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Archive for the ‘Genetic Engineering’ Category

global market for viral vector and plasmid manufacturing is predicted to grow at a CAGR of 16.28% over the forecast period of 2020-2030 – Olean Times…

Friday, May 29th, 2020

NEW YORK, May 28, 2020 /PRNewswire/ --

Global Viral Vector and Plasmid Manufacturing Market to Reach $5.86 Billion by 2030

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Market Report Coverage - Viral Vector and Plasmid Manufacturing

Market Segmentation

Vector Type Plasmid DNA and Viral Vector Viral Vector Type Adenovirus, Adeno-Associated Virus, Retrovirus, Lentivirus, Vaccinia Virus, and Other Viral Vectors Disease Type Cancer, Genetic Disease, Infectious Disease, Cardiovascular Disease, and Other Diseases Application Gene Therapy, Cell Therapy, Vaccinology, and Other Applications

Regional Segmentation North America U.S., Canada Europe Germany, U.K., France, Italy, Switzerland, Belgium, Spain, and Rest-of-Europe Asia-Pacific China, Australia, Japan, India, South Korea, Singapore, and Rest-of-Asia-Pacific Rest-of-the-World Latin America and Middle-East and Africa

Growth Drivers Rising Prevalence of Cancer, Genetic Disorders, and Infectious Diseases Rapid Uptake of Viral and Plasmid Vectors for the Development of Innovative Therapies Increasing Number of Clinical Studies for the Development of Gene Therapy Favorable Funding Scenario for Vector-Based Therapies

Market Challenges Unaffordable Cost of Gene Therapies High Manufacturing Costs of Viral Vectors and Plasmids Complications Associated with Large-Scale Production of Vectors

Market Opportunities Rising Demand for Synthetic Genes Emergence of Next-Generation Vectors

Key Companies ProfiledFUJIFILM Holdings Corporation, GENERAL ELECTRIC, Lonza, Merck KGaA, MolMed S.p.A., Novasep Holding, Oxford Biomedica plc, Catalent, Inc., Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., GenScript, Boehringer Ingelheim, Wuxi AppTec Co., Ltd., Sartorius AG, Takara Bio Inc., and Aldevron, L.L.C.

Key Questions Answered: What is a vector, and what is its importance in the medical industry? What are the major characteristics and types of vectors? What are the areas of application of vectors? What are the major advancements in the viral vector and plasmid manufacturing sector? What are the key trends of the global viral vector and plasmid manufacturing market? How is the market evolving and what is its future scope? What are the major drivers, challenges, and opportunities of the global viral vector and plasmid manufacturing market? What are the key developmental strategies implemented by the key players of the global viral vector and plasmid manufacturing market to sustain the competition of the market? What is the percentage share of each of the key players in different key developmental strategies? What is the regulatory scenario of the global viral vector and plasmid manufacturing market? What are the initiatives implemented by different governmental bodies and guidelines put forward to regulate the commercialization of viral vector and plasmid manufacturing products? What are major milestones in patenting activity in the global viral vector and plasmid manufacturing market? What was the market size of the global viral vector and plasmid manufacturing market in 2019, and what is the market size anticipated to be in 2030? What is the expected growth rate of the global viral vector and plasmid manufacturing market during the period between 2020 and 2030? What is the global market size for manufacturing plasmids and different types of viral vectors available in the global viral vector and plasmid manufacturing market in 2019? What are the key trends of the market with respect to different vectors and which vector type is expected to dominate the market during the forecast period 2020-2030? What are the different disease areas where plasmids and viral vectors are employed in the global viral vector and plasmid manufacturing market? Which disease type dominated the market in 2019 and is expected to dominate in 2030? What are the different applications associated with viral vector and plasmid manufacturing? What was the contribution of each of the application areas in the global viral vector and plasmid manufacturing market in 2019, and what is it expected in 2030? Which region is expected to contribute the highest sales to the global viral vector and plasmid manufacturing market during the period between 2019 and 2030? Which region and country carry the potential for significant expansion of key companies in the viral vector and plasmid manufacturing market? What are the leading countries of different regions that contribute significantly toward the growth of the market? Which are the key players of the global viral vector and plasmid manufacturing market, and what are their roles in the market? What was the market share of the key players in 2019?

Market OverviewThe ability of vectors to carry out genetic modification through the introduction of therapeutic DNA/gene into a patient's body or cell has enabled its application in a wide range of modern therapies, including cell and gene therapies.Growing prominence of these therapies in different medical applications has therefore resulted in an increased demand for both viral and non-viral vectors.

Vector-based therapies are currently being used for the treatment of a large number of diseases, including cancer, infectious diseases, genetic diseases, and cardiovascular diseases, among others.Viral vectors and plasmid reduce the cost of treatment and help in decreasing repeated administrations of medications.

Moreover, vectors are also increasingly being used in the field of vaccinology for the development of vaccines owing to the advantage offered by them in inducing a wide range of immune response types. Several players, including biopharmaceutical companies, research institutes, contract manufacturing organizations, and non-profit organizations, have therefore focussed their interest on the development and production of viral vectors and plasmids.

Our healthcare experts have found viral vector and plasmid manufacturing industry to be one of the most rapidly evolving markets, and the global market for viral vector and plasmid manufacturing is predicted to grow at a CAGR of 16.28% over the forecast period of 2020-2030. The market is driven by certain factors, which include success of vector-based cell and gene therapies in treating various therapeutic conditions, increasing number of clinical studies in the field of gene therapy and availability of funding for vector-based gene therapy development, technological advancements in the biomanufacturing sector, and growing investments for expanding vector manufacturing facilities.The market is favoured by the rising prevalence of genetic disorders, cancer, and infectious diseases that has raised the demand for advanced therapeutics and increasing acceptance for comparatively newer treatment options in developing countries.However, the growth of the market is also affected by several factors.

Exorbitant manufacturing cost and highly regulated processes for large-scale vector production are the key challenges cited by industry experts.In addition, lack of required infrastructure and the shortfall of expertise in terms of scale, complexities, and quality assurance for vector production are some of the factors restraining the market growth.

However, rise of contract manufacturers has effectively addressed the above-articulated manufacturing challenges by offering a wide range of vector manufacturing services that offer lucrative opportunities for the growth of the market. Further, increase in research and developmental activities in vector engineering offers strong promise to drive the growth of the viral vector and plasmid manufacturing market in the upcoming years.

Within the research report, the market is segmented on the basis of vector type, application, disease, and region. Each of these segments covers the snapshot of the market over the projected years, the inclination of the market revenue, underlying patterns, and trends by using analytics on the primary and secondary data obtained.

Competitive LandscapeThe exponential rise in the application of viral vector and plasmid in various therapies on the global level has created a buzz among companies to invest significantly in viral vector and plasmid manufacturing market.The market is highly competitive, marking the presence of several contract manufacturing organizations and biopharmaceutical companies, who are engaged in in-house vector manufacturing.

Among the different players of the market, Lonza and Thermo Fisher Scientific hold majority of the market share. Other companies contributing significantly toward the growth of the global viral vector and plasmid manufacturing market include GE Healthcare, Fujifilm Holding Corporation, Merck KGaA, Oxford Biomedica plc, Sartorius AG, and Catalent, Inc., among others. On the basis of region, North America holds the largest market share, while Asia-Pacific is anticipated to grow at the fastest CAGR during the forecast period.

Countries Covered North America U.S. Canada Europe U.K. Germany France Spain Italy Switzerland Belgium Rest-of-Europe Asia-Pacific China Japan Australia South Korea India Singapore Rest-of-Asia-Pacific Rest-of-the-World

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global market for viral vector and plasmid manufacturing is predicted to grow at a CAGR of 16.28% over the forecast period of 2020-2030 - Olean Times...

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On the Origins of Modern Biology and the Fantastic: Part 19 Nalo Hopkinson and Stem Cell Research – tor.com

Friday, May 29th, 2020

She just wanted to be somewhere safe, somewhere familiar, where people looked and spoke like her and she could stand to eat the food. Midnight Robber by Nalo Hopkinson

Midnight Robber (2000) is about a woman, divided. Raised on the high-tech utopian planet of Touissant, Tan-Tan grows up on a planet populated by the descendants of a Caribbean diaspora, where all labor is performed by an all-seeing AI. But when she is exiled to Touissants parallel universe twin planet, the no-tech New Half-Way Tree, with her sexually abusive father, she becomes divided between good and evil Tan-Tans. To make herself and New Half-Way Tree whole, she adopts the persona of the legendary Robber Queen and becomes a legend herself. It is a wondrous blend of science fictional tropes and Caribbean mythology written in a Caribbean vernacular which vividly recalls the history of slavery and imperialism that shaped Touissant and its people, published at a time when diverse voices and perspectives within science fiction were blossoming.

Science fiction has long been dominated by white, Western perspectives. Vernes tech-forward adventures and Wells sociological allegories established two distinctive styles, but still centered on white imperialism and class struggle. Subsequent futures depicted in Verne-like pulp and Golden Age stories, where lone white heroes conquered evil powers or alien planets, mirrored colonialist history and the subjugation of non-white races. The civil rights era saw the incorporation of more Wellsian sociological concerns, and an increase in the number of non-white faces in the future, but they were often tokensparts of a dominant white monoculture. Important figures that presaged modern diversity included Star Treks Lieutenant Uhura, played by Nichelle Nichols. Nichols was the first black woman to play a non-servant character on TV; though her glorified secretary role frustrated Nichols, her presence was a political act, showing there was space for black people in the future.

Another key figure was the musician and poet Sun Ra, who laid the aesthetic foundation for what would become known as the Afrofuturist movement (the term coined by Mark Dery in a 1994 essay), which showed pride in black history and imagined the future through a black cultural lens. Within science fiction, the foundational work of Samuel Delany and Octavia Butler painted realistic futures in which the histories and cultural differences of people of color had a place. Finally, an important modern figure in the decentralization of the dominant Western perspective is Nalo Hopkinson.

A similarly long-standing paradigm lies at the heart of biology, extending back to Darwins theoretical and Mendels practical frameworks for the evolution of genetic traits via natural selection. Our natures werent determined by experience, as Lamarck posited, but by genes. Therefore, genes determine our reproductive fitness, and if we can understand genes, we might take our futures into our own hands to better treat disease and ease human suffering. This theory was tragically over-applied, even by Darwin, who in Descent of Man (1871) conflated culture with biology, assuming the Wests conquest of indigenous cultures meant white people were genetically superior. After the Nazis committed genocide in the name of an all-white future, ideas and practices based in eugenics declined, as biological understanding of genes matured. The Central Dogma of the 60s maintained the idea of a mechanistic meaning of life, as advances in genetic engineering and the age of genomics enabled our greatest understanding yet of how genes and disease work. The last major barrier between us and our transhumanist future therefore involved understanding how genes determine cellular identity, and as well see, key figures in answering that question are stem cells.

***

Hopkinson was born December 20, 1960 in Kingston, Jamaica. Her mother was a library technician and her father wrote, taught, and acted. Growing up, Hopkinson was immersed in the Caribbean literary scene, fed on a steady diet of theater, dance, readings, and visual arts exhibitions. She loved to readfrom folklore, to classical literature, to Kurt Vonnegutand loved science fiction, from Spock and Uhura on Star Trek, to Le Guin, James Tiptree Jr., and Delany. Despite being surrounded by a vibrant writing community, it didnt occur to her to become a writer herself. What they were writing was poetry and mimetic fiction, Hopkinson said, whereas I was reading science fiction and fantasy. It wasnt until I was 16 and stumbled upon an anthology of stories written at the Clarion Science Fiction Workshop that I realized there were places where you could be taught how to write fiction. Growing up, her family moved often, from Jamaica to Guyana to Trinidad and back, but in 1977, they moved to Toronto to get treatment for her fathers chronic kidney disease, and Hopkinson suddenly became a minority, thousands of miles from home.

Development can be described as an orderly alienation. In mammals, zygotes divide and subsets of cells become functionally specialized into, say, neurons or liver cells. Following the discovery of DNA as the genetic material in the 1950s, a question arose: did dividing cells retain all genes from the zygote, or were genes lost as it specialized? British embryologist John Gurdon addressed this question in a series of experiments in the 60s using frogs. Gurdon transplanted nuclei from varyingly differentiated cells into oocytes stripped of their genetic material to see if a new frog was made. He found the more differentiated a cell was, the lower the chance of success, but the successes confirmed that no genetic material was lost. Meanwhile, Canadian biologists Ernest McCulloch and James Till were transplanting bone marrow to treat irradiated mice when they noticed it caused lumps in the mices spleens, and the number of lumps correlated with the cellular dosage. Their lab subsequently demonstrated that each lump was a clonal colony from a single donor cell, and a subset of those cells was self-renewing and could form further colonies of any blood cell type. They had discovered hematopoietic stem cells. In 1981 the first embryonic stem cells (ESCs) from mice were successfully propagated in culture by British biologist Martin Evans, winning him the Nobel Prize in 2007. This breakthrough allowed biologists to alter genes in ESCs, then use Gurdons technique to create transgenic mice with that alteration in every cellcreating the first animal models of disease.

In 1982, one year after Evans discovery, Hopkinson graduated with honors from York University. She worked in the arts, as a library clerk, government culture research officer, and grants officer for the Toronto Arts Council, but wouldnt begin publishing her own fiction until she was 34. [I had been] politicized by feminist and Caribbean literature into valuing writing that spoke of particular cultural experiences of living under colonialism/patriarchy, and also of writing in ones own vernacular speech, Hopkinson said. In other words, I had models for strong fiction, and I knew intimately the body of work to which I would be responding. Then I discovered that Delany was a black man, which opened up a space for me in SF/F that I hadnt known I needed. She sought out more science fiction by black authors and found Butler, Charles Saunders, and Steven Barnes. Then the famous feminist science fiction author and editor Judy Merril offered an evening course in writing science fiction through a Toronto college, Hopkinson said. The course never ran, but it prompted me to write my first adult attempt at a science fiction story. Judy met once with the handful of us she would have accepted into the course and showed us how to run our own writing workshop without her. Hopkinsons dream of attending Clarion came true in 1995, with Delany as an instructor. Her early short stories channeled her love of myth and folklore, and her first book, written in Caribbean dialect, married Caribbean myth to the science fictional trappings of black market organ harvesting. Brown Girl in the Ring (1998) follows a young single mother as shes torn between her ancestral culture and modern life in a post-economic collapse Toronto. It won the Aspect and Locus Awards for Best First Novel, and Hopkinson was awarded the John W. Campbell Award for Best New Writer.

