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Stem Cell Transplant Complications: Graft Failure

August 4th, 2016 9:36 am

The first three and half months following a stem cell transplant pose the greatest risk of developing complications associated with a stem cell transplant (whether bone marrow or cord blood). However, the risk of developing stem cell transplant complications varies and depends on several factors. Among these potential stem cell transplant complications is graft failure, which is more likely to occur in some cases than others. The risk of graft failure often depends on the patients medical state prior to a stem cell transplant, the type of stem cell transplant performed, and the type of treatable disease involved.

What is Graft Failure? High-dose chemotherapy which accompanies a stem cell transplant destroys the ability for bone marrow to produce white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets. Graft failure is a condition in which normal bone marrow function does not return following a stem cell transplant.

Following transplant, the graft may fail to grow in the patients body, which will result in bone marrow failure and the absence of new blood cell production. This can lead to side effects such as repeated infections, anemia, bruising and bleeding.

In general, doctors define graft failure as the absence of engraftment forty-two days following a stem cell transplant. In other words, the body does not accept the donated cells; however, total graft failure is considered to be rare.

Graft Failure vs. GVHD Graft failure and graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) represent two different types of potential complications following a stem cell transplant. In the case of GVHD, the patients immune system will respond adversely to the donated stem cells, and white blood cells will begin to destroy the transplanted graft. This differs from the bodys failure to accept the graft and restore blood cell production that occurs in graft failure.

GVHD is a potential side effect associated with allogeneic stem cell transplants, in which stem cells are derived from a donor source such as cord blood. In the case of autologous stem cell transplants in which the patients own stem cells are infused into the body there is generally no risk of GVHD. However, the risk of graft failure following an autologous stem cell transplant is 5%.

Graft Failure Risks There are a number of factors that may contribute to the risk of graft failure in patients undergoing a stem cell transplant. Factors that may contribute to an increased risk of graft failure include the following:

The type pf disease being treated may play a role in the risk of developing graft failure. For example, one study found that the risk of graft failure was much higher (33%) in patients undergoing a stem cell transplant for osteoporosis than in patients being treated for leukemia. This may be due to the fact that leukemia stem cell therapy is a more established treatment procedure.

In leukemia patients, however, graft failure is usually associated with the recurrence of cancer as the leukemic cells may hinder the growth of the transplanted stem cells.

For some patients who develop graft failure, the cause of graft failure is unknown.

Graft Failure Treatment While considered relatively rare, graft failure is a serious and ultimately fatal complication that will likely require a second stem cell transplant. Stem cells used in the second transplant may be derived from either the same donor source or a different stem cell source. In patients undergoing an umbilical cord blood stem cells transplant, the same cord blood unit cannot be used. A different cord blood unit or another adult stem cell source may be used in these cases.

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Stem Cell Transplant Complications: Graft Failure

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Stem Cell Conferences | Stem Cell Congress | Regenerative …

August 4th, 2016 9:36 am

Conference Series LLC International Conferences invites all the participants from all over the world to attend Annual Conference on Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine during Aug 4-5, 2016 at Manchester, UK which includes prompt keynote presentations, Oral talks, Poster presentations and Exhibitions.

Track 1:Stem Cell Therapy

Stem cell therapy is used to treat or prevent diseases by using stem cells. It has potential in a wide range of territories of potential and restorative examination. This treatment is by and large used to supplant or repair harmed cells or tissues . It additionally helps in transplanting immature microorganisms or giving medications that objective undifferentiated organisms as of now in the body. Undeveloped cell treatment is a rising innovation, the recovery of body part is not really another idea.

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Track 2:Stem cell

An undifferentiated cell of a multicellular creature which is fit for offering ascend to inconclusively more cells of the same sort, and from which certain different sorts of cell emerge by separation. The most entrenched and generally utilized undifferentiated organism treatment is the transplantation of blood foundational microorganisms to treat infections and states of the blood and invulnerable framework, or to restore the blood framework after medications for particular growths. Subsequent to the 1970s, skin undifferentiated organisms have been utilized to develop skin joins for patients with serious smolders on expansive territories of the body. Just a couple of clinical focuses can do this treatment and it is normally held for patients with life-debilitating blazes. It is likewise not a flawless arrangement: the new skin has no hair follicles or sweat organs. Research went for enhancing the strategy is continuous.

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Track 3:Stem cell treatment

The most entrenched and broadly utilized undifferentiated organism treatment is the transplantation of blood foundational microorganisms to treat illnesses and states of the blood and invulnerable framework, or to restore the blood framework after medicines for particular malignancies. Subsequent to the 1970s, skin undifferentiated organisms have been utilized to develop skin unites for patients with extreme blazes on substantial territories of the body. Just a couple of clinical focuses can do this treatment and it is normally held for patients with life-undermining smolders. It is additionally not an immaculate arrangement: the new skin has no hair follicles or sweat organs. Research went for enhancing the method is progressing.

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Track 4:Somatic Cell Therapy

Somatic cell treatment is the organization to people of autologous, allogeneic, or xenogeneic living cells which have been controlled or prepared ex vivo. Assembling of items for substantial cell treatment includes the ex vivo proliferation, development, choice. Substantial cell treatment is seen as a more moderate, more secure methodology since it influences just the focused on cells in the patient, and is not went on to future eras. Substantial quality treatment speaks to standard essential and clinical exploration, in which helpful DNA (either incorporated in the genome or as an outside episome or plasmid) is utilized to treat illness. Most concentrate on extreme hereditary issue, including immunodeficiencies, hemophilia, thalassaemia and cystic fibrosis. Such single quality issue are great possibility for substantial cell treatment.

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Track 5:Tissue Regeneration

Tissue Engineering is the investigation of the development of new connective tissues, or organs, from cells and a collagenous platform to create a completely useful organ for implantation over into the contributor host. Effective improvements in the multidisciplinary field of tissue building have created a novel arrangement of tissue new parts and execution approaches. Investigative advances in biomaterials, foundational microorganisms, development and separation components, and biomimetic situations have made special chances to manufacture tissues in the research facility from blends of designed extracellular networks cells, and organically dynamic particles.

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Track 6:Regeneration and Therapeutics

Tissue regenaration therapeutics, making foundational microorganisms for supportive application in regenerative pharmaceutical. Regenerative solution is to offer the body some help with recuperating itself more sufficiently. In regenerative pharmaceutical, cell, tissue and organ substitutes are made to restore normal limit that has been lost.

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Track 7:Tumour cell science

An irregular mass of tissue, tumours are a great indication of aggravation, and can be favourable or threatening. Tumour for the most part mirror the sort of tissue they emerge in. Treatment is likewise particular to the area and kind of the tumour. Benevolent tumours can once in a while essentially be overlooked, destructive tumours; choices incorporate chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery.

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Track 8:Stem Cell & Gene therapy

Gene therapy remains a fairly new and still experimental procedure for the treatment of disease. In addition stem cells are still a relatively new concept and remain a confusing and complicated technology that much of the public struggles to understand. The potential for stem cells to be used in gene therapies is however, a valid one that has important ramifications for treating a range of diseases, many of which currently have no cure.

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Track 9:Stem Cell Biomarkers

Stem Cell Biomarker is characterized as a quality or their proteins that are utilized to disengage and recognize immature microorganisms. The other approach to distinguish the undifferentiated organisms is by utilizing utilitarian assays.Molecular biomarkers serve as profitable apparatuses to arrange and segregate embryonic immature microorganisms (ESCs) and to screen their separation state by immunizer based systems. ESCs can offer ascent to any grown-up cell sort and in this way offer colossal potential for regenerative medication and drug revelation. Various biomarkers, for example, certain cell surface antigens, are utilized to dole out pluripotent ESCs

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Track 10:Stem Cell Biobanking & Tissue preservation

Biobanks play a crucial role in biomedical research. The wide array of biospecimens (including blood, saliva, plasma, and purified DNA) maintained in biobanks can be described as libraries of the human organism.he process by which a tissue or aggregate of cells is kept alive outside of the organism from which it was derived (i.e., kept from decay by means of a chemical agent, cooling, or a fluid substitute that mimics the natural state within the organism).

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Track 11:Stem Cell Technologies

Cell separation is the movement, while a cell changes starting with one cell sort then onto the next. Variety happens various times amid the advancement of a multicellular living being as it changes from a straightforward zygote to a perplexing arrangement of tissues and cell sorts. Separation proceeds in adulthood as grown-up undifferentiated organisms isolate and make completely separated girl cells amid tissue repair and amid typical cell turnover. Some separation happens in light of antigen introduction. Separation drastically changes a phone's size, shape, film potential, metabolic movement, and responsiveness to flags. These progressions are to a great extent because of very controlled changes in quality expression and are the investigation of epigenetics. With a couple of exemptions, cell separation never includes an adjustment in the DNA succession itself. Along these lines, diverse cells can have altogether different physical attributes in spite of having the same genome.

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Track 12:Stem Cell Nano-Technology

In recent years, the inter crossing of nanotechnology in stem cell biology and biomedicine has led to an emerging new research field, known as stem cell nanotechnology. Stem cell nanotechnology is defined as the application of nanotechnology in stem cells research and development, and it is characterized as highly rapid in development, highly interdisciplinary, and highly controversial.

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Track 14: Stem Cell Apoptosis and Signal Transduction

Self-reestablishment and multiplication of foundational microorganism populaces is controlled, to some degree, by affectation of apoptosis. The quantity of foundational microorganisms is thusly a harmony between those lost to separation/apoptosis and those increased through multiplication. Apoptosis of immature microorganisms is accepted to be a dynamic procedure which changes because of natural conditions.

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Track 15: Tissue science & Engineering

Tissue Science and Engineering employs physical, chemical, and biological factors to replace and/or improve biological functions of the cell. The interdisciplinary field of tissue engineering has been one of the most active and quickly expanding disciplines during the past two decades.

Global stem cell market is dominating the healthcare industry with its reliable and cost effective method of treatment with fewer side effects. Current market for cord blood therapeutics accounts for $6.5 billion, which is expected to grow at 33.4% CAGR from 2013-2020. Other segments of this market include - Adult stem cell and embryonic stem cells. Cord blood stem cell is the only type of stem cell that is stored in controlled condition due to its lower volume higher cell count feature. Storage service market is expected grow at 33.4% CAGR from 2013-2020.

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Track 16: Novel Approaches in GTR

GTR is defined as procedures that are used to regenerate the lost periodontal structure by using different tissue responses. Many methods are used for tissue regeneration by using different materials like collagen, calcium sulphate, poly tetra flouro ethylene, polyglactin etc.It has become a standard of care in Periodontology and also used in periapical surgery.

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Track 17: Potential Applications of Stem cell Therapy

Foundational microorganisms are utilized to recuperate the body , advance recuperation. It has more helpful potential applications. It is utilized as a part of Cell Replacement Therapy which is particularly intended to taget the specific organs.Improvements of medications that advance cell expansion and separationIt is likewise used to deliver foundational microorganisms from the patient's skin and blood utilizing Ips innovation

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Track 18:Regenerative Medicine and Market

Regenerative pharmaceuticals have the one of a kind capacity to repair , supplant and recover tissues and organs , influenced because of some harm , infection. These drugs are ability of restoring the usefulness of cells and tissues. These medications have wide appropriateness in treating degenerative scatters including dermatology, cardio vascular, neurodegenerative sicknesses.

Cell treatment is the quickest developing fragment of regenerative drug. This undeveloped cell treatment is making up the biggest part of this business sector.

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Track 19:Stem cell-Bioinformatics

Computational Biology, sometimes referred to as bioinformatics, is the science of using biological data to develop algorithms and relations among various biological systems. Bioinformatics groups use computational methods to explore the molecular mechanisms underpinning stem cells. To accomplish this bioinformatics develop and apply advanced analysis techniques that make it possible to dissect complex collections of data from a wide range of technologies and sources.

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Track 20:Biomaterial Engineering

Abiomaterialis any matter, surface, or construct that interacts with living systems. As a science,biomaterialsis about fifty years old. The study of biomaterials is calledbiomaterials science or biomaterials engineering. It has experienced steady and strong growth over its history, with many companies investing large amounts of money into the development of new products.

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Track 19: Ethics inStem cellResearch

Stem cell research offers incredible guarantee for comprehension fundamental systems of human improvement and separation, and additionally the expectation for new medications for maladies, for example, diabetes, spinal string damage, Parkinson's ailment, and myocardial localized necrosis. Be that as it may, human undifferentiated organism (hSC) explore likewise raises sharp moral and political debates. The induction of pluripotent undifferentiated organism lines from oocytes and fetuses is laden with question about the onset of human personhood. The reinventing of substantial cells to deliver affected pluripotent undifferentiated organisms maintains a strategic distance from the moral issues particular to embryonic foundational microorganism research. In any hSC research, in any case, troublesome situations emerge with respect to delicate downstream research, agree to give materials for hSC research, early clinical trials of hSC treatments, and oversight of hSC examination. These moral and approach issues should be examined alongside exploratory difficulties to guarantee that undifferentiated cell examination is done in a morally fitting way. This article gives a basic investigation of these issues and how they are tended to in current arrangements.

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With the trail of success of the previous conference, OMICS International hosted the 5thWorld Congress on Cell and Stem Cell Research during March 23-25, 2015, at Double Tree by Hilton Chicago - North Shore, Chicago, USA with the theme Advanced Approaches in Cell Science and Stem Cell Research. Benevolent response and active participation was received from the Editorial Board Members of OMICS Group Journals as well as from the Stem Cell researchers, scientists, doctors, students and leaders from the fields of Cell and Stem Cell Research, who made this event successful.

The meeting was carried out through various sessions, in which the discussions were held on the following thought provoking and cerebrating scientific tracks:

The conference was embarked with an opening ceremony followed by workshops symposiums and a series of lectures delivered by both Honorable Guests and members of the Keynote forum. The adepts who promulgated the theme with their exquisite talk were;

Dr. James L. Sherley, Asymmetrex LLC, USA

Dr. Ornella Parolini, International Placenta Stem Cell Society (IPLASS), Italy

Dr. Paul J. Davis, Albany Medical College, USA

Dr. Haval Shirwan, University of Louisville, USA

Dr. Diana Anderson, University of Bradford, United Kingdom

Conference Proceedings

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Stem Cell Conferences | Stem Cell Congress | Regenerative ...

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Stem cells from fat outperform those from bone marrow in …

August 4th, 2016 9:36 am

Durham, NC A new study appearing in the current issue of STEM CELLS Translational Medicine indicates that stem cells harvested from fat (adipose) are more potent than those collected from bone marrow in helping to modulate the bodys immune system.

The finding could have significant implications in developing new stem-cell-based therapies, as adipose tissue-derived stem cells (AT-SCs) are far more plentiful in the body than those found in bone marrow and can be collected from waste material from liposuction procedures. Stem cells are considered potential therapies for a range of conditions, from enhancing skin graft survival to treating inflammatory bowel disease.

Researchers at the Leiden University Medical Centers Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion in Leiden, The Netherlands, led by Helene Roelofs, Ph.D., conducted the study. They were seeking an alternative to bone marrow for stem cell therapies because of the low number of stem cells available in marrow and also because harvesting them involves an invasive procedure.

Adipose tissue is an interesting alternative since it contains approximately a 500-fold higher frequency of stem cells and tissue collection is simple, Dr. Roelofs said.

Moreover, Dr. Sara M. Melief added, 400,000 liposuctions a year are performed in the U.S. alone, where the aspirated adipose tissue is regarded as waste and could be collected without any additional burden or risk for the donor.

For the study, the team used stem cells collected from the bone marrow and fat tissue of age-matched donors. They compared the cells ability to regulate the immune system in vitro and found that the two performed similarly, although it took a smaller dose for the AT-SCs to achieve the same effect on the immune cells.

When it came to secreting cytokines the cell signaling molecules that regulate the immune system the AT-SCs also outperformed the bone marrow-derived cells.

This all adds up to make AT-SC a good alternative to bone marrow stem cells for developing new therapies, Dr. Roelofs concluded.

Cells from bone marrow and from fat were equivalent in terms of their potential to differentiate into multiple cell types, said Anthony Atala, M.D., editor of STEM CELLS Translational Medicine and director of Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine. The fact that the cells from fat tissue seem to be more potent at suppressing the immune system suggest their promise in clinical therapies.

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What is the future of biotechnology?

August 4th, 2016 9:36 am

In extraordinary ways, today the research and developement in biotechnology is demonstrating the power of scientific ideas to change the world ! The future of biotechnology is not only good but it is great ! Why only future , the present of biotech is so bright that its development will further make it to shine more and more. Today biotechnology is inspiring new students to go ahead with their biotechnology knowledge on such platforms were sky is the limit. Biotechnology has a very strong and promising future. The simple reason for this is it covers the entire field of science and its applications. These includes but not limited to filed as medical, agricultural, engineering, computational, and industrial process all together are now using a integrated approach to improve product quality, efficiency, cost, and environmental sustainability. Nanotechnology, information technology are also helping biotechnology in various way to improve the standards of product and reduce the side effects, cycle time of production with safety measures of patients, society and environment.

With the help of Biotechnology new era is on the way to emerge with the self-directed evolutions. Mankind is on its way to develop self-engineered organism, biochemical pathways, rDNA, self-design proteins, genetically engineered vegetables for improved productivity and nutritional values. Now with the help of Biotechnology new thinking & implementation of biotechnology applications in physiology of body, gene alterations, protein study, and nanotechnology are being done. All this will help to curb all types of diseases; disorders will help to build the humanity with self-protected and controlled evolution.

The area of application of biotechnology is vast. Few examples it includes unique products development, today Monoclonal antibodies which are new tools to detect and localize specific biomolecules. The biotechnology had today developed such monoclonal anitbiotics which In principle, can be made against any macromolecule and used to specifically locate, purify or even potentially destroy molecule as for example with anticancer drugs.

Biotechnology is helping and is being worldwide utilized in solving crimes with DNA identifications. It also allows scientists and other to produce banks of DNA, RNA and proteins, while mapping the human genome. Tracers are used to synthesize specific DNA or RNA probes, which are very essential to specify sequences which is involved in genetic disorders.

With genetic engineering & biotechnology, new proteins are increasingly synthesized globally and used for variuos therapies. They can be introduced into other forms of life like plants or animal genomes, thus a new type of disease resistant plants are generated, capable of living in extreme unfavorable environments (i.e. temperature, Ph, Salt, Desert extremes,...). When introduced into bacteria, these proteins have also produced new antibiotics and useful therapeutic drugs.

With biotechnology today cloning are being done successfuly and it generate large quantities of pure and efficient human proteins, which are used to treat diseases like diabetes and hormonal disorders. In the future, a resource bank for rare human proteins or other molecules will be available. For example, technique like DNA sequences which are modified to correct a mutation or phenotypes , to increase the production of a specific protein, anitbiotics and biomolecues or to produce a new type of protein can be stored for longer period of time. This technique will be play a key role in gene therapy and curing of genetic disorders. Really the furture of biotechnology is very bright.

Taking consideration of the breadth and depth of advances underway in biotechnology, there is a strong potential and capacity for a reemergent, neosymbolist era. Similarly, fundamental drivers based on biotechnology will shape this new era of self-reconsideration and self dependant. The complete decoding of human genome with the help of biotechnology and indirectly of our physiology down to individual genes or nucleotides, proteins, and even individual thoughts and emotions may greatly impact our self-perception of life, health, aging ,disease, personality, and nature.

Today through biotechnology in agriculture we had changed the capacity of our planet earch in feeding the large popullation with agricultural quality and nutritive products. This capasity development and balancing will improve our relationship with ecology and the nature.There is a great progress in industrial manufacturing, materials science,medical field , disastor management and bioengineering which is only possible due to biotechnology and will deeply & positively impact both the nature and the survival capacity of humans. We the humans are the drivers of biotechnology and our ability to use biotechnology to create a better world for well being of mankind and also for all other living creatures like plants, animals of our planet and mother planet Earth will show a new way to evolution which will be towards infinity and well being of mankind ! Really the future of biotechnology is Great and is further coming up with flying colors for students ,researcher ,scientists ,professionals in this field & ultimately to the mankind !

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life span | Britannica.com

August 4th, 2016 9:36 am

Alternative title: longevity

Life span, mayflyG.E. HydeNHPA/EB Inc.the period of time between the birth and death of an organism.

longevity: animalsEncyclopdia Britannica, Inc.It is a commonplace that all organisms die. Some die after only a brief existence, like that of the mayfly, whose adult life burns out in a day, and others like that of the gnarled bristlecone pines, which have lived thousands of years. The limits of the life span of each species appear to be determined ultimately by heredity. Locked within the code of the genetic material are instructions that specify the age beyond which a species cannot live given even the most favourable conditions. And many environmental factors act to diminish that upper age limit.

The maximum life span is a theoretical number whose exact value cannot be determined from existing knowledge about an organism; it is often given as a rough estimate based on the longest lived organism of its species known to date. A more meaningful measure is the average life span; this is a statistical concept that is derived by the analysis of mortality data for populations of each species. A related term is the expectation of life, a hypothetical number computed for humans from mortality tables drawn up by insurance companies. Life expectancy represents the average number of years that a group of persons, all born at the same time, might be expected to live, and it is based on the changing death rate over many past years.

The concept of life span implies that there is an individual whose existence has a definite beginning and end. What constitutes the individual in most cases presents no problem: among organisms that reproduce sexually the individual is a certain amount of living substance capable of maintaining itself alive and endowed with hereditary features that are in some measure unique. In some organisms, however, extensive and apparently indefinite growth takes place and reproduction may occur by division of a single parent organism, as in many protists, including bacteria, algae, and protozoans. If these divisions are incomplete, a colony results; if the parts separate, genetically identical organisms are formed. In order to consider life span in such organisms, the individual must be defined arbitrarily since the organisms are continually dividing. In a strict sense, the life spans in such instances are not comparable to those forms that are sexually produced.

The beginning of an organism can be defined by the formation of the fertilized egg in sexual forms; or by the physical separation of the new organism in asexual forms (many invertebrate animals and many plants). In animals generally, birth is considered to be the beginning of the life span. The timing of birth, however, is so different in various animals that it is only a poor criterion. In many marine invertebrates the hatchling larva consists of relatively few cells, not nearly so far along toward adulthood as a newborn mammal. For even among mammals, variations are considerable. A kangaroo at birth is about an inch long and must develop further in the pouch, hardly comparable to a newborn deer, who within minutes is walking about. If life spans of different kinds of organisms are to be compared, it is essential that these variations be accounted for. The end of an organisms existence results when irreversible changes have occurred to such an extent that the individual no longer actively retains its organization. There is thus a brief period during which it is impossible to say whether the organism is still alive, but this time is so short relative to the total length of life that it creates no great problem in determining life span.

Some organisms seem to be potentially immortal. Unless an accident puts an end to life, they appear to be fully capable of surviving indefinitely. This faculty has been attributed to certain fishes and reptiles, which appear to be capable of unlimited growth. Without examining the various causes of death in detail (see death) a distinction can be made between death as a result of internal changes (i.e., aging) and death as a result of some purely external factor, such as an accident. It is notable that the absence of aging processes is correlated with the absence of individuality. In other words, organisms in which the individual is difficult to define, as in colonial forms, appear not to age.

Plants grow old as surely as do animals. However, a generally accepted definition of age in plants has not yet been realized. If the age of an individual plant is that time interval between the reproductive process that gave rise to the individual and the death of the individual, the age attained may be given readily for some kinds of plants but not for others. The Table lists maximum ages, both estimated and verified, for some seed plants.

Maximum ages for some seed plants

An English oak that has 1,000 annual rings in the trunk is 1,000 years old. But age is less certain in the case of an arctic lupine that germinated from a seed that, containing the embryo, had been lying in a lemmings burrow in the arctic permafrost for 10,000 years.

