StemCell Therapy

Abstract

Nanozymes as artificial enzymes that mimicked natural enzymelike activities have received great attention in cancer therapy. However, it remains a great challenge to design nanozymes that precisely exert its activity in tumor without producing off-target toxicity to surrounding normal tissues. Here, we report a synergetic enhancement strategy through the combination between nanozyme and tumor vascular normalization to destruct tumors, which was based on tumor microenvironment (TME) unlocking. This nanozyme that we developed not only has photothermal properties but also can produce reactive oxygen species efficiently under the stimulation of TME. Moreover, this nanozyme also showed remarkable imaging performance in fluorescence imaging in the second near-infrared region and magnetic resonance imaging for visualization tracing in vivo. The process of combination therapy showed remarkable therapeutic effect for breast cancer. This study provides a therapeutic strategy by the cooperation between multifunctional nanozyme and tumor vascular normalization for intensive combination therapy of breast cancer.

Breast cancer is the most frequent malignancy in women worldwide and is a heterogeneous disease on the molecular level (1). The heterogeneity of breast cancer tissue usually makes it easy to cause multidrug resistance of tumor, tumor recurrence, or metastasis, which leads to the decline of therapeutic effect (2). The principal reason is that there are differences from genotype to phenotype in the same tumor, resulting in different sensitivity, growth speed, invasion ability, prognosis, and other aspects of tumor cells to drugs (35). A more accurate combination therapy based on tumor heterogeneity could give full play to the maximum effect, produce minimum side effects, and avoid the occurrence of multidrug resistance (68). Recently, combination therapy has been extremely advocated in clinical application. For instance, the simultaneous administration of two or multiple therapeutic agents would modulate different signaling pathways involved in the tumor progression (9, 10), bringing many advantages including synergetic responses, reduced drug resistance, and mitigatory side effects. Therefore, it is of great significance to develop a multimode tumor cooperative therapy system to improve the therapeutic effect of breast cancer.

In the early 1970s, as a young surgeon who frequently encountered cancer in patients, Judah Folkman observed that tumor tissue was enriched by an extraordinarily high number of blood vessels that were fragile and often hemorrhagic (11, 12). The angiogenesis translational research started at that time and has lasted for nearly 50 years. At present, the results show that blocking angiogenesis can retard tumor growth, but it may also increase metastasis paradoxically (13, 14). This issue may be solved by vessel normalization, including increasing pericyte coverage, improving tumor vessel perfusion, reducing the permeability of blood vessels, and mitigating hypoxia consequently (15). Therefore, the normalization of tumor blood vessels is closely related to the regulation of tumor microenvironment (TME). Both humanized monoclonal antibody bevacizumab as the first antivascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) agents and plasmid expressing interfering RNA targeting VEGF (shVEGF) have been used in cancer therapy (16). In 2017, Zhang elucidated an unexpected role of T helper 1 (TH1) cells in vasculature and immune reprogramming. This finding confirmed that tumor blood vessels and immune system can affect each others functions and proposed that TH1 cells may be a marker and a determinant of both immune checkpoint blockade and anti-angiogenesis efficacy (15). Thus, the combined therapy with tumor vessel normalization is expected to improve the therapeutic effect of breast cancer.

Since Gao et al. (17) reported the first evidence of Fe3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) as peroxidase mimetics in 2007, various nanomaterials have been identified that have intrinsic enzyme-like activities (18, 19). Because of the similar enzymatic kinetics and mechanisms of natural enzymes under physiological conditions, this kind of nanomaterials is called nanozyme (20). The past decade have witnessed the rapid development of nanozymes in biomedical applications including immunoassays, biosensors, antibacterial, and antibiofilm agents (21, 22). Tailored to the specific TME, including the excessive production of acid and hydrogen peroxide, the introduction of highly active nanozyme, through Fenton and Fenton-like reactions to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS), has been used in the chemodynamic therapy (CDT) of cancer (23). A great challenge for in vivo application of nanozyme is the precise control of the selective execution of the desired activity because off-target activity will lead to unpredictable side effects. For instance, Fe3O4 NPs have peroxidase-like activity to increase reactive ROS under acidic pH. However, these NPs exhibit catalase-like activity in neutral condition, which will lead to removal of ROS (24). In the process of ROS-related treatment, the former is beneficial to improve the therapeutic effect, while the latter should be inhibited. Therefore, it is necessary to design a strategy to coordinate the activity of nanozyme through the regulation of TME for optimal functioning upon entering of the nanozyme into its target cell.

As a proof of concept, we have constructed a previously unknown strategy to regulate TME by tumor vessel normalization to optimize the anticancer effect of visualizational nanozyme. Primarily, monodisperse core-shell Ag2S@Fe2C heterogeneous NPs were synthesized by seeded growth-based thermal decomposition method in organic phase. Afterward, to improve the tumor targeting, we designed a precise targeting NP-based nanozyme system (Ag2S@Fe2C-DSPE-PEG-iRGD) by coating a tumor-homing penetration peptidemodified Distearoyl phosphoethanolamine-PEG-iRGD peptide (DSPE-PEG-iRGD) on the surface of Ag2S@Fe2C NPs. This nanozyme showed remarkable intracellular uptake, good fluorescence performance, and up-regulation of ROS production in 4T1 cells. Furthermore, this nanozyme displayed high-resolution bioimaging effect in vivo in 4T1 breast cancerbearing mice, which included fluorescence imaging in the second near-infrared region (NIR-II) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Moreover, the improved therapeutic effect was observed by the treatment of Ag2S@Fe2C-DSPE-PEG-iRGD after combination with the tumor vascular normalization based on bevacizumab during the treatment in 4T1 breast cancerbearing mice. Our study provides a new therapeutic strategy by the cooperation between catalysis of imaging-guided nanozyme and tumor vascular normalization for intensive combination therapy of breast cancer.

The scheme of the combination therapeutic strategy was shown in Fig. 1, including the schematic illustration of combination therapeutic strategy (Fig. 1A) and biochemical process for multifunctional Ag2S@Fe2C-DSPE-PEG-iRGD in breast cancer cell (Fig. 1B). Subsequently, the schematic design of core-shell Ag2S@Fe2C-DSPE-PEG-iRGD is presented in Fig. 2A. First, monodispersed Ag2S@Fe2C NPs were synthesized by seed-mediated growth method with thermal decomposition in organic phase. The synthesis of Ag2S@Fe2C NPs comprises two steps: (i) the preparation of Ag2S quantum dots (QDs) (fig. S1) and (ii) the iron carbide coating on the surface of Ag2S QDs to obtain Ag2S@Fe2C NPs (Fig. 2B). Ag2S QDs were prepared by thermal decomposition of a source precursor of Ag(DDTC) [(C2H5)2NCS2Ag]. (25). Fe2C phase around Ag2S QDs is regulated by ammonium bromide (NH4Br), which has been reported in our previous studies (26, 27). Because the selective adsorption of Br ions weakened the bonding between Fe and C atoms, the process could promote the formation of low-carbon iron carbide phase. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) images in Fig. 2B have shown that Ag2S cores were semisurrounded by the Fe2C domains with a thickness of ~3 nm. The high-resolution TEM (HRTEM) image depicted in Fig. 2C shows a lattice spacing between two (200) adjacent planes in Ag2S of 0.244 nm and distance of 0.209 nm corresponding to the (101) planes of hexagonal Fe2C. Furthermore, energy-dispersive x-ray (EDX) line scan of Ag2S@Fe2C NPs was shown in Fig. 2 (D and E), which has confirmed the composition and core-shell structure of Ag2S@Fe2C NPs. The results of x-ray diffraction (Fig. 2F) patterns were consistent with the characterization of TEM. However, the Fe2C shell was protected from further oxidization by a 1-nm Fe3O4 shell with a spacing of 2.97 between the (220) planes of magnetite. The x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) of Fe 2p (Fig. 2G and fig. S2) has confirmed the main existence of Fe0 in Ag2S@Fe2C NPs, and the weak satellite peaks are due to the local oxidation of NPs (26). The existence of Ag+ was confirmed by the XPS of Ag 3d (Fig. 2F and fig. S2). DSPE-PEG-iRGD was synthesized by covalent bonding between DSPE-PEG-NHS (N-hydroxysuccinimide) and tumor-homing penetration peptide iRGD (CRGDKGPDC) subsequently (fig. S3) (28). Ag2S@Fe2C-DSPE-PEG and Ag2S@Fe2C-DSPE-PEG-iRGD were formulated using water/oil (W/O) emulsion method (29). The formation of Ag2S@Fe2C-DSPE-PEG-iRGD nanozyme was confirmed by the Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (fig. S4). The red shift of the absorption peak for the stretching vibration of the CO from carboxyl group (1635 cm1) to amide bond (1689 cm1) proves the amination of DSPE-PEG-NHS and iRGD (fig. S4, i and iv). The existence of vibration absorption peaks (3410 and 1480 cm1) for NH bond (fig. S4, iv) proved the obtaining of DSPE-PEG-iRGD. The hydrodynamic diameters of Ag2S@Fe2C-DSPE-PEG-iRGD were 90.1 20.3 nm (fig. S5A), and the zeta potential of Ag2S@Fe2C-DSPE-PEG-iRGD was 12.2 mV (fig. S5B). The lifetime decays of Ag2S@Fe2C-DSPE-PEG-iRGD ( = 218.16 ns, excitation = 808 nm) were shown in Fig. 2I, which has proved that the NPs exhibit good luminescent property. The field-dependent magnetization curve of Ag2S@Fe2C NPs and Ag2S@Fe2C-DSPE-PEG-iRGD was measured at room temperature. After the modification of DSPE-PEG-iRGD, the magnetic saturation value is reduced from 116.97 to 50.12 electromagnetic unit (emu) g1 (fig. S5C). This result proves that Ag2S@Fe2C-DSPE-PEG-iRGD can be used as contrast agent in T2-MRI. Besides, better absorption capacity for light in the NIR was observed in Ag2S@Fe2C-DSPE-PEG-iRGD compared to Ag2S@Fe2C in fig. S5D.

(A) Schematic illustration of combination therapeutic strategy. (B) Schematic diagram of biochemical process for multifunctional Ag2S@Fe2C-DSPE-PEG-iRGD in breast cancer cell. PTT, photothermal therapy.

(A) Schematic illustration of the designed Ag2S@Fe2C-DSPE-PEG-iRGD core-shell heterojunctions. (B) TEM image of Ag2S@Fe2C NPs. (C) HRTEM image of Ag2S@Fe2C NPs. (D and E) EDX line scan of Ag2S@Fe2C NPs: Fe (blue), Ag (red), and S (black). (F) X-ray diffraction patterns of Ag2S@Fe2C NPs. High-resolution XPS spectra of (G) Fe 2p and (H) Ag 3d obtained from Ag2S@Fe2C. (I) Lifetime decays of Ag2S@Fe2C-DSPE-PEG-iRGD (excitation = 808 nm). a.u., arbitrary units.

The biodegradation performance of Ag2S@Fe2C-DSPE-PEG was evaluated by time-dependent fluorescence spectra in 48 hours (Fig. 3A). With the prolongation of dispersion time of Ag2S@Fe2C-DSPE-PEG in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) buffer (pH 5.4). The fluorescence intensity increases with time at the emission wavelength of 410 nm, which has demonstrated that carbon QDs (C QDs) are produced during the degradation of Ag2S@Fe2C-DSPE-PEG (30). The fluorescence spectra of Ag2S@Fe2C-DSPE-PEG were dispersed in PBS buffer (pH 7.4), and PBS buffer (pH 5.4) after 7 days further confirmed the stability of pH-dependent Ag2S@Fe2C-DSPE-PEG in fig. S6A. Subsequently, the evaluation of peroxidase-like activity of Ag2S@Fe2C-DSPE-PEG with different pH values was shown in Fig. 3B and fig. S6B. The peroxidase-like activity increases with the decrease of pH value. Moreover, TEM images of the Ag2S@Fe2C-DSPE-PEG after degradation in PBS with pH value of 5.4 in 48 hours was revealed in Fig. 3C. After 6 hours, the NPs maintain the integrity generally with only slight morphological changes (arrow indicated). After 24 hours, degradation occurred in most of NPs from morphology and size. In addition, the free state of Ag2S QDs can be observed in the TEM image. After 48 hours, the morphology of the NPs is completely disrupted and residues of the C QDs can be observed (arrow indicated). Since C QDs and graphene oxide (GO) have a similar structure, the fluorescence property can be determined by the states of the sp2 sites (31). Moreover, the samples that were obtained from Ag2S@Fe2C NP degradation in HCl solution (1 M) before and after 12 hours (fig. S7A) were characterized by XPS (fig. S7B). Normalized high-resolution XPS spectra of C 1s proved the existence of low-valence carbon. Moreover, as shown in fig. S7C, the carbon K edge spectrum of samples collected above shows a clear sp2 signal with energy loss peaks at 283 eV (1s *) and 293 eV (1s *), which proved the existence of sp2-hybridized carbon in Ag2S@Fe2C NPs (32). Therefore, we can infer that these sp2-hybridized carbons were obtained during the thermal decomposition synthesis of Ag2S@Fe2C NPs. To further prove the above speculation, the biodegradation behavior and structural evolution of Ag2S@Fe2C-DSPE-PEG were further evaluated in 4T1 cells. After 24 hours of intracellular coincubation, Ag2S@Fe2C-DSPE-PEG was almost degraded into ultrasmall NPs. These results were exhibited in bio-TEM images in Fig. 3D.