In 1996, Dolly the Sheep was created using Gurdons technique to determine if mammalian cells also could revert to more a more primitive, pluripotent state. Widespread animal cloning attempts soon followed, (something Hopkinson used as a science fictional element in Brown Girl) but it was inefficient, and often produced abnormal animals. Ideas of human cloning captured the public imagination as stem cell research exploded onto the scene. One ready source for human ESC (hESC) materials was from embryos which would otherwise be destroyed following in vitro fertilization (IVF) but the U.S. passed the Dickey-Wicker Amendment prohibited federal funding of research that destroyed such embryos. Nevertheless, in 1998 Wisconsin researcher James Thomson, using private funding, successfully isolated and cultured hESCs. Soon after, researchers around the world figured out how to nudge cells down different lineages, with ideas that transplant rejection and genetic disease would soon become things of the past, sliding neatly into the hole that the failure of genetic engineering techniques had left behind. But another blow to the stem cell research community came in 2001, when President Bushs stem cell ban limited research in the U.S. to nineteen existing cell lines.

In the late 1990s, another piece of technology capturing the public imagination was the internet, which promised to bring the world together in unprecedented ways. One such way was through private listservs, the kind used by writer and academic Alondra Nelson to create a space for students and artists to explore Afrofuturist ideas about technology, space, freedom, culture and art with science fiction at the center. It was wonderful, Hopkinson said. It gave me a place to talk and debate with like-minded people about the conjunction of blackness and science fiction without being shouted down by white men or having to teach Racism 101. Connections create communities, which in turn create movements, and in 1999, Delanys essay, Racism and Science Fiction, prompted a call for more meaningful discussions around race in the SF community. In response, Hopkinson became a co-founder of the Carl Brandon society, which works to increase awareness and representation of people of color in the community.

Hopkinsons second novel, Midnight Robber, was a breakthrough success and was nominated for Hugo, Nebula, and Tiptree Awards. She would also release Skin Folk (2001), a collection of stories in which mythical figures of West African and Afro-Caribbean culture walk among us, which would win the World Fantasy Award and was selected as one ofThe New York Times Best Books of the Year. Hopkinson also obtained masters degree in fiction writing (which helped alleviate U.S. border hassles when traveling for speaking engagements) during which she wrote The Salt Roads (2003). I knew it would take a level of research, focus and concentration I was struggling to maintain, Hopkinson said. I figured it would help to have a mentor to coach me through it. That turned out to be James Morrow, and he did so admirably. Roads is a masterful work of slipstream literary fantasy that follows the lives of women scattered through time, bound together by the salt uniting all black life. It was nominated for a Nebula and won the Gaylactic Spectrum Award. Hopkinson also edited anthologies centering around different cultures and perspectives, including Whispers from the Cotton Tree Root: Caribbean Fabulist Fiction (2000), Mojo: Conjure Stories (2003), and So Long, Been Dreaming: Postcolonial Science Fiction & Fantasy (2004). She also came out with the award-winning novelThe New Moons Arms in 2007, in which a peri-menopausal woman in a fictional Caribbean town is confronted by her past and the changes she must make to keep her family in her life.

While the stem cell ban hamstrung hESC work, Gurdons research facilitated yet another scientific breakthrough. Researchers began untangling how gene expression changed as stem cells differentiated, and in 2006, Shinya Yamanaka of Kyoto University reported the successful creation of mouse stem cells from differentiated cells. Using a list of 24 pluripotency-associated genes, Yamanaka systematically tested different gene combinations on terminally differentiated cells. He found four genesthereafter known as Yamanaka factorsthat could turn them into induced-pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), and he and Gurdon would share a 2012 Nobel prize. In 2009, President Obama lifted restrictions on hESC research, and the first clinical trial involving products made using stem cells happened that year. The first human trials using hESCs to treat spinal injuries happened in 2014, and the first iPSC clinical trials for blindness began this past December.

Hopkinson, too, encountered complications and delays at points in her career. For years, Hopkinson suffered escalating symptoms from fibromyalgia, a chronic disease that runs in her family, which interfered with her writing, causing Hopkinson and her partner to struggle with poverty and homelessness. But in 2011, Hopkinson applied to become a professor of Creative Writing at the University of California, Riverside. It seemed in many ways tailor-made for me, Hopkinson said. They specifically wanted a science fiction writer (unheard of in North American Creative Writing departments); they wanted someone with expertise working with a diverse range of people; they were willing to hire someone without a PhD, if their publications were sufficient; they were offering the security of tenure. She got the job, and thanks to a steady paycheck and the benefits of the mild California climate, she got back to writing. Her YA novel, The Chaos (2012), coming-of-age novelSister Mine (2013), and another short story collection, Falling in Love with Hominids (2015) soon followed. Her recent work includes House of Whispers (2018-present), a series in DC Comics Sandman Universe, the final collected volume of which is due out this June. Hopkinson also received an honorary doctorate in 2016 from Anglia Ruskin University in the U.K., and was Guest of Honor at 2017 Worldcon, a year in which women and people of color dominated the historically white, male ballot.

While the Yamanaka factors meant that iPSCs became a standard lab technique, iPSCs are not identical to hESCs. Fascinatingly, two of these factors act together to maintain the silencing of large swaths of DNA. Back in the 1980s, researchers discovered that some regions of DNA are modified by small methyl groups, which can be passed down through cell division. Different cell types have different DNA methylation patterns, and their distribution is far from random; they accumulate in the promoter regions just upstream of genes where their on/off switches are, and the greater the number of methyl groups, the lesser the genes expression. Furthermore, epigenetic modifications, like methylation, can be laid down by our environments (via diet, or stress) which can also be passed down through generations. Even some diseases, like fibromyalgia, have recently been implicated as such an epigenetic disease. Turns out that the long-standing biological paradigm that rejected Lamarck also missed the bigger picture: Nature is, in fact, intimately informed by nurture and environment.

In the past 150 years, we have seen ideas of community grow and expand as the world became more connected, so that they now encompass the globe. The histories of science fiction and biology are full of stories of pioneers opening new doorsbe they doors of greater representation or greater understanding, or bothand others following. If evolution has taught us anything, its that nature abhors a monoculture, and the universe tends towards diversification; healthy communities are ones which understand that we are not apart from the world, but of it, and that diversity of types, be they cells or perspectives, is a strength.

Kelly Lagor is a scientist by day and a science fiction writer by night. Her work has appeared at Tor.com and other places, and you can find her tweeting about all kinds of nonsense @klagor

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COVID-19: Responding to the business impacts of CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes Market 2019 Trends, Size, Segments, Emerging Technologies and…

Friday, May 29th, 2020

A recent market study on the global CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes market reveals that the global CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes market is expected to reach a value of ~US$ XX by the end of 2029 growing at a CAGR of ~XX% during the forecast period (2019-2029).

The CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes market study includes a thorough analysis of the overall competitive landscape and the company profiles of leading market players involved in the global CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes market. Further, the presented study offers accurate insights pertaining to the different segments of the global CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes market such as the market share, value, revenue, and how each segment is expected to fair post the COVID-19 pandemic.

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The following doubts are addressed in the market report:

Key Highlights of the CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes Market Report

The presented report segregates the CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes market into different segments to ensure the readers gain a complete understanding of the different aspects of the CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes market.

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Segmentation of the CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes market

Competitive Outlook

This section of the report throws light on the recent mergers, collaborations, partnerships, and research and development activities within the CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes market on a global scale. Further, a detailed assessment of the pricing, marketing, and product development strategies adopted by leading market players is included in the CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes market report.

Sales and Pricing AnalysesReaders are provided with deeper sales analysis and pricing analysis for the global CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes market. As part of sales analysis, the report offers accurate statistics and figures for sales and revenue by region, by each type segment for the period 2015-2026.In the pricing analysis section of the report, readers are provided with validated statistics and figures for the price by players and price by region for the period 2015-2020 and price by each type segment for the period 2015-2020.Regional and Country-level AnalysisThe report offers an exhaustive geographical analysis of the global CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes market, covering important regions, viz, North America, Europe, China and Japan. It also covers key countries (regions), viz, U.S., Canada, Germany, France, U.K., Italy, Russia, China, Japan, South Korea, India, Australia, Taiwan, Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia, Philippines, Vietnam, Mexico, Brazil, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, UAE, etc.The report includes country-wise and region-wise market size for the period 2015-2026. It also includes market size and forecast by each application segment in terms of sales for the period 2015-2026.Competition AnalysisIn the competitive analysis section of the report, leading as well as prominent players of the global CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes market are broadly studied on the basis of key factors. The report offers comprehensive analysis and accurate statistics on sales by the player for the period 2015-2020. It also offers detailed analysis supported by reliable statistics on price and revenue (global level) by player for the period 2015-2020.On the whole, the report proves to be an effective tool that players can use to gain a competitive edge over their competitors and ensure lasting success in the global CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes market. All of the findings, data, and information provided in the report are validated and revalidated with the help of trustworthy sources. The analysts who have authored the report took a unique and industry-best research and analysis approach for an in-depth study of the global CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes market.The following manufacturers are covered in this report:Caribou BiosciencesAddgeneCRISPR THERAPEUTICSMerck KGaAMirus Bio LLCEditas MedicineTakara Bio USAThermo Fisher ScientificHorizon Discovery GroupIntellia TherapeuticsGE Healthcare DharmaconCRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes Breakdown Data by TypeGenome EditingGenetic engineeringgRNA Database/Gene LibrarCRISPR PlasmidHuman Stem CellsGenetically Modified Organisms/CropsCell Line EngineeringCRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes Breakdown Data by ApplicationBiotechnology CompaniesPharmaceutical CompaniesAcademic InstitutesResearch and Development Institutes

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COVID-19: Responding to the business impacts of CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes Market 2019 Trends, Size, Segments, Emerging Technologies and...

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Global Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) Market : Industry Analysis and… – Azizsalon News

Wednesday, May 27th, 2020

Global Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats Market was valued US$ 711.24 Mn in 2018 and is expected to reach US$ XX Mn by 2026, at a CAGR of XX% during a forecast period.

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The key driving factors of the global clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats market are increasing demand for drug discovery, a risk of congenital anomalies, late pregnancies leading to birth disorders, increasing size of the geriatric population, and investment in path-breaking research technology. Lack of awareness and probable misappropriated use of the CRISPR gene editing tool are the major factors limiting the CRISPR market growth.

The global clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats market is segmented into the products, application, end-uses, and region. In terms of products, the global clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats market is classified into design tools, plasmids, vectors, library, control kits, proteins, genomic RNA, and other products.

Based on the application, the global clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats market is divided into genome editing & genetic engineering, GRNA database & gene library, CRISPR plasmid, human stem cells, and cell line engineering. By application, genome editing & genetic engineering is used for modifying an organisms genome, where deletions, insertions or replacements are carried out in the DNA of the living organism by making use of molecular machinery and engineered nucleases.

In terms of end-uses, global clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats market is segmented into industrial biotech biological research, agricultural research, and therapeutics and drug discovery. changing lifestyles, late pregnancies leading to birth disorders, increasing demand for drug discovery, synthetic genes leading the way, investment in path-breaking research technology and aging genetic disorders are drive the growth of biological research segment.

Based on regions, the global clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats market is divided into five main regions are America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, and Middle East & Africa. Geographically, Asia-Pacific market is anticipated to be the fastest-growing region in the global CRISPR market due to the large population of Japan and China is suffering from diabetes and other peripheral diseases, and the prevalence of these diseases growing at a very reckless rate.

Key players operating in global clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats market are Addgene, CRISPR Therapeutics, Editas Medicine, Egenesis, Inc., GE Healthcare, GenScript Biotech Corporation, Horizon Discovery Group PLC, Integrated DNA Technologies, Inc., Intellia Therapeutics, Inc., and Lonza Group.

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The objective of the report is to present comprehensive analysis of Global Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats Market including all the stakeholders of the industry. The past and current status of the industry with forecasted market size and trends are presented in the report with the analysis of complicated data in simple language. The report covers all the aspects of industry with dedicated study of key players that includes market leaders, followers and new entrants by region. PORTER, SVOR, PESTEL analysis with the potential impact of micro-economic factors by region on the market have been presented in the report. External as well as internal factors that are supposed to affect the business positively or negatively have been analyzed, which will give clear futuristic view of the industry to the decision makers. The report also helps in understanding Global Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats Market dynamics, structure by analyzing the market segments, and project the Global Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats Market size. Clear representation of competitive analysis of key players by Global Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats Type, price, financial position, product portfolio, growth strategies, and regional presence in the Global Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats Market make the report investors guide.The Scope of the Global Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats Market:

Global clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats market, by products:

Design tools Plasmids Vectors Library Control kits Proteins Genomic RNA Other productsGlobal Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats Market, By Application:

Genome editing & genetic engineering GRNA database & gene library CRISPR plasmid Human stem cells Cell line engineeringGlobal Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats Market, By End-Uses:

Industrial biotech Biological research Agricultural research Therapeutics and drug discoveryGlobal Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats Market, By Region:

North America Europe Middle East & Africa Asia Pacific Latin AmericaKey Players Operating In Global Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats Market:

Addgene CRISPR Therapeutics Editas Medicine Egenesis, Inc. GE Healthcare GenScript Biotech Corporation Horizon Discovery Group PLC Integrated DNA Technologies, Inc. Intellia Therapeutics, Inc. Lonza Group

MAJOR TOC OF THE REPORT

Chapter One: Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat Market Overview

Chapter Two: Manufacturers Profiles

Chapter Three: Global Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat Market Competition, by Players

Chapter Four: Global Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat Market Size by Regions

Chapter Five: North America Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat Revenue by Countries

Chapter Six: Europe Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat Revenue by Countries

Chapter Seven: Asia-Pacific Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat Revenue by Countries

Chapter Eight: South America Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat Revenue by Countries

Chapter Nine: Middle East and Africa Revenue Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat by Countries

Chapter Ten: Global Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat Market Segment by Type

Chapter Eleven: Global Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat Market Segment by Application

Chapter Twelve: Global Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat Market Size Forecast (2019-2026)

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Global Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) Market : Industry Analysis and... - Azizsalon News

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Drug factories: GMOs and gene editing are poised to transform medicine. Here’s how. – Genetic Literacy Project

Wednesday, May 27th, 2020

No one likes getting a shot at the doctors office. As kids, we werent used to having a sharp needle prick our skin, let alone by someone doing it on purpose. An estimated 10% of the population is affected by trypanophobia the fear of needles or injections. Luckily, for most, shots are an infrequent occurrence often limited to vaccinations. However, for millions of others, injections are a more frequent fact of life required in dealing with disease. The need for these injections and their associated doctor visits mean the physical discomfort of the treatment is often compounded by a financial burden.