The mushroom caps that appear overnight last for only a few days, but the network of fungus filaments in the soil (the mycelia) may be as old as 400 years. Because of important differences in structure, the life span of higher plants cannot be compared with that of higher animals. Normally, embryonic cells (that is, cells capable of changing in form or becoming specialized) cease to exist very early in the life of an animal. In plants, however, embryonic tissuethe plant meristemsmay contribute to growth and tissue formation for a much longer time, in some cases throughout the life of the plant. Thus the oldest known trees, bristlecone pines of California and Nevada, have one meristem (the cambium) that has been adding cells to the diameter of these trees for, in many cases, more than 4,000 years and another meristem (the apical) that has been adding cells to the length of these trees for the same period. These meristematic tissues are as old as the plant itself; they were formed in the embryo. The wood, bark, leaves and cones, however, live for only a few years. The wood of the trunk and roots, although dead, remains a part of the tree indefinitely, but the bark, leaves, and cones are continually in the process of dying and sloughing off.

Among the lower plants only a few mosses possess structures that enable an estimate of their age to be made. The haircap moss (Polytrichum) grows through its own stem tip each year, leaving a ring of scales that marks the annual growth. Three to five years growth in this moss is common, but life spans of 10 years have been recorded. The lower portions of such a moss are dead, though intact. Peat moss (Sphagnum) forms extensive growths that fill acid bogs with a peaty turf consisting of the dead lower portions of mosses whose living tops continue growing. Mosses that become encrusted with lime (calcium carbonate) and form tufa beds several metres thick also have living tips and dead lower portions. On the basis of their observed annual growth, some tufa mosses are estimated to have been growing for as long as 2,800 years.

No reliable method for determining the age of ferns exists, but on the basis of size attained and growth rate, some tree ferns are thought to be several decades old. Some club mosses, or lycopsids, have a storied growth pattern similar to that of the haircap moss. Under favourable conditions some specimens live five to seven years.

The woody seed plants, such as conifers and broadleaf trees, are the most amenable to determination of age. In temperate regions, where each years growth is brought to an end by cold or dryness, every growth period is limited by an annual ringa new layer of wood added to the diameter of the tree. These rings may be counted on the cut ends of a tree that has been felled or, using a special instrument, a cylinder of wood can be cut out and the growth rings counted and studied. In the far north growth rings are so close together that they are difficult to count. In the moist tropics growth is more or less continuous, so that clearly defined rings are difficult to find.

Often the age of a tree is estimated on the basis of its diameter, especially when the average annual increase in diameter is known. The source of greatest error in this method is the not infrequent fusing of the trunks of more than one tree, as, for example, occurred in a Montezuma cypress in Santa Mara del Tule, a little Mexican village near Oaxaca. This tree, described by the Spanish explorer Hernan Corts in the early 1500s, was earlier estimated on the basis of its great thickness to be 6,000 years old; later studies, however, proved it to be three trees grown together. Estimates of the age of some English yews have been as high as 3,000 years, but these figures, too, have turned out to be based on the fusion of close-growing trunks, none of which is more than 250 years old. Increment borings of bristlecone pines have shown specimens in the western United States to be 4,600 years old.

Plants, usually herbaceous, that live for only one growing season and produce flowers and seeds in that time are called annuals. They may be represented by such plants as corn and marigolds, which spend a period of a few weeks to a few months rapidly accumulating food materials. As a result of hormonal changesbrought about in many plants by changes in environmental factors such as day length and temperatureleaf-producing tissues change abruptly to flower-producing ones. The formation of flowers, fruits, and seeds rapidly depletes food reserves and the vegetative portion of the plant usually dies. Although the exhaustion of food reserves often accompanies death of the plant, it is not necessarily the cause of death.

These plants, too, are usually herbaceous. They live for two growing seasons. During the first season, food is accumulated, usually in a thickened root (beets, carrots); flowering occurs in the second season. As in annuals, flowering exhausts the food reserves, and the plants die after the seeds mature.

These plants have a life span of several to many years. Some are herbaceous (iris, delphinium), others are shrubs or trees. The perennials differ from the above-mentioned groups in that the storage structures are either permanent or are renewed each year. Perennials require from one to many years growth before flowering. The preflowering (juvenile) period is usually shorter in trees and shrubs with shorter life spans than in those with longer life spans. The long-lived beech tree (Fagus sylvatica), for example, passes 3040 years in the juvenile stage, during which time there is rapid growth but no flowering.

Some plantscotton and tomatoes, for exampleare perennials in their native tropical regions but are capable of blooming and producing fruits, seeds, or other useful parts in their first year. Such plants are often grown as annuals in the temperate zones.

Although there is great variety in the longevity of seeds, the dormant embryo plant contained within the seed will lose its viability (ability to grow) if germination fails to occur within a certain time. Reports of the sprouting of wheat taken from Egyptian tombs are unfounded, but some seeds do retain their viability a long time. Indian lotus seeds (actually fruits) have the longest known retention of viability. On the other hand, seeds of some willows lose their ability to germinate within a week after they have reached maturity.

The loss of viability of seeds in storage, although hastened or retarded by environmental factors, is the result of changes that take place within the seed itself. The changes that have been investigated are: exhaustion of food supply; gradual denaturing or loss of vital structure by protoplasmic proteins; breakdown of enzymes; accumulation of toxins resulting from the metabolism of the seed. Some self-produced toxins may cause mutations that hamper seed germination. Since seeds of different species vary greatly in structure, physiology, and life history, no single set of age factors can apply to all seeds.

Much of what is known of the length of life of animals other than man derives from observations of domesticated species in laboratories and zoos. One has only to consider how few animals reveal their age to appreciate the difficulties involved in answering the apparently simple question of how long they live in nature. In many fishes, a few kinds of clams, and an occasional species of other groups, growth is seasonal, so that annual zones of growth, much like tree rings, are produced in some part of the organism. Among game species, methods of determining relative age by indicators such as the amount of tooth wear or changes in bone structure have yielded valuable information. Bird bands and other identifying marks also make age estimation possible. But one of the consequences of the fact that animals move is that very little is known about the life span of most species as they exist in nature.

The extreme claims of longevity that are occasionally made for one species or another have consistently been proven false when subjected to critical scrutiny. Although the maximum life span that has been observed for a particular species cannot be considered absolute, since a limited number of individuals at best has been studied, this datum probably provides a fair approximation of the greatest age attainable for this kind of animal under favourable conditions. Animals in captivity, which provide most of the records of extreme age, are exposed to far fewer hazards than those in the wild. In the accompanying table of maximum longevity, particular species have been so selected as to encompass the known range of longevity of other members of the taxonomic group to which they belong.

Maximum longevity of animals in captivity

Life span usually is measured in units of time. Although this may seem eminently logical, certain difficulties may arise. In cold-blooded animals in general, the rate of metabolism that determines the various life processes varies with the temperatures to which they are exposed. If aging depends on the expenditure of a fixed amount of vital energy, an idea first proposed in 1908, life span will vary tremendously depending on temperature or other external variables that influence life span. There is considerable evidence attesting at least to the partial cogency of this argument. So long as a certain range is not exceeded, cold-blooded invertebrates do live longer at low than at high temperatures. Rats in the laboratory live longest on a somewhat restricted diet that does not permit maximum metabolic rate. Of perhaps even greater significance is the fact that many animals undergo dormant periods. Many small mammals hibernate; a number of arthropods have life cycles that include periods during which development is arrested. Under both conditions the metabolic rate becomes very low. It is questionable whether such periods should be included in computing the life span of a particular organism. Comparisons between species, some of which have such inactive periods while others do not, are dangerous. It is possible that life span could be measured more adequately by total metabolism; however, the data that are necessary for this purpose are almost entirely lacking.

Length of life is controlled by a multitude of factors, which collectively may be termed environment, operating on a genetic system that determines how the individual will respond. It is impossible to list all the environmental factors that may lead to death. For analytical purposes it is, however, useful to make certain formal separations. Every animal is exposed to (1) a pattern of numerous events, each with a certain probability of killing the individual at any moment and, in the aggregate, causing a total probability of death or survival; (2) climatic and other changes in the habitat, modifying the frequency with which the various potentially fatal events occur; and (3) progressive systemic change, inasmuch as growth, reproduction, development, and senescence are characteristics intrinsic in the organism and capable of modifying the effects of various environmental factors.

Consider a group of similar animals of the same age. Although no two individuals can have precisely the same environment, let it be assumed that the environment of the group remains effectively constant. If the animals undergo no progressive physiological changes, the factors causing death will produce a death rate that will remain constant in time. Under these conditions, it will take the same amount of time for the population to become reduced to one-half its former number, no matter how many animals remain at the beginning of the period considered. The animals therefore survive according to the pattern of an accident curve. This is the sense in which many of the lower animals are immortal. Although they die, they do not age; how long they have already lived has no influence on their further life expectation.

Another group of animals may consist of individuals that differ markedly in their responses to the constant environment. They may be genetically different, or their previous development may have caused variations to arise. Those individuals that are most poorly suited to the new environment will die, leaving survivors that are better adapted. The same result can also be achieved in other ways. If the environment varies geographically, those individuals that happen to find areas in which existence can be maintained will survive, while the remainder will die. Or, as a result of their own properties, animals in a constant environment may acclimate in a variety of ways, thus adjusting to the existing conditions. The pattern of survival that results in each of these cases is one in which the death rate declines with time, as illustrated by the selectionacclimation curve.

In the absence of death from other causes, all members of a population may exist in their environment until the onset of senescence, which will cause a decline in the ability of individuals to survive. In a sense they can be considered to wear out as does a machine. Their survival is best described by individual differences among members of the population that determine the curvature of the survival line (wearing-out curve). The more the population varies, the less abrupt is the transition from total survival to total death.

Under the actual conditions of existence of animals the three types of survival (accident pattern, selectionacclimation pattern, wearing-out pattern) above all enter as components of the realized survival pattern. Thus in animals that are carefully maintained in the laboratory, survival is approximately that of the wearing-out pattern. Environmental accidents can be kept to a minimum under these conditions, and survival is almost complete during the major part of the life span. In all known cases, however, the early stages of the life span are characterized by a noticeable contribution of the selectionacclimation pattern. This must be interpreted as a result of developmental changes that accompany the early life of the individuals and of selective processes that operate on those organisms whose genetic constitutions are ill fitted for that environment.

In some of the larger mammals in nature, the existing evidence points to a similar survival pattern. In a variety of other animals, however, and including fishes and invertebrates, mortality in the young stages is so high that the selectionacclimation curve predominates. One estimate places the mortality of the Atlantic mackerel during its first 90 days of life as high as 99.9996 percent. Since some mackerel do live for several years, a mortality rate that decreases with age is indicated. Similar considerations probably apply to all those animals that have larval stages that serve as dispersal mechanisms.

When the postjuvenile portion of the life span is considered by itself, a number of animals for which such information has been gatheredincluding primarily fishes and birdshave survivorship curves that are dominated by the accident pattern. In these species in nature, death from old age apparently is rare. Their chance of surviving to an advanced age is so small that it may be statistically negligible. In modern times, human predation is a large factor in the mortality of these species in many cases. Since deaths from fishing and hunting are largely independent of age, once an animal has reached a certain minimum size, such a factor only makes the survival curve steeper but does not change its shape. One consequence of such increased mortality is that fewer old and large individuals are noticed in a population.

More complex survival patterns, such as the hypothetical one illustrated, undoubtedly exist. They should be looked for in those species in which extensive reorganization of the animal is part of the normal life cycle. In effect, these animals change their environment radically, in some cases several times during a lifetime. The frog offers a familiar example. During its period of early development and until shortly after hatching, the animal is subject to major internal, and some external, change. As a tadpole it is adjusted to an aquatic, herbivorous life. The metamorphosis to the terrestrial, carnivorous adult form is accompanied by varied physiological stresses that must be expected to produce a temporary increase in mortality rate. In some insects the eggs, larvae, pupae, and adults are exposed to and respond to quite different environments, and a survivorship pattern even more complex than that described by the composite curve may exist.

The same species will exhibit changed survival in different environments. In captivity an animal population may approach the wearing-out pattern; in its natural habitat survivorship may vary with age in a quite different way. Although one can assign a maximum potential life span to an individualwhile realizing that this maximum may not be attainedit is impossible to specify the survivorship pattern unless the environment is also specified. This is another way of saying that life span is the joint property of the animal and the environment in which it lives.

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stemcellbioethics – Legal and Political History of Stem …

August 4th, 2016 9:36 am

The legal battle began in 1973 when the Supreme Court ruled in Roe v. Wade that a fetus in the mothers uterus is not considered a person with rights under the Fourteenth Amendment (US Supreme Court, Roe V. Wade, 1973). Many assumed that this ruling would extend to embryos outside the mothers uterus (Wilberforce, Forsythe et al. 2011). In addition, there was an attempt to understand the implications for how states might limit the practice of the destruction of embryos, as they did with abortion, out of an interest in protecting potential life. While indeed, some states have enacted restrictions, the court has yet to issue a ruling on the status of embryos outside the mothers uterus.

Courts recently entered the debate to address assertions that federal funding of hESC research is in violation of the Dickey-Wicker Amendment. Return to Top

Given that the acceptability of hESC research hinges on the issue of destroying early embryos, the discussion was quickly drawn into the well-rehearsed abortion debates that have long occupied the American conscience (Robertson 2010). As such, political lines were similarly drawn, with the more conservative-minded opposing abortion and hESC research, and the more liberal-minded in favor. Political and social divisions regarding hESC research and abortion may be rooted more in differences in religious ideologies. Return to Top

With the midterm elections of 1994, however, Republicans regained control of Congress, and progress toward the start of embryo research was slowed due to pressure from the new conservative majority.

In 1996, an additional concept was added in the amendment indicating that all federal funding in support of research with human embryos is illegal. Moreover, the Dickey-Wicker amendment defines embryos as any organism, not protected as a human subject under 45 CFR 46. The Dickey-Wicker Amendment provides that no federal funds can be expended by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) for:

With the first derivation of human embryonic stem cell (hESC) lines in 1998 (toward the end of the Clinton administration), the question became whether funding of research on hESCs would be in violation of the Dickey-Wicker amendment.

Roger F. Wicker (1951 - ) the 1st term Republican junior senator of Mississippi who was appointed by then- Governor Haley Barbour in 2007 to fill the seat vacated by Trent Lott, the former Senator. In a 2008 special election, Wicker won for the remainder of Lotts term. Wicker is also known for the appropriations bill, the Dickey-Wicker Amendment, which he co-sponsored while representing Mississippis conservative 1st congressional district (1995 to 2007) prior to his Senate post (Congress 2007).

The first was to draw a distinction between the creation of hESC lines and research using those lines; she maintained that if the derivation of the lines was privately funded, federal funding of later research would not pose a problem regarding the creation of embryos.

As to the second issue related to the destruction of embryos during the research, she further argued that the Dickey-Wicker amendment specifically referred to the embryos in question as organisms, and embryonic stem cells, in her opinion, were not legally organisms because they cannot develop into viable embryos outside a womans uterus or, once cultured as stem cells, even inside the uterus (Marshall 1999; Dunn 2005).

Given the legal opinion of Harriet Rabb that established Clinton Administration policy about funding of hESC research, the NIH then began to develop guidelines to fund research, and was ready to begin issuing grants.

President George W. Bush adopted a more conservative variation of Harriet Rabbs approach. In his first public address regarding a human embryonic stem cell (hESC) policy, he announced that human ESC research would be allowed to go forward, but only on stem cell lines derived prior to August 9, 2001, the date of his address (Bush 2001). This approach was remarkable, seeming to favor hESC research while at the same time limiting it.

The policy proved to be more restrictive than it initially seemed. While between 60 and 70 lines had been previously derived and were available for use, over the duration of President Bushs two terms in office, only 21 lines proved viable, greatly reducing access to the basic material needed to conduct stem cell research.

In 2006, in an effort to overturn the funding ban, the Senate passed a bill allowing funding of research on lines derived after 2001, but President Bush vetoed the bill. He vetoed a similar bill the following year in 2007.

While the restriction of federal funding for hESC funding served to limit embryo research because the blastocyst must be destroyed to obtain the stem cells, embryo research actively continued with private and certain state funding (e.g., California). Moreover, despite its intent to limit research, the restriction served as an impetus for researchers to focus their efforts on novel ways to create stem cells using adult cells that did not require destruction of the embryo (Loike and Fischbach 2009).

The restrictions on stem cell research also resulted in many scientists changing research direction or going abroad to be able to continue their work. Some states like California and New York allocated substantial state and private funds in order to provide strong opportunities for scientists and to establish their states leadership in stem cell science.

The development of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, as well as the use of adult stem cell sources such as cord blood, amniotic fluid, adipose tissue, and bone marrow have led to promising developments. Scientists have been able to do with adult stem cells many of the things they might have done with embryonic stem cells, while avoiding the controversial and divisive destruction of human embryos.

Political conservative Nancy Reagan (pictured left with President Reagan) has advocated in favor of embryonic stem cell science to address Alzheimers disease, which afflicted her late husband, former President Ronald Reagan.

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President Obama signed an order reversing the Bush administration's strict limits on human embryonic stem cell research. (See the New York Times Topics - Stem Cells)

In 2009, a few weeks after the new NIH guidelines went into effect, a group of plaintiffs that included two adult stem cell researchers (James Sherley and Theresa Deisher), an embryo adoption agency, and actual embryos, filed a lawsuit against the Department of Health and Human Services and the NIH, insisting that federal funding of human ESC research is in violation of the Dickey-Wicker Amendment (contradicting Harriet Rabbs interpretation of a decade earlier). The case was initially dismissed by Chief Judge Royce Lamberth, but after an appeal, his ruling was reversed and the case was sent back to him for reconsideration regarding the competitive standing of Sherley and Deisher. (Vogel and Couzin-Frankel 2011).

With the Lamberth ruling, the NIH scrambled to put on hold new grants and renewals while struggling to fund all existing human embryonic stem cell research it supported, waiting for the Justice Department to appeal the ruling.

In September of 2010, after having been denied by the court a motion to stay the preliminary injunction, the Department of Justice filed an emergency motion with the Court of Appeals again to stay the injunction (United-States-Court-of-Appeals-for-the-DC-Circuit 2010). The Washington DC Appellate Court then blocked the temporary injunction of Judge Lamberth which has allowed funding of hESC research to continue in the interim, following the guidelines developed by the NIH.

In what may be the final word, at least as of 2011, Judge Lamberth, on July 27th, issued a ruling that the US government can continue funding embryonic stem cell research. This decision threw out the 2009 lawsuit by researchers Sherley and Deisher that had challenged President Obamas expansion of funding. The Judges latest decision came after the D.C. Circuit of Appeals removed his temporary injunction of such grants.

Lamberth stated in his opinion that the Appeals Court decision constrains this court which compelled him to dismiss the researchers challenge. Importantly, the Judge ruled that allowing federal funding for research using stem cells created using private funds is not a violation of the Dickey-Wicker Amendment because such research is not research in which a human embryo or embryos are destroyed (Bohan, 2011).

Click here to download the Lamberth Ruling (via nature.com).

Scientists involved in embryonic stem cell research applauded Lamberths ruling. We clearly think its the right decision, said Dr. Jonathan Thomas of the California Institute for Regenerative Medicine. It will now lift the cloud thats been hanging over researchers around the country (Bohan, 2011)

The Lamberth ruling is a big relief for many scientists who have been anxious about their NIH funding. For the 2011 fiscal year, the NIH estimated that $358 million of its budget would go toward human non-embryonic stem cell research and $126 million would go toward human embryonic stem cell research (http://www.aaas.org/spp/cstc/briefs/stemcells).

But Dr. David Prentice, a senior fellow for Life Sciences at the conservative Family Research Council, called the Lamberth July 2011 ruling unfortunate, saying that it allowed the flow of taxpayer funds to continue for this unethical, scientifically unworthy embryonic stem cell research. He added that it was also a sad day for patients, because it is not embryonic stem cells, but only adult stem cells that are currently treating patients and offering real hope for the future. (Bohan, 2011)

Informal Online Poll Results (Phillips, 2010)

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Recognizing Early Arthritis Symptoms

August 4th, 2016 9:36 am

Early arthritis symptoms can be vague and confusing, but they are important to recognize. Newly diagnosed arthritis patients quickly realize that early symptoms are just the first layer to be uncovered before a definitive diagnosis and treatment plan can be established.

Early symptoms linked to arthritis usually include:

Though early symptoms are the first indication of an arthritic condition, there is much more information which needs to be gathered. There are more than 100 types of arthritis and related rheumatic conditions. For a patient to obtain a specific diagnosis (i.e., the specific type of arthritis), a doctor must evaluate the patient's:

Together, the criteria formulate a clinical picture which must be routinely re-assessed by your doctor. It's important for you to learn the major differences between the various types of arthritis. An understanding of the primary characteristics associated with each type of arthritis will help you recognize what is and is not important to report to your doctor with regard to your own condition.

A basic knowledge of the major types of arthritis and symptoms also will better prepare you for doctor appointments. You will find it easier to formulate questions and communicate with your doctor once you are confident that you understand basic facts about arthritis symptoms.

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis is an inflammatory type of arthritis. The joints are primarily affected, but there can be systemic effects (i.e. organs) as well. Morning stiffness lasting more than an hour, involvement of the small bones of the hands and feet, extreme fatigue, rheumatoid nodules, and symmetrical joint involvement (i.e. both knees not one knee) are all characteristics of rheumatoid arthritis.

Osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis predominantly affects the joints, unlike other types of arthritis which may have systemic effects. The most common symptom associated with osteoarthritis is pain in the affected joint after repeated use. Joint pain is often worse later in the day. The affected joints can swell, feel warm, and become stiff after prolonged inactivity. Osteoarthritis can occur with other forms of arthritis simultaneously. Bone spurs and bony enlargements are also characteristic of osteoarthritis.

Psoriatic Arthritis

Psoriatic arthritis is a type of arthritis associated with psoriasis (a skin condition characterized by red, patchy, raised, or scaly areas) and chronic joint symptoms. The symptoms of psoriasis and joint inflammation often develop separately. Symptoms associated with psoriatic arthritis vary in how they occur (i.e. symmetrical or asymmetrical) and what joints are affected. Any joint in the body can be affected. When psoriasis causes pitting and thickened or discolored fingernails, the joints nearest the fingertips are likely to become arthritic.

Ankylosing Spondylitis

Ankylosing spondylitis is commonly associated with inflammation which starts at the lower spine or sacroiliac joints. The earliest symptoms are often chronic pain and stiffness in the lower back region and hips. Typical ankylosing spondylitis pain in the back worsens following rest or inactivity. As symptoms of pain and stiffness progress up the spine to the neck, possibly including the rib cage area, bones may fuse.

Lupus

Lupus can affect the joints, skin, kidneys, lungs, heart, nervous system, and other organs of the body. It is not uncommon for symptoms associated with lupus to resemble symptoms associated with other types of arthritis and rheumatic disease, making lupus difficult to diagnose. A butterfly-shaped rash appearing on the cheeks and over the bridge of the nose (malar rash) is just one of the distinguishing characteristics of lupus.

Gout

Gout is considered one of the most intensely painful types of arthritis. Gout is characterized by sudden onset of severe pain, tenderness, warmth, redness, and swelling from inflammation of the affected joint. Gout usually affects a single joint, and most often the big toe is affected. The knee, ankle, foot, hand, wrist, and elbow may also be affected. Shoulders, hips, and spine may eventually be affected by gout, but rarely. Often the first gout attack occurs at night.

There are other types of arthritis and joint inflammation conditions to consider as well:

As you learn about them, you and your doctor will decide which of your symptoms matches the diagnostic scheme of a particular type of arthritis. The process of identifying a specific type of arthritis is not always quick. Individual symptoms and symptom patterns can make diagnosing arthritis tricky. Being aware of early symptoms is a definite advantage, however.

Sources:

Kelley's Textbook of Rheumatology. Elsevier. Ninth edition.