(A) Time-dependent fluorescence spectra of Ag2S@Fe2C-DSPE-PEG dispersed in PBS buffer solution (pH 5.4, excitation = 370 nm, Em = 410 nm). (B) Peroxidase-like activity of Ag2S@Fe2C-DSPE-PEG with different pH values (5.4, 6.5, and 7.4). Photo credit: Zhiyi Wang, Peking University, China. (C) TEM images (scale bars, 50 nm) of the Ag2S@Fe2C-DSPE-PEG after degradation in PBS (pH 5.4) for 0, 6, 24, and 48 hours. (D) Bio-TEM images (scale bar, 2 m) of 4T1 cells incubated with Ag2S@Fe2C-DSPE-PEG for 24 hours (scale bars, 500 nm) of different regions enlarged. (E) Schematic representation of the degradation process of the Ag2S@Fe2C-DSPE-PEG in the physiological environment.

On the basis of the above experimental results, Fig. 3E illustrated the degradation process of Ag2S@Fe2C-DSPE-PEG. The external DSPE-PEG degraded gradually because of hydrolysis of the ester linkage into segments (reduced molecular weight), oligomers and monomers, and lastly carbon dioxide and water (33) after the Ag2S@Fe2C-DSPE-PEG were dispersed in the physiological environment. Degradation of DSPE-PEG disrupts the NPs and triggers release of Fe2+ and C QDs from the Fe2C shell, which degrades rapidly if it is not protected by DSPE-PEG. After the degradation of Fe2C shell, Ag2S QDs were commonly found in bio-TEM images. Because the C QDs and Ag2S QDs are relatively stable in physiological environment, it is beneficial to be metabolized out of the body through the kidney and liver (34, 35). The unique biodegradability of the Ag2S@Fe2C-DSPE-PEG not only circumvents rapid degradation of the optical performance but also enables harmless clearance from the body in a reasonable period after the end of therapeutic functions in vivo.

The modification by DSPE-PEG-iRGD enhanced the biocompatibility of NPs under physiological conditions, which was proved by cell counting kit-8 (CCK8) assay in fig. S8. The cellular uptake of Ag2S@Fe2C-DSPE-PEG-iRGD in 4T1 cells was evaluated by multidimensional confocal microfluorescence imaging system in Fig. 4A (excitation = 808 nm). These results revealed that a minority of red fluorescence could be observed in 4T1 cells treated with Ag2S@Fe2C-DSPE-PEG, indicating the limited cellular uptake. However, much stronger red fluorescence could be found after coincubation with Ag2S@Fe2C-DSPE-PEG-iRGD, which is mainly located in cytoplasm, instead of nuclei [staining by 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), excitation = 405 nm]. These results suggested that the Ag2S@Fe2C-DSPE-PEG-iRGD performed higher cellular uptake after the modification with tumor-homing penetration peptide iRGD.

Subsequently, we further evaluated the nanozyme activity of Ag2S@Fe2C-DSPE-PEG-iRGD in cancer cells. Because nonfluorescent dihydrorhodamine 123 (DHR123) can be oxidized by ROS into green fluorescent rhodamine 123, DHR123 was used as an intracellular ROS indicator (36). Fortunately, the strongest fluorescence intensity was shown in the group of Ag2S@Fe2C-DSPE-PEG-iRGD under the irradiation of 808-nm laser, which demonstrated that the nanozyme activity of Ag2S@Fe2C-DSPE-PEG-iRGD was also enhanced compared with other groups (Fig. 4B). In the previous study, we reported the evaluation method of photothermal efficiency of nanomaterials (27, 37, 38). These results in fig. S11 demonstrated that Ag2S@Fe2C-DSPE-PEG-iRGD is a highly efficient photothermal therapy agent. The 4T1 cell killing ability was evaluated in fluorescence micrographs in Fig. 4C [costained by calcein-AM and propidium iodide (PI)]. The group of Ag2S@Fe2C-DSPE-PEG-iRGD under the irradiation of 808-nm laser showed the maximum range of dead cell markers, which proved that it has the strongest killing efficiency of 4T1 cells. Furthermore, corresponding flow cytometry data of the 4T1 cells stained with PI (dead cells, red fluorescence) was shown in Fig. 4D after incubation with saline only, the irradiation of 808-nm laser only, Ag2S@Fe2C-DSPE-PEG-iRGD, and Ag2S@Fe2C-DSPE-PEG-iRGD under the irradiation of 808-nm laser. These results are consistent with above.

(A) Confocal laser scanning microscopy images (scale bars, 5 m) of in 4T1 cells treated with saline, Ag2S@Fe2C-DSPE-PEG, and Ag2S@Fe2C-DSPE-PEG-iRGD in NIR-II. (B) Singlet oxygen generation evaluated by DHR123 in 4T1 cells treated with saline only, laser only, Ag2S@Fe2C-DSPE-PEG, and Ag2S@Fe2C-DSPE-PEG + laser (scale bars, 50 m). (C) Fluorescence images (scale bars, 100 m) of the 4T1 cells stained with calcein-AM (live cells, green fluorescence) and PI (dead cells, red fluorescence) after incubation with saline only, laser only, Ag2S@Fe2C-DSPE-PEG, and Ag2S@Fe2C-DSPE-PEG + laser. (D) Corresponding flow cytometry data of the 4T1 cells stained with PI (dead cells, red fluorescence) after incubation with saline only, laser only, Ag2S@Fe2C-DSPE-PEG, and Ag2S@Fe2C-DSPE-PEG + laser.

The fluorescent emission spectrum of Ag2S@Fe2C and Ag2S@Fe2C-DSPE-PEG-iRGD in NIR-II was shown in Fig. 5A. Under the excitation of 808-nm laser, the fluorescent emission wavelength is 1071 nm. Subsequently, fluorescence imaging in NIR-II was carried out to track the in vivo behaviors of Ag2S@Fe2C-DSPE-PEG and Ag2S@Fe2C-DSPE-PEG-iRGD (20 mg kg1, 200 ml) after intravenous injection into 4T1 breast cancerbearing nude mice, with the excitation wavelength of 808 nm (Fig. 5B). The tumor site of Ag2S@Fe2C-DSPE-PEG-iRGD group showed strong luminescence signals after 12 hours (Fig. 5C). In contrast, no obvious fluorescence signal appeared in the tumor site for Ag2S@Fe2C-DSPE-PEG even after 24 hours. Moreover, the targeting capacity of Ag2S@Fe2C-DSPE-PEG and Ag2S@Fe2C-DSPE-PEG-iRGD was evaluated by ex vivo imaging of main organs (liver, spleen, lung, heart, and kidney) and tumors of mice after intravenous injection for 24 hours. Obvious fluorescence signals were clearly observed in the liver, tumor, and the main blood vessels near the tumor (Fig. 5B). The real-time movie of fluorescence imaging in NIR-II has been improved during the tail vein injection of Ag2S@Fe2C-DSPE-PEG-iRGD (movie S1), which demonstrated that the nanozyme could achieve high-resolution microscopic imaging of blood vessels in mice, especially at the tumor site. These results reflect not only the advantages of fluorescence imaging in NIR-II with deeper tissue penetration but also the remarkable targeting effect of the Ag2S@Fe2C-DSPE-PEG-iRGD for 4T1 breast cancer.

(A) The fluorescent emission spectrum of Ag2S@Fe2C and Ag2S@Fe2C-DSPE-PEG-iRGD in NIR-II under the excitation of 808-nm laser. (B) Real-time NIR-II fluorescence images of 4T1 breast cancerbearing mice after intravenous injection of Ag2S@Fe2C-DSPE-PEG and Ag2S@Fe2C-DSPE-PEG-iRGD. Ex vivo fluorescence images of heart (i), kidney (ii), spleen (iii), liver (iv), lung (v), and tumor (vi), which were obtained at 48 hours after injection. Photo credit: Zhiyi Wang, Peking University, China. (C) The fluorescence intensities of the tumor after intravenous injection of Ag2S@Fe2C-DSPE-PEG and Ag2S@Fe2C-DSPE-PEG-iRGD, respectively. (D) T2 relaxation rate (1/T2) as a function of Fe concentration for the Ag2S@Fe2C-DSPE-PEG-iRGD. (E) Real-time MRI of 4T1 breast cancerbearing mice after intravenous injection of Ag2S@Fe2C-DSPE-PEG and Ag2S@Fe2C-DSPE-PEG-iRGD. (F) The relative MRI signal intensities changing at the tumor site after intravenous injection of Ag2S@Fe2C-DSPE-PEG and Ag2S@Fe2C-DSPE-PEG-iRGD, respectively. (G) The wide-field images show the Ag2S@Fe2C-DSPE-PEG-iRGD luminescence signals in liver and spleen at 1 and 14 days. (H) The excretion of Ag2S@Fe2C-DSPE-PEG-iRGD from mouse liver and spleen can be seen by plotting the signal intensity in these organs (normalized to liver signal observed at 1 day) as a function of time over 2 weeks. (I) Biodistribution of Ag2S@Fe2C-DSPE-PEG-iRGD in main organs and feces of Ag2S@Fe2C-DSPE-PEG-iRGDtreated mice at 14 days. Error bars, means SD (n = 3).

After calculation, the r2 value of Ag2S@Fe2C-DSPE-PEG was around 127.9 mM1 s1 when dispersed in water (Fig. 5D). Furthermore, we assessed the T2-weighted MRI capability in vivo after intravenous injection of Ag2S@Fe2C-DSPE-PEG and Ag2S@Fe2C-DSPE-PEG-iRGD (20 mg kg1, 200 ml) into 4T1 breast cancerbearing nude mice. Figure 5E clearly indicates that the Ag2S@Fe2C-DSPE-PEG-iRGD show stronger signal intensity and make the tumor darker than Ag2S@Fe2C-DSPE-PEG after 24 hours of injection. These results suggest higher accumulations of Ag2S@Fe2C-DSPE-PEG-iRGD at the tumor sites owing to the active targeting by tumor-homing penetration peptide iRGD. Therefore, Ag2S@Fe2C NPs have the potential to be the agents for T2-weighted MRI.

The luminescence signal intensity in the main organs of mice, including liver and spleen, kept decreasing within the monitored time period of 14 days (Fig. 5, G and H). All the urine and feces excreted from mice were collected, and Ag was quantitatively detected by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry, revealing that ~90% of injected Ag2S@Fe2C-DSPE-PEG-iRGD was excreted from the body in 14 days (Fig. 5I). This rapid, high-degree excretion could promote clinical translation of Ag2S@Fe2C-DSPE-PEG-iRGD.

As mentioned before, angiogenesis as a physiologically complex process of proliferation and migration of endothelial cells could be suppressed by bevacizumab, which will benefit more for the tumor vascular normalization. We evaluated angiogenesis suppression effect of murine bevacizumab by fluorescence imaging in NIR-II and immunohistochemical analysis of CD31. Figure 6A showed the experimental diagram of 4T1 breast cancer angiogenesis by bevacizumab, which was imaged in NIR-II by intraperitoneal injection of low-dose Ag2S@Fe2C-DSPE-PEG-iRGD in 4T1 breast cancerbearing mice. Comparing to the group of saline injection, tumor angiogenesis inhibition effect by bevacizumab was demonstrated in the tumor site in the first 10 days (Fig. 6, B and C, and fig. S10). Then, tumor grew rapidly. Furthermore, the real-time movie of fluorescence imaging in NIR-II was provided in 0 and 20 days for each group (movies S2 to S5). These results also proved that bevacizumab cannot be used as a single drug for tumor. Moreover, CD31 immunohistochemical staining of harvested 4T1 tumor after 20 days was shown in Fig. 6D. We can clearly observe that the tumor vascular density in bevacizumab injection group is notably less than the control group, which is consistent with fluorescence imaging results. Therefore, bevacizumab could influence the tumor vascular normalization of 4T1 breast cancer.

(A) Schematic illustration of self-monitoring for inhibition of tumor angiogenesis by Ag2S@Fe2C-DSPE-PEG-iRGD after intraperitoneal injection of saline and bevacizumab. (B) Real-time NIR-II fluorescence images of 4T1 breast cancerbearing mice after intraperitoneal injection of normal saline and bevacizumab by Ag2S@Fe2C-DSPE-PEG-iRGD. (C) Representative photograph for volume change of tumor after intraperitoneal injection of normal saline and bevacizumab in 20 days. Inset: Corresponding harvested 4T1 breast cancer after 20 days. Photo credit: Zhiyi Wang, Peking University, China. (D) CD31 immunohistochemical staining of harvested 4T1 breast cancer after 20 days. Error bars, means SD (n = 5).

Combination therapy (i.e., photothermal therapy, CDT, and tumor vascular normalization) was investigated by treatment of 4T1 breast cancerbearing mice in vivo. Figure 7A showed the schematic illustration of the therapy process. When laser irradiation is applied to Ag2S@Fe2C-DSPE-PEG-iRGDinjected mice, the local temperature of the tumor site rapidly increases from 37 to 54.7C within 5 min, but for the mice treated with Ag2S@Fe2C-DSPE-PEG, the temperature only reaches to 46.8C (Fig. 7B and fig. S10A). These results confirmed the superior targeting capability of Ag2S@Fe2C-DSPE-PEG-iRGD, which is consistent with the above results of bioimaging. Furthermore, the biodistribution of Ag after intravenous injection for 3 days was detected by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, which confirmed the targeting capacity of Ag2S@Fe2C-DSPE-PEG-iRGD in vivo (fig. S10B). Comparing with other groups, the remarkable antitumor efficiency of Ag2S@Fe2C-DSPE-PEG-iRGD was demonstrated by tumor volume with significant inhibition and elimination in vivo (Fig. 7, C and D, and fig. S10C). The growth status of representative nude mice in each group at the time interval of 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, and 30 days throughout the treatment period was observed (Fig. 7C and fig. S10D). The tumor of harvested mice injected with Ag2S@Fe2C-DSPE-PEG-iRGD and bevacizumab under the laser irradiation (808 nm, 0.3 W cm2) was completely eradicated after treatment. An obvious damage was evidenced to the tumor cells of mice by cell necrosis and apoptosis in the group of injection with Ag2S@Fe2C-DSPE-PEG-iRGD and bevacizumab after laser irradiation. Mice treated with other groups showed less necrotic areas (Fig. 7E). These results showed that Ag2S@Fe2C-DSPE-PEG-iRGD was an efficient nanozyme as targeting nanomaterials with antitumor capacity in 4T1 breast cancerbearing mice.