Fortunately, plant biotechnology is poised to drastically improve how we consume medication. Using the modern tools of genetic engineering, researchers are developing plant-based drugs that are cheaper, easier to take and even more effective than their existing counterparts.

Cant more medicines be reformulated for oral delivery?

While many diseases can be treated with orally administered medications, other drugs such as biologics or biopharmaceuticals, medicines derived from living organisms, must be delivered using other strategies. Conventional drugs like aspirin are chemically synthesized and can survive digestion, whereas biologics like hormones, antibodies, enzymes, and other complex organic molecules are vulnerable to degradation by enzymes in our saliva and stomach, as well as environmental conditions like pH and heat. This makes biologics in pill form unlikely to survive the harsh environment of the digestive tract.

Pricey biologics

In addition to the unpleasant nature of biologic injections is their associated costs. Biologics are made by taking the DNA blueprint for the molecule and expressing it in bacterial, yeast, or mammalian cells. Once these cells, typically grown in large vats filled with nutrient media, produce the molecule of interest, it must be isolated and purified. Each step of this process must be exact and carefully maintained as small variations may change the structure and identity of the drug, potentially altering its behavior. This complex manufacturing process in addition to more rigorous FDA regulations mean higher drug prices for consumers. Combined with the price of doctor visits to get these frequent injections or infusions, the annual cost of some biologics can reach hundreds of thousands of dollars.

There are more than 200 FDA-approved biologic drugs. While less than two percent of people in the US rely on biologics, they make up 40 percent of prescription drug spending. Identifying a better way to produce and administer biologics has the potential to ease the physical and financial burden associated with these drugs. For this reason, researchers are turning to the original inspiration for medications: plants.

Turning plants into pharmaceutical factories

Evidence for plant use in medicine dates back all the way to the Palaeolithic Age. But instead of trying to find new plants that produce medically relevant compounds, researchers are turning to genetic engineering to express the same biologics currently grown in bacterial, yeast, or mammalian cells.

Producing biologics in plants has a number of advantages. Plants are potentially less costly to grow, requiring inexpensive fertilizers instead of specialized cell culture growth media. Plants can also be grown in fields or greenhouses without requiring sterile environments, meaning that scaling up production would just require more growing area as opposed to additional expensive bioreactors. An added benefit is that plants do not serve as hosts for human pathogens, reducing the likelihood of harm from contaminants that bacterial or mammalian cells may house.

Once the drug-producing plants are grown, the medically relevant proteins may be extracted and purified. But plants allow for this platform to be taken one step further: by turning the biologic- expressing plants into a freeze-dried (lyophilized) powder and placing it into a capsule, the drugs can be delivered orally. Plant cell walls contain cellulose which cannot be digested by enzymes in the stomach but can be broken down by the commensal bacteria living in our intestines. Plant-encapsulated drugs are then released in the blood-rich absorptive environment of the small intestine, where they become bioavailable and distributed to target tissues. By producing these drugs in a lyophilized form, manufacturers can cut out the expensive purification process and the need for cold transport and storage.

Current research efforts

Theres been some reported success using this method, including a March 2020 paper from a team at the University of Pennsylvania describing a lettuce expressing a novel human insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). IGF-1 helps promote skeletal muscle and bone development. For this reason, IGF-1 injections have been used in the treatment of several muscle disorders and have the potential for therapeutic benefit in healing bone fractures.

To study if plant-grown IGF-1 might be an effective replacement for traditional IGF injections, the team modified human IGF-1 to allow for uptake through the gut. They found that their modified version not only stimulated proliferation of several cell types better than current commercial IGF-1, but also that the plant-encapsulated drug could be administered orally to mice and would effectively be delivered to blood serum. The team also found that this administration of the drug significantly increased bone density in diabetic mice as compared to a control group.

In addition to medication production, companies are also looking to utilize some of the benefits of plant-based production for vaccines. Medicago, a Canada-based company seeking approval for their plant-produced flu vaccine, has announced that using this same technology, they have produced a candidate vaccine for COVID-19 in twenty days. By growing the protein for the vaccine in plants, as opposed to using eggs to propagate the virus, Medicago has been able to cut the cost and time required to produce a new vaccine. The vaccine is now awaiting clinical testing and FDA approval.

Similar to the work on orally administered IGF-1, theres also a lot of interest in making edible vaccines. In the future, you may no longer need to go to a clinic to get a seasonal flu vaccine, but instead eat a salad made with vaccine-containing lettuce or tomatoes. This could potentially reduce patient discomfort and increase vaccine compliance, minimizing everybodys risk of contracting infectious diseases. Edible vaccines would also help expand access to immunization in parts of the world were delivering vaccines may be difficult.

Plant-produced pharmaceuticals have the potential to improve the quality of life for millions of people by reducing the physical and financial burden of relying on biologics to stay healthy. There may even come a day when getting a shot at the doctors office is a thing of the past replaced by a quick trip to the grocery store.

Tautvydas Shuipys is a PhD candidate in the Genetics and Genomics Graduate Program at the University of Florida. Follow him on Twitter @tshuipys

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Drug factories: GMOs and gene editing are poised to transform medicine. Here's how. - Genetic Literacy Project

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Global Genome Editing/Genome Engineering Market 2020 by Company, Regions, Type and Application, Forecast to 2026 – 3rd Watch News

Wednesday, May 27th, 2020

The dedicated research report titled Global Genome Editing/Genome Engineering Market 2020 by Company, Regions, Type and Application, Forecast to 2026 envelopes all-in information of the market and vital understanding on the global market at a holistic global perspective, rendering statistical analysis, and perspective of integral growth enablers prompting favorable growth across regions. The report is the result of an in-depth analysis of the latest developments which focus on the growth opportunities, the basic criteria, challenges dominant in the global Genome Editing/Genome Engineering market, and their consequential effects on the target market. The report analyzes various products or service implementations in various end-user industries and analyses technology used to create and operate these products/ services in the global market.

Key Vendor/Manufacturers In The Market:

The study analysis examines each market player according to its market share, production footprint, and growth rate during 2020 to 2026 time-frame. Then, the market study determines the recent launches, agreements, R&D projects, and business strategies of the market players. Great insights such as Genome Editing/Genome Engineering market revenue and market share of the global market are also covered. Additionally company basic information, manufacturing base, and competitors list is being provided for each listed manufacturers: Thermo Fisher Scientific, Merck KGaA, Horizon Discovery, Genscript USA, Sangamo Biosciences, Integrated DNA Technologies, Origene Technologies, Transposagen Biopharmaceuticals, Lonza Group, New England Biolabs,

NOTE: Our final report will be revised to address COVID-19 effects on the specific market.

DOWNLOAD FREE SAMPLE REPORT: https://www.marketsandresearch.biz/sample-request/47794

All key regions and countries are assessed here on the basis of company, type of product, and application covering: North America (United States, Canada and Mexico), Europe (Germany, France, UK, Russia and Italy), Asia-Pacific (China, Japan, Korea, India and Southeast Asia), South America (Brazil, Argentina, Colombia etc.), Middle East and Africa (Saudi Arabia, UAE, Egypt, Nigeria and South Africa)

Segment by type, the market is segmented into: CRISPR, TALEN, ZFN, Antisense, Other Technology

Segment by application, the market is segmented into: Cell Line Engineering, Animal Genetic Engineering, Plant Genetic Engineering, Other,

Moreover, the report highlights external as well as internal factors that are expected to affect the global Genome Editing/Genome Engineering industry positively or negatively. PORTER, PESTEL analysis with the potential impact of economic factors by region on the global market is given in the report. Then, the demand-side factors are assessed and shifts in demand patterns across different sub-segments and regions are examined. It also delivers comprehensive information on raw materials suppliers, equipment suppliers, manufacturing cost, capacity, production, profit margin, capacity utilization rate, etc.

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Global Genome Editing/Genome Engineering Market 2020 by Company, Regions, Type and Application, Forecast to 2026 - 3rd Watch News

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Global Food Enzymes Market (2020 to 2025) – Recent Innovations in the Market – GlobeNewswire

Wednesday, May 27th, 2020

Dublin, May 26, 2020 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- The "Food Enzymes Market - Forecast (2020 - 2025)" report has been added to ResearchAndMarkets.com's offering.

The food enzymes market is bifurcated by type into variants such as carbohydrates, lipases, and proteases. Innovation has enabled the players to exploit several end-user industries such as bakery, dairy, beverages, meat products, and confectionery, consequently triggering the opportunities in the food enzymes market to be progressing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.90% during the forecast period 2019-2025.

The base year of the study is 2018, with forecast done up to 2025. The study presents a thorough analysis of the competitive landscape, taking into account the market shares of the leading companies. It also provides information on unit shipments. These provide the key market participants with the necessary business intelligence and help them understand the future of the food enzyme market. The assessment includes the forecast, an overview of the competitive structure, the market shares of the competitors, as well as the market trends, market demands, market drivers, market challenges, and product analysis.

The market drivers and restraints have been assessed to fathom their impact over the forecast period. This report further identifies the key opportunities for growth while also detailing the key challenges and possible threats. The key areas of focus include the various types of application industry in global food enzyme market, and their specific advantages.

The booming trend of fast-food in North America has augmented the trade of cheese, indirectly impacting the market of protease food enzyme. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, in 2016, one out of three Americans (36%) consumed a meal at fast-food eateries on any given day. Some of the leading fast-food chains across the U.S are McDonald's, KFC, Pizza Hut, Domino's Pizza and Burger Kings. Application of cheese in these F&B giants can be indicated by the fact that Leprino Foods, a leading market player, often rated as America's all-time monopolist, manages to converge an annual revenue of $3 billion by supplying mozzarella cheese to Pizza Hut, Domino's, and Papa John's

Similarly, McDonald's for their buns claims to apply enzymes such as amylases. And KFC, the world's most popular chicken restaurant chain is now operating in 135 countries with more than 22,000 restaurants globally. Hence, the trend of processed food supplemented by retail outlets in North America is projecting the food enzyme market towards exponential growth.

Food Enzymes Market Trends and Growth Drivers:

Some of the key players operating in the global food enzyme market are Royal DSM N.V, EI DuPont DE Nemours & Co., Novozymes A/S, Chr Hansen A/S, Biocatalyst limited, AB enzymes GMBH, Kerry group PLCAum Enzymes, Amano Enzyme Inc., and Enmex SA DE CV.

Key Questions Addressed in the Food Enzyme Market Report

A few focus points of this Research are given below:

Key Topics Covered:

1. Food Enzymes Market - Overview1.1. Definitions and Scope

2. Food Enzymes Market - Executive summary2.1. Market Revenue, Market Size and Key Trends by Company2.2. Key Trends by type of Application2.3. Key Trends segmented by Geography

3. Food Enzymes Market 3.1. Comparative analysis3.1.1. Product Benchmarking - Top 10 companies3.1.2. Top 5 Financials Analysis3.1.3. Market Value split by Top 10 companies3.1.4. Patent Analysis - Top 10 companies3.1.5. Pricing Analysis

4. Food Enzymes Market Forces4.1. Drivers4.2. Constraints4.3. Challenges4.4. Porters five force model4.4.1. Bargaining power of suppliers4.4.2. Bargaining powers of customers4.4.3. Threat of new entrants4.4.4. Rivalry among existing players4.4.5. Threat of substitutes

5. Food Enzymes Market -Strategic analysis5.1. Value chain analysis5.2. Opportunities analysis5.3. Product life cycle5.4. Suppliers and distributors Market Share

6. Food Enzymes Market - By Type (Market Size -$Million / $Billion)6.1. Market Size and Market Share Analysis 6.2. Application Revenue and Trend Research6.3. Product Segment Analysis6.3.1. Introduction6.3.2. Amylases6.3.3. Catalases6.3.4. Lactases6.3.5. Proteases6.3.6. Lipases6.3.7. Rennet6.3.8. Cellulase6.3.9. Others (Actinidin, Bromelain, Ficin, Lypoxygenase, Invertase, Raffinase & Others)

7. Food Enzymes Market - By Source (Market Size -$Million / $Billion)7.1. Introduction 7.2. Plant-Based Enzymes7.3. Animal-Based Enzymes7.4. Microorganism-Based Enzymes7.4.1. Bacterial7.4.2. Fungal7.4.3. Yeast

8. Food Enzymes Market - By Application (Market Size -$Million / $Billion)8.1. Introduction 8.1.1. Bakery8.1.1.1. Bread8.1.1.2. Cakes8.1.1.3. Crackers & Cookies8.1.2. Dairy 8.1.3. Beverages8.1.4. Meat Products8.1.5. Confectionery8.1.6. Fruits & Vegetables Processing8.1.7. Oil & Fats8.1.8. Starch Processing8.1.9. Inulin & Others

9. Food Enzymes - By Geography (Market Size -$Million / $Billion)9.1. Food Enzymes Market - North America Segment Research9.2. North America Market Research (Million / $Billion)9.2.1. Segment type Size and Market Size Analysis 9.2.2. Revenue and Trends9.2.3. Application Revenue and Trends by type of Application9.2.4. Company Revenue and Product Analysis9.2.5. North America Product type and Application Market Size9.2.5.1. U.S.9.2.5.2. Canada 9.2.5.3. Mexico 9.2.5.4. Rest of North America9.3. Food Enzymes - South America Segment Research9.4. South America Market Research (Market Size -$Million / $Billion)9.4.1. Segment type Size and Market Size Analysis 9.4.2. Revenue and Trends9.4.3. Application Revenue and Trends by type of Application9.4.4. Company Revenue and Product Analysis9.4.5. South America Product type and Application Market Size9.4.5.1. Brazil 9.4.5.2. Venezuela9.4.5.3. Argentina9.4.5.4. Ecuador9.4.5.5. Peru9.4.5.6. Colombia 9.4.5.7. Costa Rica9.4.5.8. Rest of South America9.5. Food Enzymes - Europe Segment Research9.6. Europe Market Research (Market Size -$Million / $Billion)9.6.1. Segment type Size and Market Size Analysis 9.6.2. Revenue and Trends9.6.3. Application Revenue and Trends by type of Application9.6.4. Company Revenue and Product Analysis9.6.5. Europe Segment Product type and Application Market Size9.6.5.1. U.K 9.6.5.2. Germany 9.6.5.3. Italy 9.6.5.4. France9.6.5.5. Netherlands9.6.5.6. Belgium9.6.5.7. Spain9.6.5.8. Denmark9.6.5.9. Rest of Europe9.7. Food Enzymes - APAC Segment Research9.8. APAC Market Research (Market Size -$Million / $Billion)9.8.1. Segment type Size and Market Size Analysis 9.8.2. Revenue and Trends9.8.3. Application Revenue and Trends by type of Application9.8.4. Company Revenue and Product Analysis9.8.5. APAC Segment - Product type and Application Market Size9.8.5.1. China 9.8.5.2. Australia9.8.5.3. Japan 9.8.5.4. South Korea9.8.5.5. India9.8.5.6. Taiwan9.8.5.7. Malaysia

10. Food Enzymes Market - Entropy10.1. New product launches10.2. M&A's, collaborations, JVs and partnerships

11. Food Enzymes Market Company Analysis11.1. Market Share, Company Revenue, Products, M&A, Developments11.2. Royal DSM N.V11.3. EI DuPont DE Nemours & Co11.4. Novozymes A/S11.5. Biocatalyst limited11.6. AB enzymes GMBH11.7. Kerry group PLC

12. Food Enzymes Market -Appendix12.1. Abbreviations12.2. Sources

For more information about this report visit https://www.researchandmarkets.com/r/ujmz9s

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Global Food Enzymes Market (2020 to 2025) - Recent Innovations in the Market - GlobeNewswire

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Swine Circovirus Vaccine Market 2020- Analysis And In-Depth Research On Market Size, Trends, Emerging Growth Factors And Forecast To 2026 – 3rd Watch…

Wednesday, May 27th, 2020

The market research report is a brilliant, complete, and much-needed resource for companies, stakeholders, and investors interested in the global Swine Circovirus Vaccine market. It informs readers about key trends and opportunities in the global Swine Circovirus Vaccine market along with critical market dynamics expected to impact the global market growth. It offers a range of market analysis studies, including production and consumption, sales, industry value chain, competitive landscape, regional growth, and price. On the whole, it comes out as an intelligent resource that companies can use to gain a competitive advantage in the global Swine Circovirus Vaccine market.