Arthritis Foundation, Diseases and Conditions. http://www.arthritis.org

American College of Rheumatology. Diseases. http://www.rheumatology.org

2016 About, Inc. All rights reserved.

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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) – Homepage

August 4th, 2016 9:36 am

New NIH studies seek adults and families affected by sickle cell disease/trait People with sickle cell disease (SCD) can experience excruciating pain, kidney problems, a higher risk of stroke and, in rare cases, chronic leg ulcers. Little is known about why the severity of these symptoms varies throughout a lifetime or why these symptoms differ from person to person. NHGRI researchers are seeking help from people affected by SCD to find the factors - environmental, social and genetic - that impact the severity of the symptoms. Read more Investigational Device Exemptions (IDE) and Genomics Workshop On Friday, June 10, 2016, the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) hosted the Investigational Device Exemptions (IDE) and Genomics Workshop. The workshop brought together perspectives from investigators, institutional review boards (IRB), the FDA and NHGRI on how to determine if a study requires an IDE, and how to fulfill IDE requirements if the FDA should require an IDE for research involving the use of genomic technologies, including next-generation sequencing (NGS). View agenda The Genomics Landscape Clinical Sequencing: Beyond Exploration The Genomics Landscape for June features exciting developments with NHGRI's Clinical Sequencing Exploratory Research Program. We also highlight the new director of the National Library of Medicine, recently funded studies on the ethical, legal and social implications of genomic information, the final seminar commemorating the 25th anniversary of the launch of the Human Genome Project and available online videos for genome analysis lectures. Read more Bacterial toxins make the body go boom By outward appearances, plants and animals don't seem to have much in common. When it comes to their immune systems, however, they might be more similar than their exteriors suggest. Researchers at the National Human Genome Research Institute have discovered an immune mechanism in humans, known as a "guard" mechanism, which was once thought to exist only in plants. They've published their results in the June 6 online journal Nature Immunology. Read more Perspective: Precision medicine may move us beyond the use of race in prescribing drugs Health care providers have long struggled with considering race when prescribing and dosing medications. In a May 26 New England Journal of Medicine perspective, Vence L. Bonham, J.D., an investigator with NHGRI's Social and Behavioral Research Branch, and his colleagues, are asking if the precision medicine approach will reduce or eliminate the role that race plays in prescribing drugs and in health care overall. Read more

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Stem Cell Therapy in Mexico for Chronic Heart Failure …

August 4th, 2016 9:36 am

Home Blogs Stem Cell Treatment Mexico Stem Cell Therapy in Mexico for Chronic Heart Failure

Stem cell therapy in Mexico for chronic heart failure can help reduce the risk of heart attack at an affordable price. Though heart stem cell treatment in Mexico is yet to find many takers, patients will be glad to know that the Latin American country is home to numerous state-of-the art hospitals offering stem cell therapy.

Medical tourism in Mexicois a growing industry and one can undergo quality, yet affordable treatments in the country.

The study showed that patients with low-functioning hearts could improve their condition with the help of ACP stem cell therapy, which is also available in Mexico.

Management of congestive heart failure in Mexico is a good alternative to undergoing treatment in the developed countries of the world. Some of the reasons why patients choose stem cell therapy for chronic heart failure in Mexico are as follows:

Stem cell therapy in Mexico for chronic heart failure can be a low cost solution to leading a healthier life. And if you are an American or a Canadian, all you need to do is a bit of traveling for getting treated at a state-of-the-art facility.

Submit the free quote request form on the right for more information.

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Stem cell therapy gives hope to MS patients | Society …

August 4th, 2016 9:36 am

Adult stem cells stored at a laboratory. A new treatment led to long-standing remission for MS patients. Photograph: MedicImage/Alamy

A radical and risky stem cell therapy has been shown to halt and even reverse some of the symptoms of those worst affected by multiple sclerosis, a disease that in many people has proved untreatable.

Doctors in Canada conducted an experimental stem cell transplant with 24 patients who were expected to be confined to a wheelchair within 10 years. After receiving the treatment most of the patients regained control of their lives, becoming able to walk, play sport and drive.

To succeed, the transplant required the destruction and rebooting of each persons immune system such a high risk approach that one of the patients died. But the others, followed up for between four and 13 years, had no further progression of the disease. The disease normally entails worsening symptoms over time.

To the surprise of their doctors, some patients recovered functions that had been eroded by the disease, including their sight and balance. Six returned to work or college, five married or became engaged and two had children using banked sperm or eggs, as the aggressive treatment had made them infertile.

Mark Freedman, a neurologist at the University of Ottawa, who co-led the trial, said he would not say his patients were cured. I hesitate to use the c-word. A cure would be stopping all disease moving forward and repairing all damage that has occurred. As far as we can ascertain no new damage seems to occur beyond the treatment and patients dont need to take any medication, so in that sense I think it has induced a long-standing remission. Some patients did recover substantial function and it allowed them to do things they couldnt do for years, but others did not.

However, the long-term results of the trial in Canada, published in the Lancet medical journal, have been universally applauded by scientists and support groups and will lead to a worldwide clamour for the transplants to be more widely available.

Stephen Minger, a stem cell biologist and independent consultant, said: The clinical results are truly impressive, in some cases close to being curative, though we need longer-term follow-up to know for certain whether the patients continue to do well or if there is a chance of relapse. And of course this trial will need replication by other groups too.

For a life-long progressive disease like MS with few treatment options this is really exciting data. It offers the hope of having a long-lasting treatment which may halt disease progression though, again, this is a very invasive therapy and not without risks. Still I would consider it a breakthrough therapy, and the clinical group and the patients should be congratulated for this success.

The doctors say this treatment is not for everyone with MS because of the dangers. Modern drugs can control the symptoms for most people with the disease, but they do not work in people who have a sudden onset of very aggressive disease with frequent relapses. Freedman said the transplants they had been doing in Ontario were suitable for perhaps 5-10% of MS patients. It is needless if the disease can be controlled with mild medicines that dont carry those kind of risks, he said.

Multiple sclerosis is caused by a malfunction of the immune system, which ordinarily defends the body against bacteria, viruses and disease. The disease attacks instead the insulating myelin sheath, which is essential for the proper functioning of the nervous system. Those who are badly affected, usually young, progressively lose the ability to control their limbs.

Stem cell transplants have been carried out before in MS patients, but those people had a relapse after a couple of years. Never before have doctors used the aggressive drug regimen used in Canada a therapy that totally destroys the immune system, putting patients at risk for a while from life-threatening infections.

The patient in the transplant group who died suffered very severe liver damage and a bacterial infection which caused sepsis, or blood poisoning.

In the process, the Canadian doctors removed stem cells from the bone marrow of the patients and processed these in a laboratory. They then used a combination of three toxic drugs to destroy each patients immune system before transplanting the cleaned-up stem cells in to the body.

There were some fairly profound and wonderful changes that some of them experienced, said Freedman. Some people hadnt walked and started walking. Some people who had lost their vision were seeing. More than half the patients returned to gainful employment, maintained their relationships, got back their drivers licence.

Some, however, had disease that was progressing like a runaway train, he said. They continued to get worse for a couple of years but then their disease also stopped progressing. But nobody developed any new inflammation at all, he said. Their brain scans showed no new lesions, he added.

People with MS have been going to clinics in Mexico and elsewhere in the world in search of stem cell treatments they hope will turn out to bring a cure. But doctors emphasised that the regimen used in Canada, being very dangerous, had to be restricted to very specialised centres, and needed to be tested in more people before it became more widely available.

In the UK, Paolo Muraro, a neurologist at Imperial College London, who met Freedman last week to discuss the results, is hoping to start his own international trial, involving about 180 people with MS. That trial would try a slightly less intense drug regime in the hope of reducing the risks, he said. He was still seeking funding for it and said the treatment might have been more widely available by now if it had been a drug.

Related: 'It was really the last option': one woman's multiple sclerosis recovery

The treatment does not rely on any proprietary drug, so it is not a treatment that has received any support from the pharmaceutical industry. People like Mark Freedman and myself have had to work with very limited resources to try to develop this treatment really from charitable funding and academia-driven units.

The Canadian results were indeed very good news, he said, although, he added, it was important to avoid raising false hopes, because of the risks and the need for more trials.

The study in Ontario was funded by the MS Society of Canada. Charities in the UK also welcomed the findings but warned that people with MS who might think of having a stem cell transplant should speak to their doctor.

Emma Gray, head of clinical trials at the MS Society, said: This treatment does offer hope, but its also an aggressive procedure that comes with substantial risks and requires specialist aftercare. If anyone is considering [a stem cell transplant] wed recommend they speak to their neurologist.

Amy Bowen, at the Multiple Sclerosis Trust, said the results were extremely interesting and encouraging. She added: Stem cell therapy is still very experimental, and is not suitable for everyone. However, it could be a potentially very effective therapy, holding great promise for people living with MS. Its also a long way from being a routine treatment for MS.

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Risky stem cell treatment reverses MS in 70% of patients …

August 4th, 2016 9:36 am

MS brain lesion as seen on an MRI.

By obliterating the broken immune systems of patients with severe forms of multiple sclerosis, then sowing fresh, defect-free systems with transplanted stem cells, researchers can thwart the degenerative autoimmune diseasebut it comes at a price.

In a small phase II trial of 24 MS patients, the treatment halted or reversed the disease in 70 percent of patients for three years after the transplant. Eight patients saw that improvement last for seven and a half years, researchers report in the Lancet. This means that some of those patients went from being wheelchair-bound to walking and being active again. But to reach that success, many suffered through severe side effects, such as life threatening infections and organ damage from toxicity brought on by the aggressive chemotherapy required to annihilate the bodys immune system. One patient died from complications of the treatment, which represents a four percent fatality rate.

Moreover, while the risks may be worthwhile to some patients with rapidly progressing forms of MSa small percentage of MS patientsthe researchers also caution that the trial was small and did not include a control group.

Larger clinical trials will be important to confirm these results, study coauthor Mark Freedman of University of Ottawa said in a statement. Since this is an aggressive treatment, the potential benefits should be weighed against the risks of serious complications associated with [this stem cell transplant], and this treatment should only be offered in specialist centres experienced both in multiple sclerosis treatment and stem cell therapy, or as part of a clinical trial, he added.

Similar treatments have been used before in other trials, which also showed positivethough not as dramaticresults. Generally, researchers start by harvesting a patients haematopoietic stem cells, which give rise to the bodys immune system. Then researchers use chemotherapy to knock back the patients misbehaving immune system. In MS patients, defective immune responses rip off the insulation from nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord, causing inflammation, lesions, and nerve damage that eventually lead to physical and mental disabilities. The disease can progress in bouts over decades or continuously over months.

With that defective immune system weakened, researchers can replace the patient's stem cells, which are distant enough predecessors that they don't carry the glitches that trigger MS. Thus, they can potentially spawn a flaw-free immune system.

Freedman and colleagues took this general treatment strategy a step further by not just knocking back the patients defective immune system, but byannihilating it completely with a cocktail of powerful drugs.

It's important to stress that this is a very early study, Stephen Minger, a stem cell biologist not involved with the study, told the BBC. Nevertheless, the clinical results are truly impressive, in some cases close to being curative.

Freedman added that future research will be geared not only to replicating the results in larger trials, but to figuring out how to make it safer for patients.

Lancet, 2016. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30169-6 (About DOIs).

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Worlds leading Stem Cell Conference | Global Meetings …

August 4th, 2016 9:36 am

Conference Series LLCinvites all the participants from all over the world to attend '8th World Congress on Cell & Stem Cell Research during March 20-22, 2017 in Orlando, USA which includes prompt keynote presentations, Oral talks, Poster presentations and Exhibitions.

Stem cellsare cells originate in all multi-cellular organisms. They were isolated in mice in 1981 and in humans in 1998. In humans there are several types of stem cells, each with variable levels of potency. Stem cell treatments are a type of cell therapy that introduces new cells into adult bodies for possible treatment of cancer, diabetes, neurological disorders and other medical conditions. Stem cells have been used to repair tissue damaged by disease or age.

Objective

Stem Cell Research-2017 has the platform to fulfill the prevailing gaps in the transformation of this science of hope, to serve promptly with solutions to all in the need. Stem Cell Research 2017 will have an anticipated participation of 120+ delegates across the world to discuss the conference goal.

Success Story: Cell Science Conference Series

The success of the Cell Science conference series has given us the prospect to bring the gathering inOrlando,USA. Since its commencement in 2011 Cell Science series has witnessed around 750 researchers of great potentials and outstanding research presentations from around the world. Awareness of stem cells and its application is becoming popular among the general population. Parallel offers of hope add woes to the researchers of cell science due to the potential limitations experienced in the real-time.

About Organizers

Conference Series LLCis one of the leadingOpen Access publishersand organizers of international scientificconferences and events every year across USA, Europe & Asia Conference Series LLChas so far organized 3000+Global Conferenceseries Events with over 600+ Conferences, 1200+ Symposiums and 1200+ Workshops on Medical, Pharma, Engineering, Science, Technology and Business with 700+ peer-reviewed open accessjournalsin basic science, health, and technology. OMICS International is also in association with more than 1000 International scientific and technological societies and associations and a team of 30,000 eminent scholars, reputed scientists as editorial board members.

Scientific Sessions

Stem Cell Research-2017 will encompass recent researches and findings in stem cell technologies, stem cell therapies and transplantations, current understanding of cell plasticity in cancer and other advancements in stem cell research and cell science.Stem Cell Research-2017 will be a great platform for research scientists and young researchers to share their current findings in this field of applied science. The major scientific sessions in Stem Cell Research-2017will focus on the latest and exciting innovations in prominent areas of cell science and stem cell research.

Target Audience:

Eminent personalities, Directors, CEO, President, Vice-president, Organizations, Associations heads and Professors, Research scientists, Stem Cell laboratory heads, Post-docs, Students other affiliates related to the area of Stem cell research, stem cell line companies can be as Target Audience.

8th World Congress on Cell & Stem Cell Research

The success of the 7 Cell Science conferences series has given us the prospect to bring the gathering one more time for our 8thWorld Congress 2017 meet in Orlando, USA. Since its commencement in 2011 cell science series has perceived around 750 researchers of great potentials and outstanding research presentations around the globe. The awareness of stem cells and its application is increasing among the general population that also in parallel offers hope and add woes to the researchers of cell science due to the potential limitations experienced in the real-time.

Stem Cell Research-2017has the goal to fill the prevailing gaps in the transformation of this science of hope to promptly serve solutions to all in the need.World Congress 2017 will have an anticipated participation of 100-120 delegates from around the world to discuss the conference goal.

History of Stem cells Research

Stem cells have an interesting history, in the mid-1800s it was revealed that cells were basically the building blocks of life and that some cells had the ability to produce other cells. Efforts were made to fertilize mammalian eggs outside of the human body and in the early 1900s, it was discovered that some cells had the capacity to generate blood cells. In 1968, the first bone marrow transplant was achieved successfully to treat two siblings with severe combined immunodeficiency. Other significant events in stem cell research include:

1978: Stem cells were discovered in human cord blood 1981: First in vitro stem cell line developed from mice 1988: Embryonic stem cell lines created from a hamster 1995: First embryonic stem cell line derived from a primate 1997: Cloned lamb from stem cells 1997: Leukaemia origin found as haematopoietic stem cell, indicating possible proof of cancer stem cells

Funding in USA:

No federal law forever did embargo stem cell research in the United States, but only placed restrictions on funding and use, under Congress's power to spend. By executive order on March 9, 2009, President Barack Obama removed certain restrictions on federal funding for research involving new lines of humanembryonic stem cells. Prior to President Obama's executive order, federal funding was limited to non-embryonic stem cell research and embryonic stem cell research based uponembryonic stem celllines in existence prior to August 9, 2001. In 2011, a United States District Court "threw out a lawsuit that challenged the use of federal funds for embryonic stem cell research.

Members Associated with Stem Cell Research:

Discussion on Development, Regeneration, and Stem Cell Biology takes an interdisciplinary approach to understanding the fundamental question of how a single cell, the fertilized egg, ultimately produces a complex fully patterned adult organism, as well as the intimately related question of how adult structures regenerate. Stem cells play critical roles both during embryonic development and in later renewal and repair. More than 65 faculties in Philadelphia from both basic science and clinical departments in the Division of Biological Sciences belong to Development, Regeneration, and Stem Cell Biology. Their research uses traditional model species including nematode worms, fruit-flies, Arabidopsis, zebrafish, amphibians, chick and mouse as well as non-traditional model systems such as lampreys and cephalopods. Areas of research focus include stem cell biology, regeneration, developmental genetics, and cellular basis of development, developmental neurobiology, and evo-devo (Evolutionary developmental biology).

Stem Cell Market Value:

Worldwide many companies are developing and marketing specialized cell culture media, cell separation products, instruments and other reagents for life sciences research. We are providing a unique platform for the discussions between academia and business.

Global Tissue Engineering & Cell Therapy Market, By Region, 2009 2018

$Million

Why to attend???

Stem Cell Research-2017 could be an outstanding event that brings along a novel and International mixture of researchers, doctors, leading universities and stem cell analysis establishments creating the conference an ideal platform to share knowledge, adoptive collaborations across trade and world, and assess rising technologies across the world. World-renowned speakers, the most recent techniques, tactics, and the newest updates in cell science fields are assurances of this conference.

A Unique Opportunity for Advertisers and Sponsors at this International event:

http://stemcell.omicsgroup.com/sponsors.php

UAS Major Universities which deals with Stem Cell Research

University of Washington/Hutchinson Cancer Center

Oregon Stem Cell Center

University of California Davis

University of California San Francisco

University of California Berkeley

Stanford University

Mayo Clinic

Major Stem Cell Organization Worldwide:

Norwegian Center for Stem Cell Research

France I-stem

Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Ctr, Beijing

Stem Cell Research Centre, Korea

NSW Stem Cell Network

Monash University of Stem Cell Labs

Australian Stem Cell Centre

Target Audience:

Eminent personalities, Directors, CEO, President, Vice-president, Organizations, Associations heads and Professors, Research scientists, Stem Cell laboratory heads, Post-docs, Students other affiliates related to the area of Stem cell research, stem cell line companies can be as Target Audience

Market Analysis of Stem Cell Therapy:

The global market for stem cell products was $3.8 billion in 2011. This market is expected to reach nearly $4.3 billion in 2012 and $6.6 billion by 2016, increasing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 11.7% from 2011 to 2016.

Americas is the largest region of global stem cell market, with a market share of about $2.0 billion in 2013. The region is projected to increase to nearly $3.9 billion by 2018, with a CAGR of 13.9% for the period of 2013 to 2018

Europe is the second largest segment of the global stem cell market and is expected to grow at a CAGR of 13.4% reaching about $2.4 billion by 2018 from nearly $1.4 billion in 2013.

Figure 2:Global Market

Companies working for Stem Cells:

Company

Location

Business Type

Cynata Therapeutics

Armadale, Australia

Stem Cell Manufacturing Technology

Mesoblast

Melbourne, Australia

Regenerative Medicine

Activartis

Vienna, Austria

Dendritic Cell-Based Cancer Immunotherapy

Aposcience

Vienna, Austria

Treatments composed of mixture of cytokines, growth factors and other active components

Cardio3 Biosciences

Mont-Saint-Guibert, Belgium

Stem Cell Differentiation

Orthocyte (BioTime)

Alameda, CA

Cellular Therapies

Capricor

Beverly Hills, CA

Stem Cell Heart Treatments

Life Stem Genetics

Beverly Hills, CA

Autologous stem cell therapy

International Stem Cell

Carlsbad, CA

Proprietary Stem Cell Induction

Targazyme

Carlsbad, CA

Cell Therapy

DaVinci Biosciences

Costa Mesa, CA

Cellular Therapies

Invitrx Therapeutics

Irvine, CA

Autologous Stem Cell Therapy, Therapeutic & Cosmetic

Stem Cell Softwares :

Products Manufactured By Industry Related to Stem Cell:

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Stem Cell Niches for Skin Regeneration

August 4th, 2016 9:36 am

Int J Biomater. 2012; 2012: 926059.

1Department of Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 Southwest Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA

2Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Stanford University, 257 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA

3Department of Surgery, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Division, Division of Burn Surgery, University of Michigan Health Systems, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA

4The Biomaterials and Advanced Drug Delivery (BioADD) Laboratory, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, Grant Building, Room S380, Stanford, CA 94305, USA

Academic Editor: Kadriye Tuzlakoglu

Received 2012 Jan 15; Accepted 2012 Apr 8.

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Stem cell-based therapies offer tremendous potential for skin regeneration following injury and disease. Functional stem cell units have been described throughout all layers of human skin and the collective physical and chemical microenvironmental cues that enable this regenerative potential are known as the stem cell niche. Stem cells in the hair follicle bulge, interfollicular epidermis, dermal papillae, and perivascular space have been closely investigated as model systems for niche-driven regeneration. These studies suggest that stem cell strategies for skin engineering must consider the intricate molecular and biologic features of these niches. Innovative biomaterial systems that successfully recapitulate these microenvironments will facilitate progenitor cell-mediated skin repair and regeneration.

Skin serves as the interface with the external world and maintains key homeostatic functions throughout life. This regenerative process is often overlooked until a significant exogenous and/or physiologic insult disrupts our ability to maintain skin homeostasis [1]. Complications of normal repair often result in chronic wounds, excessive scarring, or even malignant transformation, cutaneous diseases that contribute substantially to the global health burden [2, 3]. As human populations prone to inadequate healing (such as the aged, obese, and diabetics) continue to expand, novel therapies to treat dysfunctional skin repair and regeneration will become more critical.

Tissue regeneration has been demonstrated in multiple invertebrate and vertebrate species [4]. In humans, even complex tissues can regenerate without any permanent sequelae, such as liver, nerves, and skin. Although the typical result after significant organ injury is the formation of scar, regeneration after extensive skin and soft tissue trauma has been reported, most notably after digit tip amputation [5]. It is well accepted that human skin maintains the ability to regenerate; the question for researchers and clinicians is how to harness this potential to treat cutaneous injury and disease.

The integumentary system is a highly complex and dynamic system composed of myriad cell types and matrix components. Numerous stem cell populations have been identified in skin and current research indicates that these cells play a vital role in skin development, repair, and homeostasis [1, 6, 7]. In general, stem cells are defined by their ability to self-renew and their capacity to differentiate into function-specific daughter cells. These progenitor cells have been isolated from all skin layers (epidermis, dermis, hypodermis) and have unique yet complimentary roles in maintaining skin integrity. The promise of regenerative medicine lies in the ability to understand and regulate these stem cell populations to promote skin regeneration [4].

Wound healing is a highly regulated process that is thought to be mediated in part by stem cells [8, 9]. This has prompted researchers to examine the use of stem cells to augment skin repair following injury. Preclinical studies have suggested that the secretion of paracrine factors is the major mechanism by which stem cells enhance repair [10, 11]. Consistent with this hypothesis, conditioned media from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been shown to promote wound healing via activation of host cells [11, 12]. Clinical studies have suggested that topical delivery of MSCs may improve chronic wound healing [1315] and multiple groups have demonstrated the benefit of using recombinant cytokines (many of which are known to be secreted by stem cells) in patients with recalcitrant wounds [16]. However, more research is needed to determine the mechanisms by which stem cell therapies might improve wound healing in humans.

For example, the extent of stem cell engraftment and differentiation following topical delivery remains unclear. In one study, bone-marrow-derived allogeneic MSCs injected into cutaneous wounds in mice were shown to express keratinocyte-specific proteins and contributed to the formation of glandular structures after injury [17]. Although long-term engraftment was poor (only 2.5% of MSCs remained engrafted after four weeks), levels of secreted proangiogenic factors were greater in MSC-treated wounds. Our laboratory has demonstrated that local injection of allogeneic MSCs improved early wound closure in mice but that injected MSCs contributed to less than 1% of total wound cells after four weeks [18]. Taken together, these studies suggest that the benefits observed with stem cell injections are the result of early cytokine release rather than long-term engraftment and differentiation.

One potential reason for the transient presence of exogenous stem cells is the absence of proper contextual cues after cells are delivered into the wound. The dynamic microenvironment, or niche, of stem cells is responsible for regulating their stem-like behavior throughout life [19, 20]. This niche is comprised of adjacent cells (stem and nonstem cells), signaling molecules, matrix architecture, physical forces, oxygen tension, and other environmental factors (). A useful analogy is the seed versus soil paradigm in which seeds (stem cells) will only thrive in the proper chemical and physical soil environment (wound bed) [4]. Clearly, we need to better define what these niches are and how they dictate cell behavior to fully realize the potential of progenitor cell therapies.