(A) Schematic illustration of Ag2S@Fe2C-DSPE-PEG-iRGD nanocapsule-based tumor therapy. (B) Real-time thermal infrared images of 4T1 breast cancerbearing mice after intravenous injection of saline, Ag2S@Fe2C-DSPE-PEG + laser, Ag2S@Fe2C-DSPE-PEG + laser + bevacizumab, Ag2S@Fe2C-DSPE-PEG-iRGD + laser, and Ag2S@Fe2C-DSPE-PEG-iRGD + laser + bevacizumab under 808-nm laser irradiation (0.3 W cm2, 5 min). (C) Representative photograph for volume change of tumor in the different treatments in 30 days. Photo credit: Zhiyi Wang, Peking University, China. (D) Volume change of tumor in the different treatments. (E) H&E-stained images of tumor regions with different treatments. Error bars, means SD (n = 5), unpaired t test.

Subsequently, toxicity analysis of these NPs was investigated in vivo. There was no decrease in the weight of the mice in each group during the treatment, which demonstrates the low toxicity of the Ag2S@Fe2C-DSPE-PEG-iRGD (fig. S10C). The histological analysis was done by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining of the main organs after the treatment to study the damage in acute and chronic stages. No tissue necrosis was observed in the main organs (heart, liver, spleen, lung, and kidney) for the seven groups (fig. S12), demonstrating that the Ag2S@Fe2C-DSPE-PEG-iRGD have no significant side effects in vivo.

The complicated TME has brought great challenge to the therapeutic effect of nanomedicine for a long time. As mentioned above, it is almost impossible for specific nanoagents to penetrate the tumor through targeted effect to achieve effective accumulation and cell uptake and then excrete through metabolism after treatment. To overcome the multiple biological barriers during the drug delivery, nanomedicine should be rationally designed. In this work, a precise targeting NP-based nanozyme system (Ag2S@Fe2C-DSPE-PEG-iRGD) was developed for theranostics of breast cancer. At the cellular level, the nanozyme showed the efficient capacity of cell uptake and ROS production. In addition, this nanozyme has developed prominent luminescence in NIR-II and MRI contrast properties, which will be helpful to the visual tracking in vivo. As a result, the improved therapeutic effect was observed by the treatment of Ag2S@Fe2C-DSPE-PEG-iRGD after combination with the tumor vascular normalization based on bevacizumab during the treatment in 4T1 breast cancerbearing mice. Furthermore, ~90% of injected Ag2S@Fe2C-DSPE-PEG-iRGD was excreted from the body in 14 days. This rapid, high-degree excretion could promote clinical translation of Ag2S@Fe2C-DSPE-PEG-iRGD. Hence, this study presents a new therapeutic strategy by the cooperation between catalysis of smart nanozyme system and tumor vascular normalization for intensive combination therapy of breast cancer, which would accelerate exploitation and clinical translation of nanomedicine.

Ag2S@Fe2C NPs were synthesized by a facile seed-mediated growth method. First, Ag2S QDs were synthesized following our previously reported method. In the typical synthesis, Ag2S QDs (10 mg liter1 in hexane, 1 ml), 1-octadecene (ODE) (62.5 mmol), NH4Br (0.1 mmol), and Oleamine (OAm) (1 mmol) were mixed under a gentle N2 flow for 30 min in a four-necked flask. Then, the solution was heated to 120C and kept for 30 min to remove the organic impurities. Fe(CO)5 (5 mmol) was injected into the reaction system when the temperature reached 180C and kept for 10 min, and the system was raised up to 300C for another 30 min. After the system cooled down to room temperature, 27 ml of acetone was added to the system. After centrifugation, the product was washed by ethanol and hexane.

Ag2S@Fe2C-DSPE-PEG was formulated using W/O emulsion method. Typically, DSPE-PEG-NH2 (250.0 mg, 0.05 mmol) was dissolved in 12 ml of deionized water. Subsequently, Ag2S@Fe2C NPs (10 mg ml1 in dichloromethane, 3 ml) was added to the system. Then, the mixed system was kept for 10 min by using ultrasound. The organic solvent in the obtained W/O emulsion was evaporated using a rotary evaporator at 25C for 2 hours. Ag2S@Fe2C-DSPE-PEG was obtained after centrifugation at 10,000g for 10 min. This synthesized Ag2S@Fe2C-DSPE-PEG was dispersed in PBS buffer (pH 7.4) for further use. Ag2S@Fe2C-DSPE-PEG-iRGD was synthesized by using the same method as Ag2S@Fe2C-DSPE-PEG; the only difference was the addition of DSPE-PEG-iRGD.

The cell LIVE/DEAD assays were also studied to investigate photothermal therapy in vitro. The 4T1 cells grown to 80% confluence in glass bottom 24-well plate were incubated with Ag2S@Fe2C-DSPE-PEG for 4 hours, respectively. After washing the free NPs with Dulbeccos Phosphate-Buffered Saline (DPBS), fresh culture medium was added. Laser (808 nm, 0.3 W cm2) was used to irradiate the adherent cell solution. After the Dulbeccos modified Eagle medium was removed, the cells were washed with PBS three times. Calcein-AM (100 l) and PI solution (100 l) were incubated with 4T1 cells for 15 min. Living cells were stained with calcein-AM (green fluorescence), and dead cells were stained with PI (red fluorescence) solution. The cells were then visualized using an inverted microscope (Olympus IX71) with a 10 under laser excitation at 475 and 542 nm.

Mice bearing 200-mm3 4T1 breast cancer were randomly divided into nine groups: (i) Ag2S@Fe2C-DSPE-PEG-iRGD, laser irradiation, and bevacizumab; (ii) Ag2S@Fe2C-DSPE-PEG-iRGD and laser irradiation; (iii) Ag2S@Fe2C-DSPE-PEG, laser irradiation, and bevacizumab; (iv) Ag2S@Fe2C-DSPE-PEG-iRGD and laser irradiation; (v) Ag2S@Fe2C-DSPE-PEG-iRGD; (vi) Ag2S@Fe2C-DSPE-PEG; (vii) bevacizumab; (viii) laser irradiation only; and (ix) control (only saline). Nine mice were contained in each group. After 200 ml of saline or NPs (20 mg kg1) were intravenously injected into nude mice bearing the 4T1 breast cancer for 24 hours, mice were exposed to 808-nm laser (0.3 W cm2) for 5 min and tail veininjected with bevacizumab. The changes of body weight and tumor volume during 30 days of treatment period were recorded.

Immunohistochemical was stained using anti-CD31 antibody, according to the corresponding protocols. Mice from each group were euthanized; then, major organs and tumor were recovered, followed by fixing with 10% neutral-buffered formalin after 18-day treatment. The organs were embedded in paraffin and sectioned at 5 mm. H&E or Prussian blue staining was performed for histological examination. The slides were observed under an optical microscope.

All data are expressed as means SD. Statistical differences were determined by two-tailed Students t test; *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001.

All experiments involving animals were performed in accordance with the guidelines of the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Peking University, Beijing, China.

Acknowledgments: Funding: This work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality (L72008), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51672010, 81421004, 51631001, 51590882, and 51602285), the National Key R&D Program of China (2017YFA0206301 and 2016YFA0200102), the Key Laboratory of Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (NSKF201607), and China Postdoctoral Science Fund (2019M660315). Author contributions: Z.W. and Y.H. conceived and designed the experiments. Z.W., Z.L., Z.S., S.L., S.Z., S.W., Q.R., and F.S. performed the experiments. Z.W. and Y.H. analyzed the results. Z.W., Z.A., B.W., and Y.H. wrote and revised the manuscript. Z.W. and Y.H. supervised the entire project. Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Data and materials availability: All data needed to evaluate the conclusions in the paper are present in the paper and/or the Supplementary Materials. Additional data related to this paper may be requested from the authors.

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Visualization nanozyme based on tumor microenvironment unlocking for intensive combination therapy of breast cancer - Science Advances

Nanomedicine Market Forecast 2020-2026

The Global Nanomedicine Market research report provides and in-depth analysis on industry- and economy-wide database for business management that could potentially offer development and profitability for players in this market. This is a latest report, covering the current COVID-19 impact on the market. The pandemic of Coronavirus (COVID-19) has affected every aspect of life globally. This has brought along several changes in market conditions. The rapidly changing market scenario and initial and future assessment of the impact is covered in the report. It offers critical information pertaining to the current and future growth of the market. It focuses on technologies, volume, and materials in, and in-depth analysis of the market. The study has a section dedicated for profiling key companies in the market along with the market shares they hold.

The report consists of trends that are anticipated to impact the growth of the Nanomedicine Market during the forecast period between 2020 and 2026. Evaluation of these trends is included in the report, along with their product innovations.

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The Report Covers the Following Companies:CombimatrixAblynxAbraxis BioscienceCelgeneMallinckrodtArrowhead ResearchGE HealthcareMerckPfizerNanosphereEpeius BiotechnologiesCytimmune SciencesNanospectra Biosciences

By Types:Quantum dotsNanoparticlesNanoshellsNanotubesNanodevices

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Nanomedicine Market 2019 Global Outlook, Research, Trends and Forecast to 2025 - The Haitian-Caribbean News Network

Tel Aviv University researchers use tiny molecular scissors to target aggressive metastatic cancer cells

Israeli scientists have developed a cutting-edge nanotechnology system that can destroy cancerous cells in mice.

The Tel Aviv University team of researchers pioneered a treatment method that is so precise, it is almost as if tiny molecular scissors were being used to kill the cancer.

We developed a delivery system for these molecular scissors that can specifically reach tumor cells while leaving normal cells intact, Dr. Daniel Rosenblum, a postdoctoral fellow from the Laboratory of Precision NanoMedicine at the Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research at Tel Aviv University, told The Media Line.

By cutting their DNA in specific genes that are responsible for cell division or cell survival, we basically neutralize them and they die from the treatment, he said. The system we developed is based on the Cas9 CRISPR protein in a [messenger] RNA format.

The process, known as CRISPR genome editing, allows researchers to alter DNA sequences. Specifically, scientists at the university created what is known as CRISPR-LNPs, a lipid nanoparticle delivery system that carries a genetic messenger (known as messenger RNA), along with a navigation system that can recognize cancerous cells.

The findings of the peer-reviewed research were published last month in the Science Advances journal.

This is the first study in the world to prove that the CRISPR genome editing system can be used to treat cancer in a living animal effectively,said Prof. Dan Peer, vice president for Research and Development at Tel Aviv University and head of TAUs Laboratory of Precision NanoMedicine.

The idea there is to take the cells from the patients, edit them in a plate outside the body and then inject them back into the patient, he told The Media Line. We believe that this could be expanded to much more than just the two models that we have tried.

So far, researchers at Tel Aviv University have tested the technology on mice and have observed no adverse reactions. This stands in contrast to chemotherapy, which kills both cancerous and healthy cells.

The CRISPR-LNPs were tested on glioblastoma tumors, an extremely aggressive type of brain cancer that has a five-year survival rate of only 3%. In addition, the researchers tested the system on metastatic ovarian cancer, a major cause of death among women and the most lethal cancer in the female reproductive system.

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For the glioblastoma tumors, the treatment was found to double the average life expectancy of mice and improve their overall survival rate by about 30%. For ovarian cancer, the overall survival rate rose by a whopping 80%.

When we started we thought this was a science-fiction approach but basically it works, at least in the animal models that we have tried

We envision that we can simply inject [the treatment] into the body and because of the GPS they can find their way to the tumor, Anna Gutkin, a doctoral student in the laboratory, told The Media Line. We encountered several hurdles in the development of this technology but its exciting to work on this. It really opens new avenues for us to develop novel therapies.

Aside from its potentially revolutionary impact on future cancer treatments, the technology also opens the door for treating rare genetic diseases and viral diseases such as AIDS, according to the researchers. A similar technology based on messenger RNA currently is being used by Pfizer (BioNTech) and Moderna for their COVID-19 vaccines.

Our system is a bit more sophisticated both from the materials they are created from [and] we also gave it a GPS system, which is pretty unique, Rosenblum noted.

In the future, Peer and his team hope to test the groundbreaking technology on larger animal models. Human trials are expected to begin in about two years.

Because of the coronavirus crisis we have witnessed how fast new approaches could be translated into the clinic, Peer said.

When we started we thought this was a science-fiction approach but basically it works, at least in the animal models that we have tried, he concluded.

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Israeli Scientists Kill Cancer With Revolutionary DNA-Altering Treatment (with VIDEO) - The Media Line

Introduction:

This exclusive research report on global Nanomedicine market initiated by Orbis Pharma Reports is an demonstrative replica of diverse market relevant factors dominant across historical and current timelines. The report is anticipated to aid market players willing to upscale their business models and ROI. The report carries out a deep analytical study to identify and understand the potential of core factors that stimulate high end growth. In this report, expert research analysts at Orbis Pharma Reports categorically focus on the pre and post pandemic market conditions to equip readers with ample cues on market progression based on which frontline vendors and other contributing players can successfully design and deploy accurate business decisions and apt growth strategies to secure a healthy footing amidst stringent market competition, fast transitioning regulatory framework and vendor preferences.