Key companies operating in the global Swine Circovirus Vaccine market include Chopper Biology, ChengDu Tecbond, Ringpu Biology, Qilu Animal, DHN, CAVAC, Komipharm, Jinyu Bio-Technology, Zoetis, Merial, etc.

Get PDF Sample Copy of the Report to understand the structure of the complete report: (Including Full TOC, List of Tables & Figures, Chart) :

https://www.qyresearch.com/sample-form/form/1777181/covid-19-impact-on-swine-circovirus-vaccine-market

Segmental Analysis

Both developed and emerging regions are deeply studied by the authors of the report. The regional analysis section of the report offers a comprehensive analysis of the global Swine Circovirus Vaccine market on the basis of region. Each region is exhaustively researched about so that players can use the analysis to tap into unexplored markets and plan powerful strategies to gain a foothold in lucrative markets.

Global Swine Circovirus Vaccine Market Segment By Type:

, Genetic Engineering Vaccine, Killed Vaccines

Global Swine Circovirus Vaccine Market Segment By Application:

,Piglets,Adults Pigs

Competitive Landscape

Competitor analysis is one of the best sections of the report that compares the progress of leading players based on crucial parameters, including market share, new developments, global reach, local competition, price, and production. From the nature of competition to future changes in the vendor landscape, the report provides in-depth analysis of the competition in the global Swine Circovirus Vaccine market.

Key companies operating in the global Swine Circovirus Vaccine market include Chopper Biology, ChengDu Tecbond, Ringpu Biology, Qilu Animal, DHN, CAVAC, Komipharm, Jinyu Bio-Technology, Zoetis, Merial, etc.

Key questions answered in the report:

For Discount, Customization in the Report: https://www.qyresearch.com/customize-request/form/1777181/covid-19-impact-on-swine-circovirus-vaccine-market

TOC

1.1 Research Scope1.2 Market Segmentation1.3 Research Objectives1.4 Research Methodology1.4.1 Research Process1.4.2 Data Triangulation1.4.3 Research Approach1.4.4 Base Year1.5 Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid-19) Impact Will Have a Severe Impact on Global Growth1.5.1 Covid-19 Impact: Global GDP Growth, 2019, 2020 and 2021 Projections1.5.2 Covid-19 Impact: Commodity Prices Indices1.5.3 Covid-19 Impact: Global Major Government Policy1.6 The Covid-19 Impact on Swine Circovirus Vaccine Industry1.7 COVID-19 Impact: Swine Circovirus Vaccine Market Trends 2 Global Swine Circovirus Vaccine Quarterly Market Size Analysis2.1 Swine Circovirus Vaccine Business Impact Assessment COVID-192.1.1 Global Swine Circovirus Vaccine Market Size, Pre-COVID-19 and Post- COVID-19 Comparison, 2015-20262.1.2 Global Swine Circovirus Vaccine Price, Pre-COVID-19 and Post- COVID-19 Comparison, 2015-20262.2 Global Swine Circovirus Vaccine Quarterly Market Size 2020-20212.3 COVID-19-Driven Market Dynamics and Factor Analysis2.3.1 Drivers2.3.2 Restraints2.3.3 Opportunities2.3.4 Challenges 3 Quarterly Competitive Assessment, 20203.1 Global Swine Circovirus Vaccine Quarterly Market Size by Manufacturers, 2019 VS 20203.2 Global Swine Circovirus Vaccine Factory Price by Manufacturers3.3 Location of Key Manufacturers Swine Circovirus Vaccine Manufacturing Factories and Area Served3.4 Date of Key Manufacturers Enter into Swine Circovirus Vaccine Market3.5 Key Manufacturers Swine Circovirus Vaccine Product Offered3.6 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans 4 Impact of Covid-19 on Swine Circovirus Vaccine Segments, By Type4.1 Introduction1.4.1 Genetic Engineering Vaccine1.4.2 Killed Vaccines4.2 By Type, Global Swine Circovirus Vaccine Market Size, 2019-20214.2.1 By Type, Global Swine Circovirus Vaccine Market Size by Type, 2020-20214.2.2 By Type, Global Swine Circovirus Vaccine Price, 2020-2021 5 Impact of Covid-19 on Swine Circovirus Vaccine Segments, By Application5.1 Overview5.5.1 Piglets5.5.2 Adults Pigs5.2 By Application, Global Swine Circovirus Vaccine Market Size, 2019-20215.2.1 By Application, Global Swine Circovirus Vaccine Market Size by Application, 2019-20215.2.2 By Application, Global Swine Circovirus Vaccine Price, 2020-2021 6 Geographic Analysis6.1 Introduction6.2 North America6.2.1 Macroeconomic Indicators of US6.2.2 US6.2.3 Canada6.3 Europe6.3.1 Macroeconomic Indicators of Europe6.3.2 Germany6.3.3 France6.3.4 UK6.3.5 Italy6.4 Asia-Pacific6.4.1 Macroeconomic Indicators of Asia-Pacific6.4.2 China6.4.3 Japan6.4.4 South Korea6.4.5 India6.4.6 ASEAN6.5 Rest of World6.5.1 Latin America6.5.2 Middle East and Africa 7 Company Profiles7.1 Chopper Biology7.1.1 Chopper Biology Business Overview7.1.2 Chopper Biology Swine Circovirus Vaccine Quarterly Production and Revenue, 20207.1.3 Chopper Biology Swine Circovirus Vaccine Product Introduction7.1.4 Chopper Biology Response to COVID-19 and Related Developments7.2 ChengDu Tecbond7.2.1 ChengDu Tecbond Business Overview7.2.2 ChengDu Tecbond Swine Circovirus Vaccine Quarterly Production and Revenue, 20207.2.3 ChengDu Tecbond Swine Circovirus Vaccine Product Introduction7.2.4 ChengDu Tecbond Response to COVID-19 and Related Developments7.3 Ringpu Biology7.3.1 Ringpu Biology Business Overview7.3.2 Ringpu Biology Swine Circovirus Vaccine Quarterly Production and Revenue, 20207.3.3 Ringpu Biology Swine Circovirus Vaccine Product Introduction7.3.4 Ringpu Biology Response to COVID-19 and Related Developments7.4 Qilu Animal7.4.1 Qilu Animal Business Overview7.4.2 Qilu Animal Swine Circovirus Vaccine Quarterly Production and Revenue, 20207.4.3 Qilu Animal Swine Circovirus Vaccine Product Introduction7.4.4 Qilu Animal Response to COVID-19 and Related Developments7.5 DHN7.5.1 DHN Business Overview7.5.2 DHN Swine Circovirus Vaccine Quarterly Production and Revenue, 20207.5.3 DHN Swine Circovirus Vaccine Product Introduction7.5.4 DHN Response to COVID-19 and Related Developments7.6 CAVAC7.6.1 CAVAC Business Overview7.6.2 CAVAC Swine Circovirus Vaccine Quarterly Production and Revenue, 20207.6.3 CAVAC Swine Circovirus Vaccine Product Introduction7.6.4 CAVAC Response to COVID-19 and Related Developments7.7 Komipharm7.7.1 Komipharm Business Overview7.7.2 Komipharm Swine Circovirus Vaccine Quarterly Production and Revenue, 20207.7.3 Komipharm Swine Circovirus Vaccine Product Introduction7.7.4 Komipharm Response to COVID-19 and Related Developments7.8 Jinyu Bio-Technology7.8.1 Jinyu Bio-Technology Business Overview7.8.2 Jinyu Bio-Technology Swine Circovirus Vaccine Quarterly Production and Revenue, 20207.8.3 Jinyu Bio-Technology Swine Circovirus Vaccine Product Introduction7.8.4 Jinyu Bio-Technology Response to COVID-19 and Related Developments7.9 Zoetis7.9.1 Zoetis Business Overview7.9.2 Zoetis Swine Circovirus Vaccine Quarterly Production and Revenue, 20207.9.3 Zoetis Swine Circovirus Vaccine Product Introduction7.9.4 Zoetis Response to COVID-19 and Related Developments7.10 Merial7.10.1 Merial Business Overview7.10.2 Merial Swine Circovirus Vaccine Quarterly Production and Revenue, 20207.10.3 Merial Swine Circovirus Vaccine Product Introduction7.10.4 Merial Response to COVID-19 and Related Developments 8 Supply Chain and Sales Channels Analysis8.1 Swine Circovirus Vaccine Supply Chain Analysis8.1.1 Swine Circovirus Vaccine Supply Chain Analysis8.1.2 Covid-19 Impact on Swine Circovirus Vaccine Supply Chain8.2 Distribution Channels Analysis8.2.1 Swine Circovirus Vaccine Distribution Channels8.2.2 Covid-19 Impact on Swine Circovirus Vaccine Distribution Channels8.2.3 Swine Circovirus Vaccine Distributors8.3 Swine Circovirus Vaccine Customers 9 Key Findings 10 Appendix10.1 About Us10.2 Disclaimer

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Swine Circovirus Vaccine Market 2020- Analysis And In-Depth Research On Market Size, Trends, Emerging Growth Factors And Forecast To 2026 - 3rd Watch...

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Amid the COVID-19 crisis and the looming economic recession, the D-Amino Acids market worldwide will grow by a projected US$49.4 Million, during the…

Wednesday, May 27th, 2020

New York, May 27, 2020 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Reportlinker.com announces the release of the report "Global D-Amino Acids Industry" - https://www.reportlinker.com/p05621748/?utm_source=GNW 7 Million by the end of the analysis period. An unusual period in history, the coronavirus pandemic has unleashed a series of unprecedented events affecting every industry. The Pharmaceutical market will be reset to a new normal which going forwards in a post COVID-19 era will be continuously redefined and redesigned. Staying on top of trends and accurate analysis is paramount now more than ever to manage uncertainty, change and continuously adapt to new and evolving market conditions.

As part of the new emerging geographic scenario, the United States is forecast to readjust to a 2.3% CAGR. Within Europe, the region worst hit by the pandemic, Germany will add over US$1.2 Million to the regions size over the next 7 to 8 years. In addition, over US$1.2 Million worth of projected demand in the region will come from Rest of European markets. In Japan, the Pharmaceutical segment will reach a market size of US$8.6 Million by the close of the analysis period. Blamed for the pandemic, significant political and economic challenges confront China. Amid the growing push for decoupling and economic distancing, the changing relationship between China and the rest of the world will influence competition and opportunities in the D-Amino Acids market. Against this backdrop and the changing geopolitical, business and consumer sentiments, the worlds second largest economy will grow at 6.9% over the next couple of years and add approximately US$15.9 Million in terms of addressable market opportunity. Continuous monitoring for emerging signs of a possible new world order post-COVID-19 crisis is a must for aspiring businesses and their astute leaders seeking to find success in the now changing D-Amino Acids market landscape. All research viewpoints presented are based on validated engagements from influencers in the market, whose opinions supersede all other research methodologies.

