StemCell Therapy

OVERVIEW

Hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) is the only cure for a variety of hematologic and oncologic diseases. However, it has been associated with the development of both acute and chronic kidney failure [1]. (See "Preparative regimens for hematopoietic cell transplantation".)

The term "hematopoietic cell transplantation" will be used throughout this review as a general term to cover transplantation of progenitor cells from any source (eg, bone marrow, peripheral blood, cord blood). Otherwise, the source of such cells will be specified (eg, autologous peripheral blood progenitor cell transplantation). (See "Sources of hematopoietic stem cells".)

Although the requirement for dialysis following HCT is relatively uncommon (in the range of 2 to 5 percent), it is generally associated with an extremely poor prognosis. However, acute kidney injury (AKI), as defined by doubling or smaller increases in the serum creatinine concentration, is common, approaching 50 to 60 percent in several reports. There are a variety of causes of AKI following HCT and several risk factors that are associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD). In the majority of patients, renal dysfunction is temporary and returns to baseline; however, adjusting medications to avoid further damage is common.

This topic will review the epidemiology and causes of kidney injury following HCT other than sepsis or drug-induced acute tubular necrosis or tumor lysis syndrome. These include hepatic sinusoidal obstructive syndrome (SOS, formerly known as veno-occlusive disease), hemolytic-uremic syndrome/thrombotic microangiopathy, and calcineurin inhibitor nephrotoxicity. The technique and other complications associated with HCT are discussed separately. (See "Preparative regimens for hematopoietic cell transplantation" and "Hematopoietic support after hematopoietic cell transplantation".)

EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PROGNOSIS

The epidemiology and risk factors of kidney injury following hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) vary with the different types of regimens associated with HCT:

Literature review current through: Feb 2016. | This topic last updated: Wed Sep 09 00:00:00 GMT 2015.

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Kidney disease following hematopoietic cell transplantation

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