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Major Company Profiles operating in the Nanomedicine Market:

CIC biomaGUNESwedNanoTechBiotechrabbitChemConnectionLTFNAffilogicIstec CNREndomagneticsCarlina technologiesVicomtechVITO NVGrupo PraxisCIBER-BBNGIMACTecnaliaBraccoCristal TherapeuticsTeknikerFraunhofer ICT-IMMBergmannstrostMaterials Research CentreContiproDTIIMDEA

Scope:

The report also includes specific details on core developments such as pricing strategies and manufacturer investments towards selecting growth appropriate business decisions, understanding core methodologies, market size, dimensions as well as share, and market CAGR inputs and investments that collectively illuminate growth favorable route in global Nanomedicine market.Based on market research endeavors and gauging into past growth milestones, seasoned in-house researchers at Orbis Pharma Reports are suggesting an impressive comeback of global Nanomedicine market, significantly offsetting the implications of the global pandemic and its aftermath.

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Nanomedicine Market Product Type:

Type 1Type 2Type 3

Nanomedicine Market Application:

Application 1Application 2Application 3

Segmentation by Type and ApplicationThe end-use application segment is thoroughly influenced by fast transitioning end-user inclination and preferences. Product and application-based segments clearly focus on the array of novel changes and new investments made by market forerunners towards improving product qualities to align with end-use needs. Additionally, this report by Orbis Pharma Reports also includes a dedicated section on various categorization of the market based on product type and diversification. Each of the product and service offerings are maneuvered to undergo rapid transitions to improve growth scope and investment returns in the coming years.

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1.The report by Orbis Pharma Reports outlines crucial attributes of the global Nanomedicine market with detailed understanding of major innovations and events, also highlighting growth plot chalked by leading players2.A decisive overview of macro and micro economic factors have also been highlighted in the report to understand major influences and drivers3.An in-depth impression of crucial technological milestones and a value-based and volume-based output of the same have also been pinned in the report.4.Rife predictions on segment performance and opportunity analysis have also been minutely addressed in the report to decipher growth process and futuristic possibilities.

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Nanomedicine Market 2020 by Industry Growth And Competitive Landscape Trends, Segmentation SRI International (US), Aditech Ltd. (UK), Anviz Global,...

Databridgemarketresearch.com Present Global Nanomedicine Market Industry Trends and Forecast to 2027 new report to its research database. The report spread No of pages: 350 No of Figures: 60 No of Tables: 220 in it. This Global Nanomedicine Market report takes into consideration diverse segments of the market analysis that todays business ask for. The Global Nanomedicine Market report provides estimations of CAGR values, market drivers and market restraints about the industry which are helpful for the businesses in deciding upon numerous strategies. The base year for calculation in the report is taken as 2017 whereas the historic year is 2016 which will tell you how the Global Nanomedicine Market is going to perform in the forecast years by informing you what the market definition, classifications, applications, and engagements are. The report helps you to be there on the right track by making you focus on the data and realities of the industry.

The research studies of this Global Nanomedicine Market report helps to evaluate several important parameters that can be mentioned as investment in a rising market, success of a new product, and expansion of market share. Market estimations along with the statistical nuances included in this market report give an insightful view of the market. The market analysis serves present as well as future aspects of the market primarily depending upon factors on which the companies contribute in the market growth, crucial trends and segmentation analysis. This Global Nanomedicine Market research report also gives widespread study about different market segments and regions.

Global nanomedicine marketis registering a healthy CAGR of 15.50% in the forecast period of 2019-2026. This rise in the market value can be attributed to increasing number of applications and wide acceptance of the product globally. There is a significant rise in the number of researches done in this field which accelerate growth of nanomedicine market globally.

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Key Market Competitors

Few of the major market competitors currently working in the global nanomedicine market are Abbott, Invitae Corporation, General Electric Company, Leadiant Biosciences, Inc., Johnson & Johnson Services, Inc., Mallinckrodt, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., NanoSphere Health Sciences, Inc., Pfizer Inc., CELGENE CORPORATION, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd., Gilead Sciences, Inc., Amgen Inc., Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, AbbVie Inc., Novartis AG, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Luminex Corporation, Eli Lilly and Company, Nanobiotix, Sanofi, UCB S.A., Ablynx among others.

Competitive Landscape

Global nanomedicine market is highly fragmented and the major players have used various strategies such as new product launches, expansions, agreements, joint ventures, partnerships, acquisitions, and others to increase their footprints in this market. The report includes market shares of nanomedicine market for global, Europe, North America, Asia-Pacific, South America and Middle East & Africa.

Key Insights in the report:

Complete and distinct analysis of the market drivers and restraints

Key Market players involved in this industry

Detailed analysis of the Market Segmentation

Competitive analysis of the key players involved

Market Drivers are Restraints

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Market Segmentation:-

By Product Type

By Application

By Indication

By Modality

To comprehend Global Nanomedicine market dynamics in the world mainly, the worldwide Nanomedicine market is analyzed across major global regions.

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Some of the Major Highlights of TOC covers:

Chapter 1: Methodology & Scope

Definition and forecast parameters

Methodology and forecast parameters

Data Sources

Chapter 2: Executive Summary

Business trends

Regional trends

Product trends

End-use trends

Chapter 3: Industry Insights

Industry segmentation

Industry landscape

Vendor matrix

Technological and innovation landscape

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Nanomedicine Market report effectively provides required features of the global market for the population and for the business looking people for mergers & acquisitions, making investments, new vendors or concerned in searching for the appreciated global market research facilities. It offers sample on the size, offer, and development rate of the market. The Nanomedicine report provides the complete structure and fundamental overview of the industry market.

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Global Nanomedicine Market Top Countries Analysis and Manufacturers With Impact of COVID-19 | 2020-2026 Detail Analysis focusing on Application, Types...

Xiaowei Wang, Yuhan Qiu, Mengyan Wang, Conghui Zhang, Tianshu Zhang, Huimin Zhou, Wenxia Zhao, Wuli Zhao, Guimin Xia, Rongguang Shao

Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, Peoples Republic of China

Correspondence: Wuli ZhaoInstitute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 10050, Peoples Republic of ChinaTel +86-10-83166673Email zwl21146@imb.pumc.edu.cnGuimin XiaInstitute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 10050, Peoples Republic of ChinaTel +86-10-63150697Email xiaguimin@126.com

Abstract: Nanomedicines (NMs) have played an increasing role in cancer therapy as carriers to efficiently deliver therapeutics into tumor cells. For this application, the uptake of NMs by tumor cells is usually a prerequisite to deliver the cargo to intracellular locations, which mainly relies on endocytosis. NMs can enter cells through a variety of endocytosis pathways. Different endocytosis pathways exhibit different intracellular trafficking routes and diverse subcellular localizations. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of endocytosis mechanisms is necessary for increasing cellular entry efficiency and to trace the fate of NMs after internalization. This review focuses on endocytosis pathways of NMs in tumor cells, mainly including clathrin- and caveolae-mediated endocytosis pathways, involving effector molecules, expression difference of those molecules between normal and tumor cells, as well as the intracellular trafficking route of corresponding endocytosis vesicles. Then, the latest strategies for NMs to actively employ endocytosis are described, including improving tumor cellular uptake of NMs by receptor-mediated endocytosis, transporter-mediated endocytosis and enabling drug activity by changing intracellular routes. Finally, active targeting strategies towards intracellular organelles are also mentioned. This review will be helpful not only in explicating endocytosis and the trafficking process of NMs and elucidating anti-tumor mechanisms inside the cell but also in rendering new ideas for the design of highly efcacious and cancer-targeted NMs.

Keywords: nanomedicine, endocytosis pathway, clathrin, caveolae, endosome, organelle targeting

This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited. The full terms of this license are available at https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php and incorporate the Creative Commons Attribution - Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License.By accessing the work you hereby accept the Terms. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed. For permission for commercial use of this work, please see paragraphs 4.2 and 5 of our Terms.

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Endocytosis and Organelle Targeting of Nanomedicines in Cancer Therapy | IJN - Dove Medical Press

Clene Chief Executive Officer Rob Etherington. Photo courtesy of Clene.

Clene Nanomedicine is trying to set a new gold standard in neurodegenerative diseases through the development of a new class of drugs called bioenergetic nanotherapeutics that harnesses the properties of gold nanocrystals.

The gold nanocrystals are used to amplify bioenergetic reactions in patients in order to drive intracellular biological reactions. Bioenergetic nanotherapeutics are a clean break from pharmaceutical drug development that uses classical synthetic chemistry, Clene Chief Executive Officer Rob Etherington told BioSpace in an interview. Clenes lead asset is CNM-Au8, a bioenergetic nanocatalyst under development as an add-on treatment for neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinsons disease, multiple sclerosis and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). CNM-Au8 is designed to catalyze bio cellular reactions, and so far the company has seen the asset live up to its promise in clinical studies. The companys gold nanocrystals are grown in water and patients drink the asset down. Research has so far indicated that Clene and its golden asset could become a pioneer in therapeutic neurorepair and neuroprotection.

To date, CNM-Au8 has demonstrated safety in Phase I studies, remyelination and neuroprotective effects in preclinical models and is currently being assessed in a Phase II study for the treatment of chronic optic neuropathy in patients with multiple sclerosis. Additionally, CNM-Au8 is being studies in Phase II and Phase III studies for disease progression in patients with ALS. In September, Clene presented interim results from the REPAIR-MS and REPAIR-PD Phase II studies demonstrating the effects of its lead nanocatalytic therapeutic, CNM-Au8. The preliminary data demonstrate CNM-Au8-mediated modulation of key brain bioenergetic metabolites in relapsing multiple sclerosis (MS) and Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. Data from the studies indicate catalytic bioenergetic improvements across important CNS bioenergetic metabolites, including total nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) levels, NAD+/NADH ratio, and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels, indicating a homeostatic effect of CNM-Au8 on brain bioenergetics, the company said.

Etherington said the data from the REPAIR-MS and REPAIR-PD studies indicate that CNM-Au8 is working mechanistically to address a foundational challenge common to many neurodegenerative diseases, which is that stressed or failing neurons need additional energy to survive and repair.

We now have insights that CNM-Au8 is driving bioenergetics within the brain, which is a foundational insight for the further development of Clene's neurorepair clinical programs, Etherington said. He added that should the data from the interim analysis pan out, it indicated that CNM-Au8 could effectively benefit millions of people across the globe suffering from multiple sclerosis and other neurodegenerative diseases.

There are multiple drugs already on the market for these neurodegenerative diseases. CNM-Au8 is not meant to replace those drugs, but to work alongside them. Etherington explained that CNM-Au8 is not designed to target a specific protein, nor it is designed to block or antagonize something, like most drugs. Rather, Clenes compound is designed to enhance the intracellular biological actions necessary to repair and reverse neuronal damage, Etherington said.

We are purposely seeking to reverse neurodegernation. We want to let the cell take care of its own housekeeping and enhance whats naturally occurring in the central nervous system, he said.

Etherington acknowledged the concept of drinking bits of gold nanocrystals may sound like something out of a Star Trek episode, but insisted the idea is sound. Gold-salt injections were historically used to treat rheumatoid arthritis decades ago, but were dropped due to health concerns. Clene had the idea to build a stable, oral nanotherapeutic, so they could see less toxicity and drive bioenergetics targets for a suite of neurodegenerative diseases, he said.

Its so out of the box that it can be a bit mind boggling. Were breaking with the traditional path and shifting the paradigm to how we think neurodegenerative disease should be treated, he said.

Not only is Clene moving forward in its clinical assessment of CNM-Au8, the company is planning to go public with a special purpose acquisition companies (SPAC) merger before the end of 2020. 2020 has been the busiest year for this kind of stock entry, with a 250% surge. As BioSpace recently reported, there have been nearly two dozen SPAC mergers in the biotech sector this year, targeting more than $3.5 billion in proceeds. When the company goes public, Etherington said Clenes management team will remain the same and the funding raised from this reverse stock merger will provide the finances that can support the companys ongoing research.

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New Class of Drugs Harnesses Gold Nanocrystals to Heal and Protect the Brain - BioSpace

PARIS & CAMBRIDGE, Mass.--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Regulatory News:

NANOBIOTIX (Paris:NANO) (Euronext: NANO ISIN : FR0011341205 the Company), a clinical-stage nanomedicine company pioneering new approaches to the treatment of cancer, today announced that it has filed a registration statement on Form F-1 with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the SEC) relating to a proposed initial public offering of its American Depositary Shares (ADSs), representing ordinary shares, in the United States (the U.S. Offering), and a concurrent private placement of its ordinary shares in Europe (including France) and other countries outside of the United States (the European Private Placement, and together with the U.S. Offering, the Global Offering). All securities to be sold in the Global Offering will be offered by the Company. The number of ordinary shares to be represented by each ADS, the number of ADSs and ordinary shares to be offered and the price range for the proposed Global Offering have not yet been determined. The Company has applied to list its ADSs on the Nasdaq Global Market under the ticker symbol NBTX. The Companys ordinary shares are listed on Euronext Paris under the symbol NANO.

Jefferies LLC is acting as global coordinator for the Global Offering, and Evercore Group, L.L.C. and UBS Securities LLC are also acting as joint book-running managers for the U.S. Offering. Gilbert Dupont is acting as manager for the European Private Placement.