Competitors identified in this market include, among others, GoPro, Inc.; Infineon Technologies AG; Intel Corporation; Kula 3D Ltd.; LG Electronics; Matter and Form Inc.; Microsoft Corp.; pmdtechnologies GmbH; Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.; Sharp Corporation; Texas Instruments Inc.; Toshiba Corporation

Read the full report: https://www.reportlinker.com/p05621748/?utm_source=GNW

D-AMINO ACIDS MCP-7MARKET ANALYSIS, TRENDS, AND FORECASTS, JUNE 2CONTENTS

I. INTRODUCTION, METHODOLOGY & REPORT SCOPE

II. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1. MARKET OVERVIEW D-Amino Acids: A Compound with Promising Applications Recent Market Activity Developing Regions - At the Forefront of Growth in D-Amino Acids Market Pharmaceuticals: D-Amino Acids Hold Edge as Essential Raw Material Rising Prominence of Artificial Amino Acids Augurs Well for Market Growth Global Competitor Market Shares D-Amino Acids Competitor Market Share Scenario Worldwide (in %): 2020 & 2029 Impact of Covid-19 and a Looming Global Recession 2. FOCUS ON SELECT PLAYERS Adisseo France S.A.S (France) Ajinomoto Co., Inc. (Japan) AnaSpec, Inc. (USA) Evonik Industries AG (Germany) IRIS Biotech GmbH (Germany) LifeSpan Biosciences, Inc. (USA) Merck KGaA (Germany) Sekisui Medical Co., Ltd. (Japan) Shanghai Hanhong Chemical Co., Ltd. (China) Sichuan Tongsheng Amino acid Co., Ltd. (China) Sumitomo Chemical Company Limited (Japan) TCI America, Inc. (USA) Tocris Bioscience (UK) Zhangjiagang Huachang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (China) 3. MARKET TRENDS & DRIVERS Aging World Population - A Major Growth Influencing Factor for D-Amino Acids Growing Importance of D-Amino Acids in Pharmaceutical Industry Peptide-based Drugs: A Promising Area for D-Amino Acids Growing Interest in Peptide Research Drives D-Amino Acids Market Pharmaceutical Intermediates Market Challenged by Drug Development A Review of Select Research Studies on D-Amino Acids Research Finds Support for Potential Use of D-Amino Acids as Biomarkers for CKD D-Amino Acids and Small Molecule Inhibitors: Potential Role in Eliminating Infections Researchers Develop New Approach to Switch Chirality in Amino Acids Generating Stable D-Amino Acid Analogs Using Mirror Image Version of PDB Ajinomoto Develops Ajiphase and Corynex Amino Acid Synthesis Technologies Harvard University's Scientists Discover New Biofilm Disrupting Bacteria Study Reveals that D-Amino Acids Amass in EMCs Research Studies Suggest that Replacement of One L-Amino Acid with Analogous D-enantiomer Results in High Therapeutic Index ARCA: A Breakthrough Chiral Converting Agent for Amino Acids Commercial Development of ARCA Genetic Engineering and Advances in Research Enable DAAO Use in Multiple Arenas DL-Methionine: An Eco-Friendly Option for Animal Nutrition 4. GLOBAL MARKET PERSPECTIVE Table 1: D-Amino Acids Global Market Estimates and Forecasts in US$ Thousand by Region/Country: 2020-2027 Table 2: D-Amino Acids Global Retrospective Market Scenario in US$ Thousand by Region/Country: 2012-2019 Table 3: D-Amino Acids Market Share Shift across Key Geographies Worldwide: 2012 VS 2020 VS 2027 Table 4: Pharmaceutical (End-Use) Global Opportunity Assessment in US$ Thousand by Region/Country: 2020-2027 Table 5: Pharmaceutical (End-Use) Historic Sales Analysis in US$ Thousand by Region/Country: 2012-2019 Table 6: Pharmaceutical (End-Use) Percentage Share Breakdown of Global Sales by Region/Country: 2012 VS 2020 VS 2027 Table 7: Industrial (End-Use) Worldwide Sales in US$ Thousand by Region/Country: 2020-2027 Table 8: Industrial (End-Use) Historic Demand Patterns in US$ Thousand by Region/Country: 2012-2019 Table 9: Industrial (End-Use) Market Share Shift across Key Geographies: 2012 VS 2020 VS 2027 Table 10: Other End-Uses (End-Use) Global Market Estimates & Forecasts in US$ Thousand by Region/Country: 2020-2027 Table 11: Other End-Uses (End-Use) Retrospective Demand Analysis in US$ Thousand by Region/Country: 2012-2019 Table 12: Other End-Uses (End-Use) Market Share Breakdown by Region/Country: 2012 VS 2020 VS 2027 III. MARKET ANALYSIS GEOGRAPHIC MARKET ANALYSIS UNITED STATES Market Facts & Figures US D-Amino Acids Market Share (in %) by Company: 2020 & 2025 Market Analytics Table 13: United States D-Amino Acids Latent Demand Forecasts in US$ Thousand by End-Use: 2020 to 2027 Table 14: D-Amino Acids Historic Demand Patterns in the United States by End-Use in US$ Thousand for 2012-2019 Table 15: D-Amino Acids Market Share Breakdown in the United States by End-Use: 2012 VS 2020 VS 2027 CANADA Table 16: Canadian D-Amino Acids Market Quantitative Demand Analysis in US$ Thousand by End-Use: 2020 to 2027 Table 17: D-Amino Acids Market in Canada: Summarization of Historic Demand Patterns in US$ Thousand by End-Use for 2012-2019 Table 18: Canadian D-Amino Acids Market Share Analysis by End-Use: 2012 VS 2020 VS 2027 JAPAN Table 19: Japanese Demand Estimates and Forecasts for D-Amino Acids in US$ Thousand by End-Use: 2020 to 2027 Table 20: Japanese D-Amino Acids Market in US$ Thousand by End-Use: 2012-2019 Table 21: D-Amino Acids Market Share Shift in Japan by End-Use: 2012 VS 2020 VS 2027 CHINA Table 22: Chinese Demand for D-Amino Acids in US$ Thousand by End-Use: 2020 to 2027 Table 23: D-Amino Acids Market Review in China in US$ Thousand by End-Use: 2012-2019 Table 24: Chinese D-Amino Acids Market Share Breakdown by End-Use: 2012 VS 2020 VS 2027 EUROPE Market Facts & Figures European D-Amino Acids Market: Competitor Market Share Scenario (in %) for 2020 & 2025 Market Analytics Table 25: European D-Amino Acids Market Demand Scenario in US$ Thousand by Region/Country: 2020-2027 Table 26: D-Amino Acids Market in Europe: A Historic Market Perspective in US$ Thousand by Region/Country for the Period 2012-2019 Table 27: European D-Amino Acids Market Share Shift by Region/Country: 2012 VS 2020 VS 2027 Table 28: European D-Amino Acids Addressable Market Opportunity in US$ Thousand by End-Use: 2020-2027 Table 29: D-Amino Acids Market in Europe: Summarization of Historic Demand in US$ Thousand by End-Use for the Period 2012-2019 Table 30: European D-Amino Acids Market Share Analysis by End-Use: 2012 VS 2020 VS 2027 FRANCE Table 31: D-Amino Acids Quantitative Demand Analysis in France in US$ Thousand by End-Use: 2020-2027 Table 32: French D-Amino Acids Historic Market Review in US$ Thousand by End-Use: 2012-2019 Table 33: French D-Amino Acids Market Share Analysis: A 17-Year Perspective by End-Use for 2012, 2020, and 2027 GERMANY Table 34: D-Amino Acids Market in Germany: Annual Sales Estimates and Forecasts in US$ Thousand by End-Use for the Period 2020-2027 Table 35: German D-Amino Acids Market in Retrospect in US$ Thousand by End-Use: 2012-2019 Table 36: D-Amino Acids Market Share Distribution in Germany by End-Use: 2012 VS 2020 VS 2027 ITALY Table 37: Italian Demand for D-Amino Acids in US$ Thousand by End-Use: 2020 to 2027 Table 38: D-Amino Acids Market Review in Italy in US$ Thousand by End-Use: 2012-2019 Table 39: Italian D-Amino Acids Market Share Breakdown by End-Use: 2012 VS 2020 VS 2027 UNITED KINGDOM Table 40: United Kingdom Demand Estimates and Forecasts for D-Amino Acids in US$ Thousand by End-Use: 2020 to 2027 Table 41: United Kingdom D-Amino Acids Market in US$ Thousand by End-Use: 2012-2019 Table 42: D-Amino Acids Market Share Shift in the United Kingdom by End-Use: 2012 VS 2020 VS 2027 SPAIN Table 43: Spanish D-Amino Acids Market Quantitative Demand Analysis in US$ Thousand by End-Use: 2020 to 2027 Table 44: D-Amino Acids Market in Spain: Summarization of Historic Demand Patterns in US$ Thousand by End-Use for 2012-2019 Table 45: Spanish D-Amino Acids Market Share Analysis by End-Use: 2012 VS 2020 VS 2027 RUSSIA Table 46: Russian D-Amino Acids Latent Demand Forecasts in US$ Thousand by End-Use: 2020 to 2027 Table 47: D-Amino Acids Historic Demand Patterns in Russia by End-Use in US$ Thousand for 2012-2019 Table 48: D-Amino Acids Market Share Breakdown in Russia by End-Use: 2012 VS 2020 VS 2027 REST OF EUROPE Table 49: Rest of Europe D-Amino Acids Addressable Market Opportunity in US$ Thousand by End-Use: 2020-2027 Table 50: D-Amino Acids Market in Rest of Europe: Summarization of Historic Demand in US$ Thousand by End-Use for the Period 2012-2019 Table 51: Rest of Europe D-Amino Acids Market Share Analysis by End-Use: 2012 VS 2020 VS 2027 ASIA-PACIFIC Table 52: Asia-Pacific D-Amino Acids Market Estimates and Forecasts in US$ Thousand by Region/Country: 2020-2027 Table 53: D-Amino Acids Market in Asia-Pacific: Historic Market Analysis in US$ Thousand by Region/Country for the Period 2012-2019 Table 54: Asia-Pacific D-Amino Acids Market Share Analysis by Region/Country: 2012 VS 2020 VS 2027 Table 55: D-Amino Acids Quantitative Demand Analysis in Asia-Pacific in US$ Thousand by End-Use: 2020-2027 Table 56: Asia-Pacific D-Amino Acids Historic Market Review in US$ Thousand by End-Use: 2012-2019 Table 57: Asia-Pacific D-Amino Acids Market Share Analysis: A 17-Year Perspective by End-Use for 2012, 2020, and 2027 AUSTRALIA Table 58: D-Amino Acids Market in Australia: Annual Sales Estimates and Forecasts in US$ Thousand by End-Use for the Period 2020-2027 Table 59: Australian D-Amino Acids Market in Retrospect in US$ Thousand by End-Use: 2012-2019 Table 60: D-Amino Acids Market Share Distribution in Australia by End-Use: 2012 VS 2020 VS 2027 INDIA Table 61: Indian D-Amino Acids Market Quantitative Demand Analysis in US$ Thousand by End-Use: 2020 to 2027 Table 62: D-Amino Acids Market in India: Summarization of Historic Demand Patterns in US$ Thousand by End-Use for 2012-2019 Table 63: Indian D-Amino Acids Market Share Analysis by End-Use: 2012 VS 2020 VS 2027 SOUTH KOREA Table 64: D-Amino Acids Market in South Korea: Recent Past, Current and Future Analysis in US$ Thousand by End-Use for the Period 2020-2027 Table 65: South Korean D-Amino Acids Historic Market Analysis in US$ Thousand by End-Use: 2012-2019 Table 66: D-Amino Acids Market Share Distribution in South Korea by End-Use: 2012 VS 2020 VS 2027 REST OF ASIA-PACIFIC Table 67: Rest of Asia-Pacific Demand Estimates and Forecasts for D-Amino Acids in US$ Thousand by End-Use: 2020 to 2027 Table 68: Rest of Asia-Pacific D-Amino Acids Market in US$ Thousand by End-Use: 2012-2019 Table 69: D-Amino Acids Market Share Shift in Rest of Asia-Pacific by End-Use: 2012 VS 2020 VS 2027 LATIN AMERICA Table 70: Latin American D-Amino Acids Market Trends by Region/Country in US$ Thousand: 2020-2027 Table 71: D-Amino Acids Market in Latin America in US$ Thousand by Region/Country: A Historic Perspective for the Period 2012-2019 Table 72: Latin American D-Amino Acids Market Percentage Breakdown of Sales by Region/Country: 2012, 2020, and 2027 Table 73: Latin American Demand for D-Amino Acids in US$ Thousand by End-Use: 2020 to 2027 Table 74: D-Amino Acids Market Review in Latin America in US$ Thousand by End-Use: 2012-2019 Table 75: Latin American D-Amino Acids Market Share Breakdown by End-Use: 2012 VS 2020 VS 2027 ARGENTINA Table 76: Argentinean D-Amino Acids Addressable Market Opportunity in US$ Thousand by End-Use: 2020-2027 Table 77: D-Amino Acids Market in Argentina: Summarization of Historic Demand in US$ Thousand by End-Use for the Period 2012-2019 Table 78: Argentinean D-Amino Acids Market Share Analysis by End-Use: 2012 VS 2020 VS 2027 BRAZIL Table 79: D-Amino Acids Quantitative Demand Analysis in Brazil in US$ Thousand by End-Use: 2020-2027 Table 80: Brazilian D-Amino Acids Historic Market Review in US$ Thousand by End-Use: 2012-2019 Table 81: Brazilian D-Amino Acids Market Share Analysis: A 17-Year Perspective by End-Use for 2012, 2020, and 2027 MEXICO Table 82: D-Amino Acids Market in Mexico: Annual Sales Estimates and Forecasts in US$ Thousand by End-Use for the Period 2020-2027 Table 83: Mexican D-Amino Acids Market in Retrospect in US$ Thousand by End-Use: 2012-2019 Table 84: D-Amino Acids Market Share Distribution in Mexico by End-Use: 2012 VS 2020 VS 2027 REST OF LATIN AMERICA Table 85: Rest of Latin America D-Amino Acids Latent Demand Forecasts in US$ Thousand by End-Use: 2020 to 2027 Table 86: D-Amino Acids Historic Demand Patterns in Rest of Latin America by End-Use in US$ Thousand for 2012-2019 Table 87: D-Amino Acids Market Share Breakdown in Rest of Latin America by End-Use: 2012 VS 2020 VS 2027 MIDDLE EAST Table 88: The Middle East D-Amino Acids Market Estimates and Forecasts in US$ Thousand by Region/Country: 2020-2027 Table 89: D-Amino Acids Market in the Middle East by Region/Country in US$ Thousand: 2012-2019 Table 90: The Middle East D-Amino Acids Market Share Breakdown by Region/Country: 2012, 2020, and 2027 Table 91: The Middle East D-Amino Acids Market Quantitative Demand Analysis in US$ Thousand by End-Use: 2020 to 2027 Table 92: D-Amino Acids Market in the Middle East: Summarization of Historic Demand Patterns in US$ Thousand by End-Use for 2012-2019 Table 93: The Middle East D-Amino Acids Market Share Analysis by End-Use: 2012 VS 2020 VS 2027 IRAN Table 94: Iranian Demand Estimates and Forecasts for D-Amino Acids in US$ Thousand by End-Use: 2020 to 2027 Table 95: Iranian D-Amino Acids Market in US$ Thousand by End-Use: 2012-2019 Table 96: D-Amino Acids Market Share Shift in Iran by End-Use: 2012 VS 2020 VS 2027 ISRAEL Table 97: Israeli D-Amino Acids Addressable Market Opportunity in US$ Thousand by End-Use: 2020-2027 Table 98: D-Amino Acids Market in Israel: Summarization of Historic Demand in US$ Thousand by End-Use for the Period 2012-2019 Table 99: Israeli D-Amino Acids Market Share Analysis by End-Use: 2012 VS 2020 VS 2027 SAUDI ARABIA Table 100: Saudi Arabian Demand for D-Amino Acids in US$ Thousand by End-Use: 2020 to 2027 Table 101: D-Amino Acids Market Review in Saudi Arabia in US$ Thousand by End-Use: 2012-2019 Table 102: Saudi Arabian D-Amino Acids Market Share Breakdown by End-Use: 2012 VS 2020 VS 2027 UNITED ARAB EMIRATES Table 103: D-Amino Acids Market in the United Arab Emirates: Recent Past, Current and Future Analysis in US$ Thousand by End-Use for the Period 2020-2027 Table 104: United Arab Emirates D-Amino Acids Historic Market Analysis in US$ Thousand by End-Use: 2012-2019 Table 105: D-Amino Acids Market Share Distribution in United Arab Emirates by End-Use: 2012 VS 2020 VS 2027 REST OF MIDDLE EAST Table 106: D-Amino Acids Market in Rest of Middle East: Annual Sales Estimates and Forecasts in US$ Thousand by End-Use for the Period 2020-2027 Table 107: Rest of Middle East D-Amino Acids Market in Retrospect in US$ Thousand by End-Use: 2012-2019 Table 108: D-Amino Acids Market Share Distribution in Rest of Middle East by End-Use: 2012 VS 2020 VS 2027 AFRICA Table 109: African D-Amino Acids Latent Demand Forecasts in US$ Thousand by End-Use: 2020 to 2027 Table 110: D-Amino Acids Historic Demand Patterns in Africa by End-Use in US$ Thousand for 2012-2019 Table 111: D-Amino Acids Market Share Breakdown in Africa by End-Use: 2012 VS 2020 VS 2027 IV. COMPETITION

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Lessons From Operation "Denver," the KGB’s Massive AIDS Disinformation Campaign – The MIT Press Reader

Wednesday, May 27th, 2020

Historian Douglas Selvage sheds light on a conspiracy theory that reverberates to this day.