Potential components of the skin stem cell niche. Features common to skin stem cell niches include dynamic regulation of matrix ligands, intercellular interactions, and biochemical gradients in the appropriate three-dimensional contexts. Engineered biomaterials ...

The epidermis is comprised of at least three major stem cell populations: the hair follicle bulge, the sebaceous gland, and the basal layer of interfollicular epithelium [21]. Because these subpopulations are responsible for regulating epithelial stratification, hair folliculogenesis, and wound repair throughout life [22], the epidermis has become a model system to study regeneration. Elegant lineage tracing and gene mapping experiments have elucidated key programs in epidermal homeostasis. Specifically, components of the wingless-type (Wnt)/-catenin, sonic hedgehog (Shh), and transforming growth factor (TGF)-/bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) pathways appear to be particularly relevant to epidermal stem cell function [1, 22, 23]. Microarray analyses have even indicated that hair follicle stem cells share some of the same transcriptomes as other tissue-specific stem cells [24], suggesting that conserved molecular machinery may control how environmental stimuli regulate the stem cell niche [25].

Epithelial stem cells from the bulge, sebaceous gland, and basal epithelium have common features, including expression of K5, K14, and p63, and their intimate association with an underlying basement membrane (BM) [26]. These cells reside in the basal layer of stratified epithelium and exit their niche during differentiation [26]. This process is mediated in part by BM components such as laminin and cell surface transmembrane integrins that control cell polarity, anchorage, proliferation, survival, and motility [27, 28]. Epithelial progenitor cells are also characterized by elevated expression of E-cadherin in adherens junctions and reduced levels of desmosomes [29], underscoring the importance of both extracellular and intercellular cues in stem cell biology.

In addition to complex intraepithelial networks, signals from the dermis (e.g., periodic expression of BMP2 and BMP4) are thought to regulate epithelial processes [30]. Dermal-derived stem cells may even differentiate into functional epidermal melanocytes [31], suggesting that mesenchymal-epithelial transitions may underlie skin homeostasis, as has been shown in hepatic stem cells [32]. Recently, it has been demonstrated that irreversibly committed progeny from an epithelial stem cell lineage may be recycled and contribute back to the regenerative niche [33], further highlighting the complexity of the epidermal regeneration.

In contrast to the highly cellular nature of the epidermis, the dermis is composed of a heterogeneous matrix of collagens, elastins, and glycosaminoglycans interspersed with cells of various embryonic origin. Recent studies suggest that a cell population within the dermal papilla of hair follicles may function as adult dermal stem cells. This dermal unit contains at least three unique populations of progenitor cells differentiated by the type of hair follicle produced and the expression of the transcription factor Sox2 [34]. Sox2-expressing cells are associated with Wnt, BMP, and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling whereas Sox2-negative cells utilize Shh, insulin growth factor (IGF), Notch, and integrin pathways [35, 36]. Skin-derived precursor (SKP) cells have also been isolated from dermal papillae and can be differentiated into adipocytes, smooth myocytes, and neurons in vitro [37, 38]. These cells are thought to originate in part from the neural crest and have been shown to exit the dermal papilla niche and contribute to cutaneous repair [39].

Researchers have also demonstrated that perivascular sites in the dermis may act as an MSC-like niche in human scalp skin [40]. These perivascular cells express both NG2 (a pericyte marker) and CD34 (an MSC and hematopoietic stem cell marker) and are predominantly located around hair follicles. Perivascular MSC-like cells have been shown to protect their local matrix microenvironment via tissue-inhibitor-of-metalloproteinase (TIMP-) mediated inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) pathways, suggesting the importance of the extracellular matrix (ECM) niche in stem cell function [41]. Interestingly, even fibroblasts have been shown to maintain multilineage potential in vitro and may play important roles in skin regeneration that have yet to be discovered [42, 43].

The ability to harvest progenitor cells from adipose tissues is highly appealing due to its relative availability (obesity epidemic in the developed world) and ease of harvest (lipoaspiration). Secreted cytokines from adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) have been shown to promote fibroblast migration during wound healing and to upregulate VEGF-related neovascularization in animal models [44]. ASCs have even been harvested from human burn wounds and shown to engraft into cutaneous wounds in a rat model [45]. Although these multipotent cells have only been relatively recently identified, they exhibit significant potential for numerous applications in skin repair [46].

ASCs are often isolated from the stromal vascular fraction (SVF) of homogenized fat tissue. These multipotent cells are closely associated with perivascular cells and maintain the potential to differentiate into smooth muscle, endothelium, adipose tissue, cartilage, and bone [47, 48]. Researchers have attempted to recreate the ASC niche using fibrin matrix organ culture systems to sustain adipose tissue [49]. Using this in vitro system, multipotent stem cells were isolated from the interstitium between adipocytes and endothelium, consistent with the current hypothesis that ASCs derive from a perivascular niche.

Detailed immunohistological studies have demonstrated that stem cell markers (e.g., STRO-1, Wnt5a, SSEA1) are differentially expressed in capillaries, arterioles, and arteries within adipose tissue, suggesting that ASCs may actually be vascular stem cells at diverse stages of differentiation [50]. Adipogenic and angiogenic pathways appear to be concomitantly regulated and adipocytes secrete multiple cytokines that induce blood vessel formation including vascular endothelial-derived growth factor (VEGF), FGF2, BMP2, and MMPs [51, 52]. Additionally, cell surface expression of platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) has been linked to these putative mural stem cells [53]. Reciprocal crosstalk between endothelial cells and ASCs may regulate blood vessel formation [54] and immature adipocytes have been shown to control hair follicle stem cell activity through PDGF signaling [55]. Taken together, these studies indicate that the ASC niche is intimately associated with follicular and vascular homeostasis but further studies are needed to precisely define its role in skin homeostasis [48].

Strategies to recapitulate the complex microenvironments of stem cells are essential to maximize their therapeutic potential. Biomaterial-based approaches can precisely regulate the spatial and temporal cues that define a functional niche [56]. Sophisticated fabrication and bioengineering techniques have allowed researchers to generate complex three-dimensional environments to regulate stem cell fate. As the physicochemical gradients, matrix components, and surrounding cells constituting stem cell niches in skin are further elucidated (), tissue engineered systems will need to be increasingly scalable, tunable, and modifiable to mimic these dynamic microenvironments [5761]. A detailed discussion of different biomaterial techniques for tissue engineering is beyond the scope of this paper, but we refer to reader to several excellent papers on the topic [6270].

Skin-specific stem cells and putative features of their niche.

One matrix component thought to regulate interactions between hair follicle stem cells and melanocyte stem cells is the hemidesmosomal collagen XVII [71]. Collagen XVII controls their physical interactions and maintains the self-renewal capacity of hair follicles via TGF-, indicating that biomaterial scaffolds containing collagen XVII may be necessary for stem cell-mediated hair follicle therapies. Another matrix component implicated in the hair follicle niche is nephronectin, a protein deposited into the underlying basement membrane by bulge stem cells to regulate cell adhesion via 81 integrins [72]. Hyaluronic acid fibers have been incorporated into collagen hydrogels to promote epidermal organization following keratinocyte seeding [73], and in vitro studies have demonstrated the critical role of collagen IV in promoting normal epithelial architecture when keratinocytes are grown on fibroblast-populated dermal matrices [74]. These studies collectively suggest that tissue engineered matrices for skin regeneration will need to recapitulate the complex BM-ECM interactions that define niche biology [75].

The role of MSCs in engineering skin equivalents has been studied using either cell-based or collagen-based dermal equivalents as the scaffolding environment [76]. When these constructs were grown with keratinocytes in vitro, only the collagen-based MSCs promoted normal epidermal and dermal structure, leading the authors to emphasize the necessity of an instructive biomaterial-based scaffold to direct stem cell differentiation, proliferation, paracrine activity [and] ECM deposition [76]. Our laboratory has reported that MSCs seeded into dermal-patterned hydrogels maintain greater expression of the stem cell transcription factors Oct4, Sox2, and Klf4 as compared to those grown on two-dimensional surfaces [18]. MSCs seeded into these niche-like scaffolds also exhibited superior angiogenic properties compared to injected cells [18], indicating that stem cell efficacy may be enhanced with biomaterial strategies to recapitulate the niche. Another study demonstrated that ASC delivery in natural-based scaffolds (dermis or small intestine submucosa) resulted in improved wound healing compared to gelatin-based scaffolds, suggesting the importance of biologically accurate architecture for stem cell delivery [77].

Researchers have developed novel three-dimensional microfluidic devices to study perivascular stem cell niches in vitro [78]. For example, MSCs seeded with endothelial cells in fibrin gels were able to induce neovessel formation within microfluidic chambers through 61 integrin and laminin-based interactions. Fibrin-based gels have also been used to study ASC and endothelial cell interactions in organ culture [49] and to control ASC differentiation in the absence of exogenous growth factors, demonstrating the importance of the three-dimensional matrix environment in regulating the ASC niche [79]. These studies indicate that the therapeutic use of ASCs in skin repair will likely be enhanced with biomaterial systems that optimize these cell-cell and cell-matrix contacts.

Finally, it must be recognized that the wound environment is exceedingly harsh and often characterized by inflammation, high bacterial loads, disrupted matrix, and/or poor vascularity. In this context, it should not be surprising that injection of naked stem cells into this toxic environment does not produce durable therapeutic benefits. Our laboratory has shown that the high oxidative stress conditions of ischemic wounds can be attenuated with oxygen radical-quenching biomaterial scaffolds that also deliver stem cells [80]. Other researchers have shown that oxygen tension, pH levels, and even wound electric fields may influence stem cell biology, suggesting that the future development of novel sensor devices will allow even finer control of chemical microgradients within engineered niches [70, 81]. It is also important to acknowledge that current research on niche biology has been performed largely in culture systems or rodent models, findings that will need to be rigorously confirmed in human tissues before clinical use.

As interdisciplinary fields such as material science, computer modeling, molecular biology, chemical engineering, and nanotechnology coordinate their efforts, multifaceted biomaterials will undoubtedly be able to better replicate tissue-specific niche environments. Recent studies suggest that the cells necessary for skin regeneration are locally derived [5], indicating that adult resident cells alone may have the ability to recreate skin (). Thus, the ability to engineer the proper environment for skin stem cells truly has the potential to enable regenerative outcomes. We believe that next-generation biomaterial scaffolds will not only passively deliver stem cells but also must actively modify the physicochemical milieu to create a therapeutic niche.

Locally derived skin stem cells may harbor the potential to regenerate skin. Stem cells populations have been identified in various niches throughout the skin, including the epidermal stem cell in the hair follicle bulge, sebaceous glands, and interfollicular ...

Current research indicates that skin regeneration is highly dependent upon interactions between resident progenitor cells and their niche. These microenvironmental cues dictate stem cell function in both health and disease states. Early progress has been made in elucidating skin compartment-specific niches but a detailed understanding of their molecular and structural biology remains incomplete. Biomaterials will continue to play a central role in regenerative medicine by providing the framework upon which to reconstruct functional niches. Future challenges include the characterization and recapitulation of these dynamic environments using engineered constructs to maximize the therapeutic potential of stem cells.

Articles from International Journal of Biomaterials are provided here courtesy of Hindawi Publishing Corporation

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Stem Cell Niches for Skin Regeneration

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anti-aging stem cells – innovative treatments for skin …

August 4th, 2016 9:36 am

Stem Cell Technology represents a major breakthrough in anti-aging and regenerative skin care, by protecting, strengthening, and replenishing our own human skin cells. Where Peptides stimulate different functions acting as messengers to skin cells, stem cell technology improves the life of the core of the cell. Working in synergy with peptides, they enhance the effectiveness of peptides and other active ingredients.

Antiaging effects - The stem cells in our skin have a limited life expectancy due to DNA damage, aging and oxidative stress. As our own skin stem cells age, they become more difficult to repair and replenish. Protection of our stem cells becomes more and more beneficial as our skin ages, and with the advent of stem cells, we are now able to delay the natural aging process even further than before.

Expected benefits of stem cells technology for regenerative skin care:

Stem Cell Replenishing Serum Featuring a potent concentration of apple and edelweiss plant stem cells, state-of-the-art peptides, and other cutting edge ingredients, the Stem Cell Replenishing Serum is thoroughly formulated to produce age defying results, restoring the youthful look and vitality to aging skin.

Stem Cell Moisturizing Cream Also featuring a healthy concentration of apple and edelweiss plant stem cells, peptides, and numerous botanical extracts, the Stem Cell Moisturizing Cream is formulated to produce age defying results while also helping to maintain healthy and youthful looking skin as a daily moisturizer.

Our Stem Cell Applications:

LPAR Stem Cell Products contain a wide variety of stem cells with healthy and potent concentrations in order to deliver the results skin care consumers strive for. The first stem cell ingredient discovered and produced is a liposomal preparation based on the stem cells of a rare Swiss apple. The revolutionary active ingredient, Malus Domestica by PhytoCellTec is based on a high tech plant cell culture technology. It has been proven to protect the longevity of skin stem cells and provide significant anti-wrinkle effects. Since the discovery and the worldwide success of Apple Stem Cells introduction to the cosmetic and skin care marketplace, other new and exciting stem cell ingredients have been discovered to provide extraordinary results for all skin types.

We were proud to be the first skin care line to offer the ground-breaking combination of Apple and Edelweiss stem cells, and are dedicated to formulating the best new and existing stem cell ingredients into our product line as the technology continues to develop.

To inquire about purchasing LPAR Stem Cell products. visit our Retail Locator page.

Featuring a luxurious and potent blend of three major botanical stem cells (Apple, Gardenia Jasminoides, Echinacea Angustifolia) two state-of-the-art peptides (Nutripeptides, Matrixyl synthe6), and numerous botanical extracts and minerals, the Stem Cell Nourishing Mask is thoroughly formulated to nourish, firm, and energize mature skin. Total Stem Cell Concentration: 5.5% - Total Peptide Concentration: 9.0%

Directions: Using fingertips, apply on clean, dry skin twice weekly. Avoid the eye area. The mask can be left on the skin for prolonged periods (during the day or overnight). Allow at least 10-15 minutes for the mask to penetrate the skin before rinsing with water or applying additional product For external use only.

Ingredients: Water (Aqua), Glycerin, Glyceryl Acrylate/Acrylic Acid Copolymer, Hydrolyzed Rice Protein (Nutripeptides), Sodium Hyaluronate, Hydroxypropyl Cyclodextrin, Palmitoyl Tripeptide-38 (Matrixyl synthe6), Biosaccharide Gum-1, Olea Europaea (Olive) Fruit Oil, Gardenia Jasminoides Meristem Cell Culture, Xanthan Gum, Malus Domestica Fruit Cell Culture, Lecithin, Porphyridium Polysaccharide, Echinacea Angustifolia Meristem Cell Culture, Carbomer, Triethanolamine, Mentha Pipertita (Peppermint) Extract, Camellia Sinensis (Green Tea) Leaf Extract, Palmaria Palmata (Dulce) Extract, Chamomilla Recutita (Matricaria) Flower Extract, Phenoxyethanol, Caprylyl Glycol, Ethylhexylglycerin, Hexylene Glycol, Copper PCA, Zinc PCA, Dipotassium Glycyrrhizate, Olea Europaea (Olive) Fruit Extract, Aloe Barbadensis Leaf Juice Powder, Fragrance (Parfum)

Featuring a plant and fruit stem cell enhanced blend of three major stem cells (Apple, Edelweiss, Alpine Rose), state-of-the-art peptides (Eyeseryl, Nutripeptides), the Stem Cell Eye Therapy is an advanced eye formula designed to nourish, firm, and increase skin elasticity and skin smoothness around the eye area. Total Stem Cell Concentration: 6.75% - Total Peptide Concentration: 11.0%

Directions: Using fingertips, apply product around both eyes on clean, dry skin once or twice daily before applying a moisturizer or night cream. For external use only.

Ingredients: Water, Acetyl Tetrapeptide-5 (Eyeseryl), Sodium Hyaluronate, Hydrolyzed Rice Protein (Nutripeptides), Glycerin, Leontopodium Alpinum Meristem Cell Culture (Edelweiss Stem Cells), Xanthan Gum, Malus Domestica Fruit Cell Culture (Apple Stem Cells), Lecithin, Porphyridium Polysaccharide, Camellia Sinensis (Green Tea) Leaf Extract, Cucumis Sativus (Cucumber) Fruit Extract, Phenoxyethanol, Caprylyl Glycol, Ethylhexylglycerin, Hexylene Glycol, Carbomer, Triethanolamine, Rhododendron Ferrugineum Leaf Cell Culture Extract (Alpine Rose Stem Cells) Isomalt, Sodium Benzoate, Lactic Acid, Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate, Allantoin, Copper PCA, Aloe Barbadensis Leaf Juice Powder

Plant stem cells represent a major breakthrough in skin care, launching the beginning of a new system of treating the skin...by protecting and replenishing the building blocks of what makes up our own skin: Stem Cells. Rather than working around the natural aging process of our skin stem cells, we now have the technology available to improve the life of our skins most important and central component.

Featuring a potent combination of apple, edelweiss, and grape stem cells, state-of-the-art peptides, and other cutting edge ingredients, the Stem Cell Replenishing Serum is thoroughly formulated to produce age defying results, restoring the youthful look and vitality to aging skin.

Directions: Apply with fingertips on clean, dry skin once or twice daily. Avoid the eye area by approximately 1 cm. Suitable for mature skin types. For external use only.

Ingredients: Water (Aqua), Glycerin, Dipeptide Diaminobutyroyl Benzylamide Diacetate, Acetyl Octapeptide-3, Malus Domestica Fruit Cell Culture (Apple Stem Cells), Hydrolyzed Ceratonia Siliqua Seed Extract, Palmitoyl Tripeptide-5, PEG-8 Dimethicone, Saccharide Isomerate, Imperata Cylindrica (Root) Extract, Polysorbate 20, Leontopodium Alpinum Meristem Cell Culture (Edelweiss Stem Cells), Leucojum Aestivum Bulb Extract, Triethanolamine, Carbomer, Xanthan Gum, Vitis Vinifera Fruit Cell Extract (Grape Stem Cells), Isomalt, Sodium Benzoate, Lecithin, Disodium EDTA, Allantoin, Aloe Barbadensis Leaf Juice Powder, Phenoxyethanol, Caprylyl Glycol, Ethylhexylglycerin, Hexylene Glycol, PEG-8-Carbomer, Fragrance (Parfum)

Plant stem cells represent a major breakthrough in skin care, launching the beginning of a new system of treating the skin...by protecting and replenishing the building blocks of what makes up our own skin: Stem Cells. Rather than working around the natural aging process of our skin stem cells, we now have the technology available to improve the life of our skins most important and central component.

Featuring a healthy concentration and a diverse group of stem cells (apple, edelweiss, grape), peptides, and numerous botanical extracts, the Stem Cell Moisturizing Cream is formulated to produce age-defying results, while also helping to maintain healthy and youthful looking skin as a daily moisturizer.

Directions: For mature skin and/or skin conditioning, apply onto clean, dry skin with fingertips once daily. Avoid the eye. For external use only.

Ingredient Highlights: Plant/Fruit Stem Cells 4% - Malus Domestica (Apple Stem Cells) - Leontopodium Alpinum Cell Culture Extract (Edelweiss Stem Cells) - Vitis Vinifera Fruit Cell Extract (Grape Stem Cells)

Ingredients: Water (Aqua), Glycerin, Isopropyl Myristate, Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride, Cetearyl Olivate, Sorbitan Olivate, Sorbitol, Saccharide Isomerate, Sodium Hyaluronate, Leucojum Aestivum Bulb Extract, Malus Domestica Fruit Cell Extract (Apple Stem Cells), Leontopodium Alpinum Meristem Cell Culture (Edelweiss Stem Cells), Vitis Vinifera Fruit Cell Extract (Grape Stem Cells), Crambe Abyssinica Seed Oil, Dimethicone, Cetyl Alcohol, Imperata Cylindrica (Root) Extract, Acetyl Octapeptide-3 (SNAP-8), Dipeptide Diaminobutyroyl Benzylamide Diacetate(SYN-AKE), Palmitoyl Tripeptide-3 (SYN-COL), Hydrolyzed Ceratonia Siliqua Seed Extract, Aloe Barbadensis Leaf Juice Powder, Olea Europaea (Olive) Leaf Extract, Glyceryl Stearate, Xantham Gum, Cetyl Palmitate, Sorbitan Palmitate, Bisabolol, Tocopheryl Acetate, Fragrance, Phenoxyethanol, Caprylyl Glycol, Ethylhexyglycerin, Hexylene Glycol, PEG-8, Carbomer, Lecithin, Isomalt, Sodium Benzoate, Disodium EDTA

[ pH: 5.00 ]

Featuring high concentrations of Vitamin C (Tetrahexyldecyl Ascorbate), Orange Stem Cells, and Peptides, this is a multi-beneficial cream with state-of-the-art actives formulated to deliver significant and lasting results.

Tetrahexyldecyl Ascorbate is a stable, oil soluble form of Vitamin C that penetrates deeper into the skin than traditional ascorbic acid based Vitamin C. It's a proven skin lightener, a powerful Anti-Oxidant, DNA protector, and increases collagen synthesis more effectively than ascorbic acid. Orange Stem Cells work to increase elasticity and skin resistance to the dermis, which increase firmness and diminish wrinkles while also working synergistically with peptides to further increase skin elasticity and collagen support.

How to Use: Smooth a pearl sized drop onto the face once daily (morning or evening). Avoid the eye area while applying. Follow with Solar Protection if used during the day.

Ingredients: Water (Aqua), Tetrahexyldecyl Ascorbate (Vitamin C Ester), Glycerin, Hexyl Laurate, Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride, Butylene Glycol, Sorbitol, Stearic Acid, Glyceryl Stearate, PEG-100 Stearate, Cetyl Alcohol, Sorbitan Stearate, Polysorbate 60, Acetyl Hexapeptide-8, Sodium Hyaluronate, Squalane, Dimethicone, PPG-12/SMDI Copolymer, Citrus Aurantium Dulcis Callus Culture Extract (Orange Stem Cells), Tocopheryl Acetate, Cetearyl Ethylhexanoate, Linoleic Acid, Glycine Soja (Soybean) Sterols, Phospholipids, Di-PPG-2 Myreth-10 Adipate, Retinol, Polysorbate 20, Hydrolyzed Glycosaminoglycans, Alcohol, Ectoin, Lecithin, Cyclotetrapeptide-24 Aminocyclohexane Carboxylate, Glucosamine HCl, Algae Extract, Yeast Extract, Urea, Micrococcus Lysate, Plankton Extract, Arabidopsis Thaliana Extract, Magnesium Aluminum Silicate, Xanthan Gum, Phenoxyethanol, Caprylyl Glycol, Ethylhexylglycerin, Hexylene Glycol, Disodium EDTA, Citrus Aurantium Dulcis (Orange) Peel Oil

[ pH: 4.7 ]

The Vitamin C Stem Cell Mask combines a potent blend of Vitamin C Ester (Tetrahexyldecyl Ascorbate), highly concentrated plant and fruit stem cells (Argan, Sea Fennel), and Aldenine, a unique peptide that acts as a cellular detoxifier and a collagen III booster.

Directions: Apply on clean, dry skin. Avoid the eye area. The mask may be left on the skin (i.e. during the day or overnight), or it may be rinsed off with lukewarm water after 10 - 15 minutes. Suitable for mature skin types.