The securities referred to in this press release will be offered only by means of a prospectus. When available, copies of the preliminary prospectus relating to and describing the terms of the Global Offering may be obtained from Jefferies LLC, 520 Madison Avenue New York, NY 10022, or by telephone at 877-547-6340 or 877-821-7388, or by email at Prospectus_Department@Jefferies.com; or from Evercore Group L.L.C., Attention: Equity Capital Markets, 55 East 52nd Street, 35th Floor, New York, New York 10055, or by telephone at 888-474-0200, or by email at ecm.prospectus@evercore.com; or from UBS Securities LLC, Attention: Prospectus Department, 1285 Avenue of the Americas, New York, New York 10019, or by telephone at 888-827-7275, or by email at ol-prospectusrequest@ubs.com.

A registration statement relating to the securities referred to herein has been filed with the SEC but has not yet become effective. These securities may not be sold, nor may offers to buy be accepted, prior to the time the registration statement becomes effective. This press release does not constitute an offer to sell or the solicitation of an offer to buy securities in any jurisdiction, and shall not constitute an offer, solicitation or sale in any jurisdiction in which such offer, solicitation or sale would be unlawful prior to registration or qualification under the securities laws of that jurisdiction. The registration statement can be accessed by the public on the website of the SEC.

About NANOBIOTIX

Nanobiotix is a French, clinical-stage nanomedicine company pioneering new approaches to significantly change patient outcomes by bringing nanophysics to the heart of the cell. Nanobiotixs novel, proprietary lead technology, NBTXR3, is being evaluated in locally-advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) of the oral cavity or oropharynx in elderly patients unable to receive chemotherapy or cetuximab with limited therapeutic options. Nanobiotix is also running an Immuno-Oncology development program. The Companys headquarters are in Paris, France, with a U.S. affiliate in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and European affiliates in France, Spain and Germany.

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NANOBIOTIX Files Registration Statement for Proposed Initial Public Offering in the United States - Business Wire

A detailed research study on the Healthcare Nanotechnology (Nanomedicine) Market was recently published by DataIntelo. This is a latest report, covering the current COVID-19 impact on the market. The pandemic of Coronavirus (COVID-19) has affected every aspect of life globally. This has brought along several changes in market conditions. The rapidly changing market scenario and initial and future assessment of the impact is covered in the report. The report puts together a concise analysis of the growth factors influencing the current business scenario across various regions. Significant information pertaining to the industry analysis size, share, application, and statistics are summed in the report in order to present an ensemble prediction. Additionally, this report encompasses an accurate competitive analysis of major market players and their strategies during the projection timeline.

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According to the report, the study offers details regarding the valuable estimations of the market such as market size, sales capacity, and profit projections. The report documents factors such as drivers, restraints, and opportunities that impacts the remuneration of this market.

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Some of the Major Highlights of TOC Covers:Chapter 1: Executive Summary

Chapter 2: Methodology & Scope

Chapter 3: Market Insights

Chapter 4: Company Profiles

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Healthcare Nanotechnology (Nanomedicine) Market Report 2020: Global Methodology, Research Findings, Size And Forecast To 2026 - The Haitian-Caribbean...

Overview:

Nanomedicineis an offshoot of nanotechnology, and refers to highly-specific medical intervention at the molecular scale for curing diseases or repairing damaged tissues. Nanomedicine uses nano-sized tools for the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of disease, and to gain increased understanding of the complex underlying pathophysiology of the disease. It involves three nanotechnology areas of diagnosis, imaging agents, and drug delivery with nanoparticles in the 11,000 nm range, biochips, and polymer therapeutics.

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Majority of nanomedicines prescribedcurrently, allow oral drug delivery and its demand is increasing significantly. Although these nanovectors are designed to translocate across the gastrointestinal tract, lung, and bloodbrain barrier, the amount of drug transferred to the organ is lower than 1%; therefore improvements are challenging. Nanomedicines are designed to maximize the benefit/risk ratio, and their toxicity must be evaluated not only by sufficiently long term in vitro and in vivo studies, but also pass multiple clinical studies.

Market Analysis:

The Global Nanomedicine Market is estimated to witness a CAGR of 17.1% during the forecast period 20172023. The nanomedicine market is analyzed based on two segments therapeutic applications and regions.

The major drivers of the nanomedicine market include its application in various therapeutic areas, increasing R&D studies about nanorobots in this segment, and significant investments in clinical trials by the government as well as private sector. The Oncology segment is the major therapeutic area for nanomedicine application, which comprised more than 35% of the total market share in 2016. A major focus in this segment is expected to drive the growth of the nanomedicine market in the future.

Regional Analysis:

The regions covered in the report are the Americas, Europe, Asia Pacific, and Rest of the World (ROW). The Americas is set to be the leading region for the nanomedicine market growth followed by Europe. The Asia Pacific and ROW are set to be the emerging regions. Japan is set to be the most attractive destination and in Africa, the popularity and the usage of various nano-drugs are expected to increase in the coming years. The major countries covered in this report are the US, Germany, Japan, and Others.

Therapeutic Application Analysis:

Nanomedicines are used as fluorescent markers for diagnostic and screening purposes. Moreover, nanomedicines are introducing new therapeutic opportunities for a large number of agents that cannot be used effectively as conventional oral formulations due to poor bioavailability. The therapeutic areas for nanomedicine application are Oncology, Cardiovascular, Neurology, Anti-inflammatory, Anti-infectives, and various other areas. Globally, the industry players are focusing significantly on R&D to gain approval for various clinical trials for future nano-drugs to be commercially available in the market. The FDA should be relatively prepared for some of the earliest and most basic applications of nanomedicine in areas such as gene therapy and tissue engineering. The more advanced applications of nanomedicine will pose unique challenges in terms of classification and maintenance of scientific expertise.

Key Players:

Merck & Co. Inc., Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Gilead Sciences Inc., Novartis AG, Amgen Inc., Pfizer Inc., Eli Lilly and Company, Sanofi, Nanobiotix SA, UCB SA and other predominate & niche players.

Competitive Analysis:

At present, the nanomedicine market is at a nascent stage but, a lot of new players are entering the market as it holds huge business opportunities. Especially, big players along with the collaboration with other SMBs for clinical trials of nanoparticles and compounds are coming with new commercial targeted drugs in the market and they are expecting a double-digit growth in the upcoming years. Significant investments in R&D in this market are expected to increase and collaborations, merger & acquisition activities are expected to continue.

Benefits:

The report provides complete details about the usage and adoption rate of nanomedicines in various therapeutic verticals and regions. With that, key stakeholders can know about the major trends, drivers, investments, vertical players initiatives, government initiatives towards the nanomedicine adoption in the upcoming years along with the details of commercial drugs available in the market. Moreover, the report provides details about the major challenges that are going to impact on the market growth. Additionally, the report gives the complete details about the key business opportunities to key stakeholders to expand their business and capture the revenue in the specific verticals to analyze before investing or expanding the business in this market.

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Nanomedicine Market Shares, Strategies and Forecast Worldwide, 2017 to 2023 - The Haitian-Caribbean News Network

TEHRAN Iran ranked third for the highly cited researchers in the world among Islamic countries in 2020, according to the recently published report of Highly Cited Researchers by Web of Science.

Among the world's top researchers, 13 Islamic countries are listed, which hold a share of 3 percent (2.85%) among the world's top researchers.

Saudi Arabia with 120 researchers, Malaysia with 17, Iran with 12, and Turkey with 11 researchers have the highest number of highly cited researchers among Islamic countries.

To be included in the list of top researchers, all scientific activities over the last 10 years are evaluated at the international level, including the number of articles, number of citations, number of highly cited articles, number of citations to highly cited articles, as well as issues such as observing ethical principles in research.

So, approximately 6,389 researchers have been selected as highly cited researchers in 2020.

From Iran in 2020, similar to 2019, 12 top researchers have been included in the list of 6,389 top-cited researchers in the world.

The country's top researchers have been in the cross-field (6 people), agricultural sciences (2 people), mathematics (2 people), and engineering (2 people), respectively.

The United States is home to the highest number of Highly Cited Researchers, with 2,650 authors, representing 41.5 percent of the researchers on the list. China, home to 770 researchers is the second country has the highest concentration of Highly Cited Researchers in the world. The United Kingdom is also a hotbed of talent, with 514 authors, and Germany, Australia, Canada, the Netherlands, and France are all home to over 150 researchers each.

Top scientific articles

Iran's share of the world's top scientific articles is 3 percent, Gholam Hossein Rahimi Sheerbaf, the deputy science minister, said in October.

The countrys share in the whole publications worldwide is 2 percent, he noted, highlighting, for the first three consecutive years, Iran has been ranked first in terms of quantity and quality of articles among Islamic countries.

Iranian articles rank 16 and 15 in Web of Science and Scopus, respectively.

The Journal Citation Reports 2019 ranking includes 42 journals from Iran, including the Journal of Nanostructure in Chemistry with an impact factor of 4.077.

Iranian scientific journals such as the Journal of Nanostructures (affiliated to Kashan University), Nanomedicine Journal (Mashhad University of Medical Sciences), Journal of Nanoanalysis (Tehran University of Medical Sciences) were listed in the ESCI index of WOS database.

Moreover, the Journal of Water and Environmental Nanotechnology, Nanomedicine Research Journal, and International Nanoscience and Nanotechnology were also listed in the Scopus Index.

FB/MG

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Iran ranks third for top researchers in Islamic world 2020 - Tehran Times

The global Nanorobots market is broadly analyzed in this report that sheds light on critical aspects such as the vendor landscape, competitive strategies, market dynamics, and regional analysis. The report helps readers to clearly understand the current and future status of the global Nanorobots market. The research study comes out as a compilation of useful guidelines for players to secure a position of strength in the global Nanorobots market. The authors of the report profile leading companies of the global Nanorobots market, such as Bruker, Jeol, Thermo Fisher, Ginkgo Bioworks, Oxford Instruments, Ev Group, Imina Technologies, Toronto Nano Instrumentation, Klocke Nanotechnik, Kleindiek Nanotechnik, Xidex, Synthace, Park Systems, Smaract, Nanonics Imaging, Novascan Technologies, Angstrom Advanced, Hummingbird Scientific, Nt-Mdt Spectrum Instruments, Witec They provide details about important activities of leading players in the competitive landscape.

The report predicts the size of the global Nanorobots market in terms of value and volume for the forecast period 2019-2026. As per the analysis provided in the report, the global Nanorobots market is expected to rise at a CAGR of XX % between 2019 and 2026 to reach a valuation of US$ XX million/billion by the end of 2026. In 2018, the global Nanorobots market attained a valuation of US$_ million/billion. The market researchers deeply analyze the global Nanorobots industry landscape and the future prospects it is anticipated to create.

This publication includes key segmentations of the global Nanorobots market on the basis of product, application, and geography (country/region). Each segment included in the report is studied in relation to different factors such as consumption, market share, value, growth rate, and production.

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The comparative results provided in the report allow readers to understand the difference between players and how they are competing against each other. The research study gives a detailed view of current and future trends and opportunities of the global Nanorobots market. Market dynamics such as drivers and restraints are explained in the most detailed and easiest manner possible with the use of tables and graphs. Interested parties are expected to find important recommendations to improve their business in the global Nanorobots market.

Readers can understand the overall profitability margin and sales volume of various products studied in the report. The report also provides the forecasted as well as historical annual growth rate and market share of the products offered in the global Nanorobots market. The study on end-use application of products helps to understand the market growth of the products in terms of sales.

Global Nanorobots Market by Product: Nanomanipulator, Bio-Nanorobotics, Magnetically Guided, Bacteria-Based

Global Nanorobots Market by Application: , Nanomedicine, Biomedical, Others

The report also focuses on the geographical analysis of the global Nanorobots market, where important regions and countries are studied in great detail.

Global Nanorobots Market by Geography:

Methodology

Our analysts have created the report with the use of advanced primary and secondary research methodologies.

As part of primary research, they have conducted interviews with important industry leaders and focused on market understanding and competitive analysis by reviewing relevant documents, press releases, annual reports, and key products.

For secondary research, they have taken into account the statistical data from agencies, trade associations, and government websites, internet sources, technical writings, and recent trade information.