By: Mark Kramer

In September 1985, the Soviet State Security Committee (KGB) informed other Warsaw Pact foreign intelligence agencies that it had launched a new, major disinformation campaign. We are carrying out a complex of [active] measures in connection with the appearance in recent years of a new dangerous disease in the USA known as AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome). The KGB explained that the goal of the measures is to create a favorable opinion for us abroad namely, that this disease is the result of secret experiments by the USAs secret services and the Pentagon with new types of biological weapons that have spun out of control. Most likely, the KGB had initiated the disinformation campaign as early as 1983, but the September 1985 document obtained by Christopher Nehring from the former Bulgarian State Security archive is the earliest conclusive evidence that has turned up so far. (The former KGB foreign intelligence archive has never been accessible to researchers.)

Among the East European intelligence services that assisted the KGB in this effort was the East German Ministry for State Security (Stasi), which used the codename Denver when referring to the campaign. The KGB and Stasi relied on forged documents and inaccurate testimony from purported experts to suggest that HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, had originated not from infected animals in Africa but from biological warfare research carried out by U.S. military scientists at Fort Detrick in Maryland. Operation Denver proved remarkably effective, writes historian Douglas Selvage in an article featured in a recent issue of the Journal of Cold War Studies; indeed, even more effective than the KGB and Stasi had originally expected. Before long, immense numbers of people around the world (including in the United States) came to believe, falsely, that the U.S. government was responsible for AIDS.

The conspiracy theories circulating in 2020 are more diffuse and less coherent than the disinformation propagated by the KGB and the Stasi in the 1980s, but the two periods bear distinct similarities.

Selvages article appeared a few months before Covid-19 burst into public consciousness. The Covid-19 pandemic has provoked a wide range of lurid conspiracy theories in countries whose governments are hostile to the United States, notably Russia, China, Iran, and Venezuela. The conspiracy theories circulating in 2020 are more diffuse and less coherent than the disinformation propagated by the KGB and the Stasi in the 1980s, but the two periods bear distinct similarities. In both cases, authoritarian regimes have exploited widespread public fear and confusion to generate suspicions about U.S. motives, to stoke hostility toward the United States, and to discredit the U.S. governments sincerity in combatting the global pandemic.

In our exchange featured below, Selvage sheds light on the origins and main purpose of operation Denver and considers the lessons we may learn in responding to Russian and Chinese disinformation in 2020.

Mark Kramer: The Soviet KGB was the agency that originated the AIDS disinformation campaign, but the KGB enlisted the East German Stasi early on to help out. To what extent did other Soviet-bloc intelligence agencies also participate? Did the Stasi play the lead role after the Soviet KGB?

Douglas Selvage: Based on statements by KGB and Stasi officers to their Bulgarian counterparts in 1986-9, the Stasis foreign intelligence branch (Hauptverwaltung Aufklrung, HVA) played a central role in the disinformation campaign alongside the KGB. Bulgarian and especially Czechoslovak foreign intelligence also assisted, but mainly in terms of spreading leaflets around U.S. military bases and encouraging stories in the local press in NATO countries. These claimed (falsely) that U.S. service members suffered a high infection rate with HIV and were spreading AIDS locally around U.S. military bases. The Cuban government also played a role in spreading AIDS disinformation about the U.S. in Latin America, but the details remain unclear.

M.K.: Why did the Stasi give the codename Denver to the disinformation campaign?

D.S.: We actually do not know why the Stasi chose this particular codename because the HVA destroyed around 90 percent of its records in 1989-90, including the files for Operation Denver. One can only speculate. It is possible that a Stasi officer heard the term Fort Detrick and thought Denver instead of Detrick that is, a geographical term more familiar to most Germans. At the time, a popular program on West German television, also viewed in East Germany, was Denver-Clan, the German name for the popular U.S. television series Dynasty. But this is all just speculation. As early as 1987, the Stasi officers responsible for the AIDS disinformation campaign began using the terms Denver and Detrick interchangeably in talks with their Bulgarian counterparts. The use of Denver had apparently created some confusion.

One term that never came up in talks between the Stasi and their Bulgarian counterparts, let alone in talks between the KGB and the Bulgarians, was Operation Infektion. Despite this fact, practically the entire internet continues to use this incorrect codename in discussing the KGBs AIDS disinformation campaign. The New York Times even decided to use it as the title for its series of popular videos about Soviet and Russian disinformation.

M.K.: What was the main purpose of Operation Denver? What were the main types of disinformation activities?

D.S.: The KGB informed its Bulgarian colleagues in September 1985 that it had initiated a campaign of active measures that is, covert propaganda regarding HIV/AIDS. The goal of these measures, the KGB wrote, is to create a favorable opinion for us abroad that this disease is the result of secret experiments with a new type of biological weapon by the secret services of the USA and the Pentagon that spun out of control. Around a year later, the Stasi wrote to the Bulgarians about Operation Denver, its contribution to the KGBs AIDS disinformation campaign. Through the operation, the Stasi sought to expose the dangers to mankind arising from the research, production, and use of biological weapons, to strengthen anti-American sentiments in the world, and to spark domestic political controversies in the USA. To this end, the Stasi promised to provide their Bulgarian comrades with a scientific study and other materials that prove that AIDS originated in the USA, not in Africa, and that AIDS is a product of the USAs bioweapons research.

Through the operation, the Stasi sought to expose the dangers to mankind arising from the research, production, and use of biological weapons, to strengthen anti-American sentiments in the world, and to spark domestic political controversies in the USA.

The scientific study to which the Stasi referred was clearly AIDS: Its Nature and Origin by the retired Soviet-East German biologist Jakob Segal and his wife, Lilli, a scientist and author in her own right. The Stasi claimed to have played a role in photocopying and distributing the study in a brochure entitled, AIDS: USA home-made evil, NOT out of AFRICA at a summit meeting of the Non-Aligned Movement in Harare, Zimbabwe in August-September 1986. This was a gathering of world leaders, mainly from the less-developed countries, that had proclaimed their neutrality in the superpower rivalry during the Cold War. Journalists, especially from Africa, reported on the Segals findings. The Segals were claiming just like the KGB, but on the basis of a more scientific analysis that HIV had leaked out of a U.S. military biological-weapons research lab at Fort Detrick, Maryland. The U.S. military, the Segals claimed, had used the very new technology of genetic engineering to construct HIV from two other dangerous viruses, including one that infected sheep.

Many leaders, journalists, and intellectuals in Africa welcomed the Segals thesis of a U.S. origin of HIV as an alternative to the hypothesis of many leading U.S. and Western scientists at the time. The latter were arguing correctly, as it later turned out that HIV had originated in Africa, where it had spread from non-human primates to human beings. Many Africans interpreted this hypothesis, especially given the scant evidence at the time, as an attempt to blame Africa and Africans for HIV/AIDS. In the weeks following the Harare summit, the Segals Fort-Detrick-thesis of AIDS origins spread throughout the press in Africa, India, and the world.

The Stasi apparently helped behind the scenes in bringing the Segals together with certain foreign journalists who were known quantities to its disinformation division. The official Soviet press agency Novosti also helped to spread the thesis abroad, alongside the KGB. The KGB happily noted that foreign journalists, without any prompting on its part, were also picking up on the claims and reporting them. For example, officials from the Reagan Administration were perturbed that Dan Rather reported the Soviets accusations about AIDS and Fort Detrick on the CBS Evening News in 1987 without requesting a U.S. government response.

The Stasi apparently helped behind the scenes in bringing the Segals together with certain foreign journalists who were known quantities to its disinformation division.

The Stasi also claimed to have covertly co-financed a documentary film shown three times on public-financed West German television in 1989 and subsequently in an English version on British Channel Four in 1990. The film featured an interview with the Segals, who expounded upon their thesis; conversations with journalists and African scientists, who denounced the hypothesis of a natural origin of AIDS in Africa as racist; and U.S. and Western critics of the ostensibly defensive U.S. biological-weapons research program. (No mention was made of the Soviet Unions much larger, offensive biological-weapons research program, but little was publicly known about it at the time.)

The two co-creators of the West German film strenuously deny that the Stasi covertly financed the film or was involved with it in any other way. They also deny that they ever had any contacts to the Stasi. Whatever the case may be, officers from the Stasis disinformation division, ostensibly convinced that the film contributed to their goals for Operation Denver, encouraged Bulgarian and apparently also Czechoslovak foreign intelligence to covertly support the sale and distribution of the films German and English versions in non-communist countries.

The German film or perhaps a bootleg version can still be viewed on YouTube today.

M.K.: When you began writing about the Soviet-East German AIDS disinformation campaign, did you ever imagine that you might live through a global pandemic that would give rise to lurid conspiracy theories in Russia, China, and Iran claiming that the deadly pathogen was manufactured in U.S. biological defense laboratories?

D.S.: Strangely, in retrospect, I did not imagine living through another global pandemic in my lifetime, despite the warnings of the Obama Administration and the example of the HIV/AIDS pandemic. Many more of us should have known better.

Still, as a historian, I am not surprised that conspiracy theories would arise in response to the Covid-19 pandemic. Since the Middle Ages, if not long before, people have responded to epidemics and pandemics by trying to find a responsible party or parties, often in the form of a scapegoat. For example, some Christians in Europe blamed the Jews for the bubonic plague and responded with violence and murder.

Since the Middle Ages, if not long before, people have responded to epidemics and pandemics by trying to find a responsible party or parties, often in the form of a scapegoat.

Often, victims of repression and real conspiracies also respond with suspicion to pandemics and other disasters, and to explain the seemingly inexplicable, they craft conspiracy theories. For example, the KGB was not the first to accuse the U.S. government of constructing the AIDS virus. Already in 1983, some members of the gay community in the U.S. had accused the federal government of constructing the virus in order to kill off gay Americans. This came at least partly in response to their frustration with decades of discrimination, the accelerating death toll from HIV/AIDS, and the lagging, at times callous, response of the Reagan Administration to the pandemic. As it became clear that African-Americans were also suffering disproportionately from the disease, some African-Americans came to believe in and spread similar conspiracy theories. Such accusations seemed plausible to many, given the history of racism in the United States, including in the medical field. One particularly reprehensible episode was the Tuskegee syphilis study, in which the U.S. Public Health Service had observed the long-term effects of syphilis on infected African-American sharecroppers and their offspring for four decades, from 1932 to 1972, without providing them with effective medical treatment, even after penicillin had proven effective against the disease.

Of course, political extremists, in and out of power, often develop or exploit conspiracy theories to their own ends. In my article for the Journal of Cold War Studies, I demonstrate how the perennial right-wing U.S. Presidential candidate Lyndon LaRouche and his organization promoted a variant of the AIDS-from-Fort-Detrick thesis. They promoted the claim that a Soviet fifth column had infiltrated the National Institutes of Health through the World Health Organization and then genetically engineered the AIDS virus at the National Cancer Institutes facilities at Fort Detrick. Although LaRouches organization counter-attacked the KGB disinformation with its own version of the Fort Detrick thesis, and the KGB and Moscow attacked LaRouche, both apparently borrowed elements from each others conspiracy theory in constructing their own.

A cycle of misinformation and disinformation arose in which the KGB cited U.S. conspiracy theories, and U.S. conspiracy theorists, in turn, began to cite texts associated with KGB disinformation.

In the case of the AIDS disinformation campaign, the KGB simply picked up on existing conspiracy theories in the U.S, added a new element that conformed to its disinformation goals (i.e., the exact location of HIVs construction, Fort Detrick), and spread the resulting conspiracy theory internationally to its own ends. A cycle of misinformation and disinformation arose in which the KGB cited U.S. conspiracy theories, and U.S. conspiracy theorists, in turn, began to cite texts associated with KGB disinformation.

One can see a similar dynamic today between Russian disinformation and U.S. conspiracy theorists if one closely views Sputnik News and RT (formerly Russia Today) on Twitter and Facebook. Already during the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2013-16, these Russian propaganda outlets spread reports that the virus had been created by the U.S. in collaboration with Great Britain and South Africa in order to kill off Africans. That is, different virus, similar disinformation. So, it did not surprise me that certain propagandists in Russia spread similar rumors about the origin of Covid-19. Since I knew less about Chinese disinformation efforts, it surprised me that Beijing apparently decided to revamp the old, Soviet disinformation and to apply it to the new virus.

M.K.: What are the lessons we can learn from Operation Denver in responding to the Russian and Chinese disinformation now?

D.S.: During the Cold War, the Reagan Administration had an Active Measures Working Group that exposed and publicized examples of Soviet disinformation. It was particularly active in combatting the Soviet blocs AIDS disinformation. Over the long term, the ongoing exposure of Soviet disinformation efforts sparked a backlash internationally, helped discredit Soviet propaganda agencies and created effective pressure on the Soviet Union to curtail or at least to limit its activities. A similar, intensive effort by the U.S. and other democracies could also prove effective today. NATO allies such as Estonia have adopted such measures, but the U.S. is lagging behind.

From my perspective, it would be even more important, especially for the long term, to train students as early as elementary school to differentiate between facts and opinions and to identify not only propaganda techniques, but also fallacies in logic. There were some initiatives in this regard during the Cold War in the United States. I dont know if they still continue today. Students and others would also benefit from training in internet literacy: What sources can one trust, and how can one fact-check various claims, especially before reposting them?

