outweigh the risks associated with transfusions. Researchers are working on ways to reduce the side effects associated with transfusion treatment.

Kinds of Transfusions. Transfusions may be either simple or exchange.

Iron Overload and Chelation Therapy. Iron overload increases risk for damage to the liver, heart, and other organs. A liver biopsy accurately determines whether excess iron levels are present.

Chelation therapy is used to remove excess iron stores in the body. The drug deferoxamine (Desferal) is commonly used during such therapy. Unfortunately, deferoxamine has some severe side effects and must be used with a pump for about 12 hours each day. Many patients do not continue treatment. A newer drug deferasirox (Exjade) is approved for the treatment of transfusion-related iron overload in patients ages 2 and older. It is taken once a day by mouth. Patients mix the pills in liquid and drink the mixture. This new treatment may make chelation therapy much easier and less painful for patients.

Other Complications of Transfusion Therapy.

At this time, the only chance for cure for sickle cell disease is bone marrow or stem cell transplantation. The bone marrow nurtures stem cells, which are early cells that mature into red and white blood cells and platelets. By destroying the sickle cell patient's diseased bone marrow and stem cells and transplanting healthy bone marrow from a genetically-matched donor, normal hemoglobin may be produced.

Bone marrow transplantations have been performed successfully in select children with sickle cell disease. However, due to a lack of available donors and the risks of potential complications, bone marrow transplantations for sickle cell disease are not routinely performed. Complications can include the immune systems rejection of the transplant (a condition called graft-versus-host-disease) and serious infections. Patients can suffer serious neurological damage if the procedure triggers bleeding in the brain. In general, younger children are considered better candidates for bone marrow transplantation than older children.

Before a bone marrow transplant can be performed, the patient must undergo chemotherapy to completely destroy their own bone marrow. Bone marrow transplantation is considered too risky for adults with sickle cell disease, because they cannot tolerate the chemotherapy regimen as well as children and they tend to have long-term organ damage as a result of the condition.

Researchers are investigating new types of bone marrow transplants for children and adults with sickle cell disease. Several new approaches appear promising. They include giving less intense doses of chemotherapy prior to the transplant (a regimen known as reduced-intensity conditioning), or using low doses of immunosuppressive drugs or radiation in place of chemotherapy.

In 2012, researchers reported some success with a study of half-matched marrow transplants (haploidentical transplant is the medical term), which used donors who shared only 50% of the recipients genes. While this approach may potentially help expand donor options for patients, the research is still very preliminary. Bone marrow transplant with a fully matched donor remains the best choice at this time.

Nitric Oxide. Nitric oxide is a natural chemical in the body that relaxes smooth muscles and widens blood vessels. Patients with sickle cell disease are deficient in nitric oxide. This lack of nitric oxide constricts blood vessels and causes sickle cell pain. Some studies have indicated that inhaling nitric oxide may slow the disease process and improve symptoms in acute sickle cell crises. Other studies report that nitric oxide is of no benefit. In addition, nitric oxide is difficult to administer. More studies are needed to determine if nitric oxide should have a role in sickle cell therapy. (Nitric oxide is not the same substance as nitrous oxide, the so-called laughing gas used in dentistry.)

Arginine. Arginine is an amino acid involved in producing nitric oxide. Because a lack of arginine may contribute to the development of pulmonary hypertension, (a leading cause of death in patients with sickle cell disease), arginine is being studied as a potential drug treatment. Some research is also being conducted on arginine nutritional supplements. Patients should talk to their doctors before taking these or any other supplements.

Drugs to Prevent Dehydration. Researchers are studying various drugs, as well as mineral supplements such as magnesium pidolate and zinc sulfate, that may help prevent potassium loss and red blood cell dehydration.

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Home – LLUMC Preventive Medicine Residency Program

August 4th, 2016 9:35 am

Welcome to the Loma Linda University Preventive Medicine Residency Program! At Loma Linda University (LLU), we aim to prepare well trained preventive medicine physicians to address the health of individuals and populations. We offer innovative training in clinical preventive medicine and public health, with strengths in the areas of lifestyle medicine, global health, and whole-person care. LLU provides several types of training opportunities in preventive medicine, including categorical and combination programs.