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Key questions answered in the report:

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Table Of Contents:

1 Market Overview of Nanorobots1.1 Nanorobots Market Overview1.1.1 Nanorobots Product Scope1.1.2 Market Status and Outlook1.2 Global Nanorobots Market Size Overview by Region 2015 VS 2020 VS 20261.3 Global Nanorobots Market Size by Region (2015-2026)1.4 Global Nanorobots Historic Market Size by Region (2015-2020)1.5 Global Nanorobots Market Size Forecast by Region (2021-2026)1.6 Key Regions, Nanorobots Market Size YoY Growth (2015-2026)1.6.1 North America Nanorobots Market Size YoY Growth (2015-2026)1.6.2 Europe Nanorobots Market Size YoY Growth (2015-2026)1.6.3 Asia-Pacific Nanorobots Market Size YoY Growth (2015-2026)1.6.4 Latin America Nanorobots Market Size YoY Growth (2015-2026)1.6.5 Middle East & Africa Nanorobots Market Size YoY Growth (2015-2026) 2 Nanorobots Market Overview by Type2.1 Global Nanorobots Market Size by Type: 2015 VS 2020 VS 20262.2 Global Nanorobots Historic Market Size by Type (2015-2020)2.3 Global Nanorobots Forecasted Market Size by Type (2021-2026)2.4 Nanomanipulator2.5 Bio-Nanorobotics2.6 Magnetically Guided2.7 Bacteria-Based 3 Nanorobots Market Overview by Application3.1 Global Nanorobots Market Size by Application: 2015 VS 2020 VS 20263.2 Global Nanorobots Historic Market Size by Application (2015-2020)3.3 Global Nanorobots Forecasted Market Size by Application (2021-2026)3.4 Nanomedicine3.5 Biomedical3.6 Others 4 Global Nanorobots Competition Analysis by Players4.1 Global Nanorobots Market Size by Players (2015-2020)4.2 Global Top Manufacturers by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3) (based on the Revenue in Nanorobots as of 2019)4.3 Date of Key Manufacturers Enter into Nanorobots Market4.4 Global Top Players Nanorobots Headquarters and Area Served4.5 Key Players Nanorobots Product Solution and Service4.6 Competitive Status4.6.1 Nanorobots Market Concentration Rate4.6.2 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans 5 Company (Top Players) Profiles and Key Data5.1 Bruker5.1.1 Bruker Profile5.1.2 Bruker Main Business5.1.3 Bruker Nanorobots Products, Services and Solutions5.1.4 Bruker Nanorobots Revenue (US$ Million) & (2015-2020)5.1.5 Bruker Recent Developments5.2 Jeol5.2.1 Jeol Profile5.2.2 Jeol Main Business5.2.3 Jeol Nanorobots Products, Services and Solutions5.2.4 Jeol Nanorobots Revenue (US$ Million) & (2015-2020)5.2.5 Jeol Recent Developments5.3 Thermo Fisher5.5.1 Thermo Fisher Profile5.3.2 Thermo Fisher Main Business5.3.3 Thermo Fisher Nanorobots Products, Services and Solutions5.3.4 Thermo Fisher Nanorobots Revenue (US$ Million) & (2015-2020)5.3.5 Ginkgo Bioworks Recent Developments5.4 Ginkgo Bioworks5.4.1 Ginkgo Bioworks Profile5.4.2 Ginkgo Bioworks Main Business5.4.3 Ginkgo Bioworks Nanorobots Products, Services and Solutions5.4.4 Ginkgo Bioworks Nanorobots Revenue (US$ Million) & (2015-2020)5.4.5 Ginkgo Bioworks Recent Developments5.5 Oxford Instruments5.5.1 Oxford Instruments Profile5.5.2 Oxford Instruments Main Business5.5.3 Oxford Instruments Nanorobots Products, Services and Solutions5.5.4 Oxford Instruments Nanorobots Revenue (US$ Million) & (2015-2020)5.5.5 Oxford Instruments Recent Developments5.6 Ev Group5.6.1 Ev Group Profile5.6.2 Ev Group Main Business5.6.3 Ev Group Nanorobots Products, Services and Solutions5.6.4 Ev Group Nanorobots Revenue (US$ Million) & (2015-2020)5.6.5 Ev Group Recent Developments5.7 Imina Technologies5.7.1 Imina Technologies Profile5.7.2 Imina Technologies Main Business5.7.3 Imina Technologies Nanorobots Products, Services and Solutions5.7.4 Imina Technologies Nanorobots Revenue (US$ Million) & (2015-2020)5.7.5 Imina Technologies Recent Developments5.8 Toronto Nano Instrumentation5.8.1 Toronto Nano Instrumentation Profile5.8.2 Toronto Nano Instrumentation Main Business5.8.3 Toronto Nano Instrumentation Nanorobots Products, Services and Solutions5.8.4 Toronto Nano Instrumentation Nanorobots Revenue (US$ Million) & (2015-2020)5.8.5 Toronto Nano Instrumentation Recent Developments5.9 Klocke Nanotechnik5.9.1 Klocke Nanotechnik Profile5.9.2 Klocke Nanotechnik Main Business5.9.3 Klocke Nanotechnik Nanorobots Products, Services and Solutions5.9.4 Klocke Nanotechnik Nanorobots Revenue (US$ Million) & (2015-2020)5.9.5 Klocke Nanotechnik Recent Developments5.10 Kleindiek Nanotechnik5.10.1 Kleindiek Nanotechnik Profile5.10.2 Kleindiek Nanotechnik Main Business5.10.3 Kleindiek Nanotechnik Nanorobots Products, Services and Solutions5.10.4 Kleindiek Nanotechnik Nanorobots Revenue (US$ Million) & (2015-2020)5.10.5 Kleindiek Nanotechnik Recent Developments5.11 Xidex5.11.1 Xidex Profile5.11.2 Xidex Main Business5.11.3 Xidex Nanorobots Products, Services and Solutions5.11.4 Xidex Nanorobots Revenue (US$ Million) & (2015-2020)5.11.5 Xidex Recent Developments5.12 Synthace5.12.1 Synthace Profile5.12.2 Synthace Main Business5.12.3 Synthace Nanorobots Products, Services and Solutions5.12.4 Synthace Nanorobots Revenue (US$ Million) & (2015-2020)5.12.5 Synthace Recent Developments5.13 Park Systems5.13.1 Park Systems Profile5.13.2 Park Systems Main Business5.13.3 Park Systems Nanorobots Products, Services and Solutions5.13.4 Park Systems Nanorobots Revenue (US$ Million) & (2015-2020)5.13.5 Park Systems Recent Developments5.14 Smaract5.14.1 Smaract Profile5.14.2 Smaract Main Business5.14.3 Smaract Nanorobots Products, Services and Solutions5.14.4 Smaract Nanorobots Revenue (US$ Million) & (2015-2020)5.14.5 Smaract Recent Developments5.15 Nanonics Imaging5.15.1 Nanonics Imaging Profile5.15.2 Nanonics Imaging Main Business5.15.3 Nanonics Imaging Nanorobots Products, Services and Solutions5.15.4 Nanonics Imaging Nanorobots Revenue (US$ Million) & (2015-2020)5.15.5 Nanonics Imaging Recent Developments5.16 Novascan Technologies5.16.1 Novascan Technologies Profile5.16.2 Novascan Technologies Main Business5.16.3 Novascan Technologies Nanorobots Products, Services and Solutions5.16.4 Novascan Technologies Nanorobots Revenue (US$ Million) & (2015-2020)5.16.5 Novascan Technologies Recent Developments5.17 Angstrom Advanced5.17.1 Angstrom Advanced Profile5.17.2 Angstrom Advanced Main Business5.17.3 Angstrom Advanced Nanorobots Products, Services and Solutions5.17.4 Angstrom Advanced Nanorobots Revenue (US$ Million) & (2015-2020)5.17.5 Angstrom Advanced Recent Developments5.18 Hummingbird Scientific5.18.1 Hummingbird Scientific Profile5.18.2 Hummingbird Scientific Main Business5.18.3 Hummingbird Scientific Nanorobots Products, Services and Solutions5.18.4 Hummingbird Scientific Nanorobots Revenue (US$ Million) & (2015-2020)5.18.5 Hummingbird Scientific Recent Developments5.19 Nt-Mdt Spectrum Instruments5.19.1 Nt-Mdt Spectrum Instruments Profile5.19.2 Nt-Mdt Spectrum Instruments Main Business5.19.3 Nt-Mdt Spectrum Instruments Nanorobots Products, Services and Solutions5.19.4 Nt-Mdt Spectrum Instruments Nanorobots Revenue (US$ Million) & (2015-2020)5.19.5 Nt-Mdt Spectrum Instruments Recent Developments5.20 Witec5.20.1 Witec Profile5.20.2 Witec Main Business5.20.3 Witec Nanorobots Products, Services and Solutions5.20.4 Witec Nanorobots Revenue (US$ Million) & (2015-2020)5.20.5 Witec Recent Developments 6 North America6.1 North America Nanorobots Market Size by Country6.2 United States6.3 Canada 7 Europe7.1 Europe Nanorobots Market Size by Country7.2 Germany7.3 France7.4 U.K.7.5 Italy7.6 Russia7.7 Nordic7.8 Rest of Europe 8 Asia-Pacific8.1 Asia-Pacific Nanorobots Market Size by Region8.2 China8.3 Japan8.4 South Korea8.5 Southeast Asia8.6 India8.7 Australia8.8 Rest of Asia-Pacific 9 Latin America9.1 Latin America Nanorobots Market Size by Country9.2 Mexico9.3 Brazil9.4 Rest of Latin America 10 Middle East & Africa10.1 Middle East & Africa Nanorobots Market Size by Country10.2 Turkey10.3 Saudi Arabia10.4 UAE10.5 Rest of Middle East & Africa 11 Nanorobots Market Dynamics11.1 Industry Trends11.2 Market Drivers11.3 Market Challenges11.4 Market Restraints 12 Research Finding /Conclusion 13 Methodology and Data Source13.1 Methodology/Research Approach13.1.1 Research Programs/Design13.1.2 Market Size Estimation13.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation13.2 Data Source13.2.1 Secondary Sources13.2.2 Primary Sources13.3 Disclaimer13.4 Author List

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Nanorobots Market Business Growth, Size and Comprehensive Research Study Forecast to 2026| Bruker, Jeol, Thermo Fisher - The Market Feed

Global Nanotechnology in Medical Market report explores the Nanotechnology in Medical industry around the globe offers details about industry review, classification, meaning, and possibility along with key regions and countries. This research report delivers detailed insights on each and every aspect of the Nanotechnology in Medical Market.

Additionally, the research study divided the market on the basis of product types, application as well as end-user industries of Shooting Ranges.A 360 degree summarize of the competitive scenario of the Global Nanotechnology in Medical Market is presented by Reportspedia, The recent study on the Nanotechnology in Medical market Analysis report provides information about this industry with a thorough assessment of this business.

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Major Players in the Nanotechnology in Medical market are:

3MCytimmuneNovartisCamurusMerckAmgenAccessRocheCelgeneMitsui ChemicalsSmith and NephewPfizerDentsply International

Nanotechnology in Medical market growth has been segregated into the Americas, APAC, Europe, Middle East & Africa. The Nanotechnology in Medical market size is appropriately divided into pivotal segments in the report. A synopsis of the industry with regards to market size concerning remuneration and volume aspects along with the current Nanotechnology in Medical market shares scenario is also offered in the report.

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Types covered in the Nanotechnology in Medical industry are:

Nano MedicineNano DiagnosisOther

Applications covered in the report are:

HospitalsClinicsOthers

The study wanted to focus on key manufacturers, competitive landscape, and SWOT analysis for the Nanotechnology in Medical industry. Apart from looking into the geographical regions, the report concentrated on key trends and segments that are either driving the enlargement of the industry. Researchers have also focused on individual growth trends besides their contribution to the overall market.

This is probable to drive the Global Nanotechnology in Medical Market over the forecast period. This research report covers the market landscape and its progress prospects in the near future. After study key companies, the report focuses on the new entrant contributing to the enlargement of the market. Most companies in the Global Nanotechnology in Medical Market are currently adopted new technological trends in the market.

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Key highlights of the global Nanotechnology in Medical Market research report:

Some of the key questions answered in this Nanotechnology in Medical Market report:

Table of Contents: Nanotechnology in Medical Market

Chapter 1: Overview of Nanotechnology in Medical Market

Chapter 2: Global Market Status and Forecast by Regions

Chapter 3: Global Nanotechnology in Medical Market Status and Forecast by Types

Chapter 4: Global Nanotechnology in Medical industry Status and Forecast by Downstream Industry

Chapter 5: Nanotechnology in Medical industry Market Driving Factor Analysis

Chapter 6: Market Competition Status by Major Manufacturers

Chapter 7: Major Manufacturers Introduction and Market Data

Chapter 8: Upstream and Downstream Nanotechnology in Medical industry Analysis

Chapter 9: Cost and Gross Margin Analysis

Chapter 10: Marketing Status Analysis

Chapter 11: Nanotechnology in Medical industry Market Report Conclusion

Chapter 12: Research Methodology and Reference

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Nanotechnology in Medical Market Potential Growth, Size, Share, Demand and Analysis of Key Players Research Forecasts to 2027 - The Daily Chronicle

Oct. 1, 2020 11:30 UTC

Completes First Procedures in CellFX System Specific Indication Study

HAYWARD, Calif.--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Pulse Biosciences, Inc. (Nasdaq: PLSE), a novel bioelectric medicine company progressing Nano-Pulse Stimulation (NPS) technology, today announced FDA Investigational Device Exemption (IDE) approval and initiation of a pivotal study to evaluate the treatment of sebaceous hyperplasia (SH) lesions using the CellFX System. The data generated from this study is intended to support a 510(k) submission to expand the indication for use of the CellFX System specifically to treat SH lesions.

Following IDE approval, several patients have been enrolled, with the first patient procedure completed on September 28, 2020. The multicenter prospective comparative study is intended to evaluate the safety and efficacy of procedures to clear facial SH lesions performed with the CellFX System versus those performed by electrodessication in a comparator group. Enrollment of 60 patients across five study sites is expected to be completed in approximately three months. All subjects will have up to two treatments and will be evaluated through the primary safety and efficacy endpoints at 60-days following their last treatment. The ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier for the study is NCT04539886.

We are pleased to have received FDA IDE approval and to have begun this important SH comparative study slightly ahead of the fourth quarter start we had previously communicated. Understanding the COVID-19 pandemic has increased the demand on FDA resources, we appreciate their attention throughout the IDE process. Barring delays in enrollment, we expect to conclude the study in the first quarter of 2021 and plan to quickly follow with a 510(k) submission for the corresponding specific indication. We have long viewed SH as a top addressable market priority for the CellFX System based on patient demand in clinics today and the CellFX Systems early demonstration of procedure effectiveness, said Darrin Uecker, President and CEO of Pulse Biosciences. As we have communicated previously, in parallel we are completing our GLP preclinical study in support of the initial CellFX System 510(k) submission for a general dermatologic indication. We remain on track to submit this 510(k) in the next several weeks.