Students and others would also benefit from training in internet literacy: What sources can one trust, and how can one fact-check various claims, especially before reposting them?

There is one thing that democratic governments should definitely avoid in responding to disinformation namely, spreading conspiracy theories and disinformation themselves. Of course, during the Cold War, the U.S. and other democracies did this, if not to the same extent as the Soviet Union and its allies.

Today, it absolutely does not help, for example, when the Trump Administration and other U.S. politicians openly promote their own conspiracy theories about Covid-19, including basically unsubstantiated claims that the virus escaped from a Chinese laboratory in Wuhan. This leads to fruitless public discussion along the lines of: Who was responsible for constructing the virus China or the U.S.? Such apparently baseless accusations also make the public, especially in third countries, less willing to listen to other, substantiated criticisms of Chinas response to the pandemic, including its initial suppression of warnings from doctors in Wuhan. The Chinese government has succeeded to some extent in lumping together accusations about the Wuhan laboratory with all other criticisms of its role and response to the pandemic as mere China-bashing.

The promotion of conspiracy theories regarding a viruss origins can also undermine public health efforts to mitigate its spread and save lives. Studies show that individuals who believe in conspiracy theories regarding the origins of HIV/AIDS are less likely to follow medical advice regarding safe sex, to test themselves for potential infection, or to take effective medications to contain the disease. Such behaviors, of course, can lead to death. Apparently, believers in HIV/AIDS conspiracy theories reason as follows: If scientists and medical doctors cannot be trusted to tell the truth or have been duped themselves about a viruss origins, why should one trust their medical or public health advice? Not surprisingly, there are also individuals who have turned a profit by selling publications with their own versions of the HIV/AIDS conspiracy theory alongside their own unproven, alternative therapies for the disease. In the case of HIV/AIDS, such quack therapies have included aspirin, alfa-interferon, the ultraviolet irradiation of blood, vitamin cocktails, traditional Chinese or African herbs, and colloidal silver. With regard to Covid-19 today, we see the spread of similar conspiratorial beliefs, an associated rejection of public health measures, and a similar propagation of unproven and potentially dangerous alternative therapies.

With regard to Covid-19 today, we see the spread of similar conspiratorial beliefs, an associated rejection of public health measures, and a similar propagation of unproven and potentially dangerous alternative therapies.

The example of the response to the HIV/AIDS pandemic by the democratically-elected government of South Africa under President Thabo Mbeki (1999-2008) should serve as a warning to us today as we grapple with Covid-19. He and his health minister came to believe in various conspiracy theories regarding HIV/AIDS from the internet, including the Fort Detrick thesis. They thus rejected the mainstream medical science on HIV/AIDS and came to promote various unproven alternative therapies some mentioned above for treating the disease. It has been estimated that the ensuing delay in the introduction of effective antiretroviral treatment for HIV/AIDS in South Africa contributed to up to 300,000 additional deaths from the disease.

Mark Kramer is director of Cold War Studies at Harvard Universitys Davis Center for Russian and Eurasian Studies, and the editor of the Journal of Cold War Studies.

Douglas Selvage is a Research Associate (wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter) at the Institute for History of the Humboldt University in Berlin.

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Lessons From Operation "Denver," the KGB's Massive AIDS Disinformation Campaign - The MIT Press Reader

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Beware the bugs of war – Daily Pioneer

Friday, May 22nd, 2020

It is time countries start paying attention to bio-security needs to protect their people and economies from potential risks

Genetic engineering is the frontier science of the 21st century and Chinahas been one of the leaders of the game. We already know of genetically-modified babies born in Macao, China. We also know of an US engineer Juan Carlos claiming that he had created the worlds first human-monkey hybrid embryo in a lab in China, because it was impossible to carry out such pioneering research in his home country due to legal regulations. China is fast becoming the worlds capital for controversial science, with marked ethical lapses in medical research, including genetic modification of life forms. The same wealth of knowledge has been applied on microorganisms as well, to enable better therapeutic drugs and other proteins for treatment modalities as well as for capacity-building in the field of potential biological warfare.

How zoonotic viruses infect humans has been a major focus of modern virology. We know that SARS and MERS came from bats but that doesnt convince one that the COVID-19 is of similar origin. US Intelligence says the Coronavirus is not genetically modified nor did an organism escape the lab. Professor Shan-Lu Liu at the Ohio State University says there is no credible evidence of gene tweaking. The virus genome sequence is available and had it been altered, we would have seen signs of gene alteration, insertion, deletion, or changes at the nucleotide bases. He added that the salient points in the sequence that differ from bat viruses appear natural, as the genes at those sites are scattered randomly like they would be, in nature. However, scientists say they cannot rule out genetic work by a proficient team of bio-technologists taking appropriate measures to cover up. Also, outcomes of such research to diagnose genomic intervention cannot be arrived at quickly as they would be very elaborate.

It has been observed that genetic changes to a virus usually result in attenuation, which had earlier led to the belief that the risks of viral bio-attacks were low. Most suspected agents for bio-terrorism have been toxin-releasing bacteria like Anthrax. But scientists have now identified certain viruses as potential candidates for bio-terrorism like the Pox virus, Dengue virus, Ebola virus, Lassa fever virus and a few more.

A report in October 2003 said that a US Government-funded project had created an extremely virulent form of mousepox that kills all mice even if they have been on anti-viral drugs or vaccinated. The research brings forth the prospect of pox viruses being turned into lethal organisms even for people who have been vaccinated. Scientists say such research is risky as pox viruses have been known to cross species. But further work has not stopped as scientists say their work is necessary to explore what bio-terrorists might do.

Research found many of the modified viruses were not contagious and if they escaped from a lab they could not cause ecological chaos by wiping out a species. However, such discovery also meant that bio-terrorists might attempt to use the same trick to modify a virus with the motive of using it only on targeted person/s and not rebounding on the attackers, hence meeting the main criterion of a bio-weapon.

With the availability of complete genetic sequences of various organisms, theres increasing concern about abuse of such data. The possibilities of mixing and matching traits from different organisms and combining these with insights drawn from human genomics to target some ethnic groups are very real. It is known that certain ethnic groups are more susceptible to some pathogens than others and genetic variations in some people manifest as varied disease susceptibility to microorganisms and even their response to medicines.

DNA shuffling, yet another technology with potential for bio-weapon development was used by scientist Stemmer to develop a new strain of E.coli that had reduced sensitivity to the antibiotic Cefotaxime. Such a scenario has the potential of leaving a patient resistant to treatment.

The genetic modification of life forms has been a controversial practice. There should be stringent regulations in place for genetic research work where permissions are granted only when the positives outweigh the negatives. The current pandemic is a stark reminder of the threat bio-weaponised micro-organisms can pose and the possibility of misuse of research laboratories, with instances of human survival threats breaking upon us. There is dire need for biotechnology regulations to be firmed up and an international regulatory body being formed with stringent ethical mandates. The current pandemic brings to light the necessity to revisit the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) formed in 1975 and reset the rules according to the current context. It is time countries start paying attention to bio-security needs to protect their people and economies from potential risks. There should be due strength-weakness analysis of our animal and public health systems and appropriate bio-security protocols must be put in place. This is an area that has been overlooked for decades and must now be revived for the health and survival of our nation/s and species.

(The writer is an author and a doctor by profession)

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Feed Your Mind with FDA’s New Education Initiative on Genetically Engineered Foods – Stockhouse

Friday, May 22nd, 2020

SILVER SPRING, Md., May 20, 2020 /PRNewswire/ -- You have probably heard of GMOs or genetically modified organisms, but how much do you know about them? GMO is a common term used by consumers to describe foods that have been created through genetic engineering. While GMOs have been available to consumers since the early 1990s and are a common part of today's food supply, research shows consumers have limited knowledge and understanding about what GMOs are, why they are used, and how they are made.

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), with the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), launched Feed Your Mind, a new Agricultural Biotechnology Education and Outreach Initiative. The Initiative aims to increase consumer awareness and understanding of genetically engineered foods or GMOs. Find answers to your questions and help educate others with Feed Your Mind's science-based educational resources, like web pages, fact sheets, infographics, and videos.

What are GMOs? "GMO" is a common term used to describe a plant, animal, or microorganism that has had its DNA changed through a process scientists call genetic engineering. Most of the GMO crops grown today were developed to help farmers prevent crop loss. There are ten GMO crops currently grown and sold in the U.S.: alfalfa, apples, corn, cotton, papayas, potatoes, soybeans, summer squash, and sugar beets.

Are GMOs safe to eat? Many federal agencies play an important role in ensuring the safety of GMOs. FDA, USDA, and EPA work together to ensure that crops produced through genetic engineering are safe for people, animals, and the environment. Collaboration and coordination among these agencies help make sure food developers understand the importance of a safe food supply and the rules they need to follow when creating new plants through genetic engineering.

Look for "Bioengineered food" on food labels Soon, you may see the term "bioengineered food" on certain food packaging. Congress used "bioengineered food" to describe certain types of GMOs when it passed the National Bioengineered Food Disclosure Standard. The Standard establishes requirements for labeling foods people eat that are bioengineered or may have bioengineered ingredients. It also defines bioengineered foods as those that contain detectable genetic material that has been modified through certain lab techniques and cannot be created through conventional breeding or found in nature.

To learn more about the Feed Your Mind Initiative, visit http://www.fda.gov/feedyourmind.

Contact: Media: 1-301-796-4540 Consumers: 1-888-SAFEFOOD (toll free)

View original content to download multimedia:http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/feed-your-mind-with-fdas-new-education-initiative-on-genetically-engineered-foods-301062642.html

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One of the World’s Most Powerful Scientists Believes in Miracles – Scientific American

Friday, May 22nd, 2020

When I talk to my students aboutthe tempestuous relationship between science and religion, I like to bring up the case of Francis Collins. Early in his career, Collins was a successful gene-hunter, who helped identify genes associated with cystic fibrosis and other disorders. He went on to become one of the worlds most powerful scientists. Since 2009, he has directed the National Institutes of Health, which this year has a budget of over $40 billion. Before that he oversaw the Human Genome Project, one of historys biggest research projects. Collins was an atheist until 1978, when he underwent a conversion experience while hiking in the mountains and became a devout Christian. In his 2006 bestselling bookThe Language of God, Collins declares that he sees no incompatibility between science and religion. The God of the Bible is also the God of the genome, he wrote. He can be worshipped in the cathedral or in the laboratory. Collins just won the$1.3 million Templeton Prize, created in 1972 to promote reconciliation of science and spirituality. (See my posts on the Templeton Foundationhereandhere). This news gives me an excuse to post an interview I carried out with Collins forNational Geographicin 2006, a time whenRichard Dawkins, Daniel Dennett and others were vigorously attacking religion. Below is an edited transcript of my conversation with Collins, which took place in Washington, D.C. I liked Collins, whom I found to be surprisingly unassuming for a man of such high stature. But I was disturbed by our final exchanges, in which he revealed a fatalistic outlook on humanitys future. Collins, it seems, haslots of faith in God but not much in humanity. John Horgan

Horgan:How does it feel to be at the white-hot center of the current debate between science and religion?

Collins:This increasing polarization between extremists on both ends of the atheism and belief spectrum has been heartbreaking to me. If my suggestion that there is a harmonious middle ground puts me at the white-hot center of debate--Hooray! Its maybe a bit overdue.

Horgan:The danger in trying to appeal to people on both sides of a polarized debate is--

Collins:Bombs thrown at you from both directions!

Horgan:Has that happened?

Collins[sighs]: The majority have responded in very encouraging ways. But some of my scientific colleagues argue that its totally inappropriate for a scientist to write about religion, and we already have too much faith in public life in this country. And then I get someverystrongly worded messages from fundamentalists who feel that I have compromised the literal interpretation of Genesis 1 and call me a false prophet. Im diluting the truth and doing damage to the faith.

Horgan:Why do you think the debate has become so polarized?

Collins:It starts with an extreme articulation of a viewpoint on one side of the issue and that then results in a response that is also a little bit too extreme, and the whole thing escalates. Every action demands an equal and opposite reaction. This is one of Newtons laws playing out in an unfortunate public scenario.

Horgan:I must admit that Ive become more concerned lately about the harmful effects of religion because of religious terrorism like 9/11 and the growing power of the religious right in the United States.

Collins:What faith hasnotbeen used by demagogues as a club over somebodys head? Whether it was the Inquisition or the Crusades on the one hand or the World Trade Center on the other? But we shouldnt judge the pure truths of faith by the way they are applied any more than we should judge the pure truth of love by an abusive marriage. We as children of God have been given by God this knowledge of right and wrong, this Moral Law, which I see as a particularly compelling signpost to His existence. But we also have this thing called free will which we exercise all the time to break that law. We shouldnt blame faith for the ways people distort it and misuse it.

Horgan:Isnt the problem when religions say,Thisis the only way to truth? Isnt that what turns religious faith from something beautiful into something intolerant and hateful?

Collins:There is a sad truth there. I think we Christians have been way too ready to define ourselves as members of an exclusive club. I found truth, I found joy, I found peace in that particular conclusion, but I am not in any way suggesting that that is the conclusion everybody else should find. To have anyone say, My truth is purer than yours, that is both inconsistent with what I see in the person of Christ andincrediblyoff-putting. And quick to start arguments and fights and even wars! Look at the story of the Good Samaritan, which is a parable from Jesus himself. Jews would have considered the Samaritan to be a heretic, and yet clearly Christs message is:Thatis the person who did right and was justified in Gods eyes.

Horgan:How can you, as a scientist who looks for natural explanations of things and demands evidence, also believe in miracles, like the resurrection?

Collins:My first struggle was to believe in God. Not a pantheist God who is entirely enclosed within nature, or a Deist God who started the whole thing and then just lost interest, but a supernatural God who is interested in what is happening in our world and might at times choose to intervene. My second struggle was to believe that Christ was divine as He claimed to be. As soon as I got there, the idea that He might rise from the dead became a non-problem. I dont have a problem with the concept that miracles might occasionally occur at moments ofgreatsignificance where there is a message being transmitted to us by God Almighty. But as a scientist I set my standards for miracles very high. And I dont think we should try to convince agnostics or atheists about the reality of faith with claims about miracles that they can easily poke holes in.

Horgan:The problem I have with miracles is not just that they violate what science tells us about how the world works. They also make God seem too capricious. For example, many people believe that if they pray hard enough God will intercede to heal them or a loved one. But does that mean that all those who dont get better arent worthy?