The Preventive Medicine Residency at Loma Linda University is fully accredited by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) and fulfills the requirements for the certifying examination of the American Board of Preventive Medicine. Loma Linda University is oriented toward clinical preventive medicine and has been a leader in this area for many years. The training incorporates a wide variety of experiences in several affiliated institutions including: the LLU Medical Center, the local County Public Health Department, a VA Medical Center, a not-for-profit HMO, a for-profit HMO, a Center for Health Promotion, and a Federally Qualified Health Center (SACHS). LLU offers a competitive resident salary with excellent benefits, as well as significant financial assistance towards the MPH degree.

Thank you for your interest in our program. We look forward to hearing from you!

Sincerely,

Michael Orlich, MD, PhD Program Director Preventive Medicine Residency

Karen Studer, MD, MPH Associate Program Director Preventive Medicine Residency

PGY-1 Positions Each year we offer two PGY-1 year categorical positions in the Transitional Year (Preventive Medicine Track) through the National Residency Matching Program (NRMP). Residents selected for this PGY-1 year will subsequently complete two years (PGY-2 & 3) of General Preventive Medicine & Public Health training upon successful completion of the PGY-1 year.

PGY-2 Positions We offer two additional PGY-2 positions each year in General Preventive Medicine and Public Health, for applicants who have already completed a suitable internship or prior residency in another specialty. These residents receive two years (PGY-2 & 3) of training in Preventive Medicine.

PGY-1 Positions We off four PGY-1 positions each year for the Family Medicine & Preventive Medicine program, which leads to board eligibility in both specialties.

There is one PGY-1 position offered each year for the Occupational & Preventive Medicine program, which also leads to board eligibility in both specialties.

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Graduate Studies in Genetics – Rutgers University

August 4th, 2016 9:35 am

The Department of Genetics does not yet have its own graduate program. Faculty in the Genetics department generally belong to the graduate programs of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics or Cell and Developmental Biology. Students wishing to pursue a Ph.D. need to apply through the consolidated Graduate Programs in Molecular Biosciences at Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, and the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey - Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences.

Students interested in pursuing a MS degree should contact the individual graduate programs for information.

Additional Information can be obtained from the Administrative Office:

Diane Murano 732-445-3430 This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

Nelson Biology Laboratories 604 Allison Road Rutgers - The State University of New Jersey Piscataway, N.J. 08854-8082

Nelson Biology Laboratories 604 Allison Road Rutgers - The State University of New Jersey Piscataway, N.J. 08854-8082

Jessica Joines, Director of the Genetic Counseling Master's Program This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. Phone: (848) 445-9637

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Maryland Spine and Sports Medicine – Baltimore-Washington MD

August 4th, 2016 9:35 am

Maryland Spine & Sports Medicine offers a full range of services to treat back and neck pain as well muscle tendon and joint problems. Our physicians do Nerve Conduction and EMG testing for carpal tunnel syndrome and other nerve injuries as well. From children to seniors, the Physicians at Maryland Spine and Sports Medicine are able to handle all of your Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation needs.

Located in Clarksville, Maryland, our office is easy to find and convenient to the entire Annapolis-Baltimore-Washington metropolitan area. Maryland Spine and Sports Surgi-center (Suite 207) is in the same building as our main office, and is used to provide fluoroscopically guided spinal procedures in a safety conscious environment while maintaining a relaxed atmosphere.

Doctors Clark Brill, John Collins and Aaron Twigg are all board certified in Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. They are all committed to the excellence of their practice. All have a keen interest in sports medicine, since they participate in sports and physical training themselves.

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Maryland Spine and Sports Medicine - Baltimore-Washington MD

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Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism …

August 4th, 2016 9:35 am

URMC / Medicine / Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism

Chief: Stephen R Hammes, M.D., Ph.D.

The Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism at the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry consists of a diverse cadre of physicians and scientists with interests in all aspects of Endocrinology and Diabetes. The Division has three main missions:

Clinical Program: The clinical program in the Division of Endocrinology provides care for all major endocrine disorders. In addition to diabetes, this includes disorders of bone, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal gland, and gonads. Our Diabetes Center sees over 4000 patients each year, and runs one of the largest insulin pump programs in the Northeast. In addition, the Division runs several subspecialty clinics, including an active multi-disciplinary pituitary clinic with the Department of Neurosurgery, a combined Endocrine Tumor Clinic with the General Endocrine surgeons, a Metabolic Bone Disease Clinic, and a Gestational Diabetes Clinic.

Research Program: The Division boasts several research laboratories studying a wide-range of subjects in Endocrinology, including bone physiology, cancer biology, steroid production and signaling, reproduction, circadian rhythms, cardiac development, and diabetes.

Fellowship Program: The Endocrinology and Metabolism Fellowship is a three year program that provides in-depth clinical and research training in Endocrinology. Our educational mission is to produce academic physician scientists of the highest caliber.

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Endocrinology | Banner Health

August 4th, 2016 9:35 am

Your body has several different glands and hormones that sometimes dont work the way they should. Endocrinology is the study and treatment of conditions that affect that system. If you have one of these complex issues, youll be glad to know the Banner Health endocrinologists are ready to help.

Diabetes is a serious condition, and if you have been diagnosed, youll be happy to know our endocrinologists are here to help. They will work with you to help you find the right way to manage the condition.

At many of our hospitals, we offer a diabetes self-management class or support groups. If you have diabetes, you can find a class or support group near you.

Learn more about our endocrinology services near you.

Your hormones and glands can help regulate your bodys functions. When something gets out of balance, some fairly complex issues can result. The endocrinologists at Banner University Medical Center Phoenix can help.

The first thing youll notice is that were not just treating your symptoms. Well look deeper to see how the system is working as a whole. And, well do it with compassion. Our goal is the same as yours: To get you feeling your best.

Our endocrinologists diagnose and treat several different issues, including:

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Dallas Mavericks Team Doctors, Texas Sports Medicine and …

August 4th, 2016 9:35 am

TEAM PHYSICIANS FOR THE 2011 NBA CHAMPION DALLAS MAVERICKS

HOSTS OF ESPN RADIO'S INSIDE SPORTS MEDICINE

6901 Snider Plaza Suite 200 Dallas, TX 75205

Team Doctors for the Dallas Mavericks, 1988-1996 and 2001-2015, Texas Sports Medicine and Orthopaedic Group is a nationally known Orthopedic Surgery clinic in Dallas, Texas. We have two Orthopedic Surgeons, one Interventional Spine Specialist, and a Sports Medicine and Concussion Specialist who deal with the special needs of athletes of all ages. Our focus is not only on the treatment of sports related injuries but also on their prevention. Our board certified and fellowship trained physicians are experts in the treatment of almost any musculoskeletal problem. Our facilities are equipped with MRI, radiology suites, Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy and rehabilitation. Our MRI scanner is a State of the Art 1.5 Tesla hospital grade MRI. Our doctors perfom the latest regenerative procedures including PRP and Stem Cell Therapies. At Texas Sports Medicine, we are committed to the belief that the same quality care available to professional athletes should be within reach of any athlete at every level and any age. Through a teamwork approach with our patients, their families and coaches, we deliver on our belief.

Learn about our physicians:

Disclaimer: The information, including opinions and recommendations, contained in this website is for educational purposes only. Such information is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. No one should act upon any information provided in this website without first seeking medical advice from a qualified medical physician.

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Endocrinology – NCBI Bookshelf

August 4th, 2016 9:35 am

Endocrinology has been written to meet the requirements of today's trainee doctors and the demands of an increasing number of degree courses in health and biomedical sciences, and allied subjects. It is a truly integrated text using large numbers of real clinical cases to introduce the basic biochemistry, physiology and pathophysiology underlying endocrine disorders and also the principles of clinical diagnosis and treatment. The increasing importance of the molecular and genetic aspects of endocrinology in relation to clinical medicine is explained.

The information contained within this book was obtained by BIOS Scientific Publishers Ltd from sources believed by us to be reliable. However, while every effort has been made to ensure its accuracy, no responsibility for loss or injury whatsoever occasioned to any person acting or refraining from action as a result of information contained herein can be accepted by the authors or publishers.