About Sebaceous Hyperplasia

Sebaceous hyperplasia (SH) is a very common skin condition that presents as shiny, yellowish or white raised bumps, or lesions, that most frequently occur on the face and are often oily in appearance. SH lesions form on the skin surface when the sebaceous glands, which are located in the deeper layer of the skin, become enlarged and form bumps between 2 and 4 millimeters wide on the facial skin surface. These deeper sebaceous glands that cause the SH lesion are difficult to treat with current thermal technologies without damaging the skin surface.

Based on a 2019 survey1, dermatologists who specialize in aesthetic procedures see an average of over 40 patients per week with SH lesions and their surveyed aesthetic patients diagnosed with this common problem are highly motivated to seek treatment as a cash-paying procedure to improve the appearance of their facial skin. Yet the majority of these patients diagnosed with SH are untreated, likely due to limitations of existing treatments that either cannot reach the sebaceous gland or that damage the skin surface, making the skin appearance worse than prior to treatment. Given the profile of NPS technology as a new option to reach these sebaceous glands with more desirable cosmetic effects, in the same survey, 88% of these aesthetic dermatology specialists reported a clear interest in a new procedure to address SH lesions. Previously published clinical data by the Company demonstrated that over 90% of SH lesions were cleared or mostly cleared by 60 days post-NPS treatment.

1 2019 Physician (n=304) and Patient (n=405) surveys conducted by third-party market research firm on behalf of Pulse Biosciences, Inc.

About Pulse Biosciences

Pulse Biosciences is a novel bioelectric medicine company committed to health innovation that has the potential to improve and extend the lives of patients. If cleared, the CellFX System will be the first commercial product to harness the distinctive advantages of the Companys proprietary Nano-Pulse Stimulation (NPS) technology to treat a variety of applications for which an optimal solution remains unfulfilled. Nano-Pulse Stimulation technology delivers nano-second pulses of electrical energy to non-thermally clear cells while sparing adjacent non-cellular tissue. Subject to regulatory approval, the initial commercial use of the CellFX System is expected to address a broad range of dermatologic conditions that share high demand among patients and practitioners for improved and durable aesthetic outcomes. Designed as a multi-application platform, the CellFX System is intended to offer customer value with a utilization-based revenue model across an expanding spectrum of clinical applications. To learn more please visit http://www.pulsebiosciences.com.

Pulse Biosciences, CellFX, Nano-Pulse Stimulation, NPS and the stylized logos are among the trademarks and/or registered trademarks of Pulse Biosciences, Inc. in the United States and other countries.

Caution: Pulse Biosciences CellFX System and Nano-Pulse Stimulation technology are for investigational use only.

Forward-Looking Statements

All statements in this press release that are not historical are forward-looking statements, including, among other things, statements relating to Pulse Biosciences expectations regarding regulatory clearance and the timing of FDA and other regulatory filings or approvals, including meetings with FDA and the ability of the Company to successfully complete a 510(k) submission for the CellFX System or for a specific indication for the treatment of sebaceous hyperplasia (SH) lesions, the ability of the Company to prepare and provide data to FDA and other regulatory bodies, NPS technology including the effectiveness of such technology and the effectiveness of related clinical studies in predicting outcomes resulting from the use of NPS technology, the CellFX System including the benefits of the CellFX System and commercialization of the CellFX System, current and planned future clinical studies and the ability of the Company to execute such studies and results of any such studies, other matters related to its pipeline of product candidates, the Companys market opportunity and commercialization plans, including the market for the treatment of SH, future financial performance, the impact of COVID-19 and other future events. These statements are not historical facts but rather are based on Pulse Biosciences current expectations, estimates, and projections regarding Pulse Biosciences business, operations and other similar or related factors. Words such as may, will, could, would, should, anticipate, predict, potential, continue, expects, intends, plans, projects, believes, estimates, and other similar or related expressions are used to identify these forward-looking statements, although not all forward-looking statements contain these words. You should not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements because they involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties, and assumptions that are difficult or impossible to predict and, in some cases, beyond Pulse Biosciences control. Actual results may differ materially from those in the forward-looking statements as a result of a number of factors, including those described in Pulse Biosciences filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Pulse Biosciences undertakes no obligation to revise or update information in this release to reflect events or circumstances in the future, even if new information becomes available.

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Pulse Biosciences Announces FDA IDE Approval and Initiation of Sebaceous Hyperplasia Study - BioSpace

Written by AZoNanoOct 1 2020

When nanoparticles are injected into the bloodstream, for instance, to kill solid tumors, it is not known what exactly happens to them.

Now, with new results reported in the ACS Nano journal, scientists from Aarhus University are set to deal with this challenging query by using zebrafish embryos as a new research model in nanotoxicology and nanomedicine.

A wide range of nanoparticles are engineered for targeted drug delivery, but regrettably, just a few of the injected nanoparticles reach the site of target, such as solid tumors. The reason for this low targeting efficiency is frequently considered a black box and thus had not been investigated thoroughly for a number of years.

An international research group, headed by Yuya Hayashi from the Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics (MBG), Aarhus University, has now shown the beauty of zebrafish embryos in nano-bioimaging that can view dynamic interactions between nanoparticles and target cells in a living entity.

Currently, in association with scientists from Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Yuya aims to answer the unexplained mysteries in bionanosciencethe first one is the biological identity concept, which elucidates how cells detect nanoparticles via a corona of proteins surrounding each particle.

For the first time, this concept has now been demonstrated in a living organism through the use of zebrafish embryos, revealing what exactly occurs to nanoparticles when they are injected into the blood.

What the Cell Sees in Bionanoscience is one of the initial publications that have established how a protein corona develops around a nanoparticle and how this protein corona indicates the need for reconsidering the way one observes nanoparticles within a biological setting. From elaborate research made in the last several years, researchers have now understood that two opposing effects mostly play a role in the cellular uptake of nanoparticles.

Generally, the protein corona inhibits the surface of the nanoparticle from direct physical interactions with the cell membrane. But what if the protein corona sends a signal that activates a particular biological interaction with receptors positioned on the cell membrane? That is something the cell detects and therefore confers a biological identity to the nanoparticle.

Currently, the scientists from Aarhus University have thus given the first visual proof for the excellent influence of the protein corona with regard to the clearance of nanoparticles from the blood that involved adverse results in the zebrafish embryo model.

The researchers employed a species-mismatched source of proteins for the formation of corona to produce a non-self biological identity and traced the movement of nanoparticles traveling via the blood and to their final targetthat is, endolysosomes in the cell.

This showed an unexpectedly quick uptake and acidification of the nanoparticles by scavenger endothelial cells (functional counterpart to the liver sinusoidal endothelial cells in mammals) followed by pro-inflammatory stimulation of macrophages.

It sounds like a crazy idea to inject nanoparticles with proteins from another animal, but for example, biomolecule-inspired nanomedicines are tested in a mouse model without particular concerns for the species-mismatched combination.

Yuya Hayashi, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University

Hayashi continued, Or else some clever folks humanise the mouse to take care of the species compatibility problem. In fact, even at the cell culture level nanoparticles are still routinely tested following the tradition to use serum supplement derived from cows while knowing that nanoparticle-protein interactions are a key driver of cellular uptake.

What makes this kind of experiments rather challenging is to maximally retain the original protein corona in a living organism. If the pre-formed corona gets quickly exchanged by endogenous blood proteins, the hypothesis tested becomes invalid. We have made quite some efforts to characterise the protein corona to ensure the nanoparticles preserve the non-self-biological identity.

Hossein Mohammad-Beigi, Study First Author, Aarhus University

The maximum benefit of the zebrafish model is its power in multicolor immediate imaging, whereby numerous combinations of reporter proteins and fluorescence tracers can be viewed in a basic arrangement at high spatio-temporal resolution. This offers a new chance that lies between less lifelike cell culture systems and more complex rodent experiments, like intravital microscopy.

Using cell cultures, we have learnt quite a lot about how cells recognise nanoparticles rather as dynamic aggregates of proteins but it was never tested in a more realistic situation. With establishment of the zebrafish model, we have finally acquired a means to further explore this question in a living organism.

Yuya Hayashi, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University

It was a simple approach with an extreme scenario tested in a very complex system, but I believe we are now one step closer to understanding what the protein corona can really mean to nanoparticles. In an environment rich in proteins, nanoparticles can wear a mask that gives them a biological identity, and its non-selfness can make them a foe. What defines the degree of the non-selfness? Well, it's the next big question we have to address, Hayashi concluded.

Mohammad-Beigi, H., et al. (2020) Tracing the In Vivo Fate of Nanoparticles with a Non-Self Biological Identity. ACS Nano. doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.0c05178.

Source: https://mbg.au.dk/en

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Zebrafish Embryo Model Helps Understand the Workings of Nanoparticles in Blood - AZoNano

Manhattan, New York, Analytical Research Cognizance: TheNanomedicineMarketreport is based on the basis of product type, application and end-user during the truncated forecast period. The detailed study further offers a broad interpretation on the Nanomedicine market based on a systematic analysis of the market from a variety of reliable sources and thorough data points. Furthermore, the report sheds a light on the Global scale segmenting the market space across various districts, appropriate distribution channels, generated income and a generalized market space.

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This report covers leading companies associated in Nanomedicine Market @GE Healthcare, Johnson & Johnson, Mallinckrodt plc, Merck & Co. Inc., Nanosphere Inc., Pfizer Inc., Sigma-Tau Pharmaceuticals Inc., Smith & Nephew PLC, Stryker Corp, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd., UCB (Union chimique belge) S.A

Region Segmentation:North America (U.S., Canada, Mexico)Europe (Germany, U.K., France, Italy, Russia, Spain etc.)Asia-Pacific (China, India, Japan, Southeast Asia etc.)South America (Brazil, Argentina etc.)Middle East & Africa (Saudi Arabia, South Africa etc.)

On the basis of types, the Nanomedicine market is primarily split into:Regenerative Medicine, In-vitro & In-vivo Diagnostics, Vaccines, Drug Delivery

On the basis of applications, the market covers:Clinical Cardiology, Urology, Genetics, Orthopedics, Ophthalmology

Some of the major factors contributing to the growth of the global Nanomedicine market:

Nanomedicine Market Report Structure at a Glance:

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Table of Content:

Note:Our report does take into account the impact of corona virus pandemic and dedicates qualitative as well as quantitative sections of information within the report that emphasizes the impact of COVID-19.

As this pandemic is ongoing and leading to dynamic shifts in stocks and businesses worldwide, we take into account the current condition and forecast the market data taking into consideration the micro and macroeconomic factors that will be affected by the pandemic.

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Impact Of Covid-19 on Nanomedicine Market 2020 Industry Challenges, Business Overview and Forecast Research Study 2026 - Crypto Daily

For the optimal performance of CriPec nanomedicines, it is essential to be able to attach a broad range of small molecule active agents and large molecular entities, biologics, to CriPec nanoparticles.

The published research1reports the development of a convenient and versatile fast-reacting molecular entity for gluing very different compounds in a strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition click reaction to the nanoparticles, as well as a collection of linkers to attach the widely varying active small molecules and biologics. Next to the already demonstrated examples, many additional applications are foreseen such as the construction of antibody drug conjugates in aqueous environments with faster kinetics that is essential for these delicateconstructs.

CliCr is also used to generate virus mimicking nanoparticles. CriVac is a unique antigen carrier platform based on CriPec nanoparticles that, in contrast to viral vectors, do not convey a bystander immune response. CriPec particles' size resemble a virus and the desired numbers of antigen displayed on its surface are controlled via CliCr. CriVac mimics features of a live virus in a tailored manner to induce immunity safely, efficiently and solely to the displayed antigen, offering a prophylactic vaccination strategy which will be readily adaptable to different pathogenic treats.

The very attractive functionalisation possibilities, combined with its versatility, great reactivity and small size offer multiple opportunities for CliCrreagents to become the new standard for non-copper catalyzed click reactions in a multitude of applications.

Dr Cristianne Rijcken, CSO of Cristal Therapeutics, stated:

"This new versatile click reagent originates from an intense collaboration between industry and academic partners. For our nanomedicine applications, a fast, cleanly reacting and small click reagent is absolutely indispensable. These demands required the development of a new reagent, which will be highly attractive both for our proprietary applications and for the wider world of the biological, medical and material science applications. This is ground-breaking technology!"

In case you are interested to learn about the CliCr platform, please reach out to http://www.clicr.euor talk to us at the following virtual conferences

Reference

1. J. Weterings et al. TMTHSI, a superior 7-membered ring alkyne containing reagent for strain-promoted azidealkyne cycloaddition reactions, Chemical Science (2020)

https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2020/sc/d0sc03477k

About Cristal Therapeutics

Cristal Therapeutics is a phase 2 clinical-stage pharmaceutical company developing targeted nanomedicines for the treatment of cancer and other diseases with high unmet patient need and considerable commercial potential. The Company's product candidates are based on its proprietary CriPec polymeric nanoparticle technology platform, which enables the design of customized nanomedicines with superior therapeutic profiles. CriPec-based products have the potential to provide enhanced efficacy and reduced side effect profiles, thus offering improved disease treatment.

Find out more: http://www.cristaltherapeutics.com

For more information, please contact:

Cristal Therapeutics Jeroen van EgmondConsultant Business DevelopmentT: +31 6 272 048 89E: [emailprotected]

SOURCE Cristal Therapeutics

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Cristal Therapeutics announces a publication in 'Chemical Science' on CliCr technology platform, comprising a new class of superior copper free click...