Ingredients: Water (Aqua), Tetrahexyldecyl Ascorbate, Kaolin, Glycerin, Glyceryl Stearate, Sorbitan Olivate, Cetearyl Olivate, Cetyl Palmitate, Sorbitol, Sorbitan Palmitate, Stearic Acid, Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride, Cyclopentasiloxane, Cyclhexasiloxane, Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil, Punica Granatum Extract, Butylene Glycol, Ananas Sativus (Pineapple) Fruit Extract, Carica Papaya Fruit Extract, Hydrolyzed Wheat Protein, Hydrolyzed Soy Protein, Tripeptide-1, Argania Spinosa (Argan Stem Cells) Sprout Cell Extract, Crithmum Maritimum (Sea Fennel Stem Cells) Callus Culture Filtrate, Oligopeptide-68, Sodium Oleate, Phenoxyethanol, Caprylyl Glycol, Ethylhexylglycerin, Hexylene Glycol, Polyacrylamide, C13-14 Isoparaffin, Laureth-7, Isomalt, Hydrogenated Lecithin, Lecithin, Sodium Benzoate, Allantoin, Citrus Aurantium Dulcis (Orange) Peel Oil, Magnesium Aluminum Silicate, Xanthan Gum, Disodium EDTA

[ pH: 6.00 ]

Originally designed to prepare and increase the skins receptiveness to our Professional Peptide Peel, the Premier Peptide Serum has gone on to become our most powerful anti-wrinkle product for year-round home care due to its high concentration and diversity of peptides. Composed of a total concentration of 65% peptides, the Premier Peptide Serum is a state of the art facial serum expertly formulated to reduce the signs of aging, energizing mature skin.

The Intensive Clarifying Peptide Cream is a unique and high potency moisturizing cream formulated with an abundance of natural skin lighteners, peptides, and botanical extracts that combine to clarify and firm mature skin, while effectively minimizing fine lines and wrinkles.

The Collagen Peptide Complex builds off of our original Collagen Copper Activating Complex, and includes an advanced formulation of peptides, including Syn-Coll, a small but powerful peptide that stimulates collagen synthesis at a cellular level, helping to compensate for any collagen deficit in the skin.

Boasting a remarkable collection of natural and innovative ingredients from exotic plants and enhanced peptides, the neck firming cream has been designed & tested to firm and energize mature skin, while providing increased smoothness and elasticity to the often neglected neck area.

Providing sufficient hydration is the most essential way to keep our skin healthy and youthful. While many of our products assist in hydrating the skin, hydration is the main focus of the Nano-Peptide B5 Complex, acting as the foundation for your home care regimen. Fortified with Sodium Hyaluronate (30%) and Pantothenic acid, it provides an especially deep and complete hydration. Because of the presence of peptides, it also assists in tightening and firming the skin while allowing for maximum absorption and effectiveness.

Designed for mature skin, this sophisticated moisturizer promotes cell renewal, stimulating the dermis layer of the skin with a high potency blend of peptides (Argireline, Matrixyl, & Biopeptide-CLTM) and botanical extracts that make it a particularly refined and effective moisturizing cream for age management.

The A&M Eye Recovery Therapy is an advanced age management treatment, applying the most tried and true peptides and delivery systems; Argireline & Matrixyl, to the highly wrinkle prone and fragile eye area, providing diminished wrinkle depth, and increased firmness and elasticity. The peptide Eyeliss is added to further enhance this treatment by counteracting skin slackening, puffiness, and decreasing irritation.

The A&M Facial Recovery Therapy is an advanced age-management treatment that blends the most tried and true peptides and delivery systems; Argireline & Matrixyl. Stimulating the deeper layers of the skin, the A&M Facial Recovery Therapy provides diminished wrinkle depth, as well as an increase in skin elasticity and firmness.

Originally designed to prepare and increase the skins receptiveness to our Professional Peptide Peel, the Premier Peptide Serum has gone on to become our most powerful anti-wrinkle product for year-round home care due to its high concentration and diversity of peptides. Composed of a total concentration of 65% peptides, the Premier Peptide Serum is a state of the art facial serum expertly formulated to reduce the signs of aging, energizing mature skin.

Directions: For mature skin types; apply at least three weeks before beginning the Lucrece Professional Peptide Peel treatment, and use twice a day leading up to the Peel. For year round application, apply once per day after the Collagen Peptide Complex. Avoid the eye area by at least 1 cm during application.

Peptides: SYN-AKE: A small peptide (Dipeptide Diaminobutyroyl Benzylamide Diacetate) that mimics the activity of Waglerin 1, a polypeptide that is found in the venom of the Temple Viper, Tropidolaemus wagleri. Clinical trials have shown SYN-AKE is capable of reducing wrinkle depth by inhibiting muscle contractions. SNAP-8: An anti-wrinkle (Acetyl Octapeptide-3) elongation of the famous Hexapeptide Argireline. The study of the basic biochemical mechanisms of anti-wrinkle activity led to the revolutionary Hexapeptide which has taken the cosmetic world by storm. ARGIRELINE: (Acetyl Hexapeptide-8) MATRIXYL: (Palmitoyl Pentapeptide-4) REGU-AGE: (Hydrolyzed Rice Bran Protein - Oxido Reductases - Soybean Protein) BIOPEPTIDE CL: (Palmitoyl Oligopeptide) RIGIN: (Palmitoyl Tetrapeptide-7) EYELISS: (Dipeptide-2 & Palmitoyl Tetrapeptide-7) INYLINE: (Acetyl Hexapeptide 30)

Other Ingredients: Water, Sodium Hyaluronate, Spiraea Ulmaria Flower Extract & Centella Asiatica Extract & Echinacea Purpurea Extract, Phenoxyethanol & Benzyl Alcohol & Potassium Sorbate & Tocopherol, Meadowsweet, Hydrocotyl Extract, Leucojum Aestivum Bulb Extract, Amino Acids, Diazolidinyl Urea, Imperata Cylindrica Extract, SMDI Copolymer, Hydroxyethylcellulose

[ pH: 5.00 ]

This unique and high potency moisturizing cream is formulated with an abundance of natural skin lighteners, peptides, and botanical extracts that combine to help clarify and energize mature skin.

Directions: Smooth a pearl size drop onto the face, gently massaging in with fingertips once per day (morning), avoiding the eye area. Follow with solar protection if applicable.

Skin Lightening Agents: Mulberry Bark, Saxifrage Extract, Grape Extract, Scutellaria Root Extracts, Vitamin C Ester (Tetrahexyldecyl Ascorbate), Emblica Fruit Extract, Licorice Root Extract.

Ingredients: Water (Aqua), Saxifrage Extract & Grape Extract & Butylene Glycol & Water & Mulberry Bark Extract & Scutellaria Root Extract, Prunus Amygdalus Dulcis (Sweet Almond) Oil, Caprylic/Capric Triglycerides, Sesamum Indicum (Sesame) Seed Oil, Cetearyl Olivate & Sorbitan Olivate, Glycerin, Palmitoyl Pentapeptide-4 (Matrixyl), Tetrahexyldecyl Ascorbate (C-Ester), Glyceryl Stearate & PEG 100 Stearate, Stearic Acid, Theobroma Cocao (Cocoa) Seed Butter, PPG-12/SMDI Copolymer, Butyrospermum Parkii (Shea) Butter, Tocopheryl Acetate (Vitamin E), Phyllanthus Emblica Fruit Extract, Palmitoyl Tripeptide-5 (Syn-Coll), Triethanolamine, Phenoxyethanol, Mangifera Indica (Mango) Seed Butter, Darutoside, Tricholoma Matsutake Singer (Mushroom) Extract, Imperata Cylindrica (Root) Extract, Fragrance (Parfum), Glucosamine HCL & Algae Extract & Yeast Extract & Urea, Retinyl Palmitate (Vitamin A), Centella Asiatica Extract & Echinacea Purpurea Extract, Xanthan Gum, Arctostaphylos Uva Ursi Leaf Extract, Glycyrrhiza Glabra Root Extract, Magnesium Aluminum Silicate, Disodium EDTA

[ pH: 5.75 ]

Specializing in firming the skin, the Collagen Peptide Complex builds off of our original Collagen Copper Activating Complex, and adds a combination of (5) major peptides, helping to keep the skin looking its youngest and most alive, as it works to firm, and add elasticity & texture to the skin. For best results, apply directly after the Nano-Peptide B5 Complex.

Directions: Apply a liberal amount on clean, dry face using fingertips, and massage into the skin. Let dry, and follow with a moisturizer and sun-block if used during the day, or the Vitamin A Facial Cream + III if used at night. Warning: For mature skin only. If redness occurs, lessen use to once or twice per week. If reactions persist, discontinue use.

Ingredients: Water (Aqua), Dipalmitoylhydroxyproline, Glycerin, Palmitoyl Tetrapeptide-7 (Rigin), Palmitoyl Oligopeptide (Biopeptide-CL), Butylene Glycol, Yeast (Faex Extract), Hydrocotyl Extract & Coneflower Extract, Aloe Barbadensis Leaf Extract, Palmitoyl Tripeptide-5 (Syn-Coll), Acetyl Hexapeptide-8 (Argireline), Palmitoyl Pentapeptide-4 (Matrixyl), Panthenol, Phenoxyethanol & Caprylyl Glycol & Ethylhexylglycerin & Hexylene Glycol, Triethanolamine, Carbomer, Decarboxy Carsonine HCI, Citrus Grandis (Grapefruit) Seed Extract, Copper PCA, Olea Europaea (Olive) Leaf Extract, Disodium EDTA

[ pH: 5.50 ]

Boasting a remarkable collection of natural and innovative ingredients from exotic plants and enhanced peptides, the neck firming cream has been designed & tested to firm and energize mature skin, while providing increased smoothness and elasticity to the often neglected neck area.

Directions: On clean dry skin, apply onto the neck area with fingertips in an upward motion. Apply twice a day, or as needed.

Key Ingredients: Bio-Bustyl: Stimulates cell metabolism, promotes collagen synthesis, and enhances fibroblast (collagen-producing cell) proliferation. INCI: Glyceryl Polymethacrylate, Soy Protein Ferment, PEG-8, & Palmitoyl Oligopeptide Polylift: Using a cross-linking technology, biopolymerization, Polylift reinforces the natural lifting effect of sweet almond proteins, providing a smooth firmness & radiance to the surface of the skin. INCI: Prunus Amygdalus Dulcis (Sweet Almond) Seed Extract.

Ingredients: Deionized Water, Prunus Amygdalus Dulcis (Sweet Almond Oil), Caprylic/Capric Triglycerides, Sesamum Indicum (Sesame) Seed Oil, Simmondsia (Jojoba) Seed Oil/ Buxus Chinensis, Cetearyl Alcohol, Dicetyl Phosphate, Ceteth-10 Phosphate, Palmitoyl Oligopeptide, Palmitoyl Tetrapeptide-7, Prunus Amygdalus Dulcis Seed Extract, Terminalia Catappa Leaf Extract & Sambucus Nigra Flower Extract & PVP & Tannic Acid, Glyceryl Polymethacrylate & Rahnella/ Soy Protein Ferment & PEG-8 & Palmitoyl Oligopeptide, Glycerin, Glyceryl Stearate & PEG 100 Stearate, Biosaccharide Gim-1, PPG-12/ SMDI Copolymer, Phyllanthus Emblica Fruit Extract, Stearic Acid, Centella Asiatica Extract & Darutosidetriethanolamine, Tocopheryl Acetate, Magnifera Indica (Mango) Seed Butter, Glycerin & Aqua & Lysolecithin & Perilla Frutescens Seed Oil, Xantham Gum, Retinyl Palmitate, Tetrahexyldecyl Ascorbate (Vitamin C Ester), Echinacea Purpurea Extract, Imperata Cylindrica (Root) Extract, Glycyrrhiza Glabra Root Extract, Magnesium, Aluminum Silicate, Disodium EDTA

[ pH: 6.25 ]

Hydration is the most essential way to keep our skin healthy feeling and healthy looking. While many of our products assist in hydrating the skin, hydration is the main focus for this product, making it an essential for all skin types. Fortified with Hyaluronic (30%) and Panthenol (Vitamin B5), the Nano-Peptide B5 Complex provides an especially deep and complete hydration. With the addition of peptides, it also assists in tightening and firming the skin while allowing for maximum absorption and effectiveness.

The Nano-Peptide B5 Complex should be applied directly after cleansing the skin, as the 2nd step in skin care regimens for all skin types (morning & night). For best results, age management regimens should follow with the Stem Cell Replenishing Serum and/or the Collagen Peptide Complex before moisturizing.

Directions: Apply a healthy amount on clean, dry skin. May be used around the eye area.

Key Ingredients: Palmitoyl Pentapeptide-4: Stimulates the skins fibroblasts to rebuild the extra-cellular matrix, including the synthesis of Collagen I and Collagen IV, fibronectin and of Glycosaminoglycans. It also stimulates the production of the dermal matrix (Collagen I & III) resulting in a significant reduction of wrinkles and fine lines. Acetyl Hexapeptide-8: Reduces facial wrinkle depth and the signs of skin aging resulting from facial movements and facial muscle contraction by halting the release of neurotransmitters from SNARE and catecholamine complexes, (which can also induce formation of wrinkles and fine lines to the skin). Hyaluronic Acid (30%): Penetrates deep into the skin, providing ample moisture Panthenol: Enhances formation of skin pigments for younger looking skin, and contains deep penetrating properties that allow a more complete hydration.

Other Ingredients: Water (Aqua), Hyaluronic Acid, Panthenol (Vitamin B5), MDI Complex, Palmitoyl Pentapeptide-4, Acetyl Hexapeptide-8, Phenoxyethanol, Hydrolyzed Wheat Protein, Butylene Glycol, Hydrocotyl & Coneflower Extract, Glycosaminoglycans.

[ pH: 5.5 ]

Designed for mature, sun damaged, and/or dehydrated skin, the Anti-Wrinkle Facial Cream is a peptide enriched moisturizer focused on increasing skin firmness & elasticity, and fortifying the skin with anti-oxidants & botanical extracts to facilitate healthy feeling and healthy looking skin.

Directions: Smooth a pearl size drop onto the face, massage into skin thoroughly. For use in the morning (recommended), follow with solar protection.

Ingredients: Water (Aqua), Glycerin, Dimethicone, Caprylic/Capric Triglycerides, C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate, Linoleic Acid & Glycine Soja (Soybean) Sterols & Phospholipids, Acetyl Hexapeptide-8, Butylene Glycol & Carbomer & Polysorbate 20 & Palmitoyl Pentapeptide-4, Cetearyl Alcohol & Dicetyl Phosphate & Ceteth-10 Phosphate, Glyceryl Stearate & PEG 100 Stearate, PPG-12/ SMDI Copolymer, Phyllanthus Emblica Fruit Extract, Darutoside, Cocoa Butter, Cetyl Alcohol, Butyrospermum Parkii (Shea Butter), Saccharomyces/Xylinum Black Tea Ferment & Glycerin & Hydroxyethylcellulose, Glucoseamine HCL & Algae Extract & Saccharomyces Cerevisiae (Yeast Extract) & Urea, Steareth-20 & Palmitoyl Tetrapeptide-7, Centella Asiatica Extract & Echinacea Purpurea Extract, Hydrolyzed Vegetable Protein, Imperata Cylindrica (Root) Extract & PEG-8 & Carbomer, Phenoxyethanol & Caprylyl Glycol & Ethylhexylglycerin & Hexylene Glycol, Polyglyceryl Methacrylate & Propylene Glycol & Palmitoyl Oligopeptide, Cyclopentasiloxane & Dimethicone, Stearic Acid, Mangifera Indica (Mango) Seed Butter, Tocopheryl Acetate, Glycyrrhiza Glabra Root Extract, Arctostaphylos Uva Ursi Leaf Extract, Chlorella Vulgaris Extract, Corallina Officinalis Extract, Dipotassium Glycyrrhizate, PEG-8 & Tocopherol & Ascorbyl Palmitate & Ascorbic Acid & Citric Acid, Disodium EDTA, Magnesium Aluminum Silicate, Xanthan Gum, Triethanolamine, Retinyl Palmitate, Lavandula Angustifolia (Lavender) Oil

[ pH: 5.75 ]

This advanced eye care treatment is expertly formulated to diminish the depth, increase firmness & elasticity, and to counteract skin slackening to the highly wrinkle prone and fragile eye area. Featuring (4) major peptides (Argireline, Matrixyl, Eyeliss, & Regu-age), the A&M Eye Recovery Therapy is our most potent eye treatment, and is recommended for mature skin.

Directions: Using fingertips, massage to surrounding eye areas affected by wrinkles due to muscle contractions. Also use in the nasal labial area. For best results, apply once per evening, followed by the A&M Facial Recovery Therapy, and/or the Vitamin A Facial Cream + III.

Ingredients Highlights: Palmitoyl Pentapeptide-4 (Matrixyl): Stimulates the skins fibroblasts to rebuild the extra-cellular matrix, including the synthesis of Collagen I and Collagen IV, fibronectin and of Glycosaminoglycans. It also stimulates the production of dermal matrix (Collagen I & III) resulting in a significant reduction of wrinkles and fine lines of the skin. Acetyl Hexapeptide-8 (Argireline): Reduces facial wrinkle depth and the signs of skin aging resulting from facial movements and facial muscle contraction by halting the release of neurotransmitters from SNARE and catecholamine complexes, (which can also induce formation of wrinkles and fine lines to the skin). Dipeptide-2 & Palmitoyl Tetrapeptide-7 (Eyeliss): Combats the effect of tiredness and hypertension, as well as the natural effects of aging, which contribute to the formation of bags under the eyes, Eyeliss is an outstanding anti-aging ingredient. Soy Peptides & Hydrolyzed Rice Bran Extract (Regu-Age): A highly active complex of specially purified soy and rice peptides and biotechnologically derived yeast protein, Regu-Age effectively addresses dark circles and puffiness around the eyes.

Other Ingredients: Water, Sodium Hyaluronate, Centella Asiatica Extract & Echinacea Purpurea Extract, Xanthan Gum-Chondrus Crispus & Glucose, Lecithin & Dipalmitoyl Hydroxyproline, Imperata Cylindrica Extract, PEG-8 Dimethicone, Cyclomethicone

[ pH: 6.25 ]

An advanced age management treatment that blends the most tried and true peptides and delivery systems, Argireline & Matrixyl, helping to prevent skin aging induced by repeated facial movement caused by excessive catecholamine release. Stimulating the deeper layers of the skin, the A&M Facial Recovery Therapy provides diminished wrinkle depth, as well as an increase in the elasticity and firmness of the skin. Recommend for mature skin types.

Directions: Using fingertips apply to facial areas and massage into skin once per evening, allowing it to absorb into the skin. Apply directly after the A&M Eye Recovery Therapy.

Ingredients Highlights: Palmitoyl Pentapeptide-4: Stimulates the skins fibroblasts to rebuild the extra-cellular matrix, including the synthesis of Collagen I and Collagen IV, fibronectin and of Glycosaminoglycans. It also stimulates the production of dermal matrix (Collagen I & III) resulting in a significant reduction of wrinkles and fine lines of the skin. Acetyl Hexapeptide-8: Reduces facial wrinkle depth and the signs of skin aging resulting from facial movements and facial muscle contraction by halting the release of neurotransmitters from SNARE and catecholamine complexes, (which can also induce formation of wrinkles and fine lines to the skin).

Other Ingredients: Deionized Water, Sodium Hyaluronate, Lecithin & Dipalmitoyl Hydroxyproline, Hydrocotyl & Coneflower Extracts, Glycosaminoglycans, Glucosamine HCI & Alagae Extract & Yeast Extract & Urea, Magnesium Ascorbyl Phosphate, Glycine HCL, Retinyl Palmitate

[ pH: 6.25 ]

Addressing the multiple problems of sun and age damaged skin, the Intensive Clarifying Facial Cream + III is a glycolic acid based moisturizer featuring three potent skin lighteners; Kojic Acid, Licorice, and Hydro- quinone (2%), which quickly & effectively treat hyperpigmentation & discolorations.

Vitamin C Ester (Tetrahexyldecyl Ascorbate) is a stable, oil-soluble form of Vitamin C, providing high level skin lightening, enhanced collagen synthesis, and increased DNA & UV protection with higher absorption capabilities and less irritating than Ascorbic Acid.

Because of how well it protects the skins collagen fibers, ascorbic acid based Vitamin C is widely considered one of the most effective antioxidants for skin rejuvenation & revitalization. The 20% Vitamin C Lightening drops combine a potent concentration of ascorbic acid with aloe, green tea leaf extract, and mushroom extract. *Also available is our original Vitamin C Serum, containing a milder blend of ascorbic acid (14%).

The Anti-Wrinkle Eye Cream contains a high potency blend of peptides, including EyelissTM & Regu-age (in addition to Argireline & Matrixyl) which work synergistically to improve firmness, elasticity, and reduce puffiness & dark circles around the eye area.

Addressing the multiple problems of sun and age damaged skin, the Intensive Clarifying Facial Cream + III moisturizer combines three powerful lightening. Agents: Hydroquinone, Kojic Acid, & Licorice, with Alpha Lipoic Acid, Vitamin C, & Co-enzyme Q10, minimizing fine lines, evening skin tone, and naturally exfoliating the outer layer of the skin while providing a 15 sun protection factor (SPF).

Directions: Smooth a pearl sized drop onto the face once or twice daily. Avoid eye area. If used during the day, apply additional sun protection if skin is in contact with the sun for an extended period (twenty minutes or more).

Active Ingredients: Octyl Methoxycinnamate - 7.5% Octyl Salcylate - 5% Glycolic Acid - 4% Benzophenone - 3% Hydroquinone - 2%

Inactive Ingredients: Deionized Water, Glyceryl Stearate & PEG-100 Stearate, Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C), Alpha Lipoic Acid, Co-enzyme Q 10, Kojic Acid, Cetyl Alcohol, Licorice, Palmitic Acid, Octyl Salcylate, Phenoxyethanol, Tocopheryl Acetate, Essential Oil of Rosewood, Disodium tEDTA

[ pH: 4.5 ]

Vitamin C Ester is a stable, oil-soluble form of Vitamin C, providing high level Skin Lightening, enhanced Collagen Synthesis, and increased DNA & UV protection with higher absorption capabilities than Ascorbic Acid.

Directions: On clean, dry skin, apply four to five drops directly onto the face once a day, avoiding the eye area.

Ingredients: Cyclomethicone, Tetrahexyldecyl Ascorbate (Vitamin C Ester 10%), PPG-12/SMDI Copolymer, Santalum Album Extract, Phellodendrone Amurense Bark Extract, Barley Extract, Jojoba Seed Oil/Buxus Chinensis, Tocopheryl Acetate, Phenoxyethanol, Tricholoma Matsutake Singer (Mushroom Extract), Ascorbyl Palmitate, Bisabolol

[ pH: 7.0 ]

Ascorbic acid based Vitamin C is widely considered one of the most effective antioxidants for rejuvenating mature skin due to its ability to protect the skins collagen fibers, and for its ability to help inhibit melanin production, creating a lightening effect to the skin. The 20% Vitamin C Lightening Drops combine a potent concentration of ascorbic acid with aloe, green tea extract, and an exotic mushroom extract (Tricholoma Matsutake Singer) for additional lightening.

Directions: On clean, dry skin apply four to five drops directly onto the face once daily. Avoid the eye area. Thoroughly wash hands after use. Though a light tingling sensation is normal, if irritation (redness) results after application, discontinue or reduce the frequency of use of the product.

Ingredients: Water (Aqua), Ascorbic Acid -20%, Ethoxydiglycol, Hydroxyethylcellulose, Phenoxyethanol, Polysorbate 20, Camellia Sinensis Leaf Extract, Aloe Barbadensis Leaf Extract, Mushroom Extract (Tricholoma Matsutake Singer)-Enzymes- Alcohol, Sodium Sulfite, Disodium EDTA

[ pH: 3.00 ]

The Anti-Wrinkle Eye Cream is formulated to reduce puffiness, enhances firmness, strengthens connective tissues, and to help diminish dark circles around the eye area. In contrast to the A&M Eye Recovery Therapy, the Anti-Wrinkle Eye Cream concentrates on the upper layers of the skin, making it a great day moisturizer for the eyes.

Directions: Apply around the eye area with the ring finger once daily. For best results, follow with a moisturizer and solar protection.