The reader should remember that medicine is a constantly evolving science and while the authors and publishers have ensured that all dosages, applications and practices are based on current indications, there may be specific practices which differ between communities. You should always follow the guidelines laid down by the manufacturers of specific products and the relevant authorities in the country in which you are practising.

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Endocrinology & Metabolism Institute – Cleveland Clinic

August 4th, 2016 9:35 am

Find A Specialist Our staff can provide expert diagnosis, medical and surgical care.

Thyroid Center All of the specialists you need under one roof working as a team to diagnose and treat all forms of thyroid disorders.

A searchable database of our physicians; find the right one for you.

On November 9 2015, Cleveland Clinics Endocrinology & Metabolism Institute welcomed three endocrinologists, expanding its care on the East Side. Robert Brenner, MD, Jay Morrow, MD, and Daniel Mendlovic, MD (formerly private practice physicians), joined Cleveland Clinic. They continue to treat patients at the same office, now named Cleveland Clinic Diabetes and Endocrinology, Park East.

The physicians treat the entire spectrum of endocrine disorders including all forms of diabetes, thyroid disorders, adrenal/pituitary gland issues, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) , testosterone deficiency and metabolic bone diseases such as hyperparathyroidism, Pagets and osteoporosis.

The location offers:

Cleveland Clinic Diabetes and Endocrinology, Park East is located at 3733 Park East Drive, Suite 105, Beachwood. For an appointment, please call 216.504.0001.

To arrange a same-day visit, call 216.444.CARE (216.444.2273).

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Endocrinology- Burlington, NC- Kernodle Clinic

August 4th, 2016 9:35 am

The endocrine system is made up of glands throughout the body that regulate the function, growth and development of tissues and organs by secreting hormones directly into the bloodstream. Endocrine disorders develop when a gland malfunctions and secretes either too much or too little of a hormone due to illness, surgical removal or natural causes. The Kernodle Clinic Department of Endocrinology and its endocrinologists are dedicated to delivering high-quality health care to patients with the full spectrum of endocrine and metabolic conditions.

Kernodle Clinic Endocrinology department offers evaluation and treatment to patients for endocrine and metabolic disorders. The bodys endocrine system includes the pancreas, the thyroid, parathyroid, pineal, hypothalamus, adrenal and pituitary glands, and the ovaries and testes. It also involves many other organs which respond to, modify, or metabolize hormones. We have experience with a wide range of common and uncommon Endocrine disorders.

In addition, our endocrinologists have privileges at Alamance Regional Medical Center and Duke University Health System and are supported by an experienced and compassionate team of nurse practitioners, nurses, technologists and staff.

The Kernodle Clinic Department of Endocrinology offers locations in Burlington and Mebane, NC. Both are located off of I-85/40, convenient to Burlington, Mebane and greater Alamance and Orange counties.We offer Endocrinology care in both our West and Mebane offices.

Kernodle Clinic has a 60+ year history of quality medical care. Our innovative multi-specialty clinic staffs more than 50 medical providers in 15 areas of practice. Our use of Electronic Medical Records allows us to quickly access your medical records if you are a patient with Family Medicine or any other Kernodle Clinic Department.

Type 1 and 2 diabetes Evaluation and Management for patients ages 18 and up

insulin pumps

continuous glucose monitoring

interpretation

-Adrenal masses and nodules

-Calcium and bone disorders

-Cholesterol disorders

-Males with low testosterone

-PCOS

-Pituitary disease

-Hyper and Hypothyroidism

-Thyroid cancer

-Thyroid nodules

-Ultrasound guided thyroid biopsies

-Ultrasounds neck

As a courtesy to our patients, we do file insurance claims directly to all insurance plans, even those that do not include Kernodle Clinic endocrinologists in their network.However, your copayment, coinsurance and deductible costs may be higher if Kernodle Clinic is not in your network. Please bring your health insurance information with you. If you have any questions or need more information please contact us at our locations.

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Endocrinology- Burlington, NC- Kernodle Clinic

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