Top for from left: Douglas Ellman, Branden Minei, Luke Campillo, Allexa Dow; Middle row from left: Marisa McDonald, Ashley McGuigan, John Runburg, Michael Honda, Priscilla Seabourn, Lauren Ching; Bottom row from left: Aileen Li, Brien Haun, Anamica Bedi de Silva, Trista McKenzie, Gagandeep Anand, Travis Berger

Sixteen University of Hawaii at Mnoa doctoral candidates have been awarded $5,000 Scholar Awards from the ARCS FoundationHonolulu Chapter. The 2020 awards were made in six UH Mnoa units.

ARCS Foundation works to advance science in America by providing unrestricted awards to outstanding U.S. graduate students in STEM fields. The chapter has provided more than $2 million to UH graduate students since 1974.

This award has not only provided monetary support for my research, but it shows that theres recognition for my work outside of my immediate sphere, and thats very meaningful, says ARCS Scholar Trista A. McKenzie.

McKenzie and her award donor are featured in the Honolulu Chapters first Meet-the-Scholar video, which was created after COVID-19 preempted the annual scholar presentations.

Douglas Ellman received the Bretzlaff Foundation Award in Engineering. He uses optimization and machine learning to study how distributed energy resources, such as solar batteries, electric vehicles and smart appliances, can be used to improve the operation of the electric grid.

Brenden M. Minei received the Frederick M. Kresser Award in Engineering. He developed a novel ceramic-based Nano-Paste that can be both 3D printed and molded to optimize and develop ceramic nanocomposite parts with armor as well as space structure and optical applications.

Read more about the College of Engineering scholars.

Luke Campillo received the Sarah Ann Martin Award in Natural Sciences. He sequences the DNA Hawaiian birds to study the impact of limited contact with other populations and competition for limited resources on speciation on island archipelagos.

Allexa Dow received the Ellen M. Koenig ARCS Award. She studies mechanisms employed by the deadly Mycobacterium tuberculosis pathogen to survive severe zinc depletion in the host, a necessary step for disease transmission.

Marisa S. McDonald received the Maybelle Roth ARCS Award in Conservation Biology. She is working to understand vision in larval mantis shrimp, focusing on ultraviolet vision function and use.

Ashley A. McGuigan received the ARCS Honolulu Award. She explores the connection between agroforest biodiversity and dietary nutrition in Fiji and the ways agroforestry helps people recover from major cyclone disturbances.

John Jack Runburg received the Sarah Ann Martin Award in Natural Sciences. He uses theoretical models and devises other methods to learn more about dark matter, the most common, but invisible, form of matter in the universe.

Read more about the College of Natural Sciences scholars.

Michael David Honda received the Kai Bowden ARCS Award. He is working to determine the mechanism of iron uptake in giant leucaena, which is used as a nutritious fodder-legume for farm animals.

Priscilla S. Seabourn received the Helen Jones Farrar Award. She uses DNA sequencing to characterize the microbiome and understand how environmental and ecological factors influence its diversity in Aedes albopictus mosquitoes, an insect that serves as a vector for Dengue and Chikungunya viruses, with an eye to improving strategies for disease prevention.

Read more about the CTAHR scholars.

Lauren Ching received the Koenig ARCS Award. She studies immunopathogenesis of Kawasaki disease, the leading cause of pediatric acquired heart disease in the developed world, to identify novel therapeutics that could ameliorate changes to coronary arteries.

Aileen S.W. Li received the Starbuck ARCS Award in Medicine. She uses in vitro model systems to understand the mechanisms of gastrulation, the foremost, crucial and sensitive stage of embryo development, and exposure to teratogens, agents that can cause birth defects.

Brien Haun received the Ellen M. Koenig ARCS Award. He is working to hack the immune system to uncover protective responses to emerging infectious viruses.

Read more about the JABSOM scholars.

Anamica Bedi de Silva received the George and Mona Elmore ARCS Award. She works on viral immunity in microbes, developing resistant strains of a single-cell algae for experimental evolution in the laboratory to determine if there are fitness costs to viral resistance.

Trista A. McKenzie received the Toby Lee ARCS Award in Earth Sciences. She studies groundwater pollution and discharge dynamics using a combination of field, lab and machine-learning approaches.

Read more about the SOEST scholars.

Gagandeep Deep Anand received the ARCS Honolulu Award. He is determining accurate distances to nearby galaxies using Hubble Space Telescope imaging to investigate the distribution of matter and evolution of galaxy groups and clusters.

Travis A. Berger received the Columbia Communications Award in Astronomy. He studies planet formation and evolution using stellar distances as measured by the Gaia space observatory of stars and exoplanets observed by the Kepler space telescope.

Read more about the IfA scholars.

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UH Manoa scholars awarded ARCS Foundation grants for research - UH System Current News

New York, Oct. 01, 2020 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Reportlinker.com announces the release of the report "Europe Exosome Diagnostic and Therapeutic Market Forecast to 2027 - COVID-19 Impact and Regional Analysis By Application ; Product ; End User, and Country" - https://www.reportlinker.com/p05974359/?utm_source=GNW

Exosome is an emerging industry with a huge potential.Applications of exosomes are expanding rapidly in the areas of disease diagnosis and treatment as well as pharmaceuticals.

Exosomes are nanovesicles and act as a vehicle to deliver therapies to cells of the body.In the future, exosomes can be used as potential biomarkers and in the field of personalized medicine.

Interest in exosome research has increased dramatically in recent years, driving the growth of the exosome diagnostic and therapeutic market in the UK.New exosome therapeutics companies are rapidly entering the marketplace.

The investment flow has also increased to support such innovative therapeutic companies, further boosting the growth of the market. For example, in 2016, ReNeuron Group plc, a leading UK-based stem cell therapy development company, was awarded about US$ 2.6 million grant from Innovate UK to advance its emerging exosome nanomedicine platform.In terms of application, the diagnostics application segment accounted for a larger share of the Europe exosome diagnostic and therapeutic market. Its growth is attributed to an increasing adoption of exosome-based instruments and kits for diagnosis of chronic conditions. Additionally, exosome-based diagnostic products offer benefits such as accuracy, lower processing time, and better ergonomics; these are likely to drive the growth of diagnostic application segment in the Europe exosome diagnostic and therapeutic marketIn 2019, the instrument segment held a considerable share of the for exosome diagnostic and therapeutic market, by the product.This segment is also predicted to dominate the market by 2027 owing to higher demand for diagnostics instruments.

However, the software segment is anticipated to witness growth at a significant rate during the forecast period.A few major primary and secondary sources for the exosome diagnostic and therapeutic market included in the report are Instrument, US Food and Drug Administration, and World Health Organization, among others.Read the full report: https://www.reportlinker.com/p05974359/?utm_source=GNW

About ReportlinkerReportLinker is an award-winning market research solution. Reportlinker finds and organizes the latest industry data so you get all the market research you need - instantly, in one place.

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The Europe exosome diagnostic and therapeutic market is projected to reach US$ 12,524.24 thousand in 2019 to US$ 104,694.72 thousand by 2027 -...

Global Nanorobotics Market report study covers the breakdown data with production, consumption, revenue and market share by regions, type and applications. Historical breakdown data from 2015 to 2019 and forecast to 2024

The comprehensive numerical analyses of Global NanoroboticsMarket Research Report 20202024 is a historical overview and in-depth study on the current & future market of the Nanorobotics industry. he report focuses on the historical and current market trends to predict the course of the global Nanorobotics market in the upcoming years. The report identifies opportunities, drivers, and major challenges faced by market players. The report discusses all major market aspects with expert opinion on current market status along with historic data. This market report is a detailed study on the growth, investment opportunities, market statistics, growing competition analysis, major key players, industry facts, important figures, sales, prices, revenues, gross margins, market shares, business strategies, top regions, demand, and developments. The research further provides par excellence futuristic estimations for various vital factors including market size, share, net profit, sales, revenue, and growth rate. The market competition by top manufacturers/players, with sales volume, price, revenue (Million USD) and market share for each manufacturer/player; the top players including market:Bruker, JEOL, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Ginkgo Bioworks, Oxford Instruments, EV Group, Imina Technologies, Toronto Nano Instrumentation, Klocke Nanotechnik, Kleindiek Nanotechnik. This report provides in-depth analysis of the Nanorobotics market and provides market size (US$ million) and compound annual growth rate (CAGR %) for the forecast period (20202024).

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Global major manufacturers of the market are also assessed with their information such as company profiles, product picture and specification, capacity, production, price, cost, market trend, revenue, and contact data. The research provides details regarding each product like the cost breakup, import/export scheme, manufacturing volume, price, gross, growth ratio, investments, and contribution to the global Nanorobotics revenue. The facts and data are represented in the Nanorobotics Market report using diagrams, graphs, pie charts, and other pictorial representations. This enhances the visual representation and also helps in understanding the facts much better. We have provided a detailed study on the critical dynamics of the global Nanorobotics market, which include the market influence and market effect factors, drivers, challenges, restraints, trends, and prospects. Global Nanorobotics Industry Market Research Report is providing exclusive vital statistics, information, data, trends and competitive landscape details. The research study also includes other types of analysis such as qualitative and quantitative. The document also comprises of a detailed assessment of the regional scope of the market alongside its regulatory outlook. Additionally, the report provides with a detailed SWOT analysis while elaborating market driving factors. Furthermore, it sheds light on the comprehensive competitive landscape of the global market. Nanorobotics market report further offers a dashboard overview of leading companies encompassing their successful marketing strategies, market contribution, recent developments in both historic and present contexts.

The Nanorobotics market report includes the overall and comprehensive study of the Nanorobotics market with all its aspects influencing the growth of the market. This report is exhaustive quantitative analyses of the Nanorobotics industry and provides data for making strategies to increase the market growth and effectiveness. The Market report lists the most important competitors and provides the insights strategic industry Analysis of the key factors influencing the market. This report will help you to establish a landscape of industrial development and characteristics of the Nanorobotics market. The Global Nanorobotics market analysis is provided for the international markets including development trends, competitive landscape analysis, and key regions development status. It also provides statistical data on all the recent developments in the market. It also comprises a basic overview and revenue and strategic analysis under the company profile section. Nanorobotics market analysis is provided for the international markets including development trends, competitive landscape analysis, investment plan, business strategy, opportunity, and key regions development status. Development policies and plans are discussed as well as manufacturing processes and cost structures are also analyzed. This report also states import/export consumption, supply and demand Figures, price, cost, revenue and gross margins.

Regional Analysis:This section of the report contains detailed information on the market in different regions. Each region offers a different market size because each state has different government policies and other factors. The regions included in the report areNorth America (United States, Canada and Mexico), Europe (Germany, France, UK, Russia and Italy), Asia-Pacific (China, Japan, Korea, India, Southeast Asia and Australia), South America (Brazil, Argentina, Colombia), Middle East and Africa (Saudi Arabia, UAE, Egypt, Nigeria and SouthAfrica)Information about the different regions helps the reader to better understand the global Nanorobotics market.

Most important types of the market covered in this report are:Nanomanipulator, Bio-Nanorobotics, Magnetically Guided, Bacteria-Based

Most widely used downstream fields of market covered in this report are:Nanomedicine, Biomedical, Mechanical

Research objectives: The points that are discussed within the Nanorobotics Market report are the major market players that are involved in the market such as manufacturers, raw material suppliers, equipment suppliers, end users, traders, distributors and etc. Data and information by manufacturer, by region, by type, by application and etc, and custom research can be added according to specific requirements. The complete profile of the companies is mentioned. And the capacity, production, price, revenue, cost, gross, gross margin, sales volume, sales revenue, consumption, growth rate, import, export, supply, future strategies, and the technological developments that they are making are also included within the report. To analyze the Nanorobotics with respect to individual growth trends, future prospects, and their contribution to the total market. Focuses on the key global Nanorobotics manufacturers, to define, describe and analyze the sales volume, value, market share, market competition landscape, SWOT analysis and development plans in next few years. To project the consumption of Nanorobotics submarkets, with respect to key regions (along with their respective key countries). To strategically profile the key players and comprehensively analyze their growth strategies. The growth factors of the market are discussed in detail wherein the different end users of the market are explained in detail. The Nanorobotics market report contains the SWOT analysis of the market. Finally, the report contains the conclusion part where the opinions of the industrial experts are included.

Key Questions Answered: What is the size and CAGR of the global World Nanorobotics Market? Which are the leading segments of the global World Nanorobotics Market? What are the key driving factors of the most profitable regional market? What is the nature of competition in the global World Nanorobotics Market? How will the global Home Appliance market advance in the coming years? What are the main strategies adopted in the global World Nanorobotics Market? What are sales, revenue, and price analysis by types and applications of Nanorobotics market? What are sales, revenue, and price analysis by regions of Nanorobotics industry?

The Essential Content Covered in the Global Nanorobotics Market Report :* Top Key Company Profiles.* Main Business and Rival Information* SWOT Analysis and PESTEL Analysis* Production, Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin* Market Share and Size

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The Nanorobotics market report enumerates information about the industry in terms of market share, market size, revenue forecasts, and regional outlook. The report further illustrates competitive insights of key players in the business vertical followed by an overview of their diverse portfolios and growth strategies. This report is comprehensive numerical analyses of the Nanorobotics industry and provides data for making strategies to increase the market growth and success. The Report also estimates the market size, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share, cost structure and growth rate for decision making. A detailed evaluation of the market by highlighting information on different aspects which include drivers, restraints, opportunities, threats, and global markets including progress trends, competitive landscape analysis, and key regions expansion status.

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Nanorobotics Market to Witness Huge Growth by 2024 | Bruker, JEOL, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Ginkgo Bioworks, Oxford Instruments - The Daily Chronicle