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A Comprehensive Guide to Understanding the Immune System

August 4th, 2016 9:36 am

Mary Shomon

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS):A life-threatening disease caused by a virus and characterized by breakdown of the body's immune defenses.

Active immunity:Immunity produced by the body in response to stimulation by a disease-causing organism or a vaccine.

Agammaglobulinemia:An almost total lack of immunoglobulins, or antibodies.

Allergen:Any substance that causes an allergy.

Allergy:An inappropriate and harmful response of the immune system to normally harmless substances.

Anaphylactic shock:A life-threatening allergic reaction characterized by a swelling of body tissues including the throat, difficulty in breathing, and a sudden fall in blood pressure.

Anergy:A state of unresponsiveness, induced when the T cell's antigen receptor is stimulated, that effectively freezes T cell responses pending a "second signal" from the antigen-presenting cell (co-stimulation).

Antibody:A soluble protein molecule produced and secreted by B cells in response to an antigen, which is capable of binding to that specific antigen.

Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC):An immune response in which antibody, by coating target cells, makes them vulnerable to attack by immune cells.

Antigen:Any substance that, when introduced into the body, is recognized by the immune system.

Antigen-presenting cells:B cells, cells of the monocyte lineage (including macrophages as well as dendritic cells), and various other body cells that "present" antigen in a form that T cells can recognize.

Antinuclear antibody (ANA):An autoantibody directed against a substance in the cell's nucleus.

Antiserum:Serum that contains antibodies.

Antitoxins:Antibodies that interlock with and inactivate toxins produced by certain bacteria.

Appendix:Lymphoid organ in the intestine.

Attenuated:Weakened; no longer infectious.

Autoantibody:An antibody that reacts against a person's own tissue.

Autoimmune disease:A disease that results when the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own tissues. Rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus are autoimmune diseases.

Bacterium:A microscopic organism composed of a single cell. Many but no all bacteria cause disease.

Basophil:A white blood cell that contributes to inflammatory reactions. Along with mast cells, basophils are responsible for the symptoms of allergy.

B cells:Small white blood cells crucial to the immune defenses. Also known as B lymphocytes, they are derived from bone marrow and develop into plasma cells that are the source of antibodies.

Biological response modifiers:Substances, either natural or synthesized, that boost, direct, or restore normal immune defenses. BRMs include interferons, interleukins, thymus hormones, and monoclonal antibodies.

Biotechnology:The use of living organisms or their products to make or modify a substance. Biotechnology includes recombinant DNA techniques (genetic engineering) and hybridoma technology.

Bone marrow:Soft tissue located in the cavities of the bones. The bone marrow is the source of all blood cells.

Cellular immunity:Immune protection provided by the direct action of immune cells (as distinct from soluble molecules such as antibodies).

Chromosomes:Physical structures in the cell's nucleus that house the genes. Each human cell has 23 pairs of chromosomes.

Clone:(n.)A group of genetically identical cells or organisms descended from a single common ancestor; (v.) to reproduce multiple identical copies.

Complement:A complex series of blood proteins whose action "complements" the work of antibodies. Complement destroys bacteria, produces inflammation, and regulates immune reactions.

Complement cascade:A precise sequence of events usually triggered by an antigen-antibody complex, in which each component of the complement system is activated in turn.

Constant region:That part of an antibody's structure that is characteristic for each antibody class.

Co-Stimulation:The delivery of a second signal from an antigen-presenting cell to a T cell. The second signal rescues the activated T cell from anergy, allowing it to produce the lymphokines necessary for the growth of additional T cells.

Cytokines:Powerful chemical substances secreted by cells. Cytokines include lymphokines produced by lymphocytes and monokines produced by monocytes and macrophages.

Cytotoxic T cells:A subset of T lymphocytes that can kill body cells infected by viruses or transformed by cancer.

Dendritic cells:White blood cells found in the spleen and other lymphoid organs. Dendritic cells typically use threadlike tentacles to enmesh antigen, which they present to T cells.

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid):Nucleic acid that is found in the cell nucleus and that is the carrier of genetic information.

Enzyme:A protein, produced by living cells, that promotes the chemical processes of life without itself being altered.

Eosinophil:A white blood cell that contains granules filled with chemicals damaging to parasites, and enzymes that damp down inflammatory reactions.

Epitope:A unique shape or marker carried on an antigen's surface, which triggers a corresponding antibody response.

Fungus:Member of a class of relatively primitive vegetable organism. Fungi include mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, molds, and smuts.

Gene:A unit of genetic material (DNA) that carries the directions a cell uses to perform a specific function, such as making a given protein.

Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD):A life-threatening reaction in which transplanted immunocompetent cells attack the tissues of the recipient.

Granulocytes:White blood cells filled with granules containing potent chemicals that allow the cells to digest microorganisms, or to produce inflammatory reactions. Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils are examples of granulocytes.

Helper T cells:A subset of T cells that typically carry the T4 marker and are essential for turning on antibody production, activating cytotoxic T cells, and initiating many other immune responses.

Hematopoiesis:The formation and development of blood cells, usually takes place in the bone marrow.

Histocompatibility testing:A method of matching the self antigens (HLA) on the tissues of a transplant donor with those of the recipient. The closer the match, the better the chance that the transplant will take.

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus):The virus that causes AIDS.

Human leukocyte antigens (HLA):Protein in markers of self used in histocompatibility testing. Some HLA types also correlate with certain autoimmune diseases.

Humoral immunity:Immune protection provided by soluble factors such as antibodies, which circulate in the body's fluids or "humors," primarily serum and lymph.

Hybridoma:A hybrid cell created by fusing a B lymphocyte with a long-lived neoplastic plasma cell, or a T lymphocyte with a lymphoma cell. A B-cell hybridoma secretes a single specific antibody.

Hypogammaglobulinemia:Abno rmally low levels of immunoglobulins.

Idiotypes:The unique and characteristic parts of an antibody's variable region, which can themselves serve as antigens.

Immune complex:A cluster of interlocking antigens and antibodies.

Immune response:The reactions of the immune system to foreign substances.

Immunoassay:A test using antibodies to identify and quantify substances. Often the antibody is linked to a marker such as a fluorescent molecule, a radioactive molecule, or an enzyme.

Immunocompetent:Capable of developing an immune response.

Immunoglobulins:A family of large protein molecules, also known as antibodies.

Immunosuppression:Reduction of the immune responses, for instance by giving drugs to prevent transplant rejection.

Immunotoxin:A monoclonal antibody linked to a natural toxin, a toxic drug, or a radioactive substance.

Inflammatory response:Redness, warmth, swelling, pain, and loss of function produced in response to infection, as the result of increased flood flow and an influx of immune cells and secretions.

Interleukins:A major group of lymphokines and monokines.

Kupffer cells:Specialized macrophages in the liver.

LAK cells:Lymphocytes transformed in the laboratory into lymphokine-activated killer cells, which attack tumor cells.

Langerhans cells:Dendritic cells in the skin that pick up antigen and transport it to lymph nodes.

Leukocytes:All white blood cells.

Lymph:A transparent, slightly yellow fluid that carries lymphocytes, bathes the body tissues, and drains into the lymphatic vessels.

Lymphatic vessels:A bodywide network of channels, similar to the blood vessels, which transport lymph to the immune organs and into the bloodstream.

Lymph nodes:Small bean-shaped organs of the immune system, distributed widely throughout the body and linked by lymphatic vessels. Lymph nodes are garrisons of B, T, and other immune cells.

Lymphocytes:Small white blood cells produced in the lymphoid organs and paramount in the immune defenses.

Lymphoid organs:The organs of the immune system, where lymphocytes develop and congregate. They include the bone marrow, thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, and various other clusters of lymphoid tissue. The blood vessels and lymphatic vessels can also be considered lymphoid organs.

Lymphokines:Powerful chemical substances secreted by lymphocytes. These soluble molecules help direct and regulate the immune responses.

Macrophage:A large and versatile immune cell that acts as a microbe-devouring phagocyte, an antigen-presenting cell, and an important source of immune secretions.

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC):A group of genes that controls several aspects of the immune response. MHC genes code for self markers on all body cells.

Mast cell:A granule-containing cell found in tissue. The contents of mast cells, along with those of basophils, are responsible for the symptoms of allergy.

Microbes:Minute living organisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoa.

Microorganisms:Microscopic plants or animals.

Molecule:The smallest amount of a specific chemical substance that can exist alone. (The break a molecule down into its constituent atoms is to change its character. A molecule of water, for instance, reverts to oxygen and hydrogen.)

Monoclonal antibodies:Antibodies produced by a single cell or its identical progeny, specific for a given antigen. As a tool for binding to specific protein molecules, monoclonal antibodies are invaluable in research, medicine, and industry.

Monocyte:A large phagocytic white blood cell which, when it enters tissue, develops into a macrophage.

Monokines:Powerful chemical substances secreted by monocytes and macrophages. These soluble molecules help direct and regulate the immune responses.

Natural killer (NK) cells:Large granule-filled lymphocytes that take on tumor cells and infected body cells. They are known as "natural" killers because they attack without first having to recognize specific antigens.

Neutrophil:A white blood cell that is an abundant and important phagocyte.

Nucleic acids:Large, naturally occurring molecules composed of chemical building blocks known as nucleotides. There are two kinds of nucleic acids, DNA and RNA.

OKT3:A monoclonal antibody that targets mature T cells.

Opportunistic infection:An infection in an immunosuppressed person caused by an organism that does not usually trouble people with healthy immune systems.

Opsonize:To coat an organism with antibodies or a complement protein so as to make it palatable to phagocytes.

Organism:An individual living thing.

Parasite:A plant or animal that lives, grows and feeds on or within another living organism.

Passive immunity:Immunity resulting from the transfer of antibodies or antiserum produced by another individual.

Peyer's patches:A collection of lymphoid tissues in the intestinal tract.

Phagocytes:Large white blood cells that contribute to the immune defenses by ingesting microbes or other cells and foreign particles.

Plasma cells:Large antibody-producing cells that develop from B cells.

Platelets:Granule-containing cellular fragments critical for blood clotting and sealing off wounds. Platelets also contribute to the immune response.

Polymorphs:Short for polymorphonuclear leukocytes or granulocytes.

Proteins:Organic compounds made up of amino acids. Proteins are one of the major constituents of plant and animal cells.

Protozoa:A group of one-celled animals, a few of which cause human disease (including malaria and sleeping sickness).

Rheumatoid factor:An autoantibody found in the serum of most persons with rheumatoid arthritis.

RNA (ribonucleic acid):A nucleic acid that is found in the cytoplasm and also in the nucleus of some cells. One function of RNA is to direct the synthesis of proteins.

Scavenger cells:Any of a diverse group of cells that have the capacity to engulf and destroy foreign material, dead tissues, or other cells.

SCID mouse:A laboratory animal that, lacking an enzyme necessary to fashion an immune system of its own, can be turned into a model of the human immune system when injected with human cells or tissues.

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A Comprehensive Guide to Understanding the Immune System

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Glossary Index | womenshealth.gov

August 4th, 2016 9:36 am

Find your glossary term by first letter:

a form of complementary and alternative medicine that involves inserting thin needles through the skin at specific points on the body to control pain and other symptoms.

written instructions letting others know the type of care you want if you are seriously ill or dying. These include a living will and health care power of attorney.

disorders that involve an immune response in the body. Allergies are reactions to allergens such as plant pollen, other grasses and weeds, certain foods, rubber latex, insect bites, or certain drugs.

tiny glands in the breast that produce milk.

a brain disease that cripples the brain's nerve cells over time and destroys memory and learning. It usually starts in late middle age or old age and gets worse over time. Symptoms include loss of memory, confusion, problems in thinking, and changes in language, behavior, and personality.

clear, slightly yellowish liquid that surrounds the unborn baby (fetus) during pregnancy. It is contained in the amniotic sac.

when the amount of red blood cells or hemoglobin (the substance in the blood that carries oxygen to organs) becomes reduced, causing fatigue that can be severe.

the use of medicine to prevent the feeling of pain or another sensation during surgery or other procedures that might be painful.

a thin or weak spot in an artery that balloons out and can burst.

anticancer drugs that can stop or slow down biochemical reactions in cells.

drugs that inhibit the ability of HIV or other types of retroviruses to multiply in the body.

the body opening from which stool passes from the lower end of the intestine and out of the body.

a form of complementary and alternative medicine in which the scent of essential oils from flowers, herbs, and trees is inhaled to promote health and well-being.

blood vessels that carry oxygen and blood to the heart, brain and other parts of the body.

technology that involves procedures that handle a woman's eggs and a man's sperm to help infertile couples conceive a child.

dry and itchy skin, caused by certain diseases, irritating substances, allergies, or a persons genetic makeup.

a medical condition in kids and adults that makes it hard to sit still, pay attention, and focus on certain tasks.

a condition in which abnormal breast cells are found in either the breast lobules (atypical lobular hyperplasia) or the breast ducts (atypical ductal hyperplasia). Atypical hyperplasia is not cancer. But having it increases breast cancer risk.

blood proteins made by the body's immune system that are meant to neutralize and destroy germs or other foreign substances but instead attack healthy cells of the body.

an immune response by the body against one of its own tissues, cells, or molecules.

disease caused by an immune response against foreign substances in the tissues of one's own body.

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microorganisms that can cause infections.

noncancerous

a type of medication that reduces nerve impulses to the heart and blood vessels. This makes the heart beat slower and with less force. Blood pressure drops and the heart works less hard.

a brown liquid made by the liver. It contains some substances that break up fat for digestion, while other substances are waste products.

when the hemoglobin in a person's blood breaks down, causing a yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes. It is a temporary condition in newborn infants.

an eating disorder caused by a person being unable to control the need to overeat.

having to do with, or related to, living things.

removal of a small piece of tissue for testing or examination under a microscope.

medical illness that causes unusual shifts in mood, energy, and activity levels. It is also known as manic-depressive illness. A person with bipolar disorder may switch from feeling extremely joyful or excited to feeling extremely sad and hopeless very quickly.

a special place for women to give birth. They have all the required equipment for birthing, but are specially designed for a woman, her partner, and family. Birth centers may be free standing (separate from a hospital) or located within a hospital.

the organ in the human body that stores urine. It is found in the lower part of the abdomen.

fluid in the body made up of plasma, red and white blood cells, and platelets. Blood carries oxygen and nutrients to and waste materials away from all body tissues. In the breast, blood nourishes the breast tissue and provides nutrients needed for milk production.

blood pressure is the force of blood against the walls of arteries. Blood pressure is noted as two numbersthe systolic pressure (as the heart beats) over the diastolic pressure (as the heart relaxes between beats). The numbers are written one above or before the other, with the systolic number on top and the diastolic number on the bottom. For example, a blood pressure reading of 120/80 mmHg (millimeters of mercury) is called 120 over 80.

the transfer of blood or blood products from one person (donor) into another person's bloodstream (recipient). Most times, it is done to replace blood cells or blood products lost through severe bleeding. Blood can be given from two sources, your own blood (autologous blood) or from someone else (donor blood).

how a person feels about how she or he looks.

a measure of body fat based on a person's height and weight.

also known as the intestine, which is a long tube-like organ in the human body that completes digestion or the breaking down of food. The small bowel is the small intestine and the large bowel is the large intestine.

inflammation of the main air passages (bronchi) to your lungs. It causes cough, shortness of breath, and chest tightness.

an eating disorder caused by a person consuming an extreme amount of food all at once followed by self-induced vomiting or other purging.

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a unit of energy-producing potential in food.

a term for diseases in which abnormal cells in the body divide without control. Cancer cells can invade nearby tissues and can spread to other parts of the body through the blood and lymphatic system, which is a network of tissues that clears infections and keeps body fluids in balance.

compounds such as sugars and starches that occur in food and are broken down to release energy in the body.

disease of the heart and blood vessels.

a sudden loss of motor tone and strength.

cloudy or thick areas in the lens of the eye.

disease of the blood vessels in the brain.

procedure where the baby is delivered through an abdominal incision. Also called cesarean delivery or cesarean birth.

treatment with anticancer drugs.

an alternative medical system that takes a different approach from standard medicine in treating health problems. The goal of chiropractic therapy is to normalize this relationship between your body's structure (mainly the spine) and its function. Chiropractic professionals use a type of hands-on therapy called spinal manipulation or adjustment.

If necessary this test is performed between 10 and 12 weeks of pregnancy and can indicate the same chromosomal abnormalities and genetic disorders as amniocentesis can. It also can detect the baby's sex and risk of spina bifida.

long-lasting, such as a chronic illness or chronic disease.

a complex disorder characterized by extreme fatigue that lasts six months or longer, and does not improve with rest or is worsened by physical or mental activity. Other symptoms can include weakness, muscle pain, impaired memory and/or mental concentration, and insomnia. The cause is unknown.

birth defects that affect the upper lip and the hard and soft palates of the mouth. Features range from a small notch in the lip to a complete fissure or groove, extending into the roof of the month and nose. These features may occur separately or together.

an external female sex organ located near the top of the inner labia of the vagina. The clitoris is very sensitive to the touch, and for most women it is a center of sexual pleasure.

to force someone to do something that they do not want to do.

a diagnostic procedure in which a flexible tube with a light source in inserted into the colon (large intestine or large bowel) through the anus to view all sections of the colon for abnormalities.

thick, yellowish fluid secreted from breast during pregnancy, and the first few days after childbirth before the onset of mature breast milk. Also called first milk, it provides nutrients and protection against infectious diseases.

abnormalities of the heart's structure and function caused by abnormal or disordered heart development before birth.

a type of body tissue that supports other tissues and binds them together. Connective tissue provides support in the breast.

infrequent or hard stools or difficulty passing stools.

transmitted by direct or indirect contact.

usually has a master's degree in Counseling and has completed a supervised internship.

an ongoing condition that causes inflammation of the digestive tract, also called the GI tract. It can affect any part of the GI tract from the mouth to the anus. It often affects the lower part of the small intestine, causing pain and diarrhea.

one of the most common serious genetic (inherited) diseases. One out of every 400 couples is at risk for having children with CF. CF causes the body to make abnormal secretions leading to mucous build-up. CF mucous build-up can impair organs such as the pancreas, the intestine and the lungs.

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impairs the vitality and strength of a person.

medications that treat cough and stuffy nose by shrinking swollen membranes in the nose and making it easier to breath.

excessive loss of body water that the body needs to carry on normal functions at an optimal level. Signs include increasing thirst, dry mouth, weakness or lightheadedness (particularly if worse on standing), and a darkening of the urine or a decrease in urination.

when a person believes something that is not true and that person keeps the belief even though there is strong evidence against it. Delusions can be the result of brain injury or mental illness.

a square, thin piece of latex that can be placed over the anus or the vagina before oral sex.

term used to describe an emotional state involving sadness, lack of energy and low self-esteem.

medical treatment used when kidneys fail. Special equipment filters the blood to rid the body of harmful wastes, salt, and extra water.

tube through which food passes and is digested, and wastes are eliminated. The digestive tract runs from the mouth to the anus and includes the esophagus, stomach, and intestines.

a physical or mental impairment that interferes with or prevents normal achievement in a particular function.

a lab test in which a patient's DNA is tested. DNA is a molecule that has a person's genetic information and is found in every cell in a person's body.

Down syndrome is the most frequent genetic cause for mild to moderate mental retardation and related medical problems. It is caused by a chromosomal abnormality. For an unknown reason, a change in cell growth results in 47 instead of the usual 46 chromosomes. This extra chromosome changes the orderly development of the body and brain.

a condition in which abnormal cells are found in the lining of breast ducts. These cells have not spread outside the duct to the surrounding breast tissue. DCIS is not cancer. But some cases of DCIS become breast cancer over time, so its important to get treatment for DCIS.

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an external, noninvasive test that records the electrical activity of the heart.

a period during pregnancy where the baby has rapid growth, and the main external features begin to take form.

a condition caused by damage to the air sacs in the lungs. This damage keeps the body from getting enough oxygen. Symptoms include trouble breathing, cough, and trouble exercising for more than brief periods. Emphysema is usually caused by smoking.

a diagnostic procedure in which a thin, flexible tube is introduced through the mouth or rectum to view parts of the digestive tract.

during labor a woman may be offered an epidural, where a needle is inserted into the epidural space at the end of the spine, to numb the lower body and reduce pain. This allows a woman to have more energy and strength for the end stage of labor, when it is time to push the baby out of the birth canal.

inability to achieve and keep a penile erection.

tube that connects the throat with the stomach.

when someone exposes him/herself in public

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a federal regulation that allows eligible employees to take up to 12 work weeks of unpaid leave during any 12 month period for the serious health condition of the employee, parent, spouse or child, or for pregnancy or care of a newborn child, or for adoption or foster care of a child.

a rare, inherited blood disorder that leads to bone marrow failure. FA causes your bone marrow to stop making enough new blood cells for your body to work normally. The risk for some cancers is much greater for people with FA.

a source of energy used by the body to make substances it needs. Fat helps your body absorb certain vitamins from food. Some fats are better for your health than others. To help prevent heart disease and stroke, most of the fats you eat should be monounsaturated (mon-oh-uhn-SACH-uh-ray-tid) and polyunsaturated (pol-ee-uhn-SACH-uh-ray-tid) fats.

a feeling of lack of energy, weariness or tiredness.

a barrier form of birth control that is worn by the woman inside her vagina. It is made of thin, flexible, manmade rubber. It keeps sperm from getting into her body.

a term used to describe the full range of harmful effects that can occur when a fetus is exposed to alcohol.

body temperature is raised above normal and is usually a sign of infection or illness.

a disorder that causes aches and pain all over the body, and involves tender points on specific places on the neck, shoulders, back, hips, arms, and legs that hurt when pressure is put on them.

each month, an egg develops inside the ovary in a fluid filled pocket called a follicle. This follicle releases the egg into the fallopian tube.

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Glossary [Stem Cell Information]

August 4th, 2016 9:36 am

Adult stem cellsee somatic stem cell.

Astrocytea type of supporting (glial) cell found in the nervous system.

BlastocoelThe fluid-filled cavity inside the blastocyst, an early, preimplantation stage of the developing embryo.

BlastocystA preimplantation embryo of about 150 cells produced by cell division following fertilization. The blastocyst is a sphere made up of an outer layer of cells (the trophoblast), a fluid-filled cavity (the blastocoel), and a cluster of cells on the interior (the inner cell mass).

Bone marrow stromal cellsA population of cells found in bone marrow that are different from blood cells, a subset of which are multipotent stem cells, able to give rise to bone, cartilage, marrow fat cells, and able to support formation of blood cells.

Bone marrow stromal cellsA population of cells found in bone marrow that are different from blood cells, a subset of which are multipotent stem cells, able to give rise to bone, cartilage, marrow fat cells, and able to support formation of blood cells.

Bone marrow stromal stem cells (skeletal stem cells)A multipotent subset of bone marrow stromal cells able to form bone, cartilage, stromal cells that support blood formation, fat, and fibrous tissue.

Cell-based therapiesTreatment in which stem cells are induced to differentiate into the specific cell type required to repair damaged or destroyed cells or tissues.

Cell cultureGrowth of cells in vitro in an artificial medium for research or medical treatment.

Cell divisionMethod by which a single cell divides to create two cells. There are two main types of cell division depending on what happens to the chromosomes: mitosis and meiosis.

Chromosomea structure consisting of DNA and regulatory proteins found in the nucleus of the cell. The DNA in the nucleus is usually divided up among several chromosomes.The number of chromosomes in the nucleus varies depending on the species of the organism. Humans have 46 chromosomes.

Clone (v) To generate identical copies of a region of a DNA molecule or to generate genetically identical copies of a cell, or organism; (n) The identical molecule, cell, or organism that results from the cloning process.

CloningSee Clone.

Cord blood stem cellsSee Umbilical cord blood stem cells.

Culture mediumThe liquid that covers cells in a culture dish and contains nutrients to nourish and support the cells. Culture medium may also include growth factors added to produce desired changes in the cells.

DifferentiationThe process whereby an unspecialized embryonic cell acquires the features of a specialized cell such as a heart, liver, or muscle cell. Differentiation is controlled by the interaction of a cell's genes with the physical and chemical conditions outside the cell, usually through signaling pathways involving proteins embedded in the cell surface.

Directed differentiationThe manipulation of stem cell culture conditions to induce differentiation into a particular cell type.

DNADeoxyribonucleic acid, a chemical found primarily in the nucleus of cells. DNA carries the instructions or blueprint for making all the structures and materials the body needs to function. DNA consists of both genes and non-gene DNA in between the genes.

EctodermThe outermost germ layer of cells derived from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst; gives rise to the nervous system, sensory organs, skin, and related structures.

EmbryoIn humans, the developing organism from the time of fertilization until the end of the eighth week of gestation, when it is called a fetus.

Embryoid bodiesRounded collections of cells that arise when embryonic stem cells are cultured in suspension. Embryoid bodies contain cell types derived from all 3 germ layers.

Embryonic germ cellsPluripotent stem cells that are derived from early germ cells (those that would become sperm and eggs). Embryonic germ cells (EG cells) are thought to have properties similar to embryonic stem cells.

Embryonic stem cellsPrimitive (undifferentiated) cells derived from a 5-day preimplantation embryo that are capable of dividing without differentiating for a prolonged period in culture, and are known to develop into cells and tissues of the three primary germ layers.

Embryonic stem cell lineEmbryonic stem cells, which have been cultured under in vitro conditions that allow proliferation without differentiation for months to years.

EndodermThe innermost layer of the cells derived from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst; it gives rise to lungs, other respiratory structures, and digestive organs, or generally "the gut."

Enucleatedhaving had its nucleus removed.

Epigenetichaving to do with the process by which regulatory proteins can turn genes on or off in a way that can be passed on during cell division.

Feeder layerCells used in co-culture to maintain pluripotent stem cells. For human embryonic stem cell culture, typical feeder layers include mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) or human embryonic fibroblasts that have been treated to prevent them from dividing.

FertilizationThe joining of the male gamete (sperm) and the female gamete (egg).

FetusIn humans, the developing human from approximately eight weeks after conception until the time of its birth.

GameteAn egg (in the female) or sperm (in the male) cell. See also Somatic cell.

Gastrulationthe process in which cells proliferate and migrate within the embryo to transform the inner cell mass of the blastocyst stage into an embryo containing all three primary germ layers.

GeneA functional unit of heredity that is a segment of DNA found on chromosomes in the nucleus of a cell. Genes direct the formation of an enzyme or other protein.

Germ layersAfter the blastocyst stage of embryonic development, the inner cell mass of the blastocyst goes through gastrulation, a period when the inner cell mass becomes organized into three distinct cell layers, called germ layers. The three layers are the ectoderm, the mesoderm, and the endoderm.

Hematopoietic stem cellA stem cell that gives rise to all red and white blood cells and platelets.

Human embryonic stem cell (hESC)A type of pluripotent stem cell derived from the inner cell mass (ICM) of the blastocyst.

Induced pluripotent stem cellsSomatic (adult) cells reprogrammed to enter an embryonic stem celllike state by being forced to express factors important for maintaining the "stemness" of embryonic stem cells (ESCs). Mouse iPSCs were first reported in 2006 (Takahashi and Yamanaka), and human iPSCs were first reported in late 2007 (Takahashi et al. and Yu et al.). Mouse iPSCs demonstrate important characteristics of pluripotent stem cells, including the expression of stem cell markers, the formation of tumors containing cells from all three germ layers, and the ability to contribute to many different tissues when injected into mouse embryos at a very early stage in development. Human iPSCs also express stem cell markers and are capable of generating cells characteristic of all three germ layers. Scientists are actively comparing iPSCs and ESCs to identify important similarities and differences.

In vitroLatin for "in glass"; in a laboratory dish or test tube; an artificial environment.

In vitro fertilizationA technique that unites the egg and sperm in a laboratory instead of inside the female body.

Inner cell mass (ICM)The cluster of cells inside the blastocyst. These cells give rise to the embryo and ultimately the fetus. The ICM cells are used to generate embryonic stem cells.

Long-term self-renewalThe ability of stem cells to replicate themselves by dividing into the same non-specialized cell type over long periods (many months to years) depending on the specific type of stem cell.

Mesenchymal stem cellsCells from the immature embryonic connective tissue. A number of cell types come from mesenchymal stem cells, including chondrocytes, which produce cartilage.

MeiosisThe type of cell division a diploid germ cell undergoes to produce gametes (sperm or eggs) that will carry half the normal chromosome number. This is to ensure that when fertilization occurs, the fertilized egg will carry the normal number of chromosomes rather than causing aneuploidy (an abnormal number of chromosomes).

MesodermMiddle layer of a group of cells derived from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst; it gives rise to bone, muscle, connective tissue, kidneys, and related structures.

MicroenvironmentThe molecules and compounds such as nutrients and growth factors in the fluid surrounding a cell in an organism or in the laboratory, which play an important role in determining the characteristics of the cell.

MitosisThe type of cell division that allows a population of cells to increase its numbers or to maintain its numbers. The number of chromosomes remains the same in this type of cell division.

MultipotentHaving the ability to develop into more than one cell type of the body. See also pluripotent and totipotent.

Neural stem cellA stem cell found in adult neural tissue that can give rise to neurons and glial (supporting) cells. Examples of glial cells include astrocytes and oligodendrocytes.

NeuronsNerve cells, the principal functional units of the nervous system. A neuron consists of a cell body and its processesan axon and one or more dendrites. Neurons transmit information to other neurons or cells by releasing neurotransmitters at synapses.

OligodendrocyteA supporting cell that provides insulation to nerve cells by forming a myelin sheath (a fatty layer) around axons.

ParthenogenesisThe artificial activation of an egg in the absence of a sperm; the egg begins to divide as if it has been fertilized.

PassageIn cell culture, the process in which cells are disassociated, washed, and seeded into new culture vessels after a round of cell growth and proliferation. The number of passages a line of cultured cells has gone through is an indication of its age and expected stability.

PluripotentHaving the ability to give rise to all of the various cell types of the body. Pluripotent cells cannot make extra-embryonic tissues such as the amnion, chorion, and other components of the placenta. Scientists demonstrate pluripotency by providing evidence of stable developmental potential, even after prolonged culture, to form derivatives of all three embryonic germ layers from the progeny of a single cell and to generate a teratoma after injection into an immunosuppressed mouse.

Polar BodyA polar body is a structure produced when an early egg cell, or oogonium, undergoes meiosis. In the first meiosis, the oogonium divides its chromosomes evenly between the two cells but divides its cytoplasm unequally. One cell retains most of the cytoplasm, while the other gets almost none, leaving it very small. This smaller cell is called the first polar body. The first polar body usually degenerates. The ovum, or larger cell, then divides again, producing a second polar body with half the amount of chromosomes but almost no cytoplasm. The second polar body splits off and remains adjacent to the large cell, or oocyte, until it (the second polar body) degenerates. Only one large functional oocyte, or egg, is produced at the end of meiosis.

PreimplantationWith regard to an embryo, preimplantation means that the embryo has not yet implanted in the wall of the uterus. Human embryonic stem cells are derived from preimplantation-stage embryos fertilized outside a woman's body (in vitro).

ProliferationExpansion of the number of cells by the continuous division of single cells into two identical daughter cells.

Regenerative medicineA field of medicine devoted to treatments in which stem cells are induced to differentiate into the specific cell type required to repair damaged or destroyed cell populations or tissues. (See also cell-based therapies).

Reproductive cloningThe process of using somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) to produce a normal, full grown organism (e.g., animal) genetically identical to the organism (animal) that donated the somatic cell nucleus. In mammals, this would require implanting the resulting embryo in a uterus where it would undergo normal development to become a live independent being. The first animal to be created by reproductive cloning was Dolly the sheep, born at the Roslin Institute in Scotland in 1996. See also Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT).

SignalsInternal and external factors that control changes in cell structure and function. They can be chemical or physical in nature.

Somatic cellany body cell other than gametes (egg or sperm); sometimes referred to as "adult" cells. See also Gamete.

Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)A technique that combines an enucleated egg and the nucleus of a somatic cell to make an embryo. SCNT can be used for therapeutic or reproductive purposes, but the initial stage that combines an enucleated egg and a somatic cell nucleus is the same. See also therapeutic cloning and reproductive cloning.

Somatic (adult) stem cellsA relatively rare undifferentiated cell found in many organs and differentiated tissues with a limited capacity for both self renewal (in the laboratory) and differentiation. Such cells vary in their differentiation capacity, but it is usually limited to cell types in the organ of origin. This is an active area of investigation.

Stem cellsCells with the ability to divide for indefinite periods in culture and to give rise to specialized cells.

Stromal cellsNon-blood cells derived from blood organs, such as bone marrow or fetal liver, which are capable of supporting growth of blood cells in vitro. Stromal cells that make the matrix within the bone marrow are also derived from mesenchymal stem cells.

SubculturingTransferring cultured cells, with or without dilution, from one culture vessel to another.

Surface markersProteins on the outside surface of a cell that are unique to certain cell types and that can be visualized using antibodies or other detection methods.

Teratoma A multi-layered benign tumor that grows from pluripotent cells injected into mice with a dysfunctional immune system. Scientists test whether they have established a human embryonic stem cell (hESC) line by injecting putative stem cells into such mice and verifying that the resulting teratomas contain cells derived from all three embryonic germ layers.

Therapeutic cloningThe process of using somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) to produce cells that exactly match a patient. By combining a patient's somatic cell nucleus and an enucleated egg, a scientist may harvest embryonic stem cells from the resulting embryo that can be used to generate tissues that match a patient's body. This means the tissues created are unlikely to be rejected by the patient's immune system. See also Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT).

TotipotentHaving the ability to give rise to all the cell types of the body plus all of the cell types that make up the extraembryonic tissues such as the placenta. (See also Pluripotent and Multipotent).

TransdifferentiationThe process by which stem cells from one tissue differentiate into cells of another tissue.

TrophectodermThe outer layer of the preimplantation embryo in mice. It contains trophoblast cells.

TrophoblastThe outer cell layer of the blastocyst. It is responsible for implantation and develops into the extraembryonic tissues, including the placenta, and controls the exchange of oxygen and metabolites between mother and embryo.

Umbilical cord blood stem cellsstem cells collected from the umbilical cord at birth that can produce all of the blood cells in the body (hematopoietic). Cord blood is currently used to treat patients who have undergone chemotherapy to destroy their bone marrow due to cancer or other blood-related disorders.

UndifferentiatedA cell that has not yet developed into a specialized cell type.

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Glossary [Stem Cell Information]

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Dry Eye and Dry Eye Syndrome – Center for Sight in …

August 4th, 2016 9:36 am

Approximately 12 million Americans suffer from a disease called dry eye syndrome. Dry eye syndrome is a chronic lack of sufficient lubrication and moisture in the eye. Its consequences range from subtle but consistent irritation to ocular inflammation of the anterior tissues of the eye. The condition is one of the most common disorders among people over 40. In fact, 20% of all adults have some degree of dry eye syndrome and women past menopause are especially susceptible.

For some people, the stinging, burning and redness may seem like little more than a nuisance. But, if left untreated, dry eye syndrome can lead to serious eye problems, including blindness. Dry eyes are inflamed eyes. Inflammation of the front surface of the eye increases the risk of infection and can also lead to scarring. Once scarring occurs, permanent loss of sight can occur.

Understanding Dry Eye Syndrome

Tears are essential for good eye health, bathing the eye, washing out dust and debris while keeping the eye moist. The eyes produce two types of tears lubricating and reflex tears. Lubricating tears are composed of three layers which coat the eye with mucus and contain water, proteins and oil to protect the eye and prevent evaporation of the aqueous layer. Reflex tears are produced in response to eye injury or irritation.

With dry eye syndrome, the eye does not produce enough tears or the tears have a chemical composition that causes them to evaporate too quickly. The cause of dry eye syndrome is a dysfunction of the tear-producing glands which results in reduced production of tears. It can occur as a part of the natural aging process, especially during menopause or as a side effect of many medications such as antihistamines, anti-depressants, diuretics, certain blood pressure medications, Parkinsons medication and birth control pills.

Dry eye syndrome can be aggravated if you live in a dry, dusty or windy climate. Air conditioning and dry heating systems can dry out your eyes as well. Insufficient blinking, such as when you are staring at a computer screen all day can contribute to it as well.

Recent research indicates that contact lens wear and dry eyes can be a vicious cycle. Dry eyes are the most common complaint among contact lens wearers. Dry eye syndrome results in contact lens discomfort and the rubbing of the lens against the conjunctiva seem to be a cause of dry eyes.

Dry eye syndrome is common in women, possibly due to hormonal fluctuations. Recent research suggests that smoking, too, can increase your risk of dry eye syndrome.

Dry eyes are also a symptom of systemic diseases such as lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, Rosacea or Sjorgrens syndrome.

Signs and Symptoms of Dry Eye Syndrome

Persistent dryness, scratching and burning in your eyes are signs of dry eye syndrome. These symptoms alone may be enough to diagnose dry eye syndrome. Sometimes, the amount of tears in your eyes is measured, using a Schirmer test. This is done by placing a thin strip of filter paper at the edge of the eye. Some people also experience a foreign body sensation the feeling that something is in the eye.

Center For Sight is a leader in bringing our patients the latest advances for the care of dry eye syndrome. Today, there are more treatment options than ever that can help to reduce or eliminate the symptoms, depending on the dryness of your eyes.

Artificial Tears

The simplest approach to treating dry eyes is to supplement your bodys natural tears with lubricating artificial tears. We recommend using mildly preserved brands such as Tears Plus, Refresh, Systane, Soothe or their preservative free counterparts, as well as Bion Tears or TheraTears.

Nutritional Supplementation

Studies have shown that Vitamin A deficiency is linked to dry eye syndrome. Your doctor might suggest a specific formulation, such as TheraTears Nutrition or BioTears.

Medications

Dry eye syndrome has been shown to be an inflammatory eye disorder and your doctor might prescribe anti-inflammatory medicines such as Restasis (eye drops used twice daily) or Lotemax (your doctor will prescribe the frequency of use).

Environmental Control

You may be able to significantly ease the discomfort of dry eye syndrome by reducing factors in your environment that contribute to the problem. Maintaining humidity, avoiding the use of ceiling fans and looking away from the computer or television screen every ten minutes are all helpful. Also, try to blink more frequently to spread tears over the eyes.

Tear Duct Inserts

The eyes lubricating balance is maintained by its volume and quality of tears produced by certain glands, and excess tears are drained into the nose and throat through tear ducts located in each eyelid. If the drain is working too well, the eyes natural moisture can be lost, resulting in a dry eye. Your doctor might elect to insert a temporary (collagen) or permanent (silicone or thermoacrylic) stopper to plug the drainage, allowing your own tears to bathe your eyes for a longer period. They are inserted in a painless in-office procedure and may be removed at any time.

Make the Clear Choice

Our physicians examine and treat eye disorders and diseases and coordinate all post-operative care. They provide 24 hour/7 days a week emergency care to all our patients.

Click here to request an appointment with a Center For Sight optometric physician or call the location nearest to you.

University Park 351-9440 Sarasota US 41 925-2020 Sarasota Siesta Dr. 953-2020 Sarasota - Fruitville 923-4594 Venice 488-2020 Englewood 474-2020 North Port 484-2020

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Adult Stem Cells Nutrition Boost Healing in Humans, Animals

August 4th, 2016 9:36 am

Botanical Stem Cell Nutrition

Stem cell nutrition from aqua-botanical source, has shown to support the release of millions of adult stem cells from the bone marrow very quickly. These stem cells can then migrate and attach to any cells, tissue, bone, muscle, cartilage, organ anywhere in the body needing repair. Once they attach, they become that tissue and multiply 3 to 5000 times.

When there is an injury or a stress to an organ, compounds are released that reach the bone marrow and trigger the release of stem cells. Stem Cells can be thought of as master cells. Stem cells circulate and function to replace dysfunctional cells, thus fulfilling the natural process of maintaining optimal health

When Christian Drapeau first posited that Adult Stem Cells were the very foundation of the body's natural healing system, scientific study in the field was in its infancy. His hypothesis that Adult Stem Cells, created by bone marrow, flowed to any tissue or organ needing regeneration and morphed into healthy cells of that location, was initially ridiculed by medical science. Since 2006 however, and at a geometrically increasing pace, Christian Drapeau's position gained not just momentum but widespread interest in scientific circles as study after study reveals that Adult Stem Cell science holds phenomenal promise in all areas of human healing.

Stem cell nutrition are typically aquatic botanicals and support wellness by assisting the body in its ability to maintain healthy stem cell physiology, production, and placement. Just as antioxidants are important to protect your cells from free radical damage, stem cell nutrition is equally important to support your stem cells in maintaining proper organ and tissue functioning in your body.

The health benefits of having more stem cells in the blood circulation have been demonstrated by numerous scientific studies. It would be too long here to summarize this vast body of scientific data. I simply suggest you research the work of Dr. Donald Orlic at the NIH.

Christian's theory that Adult Stem Cells are nothing less than the human body's natural self-renewal system has profound implications for every area of modern medicine. The idea that heart disease, diabetes, liver degeneration, and other conditions could be things of the past is no longer science fiction; because of recent Adult Stem Cell research breakthroughs, these are real possibilities in the short term.

Stem cells are defined as cells with the unique capacity to self-replicate throughout the entire life of an organism and to differentiate into cells of various tissues. Most cells of the body are specialized and play a well-defined role in the body. For example, brain cells respond to electrical signals from other brain cells and release neurotransmitters; cells of the retina are activated by light, and pancreatic -cells produce insulin. These cells, called somatic cells, will never differentiate into other types of cells or even proliferate. By contrast, stem cells are primitive cells that remain undifferentiated until they receive a signal prompting them to become various types of specialized cells.

Botanical stem cell nutrition are available in countries around the world.

The Stem Cell Theory of Renewal proposes that stem cells are naturally released by the bone marrow and travel via the bloodstream toward tissues to promote the body's natural process of renewal. When an organ is subjected to a process that requires renewal, such as the natural aging process, this organ releases compounds that trigger the release of stem cells from the bone marrow. The organ also releases compounds that attracts stem cells to this organ. The released stem cells then follow the concentration gradient of these compounds and leave the blood circulation to migrate to the organ where they proliferate and differentiate into cells of this organ, supporting the natural process of renewal.

Most of the cells in the human body are specialists assigned to a specific organ or type of tissue, such as the neuronal cells that wire the brain and central nervous system. Stem cells are different. When they divide, they can produce either more stem cells, or they can serve as progenitors that differentiate into specialized cells as they mature. Hence the name, because specialist cells can "stem" from them. The potential to differentiate into specialist cells whose populations in the body have become critically depleted as the result of illness or injury is what makes stem cells so potentially valuable to medical research.

The idea is that if the fate of a batch of stem cells could be directed down specific pathways, they could be grown, harvested, and then transplanted into a problem area. If all went according to plan, these new cells would overcome damaged or diseased cells, leading to healing and recovery. "The life of a stem cell can be viewed as a hierarchical branching process, where the cell is faced with a series of fate switches," Schaffer says. "Our goal is to identify the cell fate switches, and then provide stem cells with the proper signals to guide them down a particular developmental trajectory."

Stem cells have the remarkable potential to develop into many different cell types in the body. Serving as a sort of repair system for the body, they can theoretically divide without limit to replenish other cells as long as the person or animal is still alive. When a stem cell divides, each new cell has the potential to either remain a stem cell or become another type of cell with a more specialized function, such as a muscle cell, a red blood cell, or a brain cell.

When a stem cell divides, each new cell has the potential to either remain a stem cell or become another type of cell with a more specialized function. Scientists believe it should be possible to harness this ability to turn stem cells into a super "repair kit" for the body.

Scientist and author Christian Drapeau explains how the Stem Cell enhancers function to maximize human performance - Supporting the release of stem cells from the bone marrow and increasing the number of circulating stem cells improves various aspects of human health. For very active and sports focused people, Stem Cells are the raw materials to repair micro-tears and micro-injuries created during training. The results, according to Drapeau, are that active people, whether former NBA stars or amateur weekenders, can exercise more intensely at each training session with the ultimate consequence of greater performance.

Theoretically, it should be possible to use stem cells to generate healthy tissue to replace that either damaged by trauma, or compromised by disease. Among the conditions which scientists believe may eventually be treated by stem cell therapy are Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, heart disease, stroke, arthritis, diabetes, burns and spinal cord damage.

Do you have a question about holistic health or need assistance? Email Shirley Call 323-522-4521

Aquatic plant-based stem cell nutrition have been shown to support the release of millions of stem cells from the bone marrow very quickly. These stem cells can then migrate and attach to any cells, tissue, bone, muscle, cartilage, organ anywhere in the body needing repair. Once they attach, they become that tissue and multiply 3 to 5000 times. When there is an injury or a stress to an organ of your beloved pet or horse, compounds are released that reach the bone marrow and trigger the release of stem cells. Stem Cells can be thought of as master cells. Stem cells circulate and function to replace dysfunctional cells, thus fulfilling the natural process of maintaining optimal health.

As they do in humans, adult stem cells reside in animals bone marrow, where they are released whenever there is a problem somewhere in the body. Looking back on stem cell research, we realize that most studies have been done with animals, mostly mice, but also with dogs, horses, pigs, sheep and cattle. These studies have revealed that animal stem cells conduct themselves the same way human stem cells do. When there is an injury or a stress to an organ of your beloved pet or horse, compounds are released that reach the bone marrow and trigger the release of stem cells. The stem cells then travel to tissues and organs in need of help to regain optimal health.

Eve-Marie Lucerne - Eve-Marie keeps nine horses, all older thoroughbreds, and was eager to participate in the trials of a new stem cell enhancer for horses. She shared her allotment of test products with a few large commercial thoroughbred farms, veterinarians and other horse people she knows, and has been pleased with the consistently excellent results she has seen and others have reported to her. This product will help so many animals, she says, adding, People and animals are more alike than we are different. So it makes sense that a stem cell enhancer for animals with promote their health, too.

Eve-Marie's Equine Stem Cells Nutrition show dramatic results. For several horses facing serious physical challenges, cases where the animals might have to be put down, we saw a return to quality of life. This did not happen before Equine Stem Cell Nutrition. Eve-Marie says that this turnaround was quick, less than two weeks in many cases, and that the subject horses were back to health and enjoying pasture life within a month. One of the unofficial trial subjects for the equine stem cell nutrition was a 30-year old donkey who was in bad shape, Eve-Marie reports. He hadchronic respiratory difficulty and could move about only haltingly. His owner had stem cell enhancer supplements to help with her own serious health challenges and shared it with the donkey. The donkey's owner says this is the first time she wasn't sick, and her donkey is walking all around, feeling great an enjoying life again!

Farrier and National Hoof practitioner Stephen Dick received some of the trial product from Eve-Marie, and had good results with the two horses he selected for trial. For a 12-year-old quarterhorse stallion, the equine product brought dramatic results. This horse used to lie down twenty-two hours of the day, because he suffered discomfort whenever he stood, Steve reports, continuing, after a couple of weeks with Equine Stem Cell Nutrition, he was getting up and moving around, showing no discomfort. For a high-spirited mare with a leg problem, the equine product brought about a whole new lease on life, Steve says. This horse had been in a stall for 8 months. After about 6 weeks taking the equine product with her grain, her condition had improved and she was out of the stall, walking around in the pasture again.

Little Joe, a small 18-year-old quarterhorse that Judy Fisher bought when he was nearly 400 pounds underweight. You could count his ribs, Judy says, remembering, and his backbone stuck up like a ridge all along his back. He was very, very thin! Little Joe also suffered from breathing problems that kept him lethargic and inactive. Vet-recommended remedies were unsuccessful in changing Little Joe's physical problems, and the vet told Judy he didn't expect Little Joe to live through the winter. I figured Little Joe was in such bad shape that anything was worth a try, she says. She began giving the horse stem cell nutrition with his feed and grain twice a day. Within a couple of weeks, Judy was surprised to see Little Joe beginning to gain weight and run, buck, snort and kick. His breathing was no longer labored and his skin and coat were improving. Within six weeks Little Joe's overall appearance had changed dramatically. He had put on almost 300 pounds. When his former owner came to visit, Judy says, he didn't recognize Little Joe. That's how different he looked!

Sara participated in the stem cell nutrition product trials with her two horses and her 80-pound mixed-breed dog. She noted significant improvement in the health and quality of life for all three animals during the time of the trials. For JJ, Sara's 18-year old quarterhorse, the equine product brought about improvements in his overall mood, appearance and alertness quickly. He really liked the product from the beginning, Sara reports, pointing out that Hank, her 16-year-old thoroughbred/quarterhorse, had not taken to the taste of it too readily. I was able to slowly wean him on it though, she says. For Hank, the equine product was a balm for the skin problems resulting from his allergy to fly bites. His skin condition improved dramatically. Sara reports, noting that before the equine product the horse had scratched and bitten himself into ope wounds; after the equine product, the scratching and biting dropped off to almost nothing. Sara also noticed an increase in Hank's energy and liveliness in the first week on the equine product. The horse's foot and hip discomforts also responded well, leading to a noticeable increase in his mobility and an overall improvement in his quality of life throughout the two-month study.

Sara gave the pet product to her dog, Roxy, who had suffered for two years with ear problems that led to scratching, often until her skin was raw. Vet-recommended remedies had been temporary, quick-fixes, Sara says, but the discomfort always returned with a vengeance. For the pet trials, Sara gave Roxy two tabs of the product a day for two months, noting this is the only supplement she was getting. Sara says Roxy's problem with her ears definitely improved, the hair as grown back on her head and ears, and the ear problem has not recurred, adding that Roxy is happier and engaging, more playful.

Sonya had originally planned to use only her six-year-old Doberman Pinscher, Ginger, as a test subject for the pet product to see if the product could help with discomfort in her hips that had limited her mobility. That was until the day when Sonya's 14-year-old Irish Setter/Lab, Rowdy, took it upon himself to scarf up some large crumbs from Ginger's test dose of the pet product. Before dining on Ginger's leftovers, Rowdy was best characterized as the lazy dog type, very lethargic and he never left my side, Sonya reports.

Using the nutritional stem cell pet product , the first day Rowdy found the puppy back to his old self again, says Sonya and wanted to stay out all night, tracking who-knows-what, but having a great time. Sonya added Rowdy to her trial regimen and says that only two-three trial chewables made the difference in Rowdy's energy level, returning him to youthful activity. Meanwhile, the original trial subject, Ginger, has a new life and is able to keep up with 2-year-old Norwich Terrier mix Scrappy for the first time ever. Ginger has regained her ability to run at top speeds, and is able to dig for hours with Scrappy. Previously unable to get up from a prone position without some difficulty, Ginger now leaps to standing or chasing positions without a moment's hesitation. Stem Cell Nutrition for dogs has helped both of my big dogs to have their youth back, Sonya reports, adding I am a real believer in the canine product, as it has provided a spectacular change in both Ginger and Rowdy.

For dogs, depending on the size of your companion, you simply give half or one full tablet, which has a tasty dried beef and liver meal flavor. For horses, to the animal's daily grain you add one scoop of scrumptious molasses based Stem Cell Enhancer.

My German Shepherd was not able to get around, but within 2 weeks of using Stem Cell Nutrition for pets, her hips were not as stiff and she started running like a puppy. Jan, IN

Both of my big dogs have gained their youth back. I am a true believer in Stem Cell Nutrition for pets as it has provided a spectacular change in both Ginger and Rowdy. Sonya, IN

Stem cell nutrition for dogs, horses and other animals are specially formulated to be a delectable treat for your animal. The pet chewables and equine blends make it easy to provide your animals with this valuable nutritional supplement. The most common story is that of old, tired and sluggish dogs turned within a week or so into active, alert dogs running around like puppies. The same was observed in horses. Old horses who used to remain standing in the barn or under a tree, sluggish or stricken by too much discomfort to walk around, suddenly began moving about, and at times running and bucking like young colts. One of the most common reports was obvious improvements in hoof health and coat appearance.

Botanical stem cell nutrition are available in countries around the world.

Frequently Asked Questions about Stem Cell Enhancer Bibliography

Do you have a question about holistic health or need assistance? Email Shirley Call 323-522-4521

The National Health Institute lists seventy-four treatable diseases using ASCs in therapy - an invasive and costly procedure of removing the stem cells from one's bone marrow (or a donor's bone marrow) and re-injecting these same cells into an area undergoing treatment. For example, this procedure is sometimes done before a cancer patient undergoes radiation. Healthy stem cells from the bone marrow are removed and stored, only to be re-inserted after radiation into the area of the body in need of repair. This is a complex and expensive procedure, not accessible to the average person. However, there is now a way that every single person, no matter what their health condition, can have access to the benefits of naturally supporting their body's innate ability to repair every organ and tissue using stem cell nutrition.

David A. Prentice, Ph.D. - "Within just a few years, the possibility that the human body contains cells that can repair and regenerate damaged and diseased tissue has gone from an unlikely proposition to a virtual certainty. Adult stem cells have been isolated from numerous adult tissues, umbilical cord, and other non-embryonic sources, and have demonstrated a surprising ability for transformation into other tissue and cell types and for repair of damaged tissues.

A new U.S. study involving mice suggests the brain's own stem cells may have the ability to restore memory after an injury. These neural stem cells work by protecting existing cells and promoting neuronal connections. In their experiments, a team at the University of California, Irvine,were able to bring the rodents' memory back to healthy levels up to three months after treatment. The finding could open new doors for treatment of brain injury, stroke and dementia, experts say.

"This is one of the first reports that you can take a stem cell transplantation approach and restore memory," said lead researcher Mathew Blurton-Jones, a postdoctorate fellow at the university. "There is a lot of awareness that stem cells might be useful in treating diseases that cause loss of motor function, but this study shows that they might benefit memory in stroke or traumatic brain injury, and potentially Alzheimer's disease."

In the study, published in the Oct. 31 issue of the Journal of Neuroscience, Blurton-Jones and his colleagues used genetically engineered mice that naturally develop brain lesions. The researchers destroyed cells in a brain area called the hippocampus. These cells are known to be vital to memory formation and it is in this region that neurons often die after injury, the researchers explained. To test the mice's memory, Blurton-Jones's group conducted place and object recognition tests with both healthy mice and brain-injured mice.

Healthy mice remembered their surroundings about 70 percent of the time, while brain-injured mice remembered it only 40 percent of the time. For objects, healthy mice recalled objects about 80 percent of the time, but injured mice remembered them only 65 percent of the time. The researchers then injected each mouse with about 200,000 neural stem cells. They found that mice with brain injuries that received the stem cells now remembered their surroundings about 70 percent of the time -- the same as healthy mice. However, mice that didn't receive stem cells still had memory deficits.

The researchers also found that in healthy mice injected with stem cells, the stem cells traveled throughout the brain. In contrast, stem cells given to injured mice lingered in the hippocampus. Only about 4 percent of those stem cells became neurons, indicating that the stem cells were repairing existing cells to improve memory, rather than replacing the dead brain cells, Blurton-Jones's team noted. The researchers are presently doing another study with mice stricken with Alzheimer's. "The initial results are promising," Blurton-Jones said. "This has a huge potential, but we have to be cautious about not rushing into the clinic too early."

One expert is optimistic about the findings. "Putting in these stem cells could eventually help in age-related memory decline," said Dr. Paul R. Sanberg, director of the Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair at the University of South Florida College of Medicine. "There is clearly a therapeutic potential to this." Sanberg noted that for the process to work with Alzheimer's it has to work with older brains. "There is clearly therapeutic potential in humans, but there are a lot of hurdles to overcome," he said. "This is another demonstration of the potential for neural stem cells in brain disorders.".

Botanical stem cell nutrition are available in countries around the world. (Select market/country at the top)

Dr. Nancy White Ph.D.- " I've always been interested in health generally and in particular the brain, focusing on the balance of neurotransmitters. I often do quantitative EEG's for assessment of my patients. I'm impressed with the concept of a natural product like stem cell nutrition that could help release adult stem cells from the bone mass where the body would have no objection and no rejection. I've tried stem cell nutrition for general health anti-aging. After taking it for a time, I fell more agile and my joints are far more flexible. I was astounded while doing yoga that I was suddenly able to bend over and touch my forehead to my knees. I haven't been able to do that comfortably in probably twenty years. I noticed how much better my balance has become. I believe stem cell nutrition is responsible for these effects, because I certainly haven't been trained extensively in yoga. Also since taking stem cell nutrition, I feel better and my skin is more moist and has a finer texture.

A bald friend of mine, who is also taking the stem cell nutrition, had several small cancers on top of his head. His doctor had removed one from his arm already, and his dermatologist set a date to remove those from his scalp. Before the appointment, my friend was shaving one morning and, looking in the mirror, saw that the cancers were all gone. They had disappeared within a few weeks of starting the stem cell nutrition and his skin is better overall. Also, his knee, which he'd strained playing tennis, was like new. Stem cell nutrition seems to go where the body's priority is. You never know what the affect is going to be, but you notice something is changing. Another friend of mine seems to be dropping years. Her skin looks smoother and her face younger. After about six weeks on the stem cell nutrition, she looks like she's ten years younger. A woman who gives her regular facials asked what she was doing, because her skin looked so much different. Stem cell nutrition is remarkable and could help anybody. Everybody should try it, because it's natural and there are no risks. As we grow older in years, we still can have good health. That's the ideal. Even if you don't currently have a problem, stem cell nutrition is a preventative." Dr. White holds a Ph. D. in Clinical Psychology, an MA in Behavioral Science, and a B.F.A. in Fine Arts, Magna Cum Laude. In addition, she is licensed in the State of Texas as a Psychologist , a Marriage and Family Therapist and as a Chemical Dependency Counselor.

Dr. Cliff Minter - "Stem cells are the most powerful cells in the body. We know that stem cells, once they're circulating in the bloodstream, will travel to any area of the body that has been compromised or damaged and turn into healthy cells. There have been controversial discussions about the new stem cells found in embryos, but the truth is that everyone has adult stem cells in their own bodies. We are all created from stem cells. As a child or a young adult, your body automatically releases stem cells whenever you injure yourself. That's why you heal so fast when you are younger. After about age 35, we don't heal as fast anymore, because the stem cells aren't released the same way as when we are younger. Stem cell nutrition helps all of us heal our bodies. If you look at the New England Journal of Medicine, you'll find that the number one indicator of a healthy heart is the number of stem cells circulating in the body. Stem cell nutrition is the organic and all-natural way to stimulate the bone marrow to release adult stem cells into the bloodstream.

By taking stem cell nutrition, you can maintain optimum health and aid your body in healing itself. It's certainly a better way to recuperate from an illness than using prescription drugs, because even when a medication works, it can often be hard on your liver and the rest of your body. Stem cell nutrition has no negative side effects. This makes it a powerful approach to healing and good health in general. I found out about stem cell nutrition after someone asked for my opinion on it. I did some research and found it to be one of the greatest ways to slow down aging that we have. Aging is nothing more than the breakdown of cells. Stem cell nutrition combats that action. As cells break down, stem cell nutrition replaces them with healthy cells. This is the greatest, most natural anti-aging method I know. I was skeptical at first, but the results I've personally seen in people I've talked with have been wide-ranged. Lots of people have reported an increase in energy and better sleeping patterns.

I've seen people with arthritis in various parts of their bodies reverse the disease, and people with asthma end up with their lungs totally clear. One person that was on oxygen almost 24/7 is now totally off of oxygen. Two ladies who suffered badly from PMS told me they were 100 percent symptom-free within weeks of starting the stem cell nutrition. Two people I know had tennis elbow which usually takes about six to nine months to heal. Within weeks of taking stem cell nutrition, both report their "tennis elbow" is gone. It makes sense, because stem cells go to whatever area is compromised and turn into healthy cells.

I use stem cell nutrition as a preventative. I've noticed an increase in my energy level and an improved sleeping pattern. Stem cell nutrition has zero negative side effects, is very powerful, and we know how it works. It's good for children as well as adults. This is the best, most natural way I know to optimum health. If you just want to use it for prevention, this is the best thing I know for staying healthy. And if you do those and regaining optimum health. I recommend it to everybody." Dr. Cliff Minter (retired) graduated from Illinois College of Podiatric Medicine. He completed his residency at the Hugar Surgery Center in the Hines Veteran Administration Hospital in Illinois before going into private practice in Ventura, CA. Dr. Minter is a national and international speaker on the subjects of business and nutritional products.

Fernando Aguila, M.D. - "Due to a heavy patient load, I have recently found that I tire more easily, my legs are cramping, and by the time I get home, even my shoulders and rib cage hurt. I knew I had to find a way to increase my stamina, energy and vitality. A friend gave me information about stem cell nutrition and how it promotes the release of stem cells in the body. One of the components apparently promotes the migration of the stem cells to tissues or organs where regeneration and repair is needed most. My attention was drawn to the fact that it can increase energy, vitality, wellness, concentration, and much more. It sounded just like what I needed. Since then, I've heard reports of people experiencing excellent results in a number of different areas in their health. The improvements sounded dramatic. Because of all of their testimonies, I was willing to believe it could promote wellness in the human body.

I tried stem cell nutrition myself. After a day, of hard work, I realized I wasn't tired at all, my legs were not aching, and I didn't have any shoulder pain. I decided the stem cell nutrition must be working. I continued to take it, and was able to work so efficiently and steadily that one surgeon commented that I was moving like a ball of fire. Stem cell nutrition gives me support physically and mentally. I look forward to seeing what the major medical journals have to say about the studies being done with this new approach to wellness." Fernando Aguila, M.D., graduated from the University of Santa Thomas in Manila , Philippines. He finished his internship at Cambridge City Hospital, Cambridge, MA and completed his residency at the New England Medical Center in Boston, MA. He obtained a fellowship in OB-GYN anesthesia at the Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston and a fellowship in cardio-thoracic anesthesia at the Cleveland Clinic Foundation in Cleveland, OH.

Botanical stem cell nutrition are available in countries around the world

View Dr. Christian Drapeau's introduction to Adult Stem Cell Bone Marrow Release

Christian Drapeau is America's best known advocate for Adult Stem Cell science health applications and the founder of the field of Stem Cell Nutrition. He holds a BS in Neurophysiology from McGill University and a Master of Science in Neurology and Neurosurgery from the Montreal Neurological Institute.

One particular stem cell enhancers that was studied was found to contain a polysaccharide fraction that was shown to stimulate the migration of Natural Killer (NK) cells out of the blood into tissues. The same polysaccharide fraction was also shown to strongly stimulate the activation of NK cells. NK cells play the very important role in the body of identifying aberrant or defective cells and eliminating them. NK cells are especially known for their ability to detect and destroy virally infected cells and cells undergoing uncontrolled cellular division. The same polysaccharide fraction was also shown to stimulate macrophage activity. Macrophages constitute the front line of the immune system. They first detect an infection or the presence of bacteria or virally infected cells, and they then call for a full immune response. Adult Stem Cell Nutritional Enhancer also contains a significant concentration of chlorophyll and phycocyanin, the blue pigment in AFA. Phycocyanin has strong anti-inflammatory properties and therefore can assist the immune system.

The release of stem cells from the bone marrow and their migration to tissues is a natural process that happens everyday. Stem cell enhancers simply support that natural process and tips the balance toward health everyday. It does not do anything that the body does not already do everyday. So far, no instances of cancer or any similar problem have ever been observed when using in vivo natural release of stem cells from the bone marrow.

Each day, stem cells in the bone marrow evolve to produce red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. These mature cells are then released into the bloodstream where they perform their vital life-supporting functions. When bone marrow stem cell activity is interfered with, diseases such as anemia (red blood cell deficit), neutropenia (specialized white blood cell deficit), or thrombocytopenia (platelet deficit) are often diagnosed. Any one of these conditions can cause death if not corrected.

Scientists have long known that folic acid, vitamin B12, and iron are required for bone marrow stem cells to differentiate into mature red blood cells.3-7 Vitamin D has been shown to be crucial in the formation of immune cells,8-11 whereas carnosine has demonstrated a remarkable ability to rejuvenate cells approaching senescence and extend cellular life span.12-28

Other studies of foods such as blueberries show this fruit can prevent and even reverse cell functions that decline as a result of normal aging.29-36 Blueberry extract has been shown to increase neurogenesis in the aged rat brain.37,38 Green tea compounds have been shown to inhibit the growth of tumor cells, while possibly providing protection against normal cellular aging.39,40

Based on these findings, scientists are now speculating that certain nutrients could play important roles in maintaining the healthy renewal of replacement stem cells in the brain, blood, and other tissues. It may be possible, according to these scientists, to use certain nutrient combinations in the treatment of conditions that warrant stem cell replacement

These studies demonstrate for the first time that various natural compounds can promote the proliferation of human bone marrow cells and human stem cells. While these studies were done in vitro, they provide evidence that readily available nutrients may confer a protective effect against today's epidemic of age-related bone marrow degeneration.

Dr. Robert Sampson, MD on stem cell nutrition - "... we have a product that has been shown and demonstrated in the patent to increase the level of adult circulating stem cells by up to 30%. It seems to me we're having a great opportunity here to optimize the body's natural ability to create health." Recent scientific developments have revealed that stem cells derived from the bone marrow, travel throughout the body, and act to support optimal organ and tissue function. Stem cell enhancers supports the natural role of adult stem cells. Stem cell enhancer are typically derived from certain edible algae that grows in fresh water.

Botanical stem cell nutrition are available in countries around the world. (Select market/country at the top)

Do you have a question about holistic health or need assistance? Email Shirley Call 323-522-4521

The possibility that a decline in the numbers or plasticity of stem cell populations contributes to aging and age-related disease is suggested by recent findings. The remarkable plasticity of stem cells suggests that endogenous or transplanted stem cells can be tweaked' in ways that will allow them to replace lost or dysfunctional cell populations in diseases ranging from neurodegenerative and hematopoietic disorders to diabetes and cardiovascular disease.

As you age, the number and quality of stem cells that circulate in your body gradually decrease, leaving your body more susceptible to injury and other age-related health challenges. Just as antioxidants are important to protect your cells from free radical damage, stem cell nutrition is equally important to support your stem cells in maintaining proper organ and tissue functioning in your body.

A fundamental breakthrough in our understanding of nervous system development was the identification of multipotent neural stem cells (neurospheres) about ten years ago. Dr. Weiss and colleagues showed that EGF (epidermal growth factor) dependent stem cells could be harvested from different brain regions at different developmental stages and that these could be maintained over multiple passages in vitro. This initial finding has lead to an explosion of research on stem cells, their role in normal development and their potential therapeutic uses. Many investigators have entered this field and the progress made has been astounding.

How does an increase in the number of circulating stem cells lead to optimal health? Circulating stem cells can reach various organs and become cells of that organ, helping such organ regain and maintain optimal health. Recent studies have suggested that the number of circulating stem cells is a key factor; the higher the number of circulating stem cells the greater is the ability of the body at healing itself. Scientific interest in adult stem cells has centered on their ability to divide or self-renew indefinitely, and generate all the cell types of the organ from which they originate, potentially regenerating the entire organ from a few cells. Adult stem cells are already being used clinically to treat many diseases. These include as reparative treatments with various cancers, autoimmune disease such as multiple sclerosis, lupus and arthritis, anemias including sickle cells anemia and immunodeficiencies. Adult stem cells are also being used to treat patients by formation of cartilage, growing new corneas to restore sight to blind patients, treatments for stroke, and several groups are using adult stem cells to repair damage after heart attacks. Early clinical trials have shown initial success in patient treatments for Parkinsons disease and spinal cord injury. The first FDA approved trial to treat juvenile diabetes in human patients is ready to begin at Harvard Medical School, using adult stem cells. An advantage of using adult stem cells is that in most cases, the patients own stem cells can be used for the treatment, circumventing the problems of immune rejection, and without tumor formation.

Why do we hear much in the news about embryonic stem cells and very little about adult stem cells? The first human embryonic stem cells were grown in vitro, in a petri dish, in the mid 1990s. Rapidly, scientists were successful at growing them for many generations and to trigger their differentiation into virtually any kind of cells, i.e. brain cells, heart cells, liver cells, bone cells, pancreatic cells, etc. When scientists tried growing adult stem cells, the endeavor was met with less success, as adult stem cells were difficult to grow in vitro for more than a few generations. This led to the idea that embryonic stem cells have more potential than adult stem cells. In addition, the ethical concerns linked to the use of embryonic stem cells have led to a disproportionate representation of embryonic stem cells in the media. But recent developments over the past 2-3 years have established that adult stem cells have capabilities comparable to embryonic stem cells in the human body, not in the test tube. Many studies have indicated that simply releasing stem cells from the bone marrow can help support the body's natural process for renewal of tissues and organs.

The bone marrow constantly produces stem cells for the entire life of an individual. Stem cells released by the bone marrow are responsible for the constant renewal of red blood cells and lymphocytes (immune cells). A 25-30% increase in the number of circulating stem cells is well within physiological range and does not constitute stress on the bone marrow environment. The amount of active bone marrow amounts to about 2,600 g (5.7 lbs), with about 1.5 trillion marrow cells. Stem cells that do not reach any tissue or become blood cells return to the bone marrow.

Effectiveness of stem cell "enhancers" was demonstrated in a triple-blind study. Volunteers rested for one hour before establishing baseline levels. After the first blood samples, volunteers were given stem cell "enhancers"or placebo. Thereafter, blood samples were taken at 30, 60 and 120 minutes after taking the consumables. The number of circulating stem cells was quantified by analyzing the blood samples using Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting (FACS). Consumption of stem cell "enhancers" triggered a significant 25-30% increase in the number of circulating stem cells.

Botanical stem cell nutrition are available in countries around the world. (Select market/country at the top)

Do you have a question about holistic health or need assistance? Email Shirley Call 323-522-4521

See original here:
Adult Stem Cells Nutrition Boost Healing in Humans, Animals

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Prevalence Color Blindness

August 4th, 2016 9:36 am

Red Green Color Blindness

Red Green Color blindness is predominantly found only in men. The gene that leads to red green color blindness is found in the X Chromosome. Males only have one X chromosome whereas females have 2; typically in females the stronger chromosome takes precedence so theyretain correctvision.The son of a woman carrying a faulty gene has a 50% chance of inheriting the faulty X chromosome and as a result suffering from color blindness. The daughter of the same woman is unlikely to be color blind unless her father is color blind; however she retains a 50% chance of being a carrier for the defective gene.

Blue color blindness (often referredto as blue yellow color blindness) is extremely rare, so rare that only 5% of color blind people suffer from it.Unlike red green color blindness, the chance of having blue color blindness is equal in both men and women as the gene is found on a different chromosome ( chromosome 7). This gene is shared equally by men and women and blue color blindness comes from a mutation of this gene.

One might expect the percentage of affected people to be relatively constant in all countries however this is far from the truth. In most Caucasian societies up to 1 in 10 men suffer, however only 1 in 100 Eskimos are color blind. There is no solid proof as to the cause of this however it is logical to assume that less of the original Eskimos carried the defective gene, so the likelihood of it infecting the gene pool was quite a lot lower.

Whilst almost all color blindness is inherited, infrequently a change in the chromosome during early development can cause color blindness. Various injuries involving trauma to the eye, and even some diseases can also cause color blindness to develop in a person of any age.

As mentioned elsewhere on this website, cataracts are not a form of color blindness, so you wont see them in the table below. Cataracts are a clouding that develops in the crystalline lens of the eye, and have the effect to dull colors, and blur vision. It is not common to mistake someone with cataracts as someone who is color blind, as color blindness normally becomes apparent early in life, whereas cataracts dont usually form until ones senior years. However if you are unsure, you can take the freeonlinetests available on this website in the menu on the left to find out now.

The Below table displays the percentage of men and women suffering the different forms of color blindness, you can click on each defectto learn more about it.

Continued here:
Prevalence Color Blindness

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