Collins:In my own experience as a physician, I have not seen a miraculous healing, and I dont expect to see one. Also, prayer for me is not a way to manipulate God into doing what we want Him to do. Prayer for me is much more a sense of trying to get into fellowship with God. Im trying to figure out what I should be doing rather than telling Almighty God whatHeshould be doing. Look at the Lords Prayer. It says, Thywill be done. It wasnt, Our Father who are in Heaven, please get me a parking space.

Horgan:Many people have a hard time believing in God because of the problem of evil. If God loves us, why is life filled with so much suffering?

Collins:That isthemost fundamental question that all seekers have to wrestle with. First of all, if our ultimate goal is to grow, learn, discover things about ourselves and things about God, then unfortunately a life of ease is probably not the way to get there. I know I have learned very little about myself or God when everything is going well. Also, a lot of the pain and suffering in the world we cannot lay at Gods feet. God gave us free will, and we may choose to exercise it in ways that end up hurting other people.

Horgan:The physicist Steven Weinberg, who is an atheist, has written about this topic. He asks why six million Jews, including his relatives, had to die in the Holocaust so that the Nazis could exercise their free will.

Collins:If God had to intervene miraculously every time one of us chose to do something evil, it would be a very strange, chaotic, unpredictable world. Free will leads to people doing terrible things to each other. Innocent people die as a result. You cant blame anyone except the evildoers for that. So thats not Gods fault. The harder question is when suffering seems to have come about through no human ill action. A child with cancer, a natural disaster, a tornado or tsunami. Why would God not prevent those things from happening?

Horgan:Some theologians, such as Charles Hartshorne, have suggested that maybe God isnt fully in control of His creation. The poet Annie Dillard expresses this idea in her phrase God the semi-competent.

Collins:Thats delightful--and probably blasphemous! An alternative is the notion of God being outside of nature and of time and having a perspective of our blink-of-an-eye existence that goes both far back and far forward. In some admittedly metaphysical way, that allows me to say that the meaning of suffering may not always be apparent to me. There can be reasons for terrible things happening that I cannot know.

Horgan:I think youre an agnostic.

Collins:No!

Horgan:You say that, to a certain extent, Gods ways are inscrutable. That sounds like agnosticism.

Collins:Im agnostic about Gods ways. Im not agnostic about God Himself. Thomas Huxley defined agnosticism as not knowing whether God exists or not. Im a believer! I have doubts. As I quote Paul Tillich: Doubt is not the opposite of faith. Its a part of faith. But my fundamental stance is that God is real, God is true.

Horgan:Im an agnostic, and I was bothered when in your book you called agnosticism a copout. Agnosticism doesnt mean youre lazy or dont care. It means you arent satisfied with any answers for what after all are ultimate mysteries.

Collins:That was a putdown that should not apply to earnest agnostics who have considered the evidence and still dont find an answer. I was reacting to the agnosticism I see in the scientific community, which has not been arrived at by a careful examination of the evidence. I went through a phase when I was a casual agnostic, and I am perhaps too quick to assume that others have no more depth than I did.

Horgan:Free will is a very important concept to me, as it is to you. Its the basis for our morality and search for meaning. Dont you worry that science in general and genetics in particularand your work as head of the Genome Project--are undermining belief in free will?

Collins:Youre talking about genetic determinism, which implies that we are helpless marionettes being controlled by strings made of double helices. That is so far away from what we know scientifically! Heredity does have an influence not only over medical risks but also over certain behaviors and personality traits. But look at identical twins, who have exactly the same DNA but often dont behave alike or think alike. They show the importance of learning and experience--and free will. I think we all, whether we are religious or not, recognize that free will is a reality. There are some fringe elements that say, No, its all an illusion, were just pawns in some computer model. But I dont think that carries you very far.

Horgan:What do you think of Darwinian explanations of altruism, or what you callagape, totally selfless love and compassion for someone not directly related to you?

Collins:Its been a little of a just-so story so far. Many would argue that altruism has been supported by evolution because it helps the group survive. But some people sacrifically give of themselves to those who are outside their group and with whom they have absolutely nothing in common. Like Mother Teresa, Oscar Schindler, many others. That is the nobility of humankind in its purist form. That doesnt seem like it can be explained by a Darwinian model, but Im not hanging my faith on this.

Horgan:If only selflessness were more common.

Collins:Well, there you get free will again. It gets in the way.

Horgan:What do you think about the field of neurotheology, which attempts to identify the neural basis of religious experiences?

Collins:I think its fascinating but not particularly surprising. We humans are flesh and blood. So it wouldnt trouble me--if I were to have some mystical experience myself--to discover that my temporal lobe was lit up. Id say, Wow! Thats okay! That doesnt mean that this doesnt have genuine spiritual significance. Those who come at this issue with the presumption that there is nothing outside the natural world will look at this data and say, Ya see? Whereas those who come with the presumption that we are spiritual creatures will go, Cool! There is a natural correlate to this mystical experience! How about that! I think our spiritual nature is truly God-given, and may not be completely limited by natural descriptors.

Horgan:What if this research leads to drugs or devices for artificially inducing religious experiences? Would you consider those experiences to be authentic? You probably heard about the recent report from Johns Hopkins that the psychedelic drug psilocybin triggered spiritual experiences.

Collins:Yes. If you are talking about the ingestion of an exogenous psychoactive substance or some kind of brain-stimulating contraption, that would smack of not being an authentic, justifiable, trust-worthy experience. So that would be a boundary I would want to establish between the authentic and the counterfeit.

Horgan:Some scientists have predicted that genetic engineering may give us superhuman intelligence and greatly extended life spans, and possibly even immortality. We might even engineer our brains so that we dont fear pain or grief anymore. These are possible long-term consequences of the Human Genome Project and other lines of research. If these things happen, what do you think would be the consequences for religious traditions?

Collins:That outcome would trouble me. But were so far away from that reality that its hard to spend a lot of time worrying about it when you consider all the truly benevolent things we could do in the near term. If you get too hung up on the hypotheticals of what night happen in the next several hundred years, then you become paralyzed and you fail to live up to the opportunities to reach out and help people now. That seems to be the most unethical stance we could take.

Horgan:Im really asking, Does religion requires suffering? Could we reduce suffering to the point where we just wont need religion?

Collins:In spite of the fact that we have achieved all of these wonderful medical advances and made it possible to live longer and eradicate diseases, we will probably still figure out ways to argue with each other and sometimes to kill each other, out of our self-righteousness and our determination that we have to be on top. So the death rate will continue to be one per person by one means or another. We may understand a lot about biology, we may understand a lot about how to prevent illness, and we may understand the life span. But I dont think we will figure out how to stop humans from doing bad things to each other. That will always be our greatest and most distressing experience here on this planet, and that will make us long the most, perhaps, for something more.

Further Reading:

In Defense of Disbelief: An Anti-Creed

Can Faith and Science Coexist?

Richard Dawkins Offers Advice for Donald Trump, and Other Wisdom

What Should We Do With Our Visions of Heaven and Hell?

Mind-Body Problems(free online book, also available asKindle e-bookandpaperback).

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One of the World's Most Powerful Scientists Believes in Miracles - Scientific American

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Feed Your Mind: FDA’s New Education Initiative On Genetically Engineered Foods – Latin Times

Friday, May 22nd, 2020

You have probably heard of GMOs or genetically modified organisms, but how much do you know about them? GMO is a common term used by consumers to describe foods that have been created through genetic engineering. While GMOs have been available to consumers since the early 1990s and are a common part of today'sfood supply, research shows consumers have limited knowledge and understanding about what GMOs are, why they are used, and how they are made.

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), with the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), launchedFeed Your Mind, a newAgricultural Biotechnology Education and Outreach Initiative. The Initiative aims to increase consumer awareness and understanding of genetically engineered foods or GMOs.Find answers to your questions and help educate others withFeed Your Mind'sscience-based educational resources, like web pages, fact sheets, infographics, and videos.

What are GMOs?

"GMO" is a common term used to describe a plant, animal, or microorganism that has had its DNA changed through a process scientists call genetic engineering. Most of the GMO crops grown today were developed to help farmers prevent crop loss. There areten GMO cropscurrently grown and sold in the U.S.: alfalfa, apples, corn, cotton, papayas, potatoes, soybeans, summer squash, and sugar beets.

Are GMOs safe to eat?

Many federal agencies play an important role in ensuring the safety of GMOs. FDA, USDA, and EPA work together to ensure that crops produced through genetic engineering aresafe for people, animals, and the environment. Collaboration and coordination among these agencies help make sure food developers understand the importance of safe food supply and the rules they need to follow when creating new plants through genetic engineering.

Look for "Bioengineered food" on food labels

Soon, you may see the term "bioengineered food" on certain food packaging. Congress used "bioengineered food" to describe certain types of GMOs when it passed theNational Bioengineered Food Disclosure Standard. The Standard establishes requirements for labeling foods people eat that are bioengineered or may have bioengineered ingredients. It also defines bioengineered foods as those that contain detectable genetic material that has been modified through certain lab techniques and cannot be created through conventional breeding or found in nature.

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Feed Your Mind: FDA's New Education Initiative On Genetically Engineered Foods - Latin Times

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Kleo Pharmaceuticals and Celularity Enter into Research Collaboration to Rapidly Develop Allogeneic NK Cell Combination Therapies for COVID-19 and…

Friday, May 22nd, 2020

NEW HAVEN, Conn., May 21, 2020 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Kleo Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a leading company in the field of developing next-generation, fully synthetic bispecific compounds designed to emulate or enhance the activity of biologics, and Celularity, Inc., a leading developer of allogeneic, or off-the-shelf, natural killer (NK) cell therapies, today announced a preclinical research collaboration to rapidly advance synergistic combinations of each companys technology platform as potential treatments for COVID-19 and multiple myeloma.

The collaboration comes at an opportune time for both companies. Earlier this year, Kleo received IND authorization from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to test its CD38-targeting antibody recruiting molecule (ARMTM) in combination with autologous NK cells in a clinical study. In early April, Celularity received FDA authorization to evaluate one of its allogeneic NK cell products, CYNK-001, in COVID-19 infected adults. CYNK-001 is the only cryopreserved allogeneic, off-the-shelf Natural Killer (NK) cell therapy being developed from placental hematopoietic stem cells. It also is being investigated as a treatment for acute myeloid leukemia (AML), multiple myeloma (MM), and glioblastoma multiforme (GBM).

We look forward to working with Celularity to advance the ARMTM technology platform across multiple drug programs, said Doug Manion, MD, CEO of Kleo Pharmaceuticals. Celularitys cryopreserved allogeneic NK cells easily combine with the ARMTM platform, which is expected to facilitate NK cell targeting toward cancerous tumors or sites of viral infection. Celularitys CEO Robert Hariri, MD, PhD added, We quickly realized the advantages of Kleos synthetic bifunctional technology, and the synergistic potential between ARMTM molecules and our allogeneic NK cells. The speed and modularity of the Kleo platform allow for the development of ARMTM-allogeneic NK cell combination therapies across a wide variety of indications.

When used in combination with NK cells, ARMTM molecules behave similarly to chimeric antigen receptors, though their synthetic nature eliminates the need for genetic engineering. ARMTM molecules associate with NK cells via IgG antibodies bound to a first moiety, while also containing an interchangeable and customizable second moiety. Selection of the second moiety can be used to confer affinity of an ARMTM-NK cell complex against a biological target, such as the spike protein of COVID-19 particles or CD38 expressed on the surface of multiple myeloma hematologic tumors, ultimately facilitating NK-cell mediated destruction of target cells. This modular design allows ARMTM molecules to be broadly applicable across a range of drug programs.

About Kleo Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

Kleo Pharmaceuticals is a unique biotechnology company developing next-generation, bispecific compounds designed to emulate or enhance the activity of biologics based on the groundbreaking research of its scientific founder Dr. David Spiegel at Yale University. Kleos compounds are designed to direct the immune system to destroy cancerous or virally infected cells and are currently in development for the treatment of various diseases, including multiple myeloma and COVID-19. Compared to biologics, Kleos compounds are smaller and more versatile, leading to potentially improved safety and efficacy. They are also much faster and more efficient to design and produce, particularly against novel targets. Kleo develops drug candidates based on its proprietary technology platforms, all of which are modular in design and enable rapid generation of novel immunotherapies that can be optimized against specified biological targets and combined with existing cell- or antibody-based therapies. These include Antibody Recruiting Molecules (ARMs) and Monoclonal Antibody Therapy Enhancers (MATEs). Biohaven Pharmaceutical Holding Company (NYSE:BHVN) and PeptiDream Inc. (Nikkei:PPTDF) are investors in Kleo Pharmaceuticals. For more information visit http://kleopharmaceuticals.com.

About Celularity

Celularity, headquartered in Warren, N.J., is a clinical-stage cell therapeutics company delivering transformative allogeneic cellular therapies derived from the postpartum human placenta. Using proprietary technology in combination with its IMPACT platform, Celularity is the only company harnessing the purity and versatility of placental-derived cells to develop and manufacture innovative and highly scalable off-the-shelf treatments for patients with cancer, inflammatory and age-related diseases. To learn more, please visit http://www.celularity.com.

Forward-Looking Statements

This news release includes forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These forward-looking statements involve substantial risks and uncertainties, including statements that are based on the current expectations and assumptions of the Company's management. All statements, other than statements of historical facts, included in this press release regarding the Company's plans and objectives, expectations and assumptions of management are forward-looking statements. The use of certain words, including the words "estimate," "project," "intend," "expect," "believe," "anticipate," "will, "plan," "could," "may" and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. The forward-looking statements are made as of this date and the Company does not undertake any obligation to update any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.

CONTACT INFORMATION

LifeSci Advisors (Investors)

Irina Koffler

646-970-4681

ikoffler@lifesciadvisors.com

Kleo Pharmaceuticals (Media)

Brian Dowd

(203) 643-9172

bdowd@kleopharmaceuticals.com

Celularity Inc. Media Contact:

Dani Frank

Factory PR

celularity@factorypr.com

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There’s Something That Makes These Graduate Instructors Special – UVA Today

Friday, May 22nd, 2020

University of Virginia students are hardly surprised when their classes are led by graduate student teachers. After all, most large public universities encourage graduate students to teach as part of their training.

But ask around: Theres something that makes graduate teachers at UVA special.

They are confident enough to invite their students to explore ideas and create knowledge along with them, and to challenge them at the same time.

To highlight and honor the Universitys graduate students for their commitment to, and excellence in, undergraduate instruction, UVAs Office of the Executive Vice President and Provost initiated the University-wide Graduate Teaching Awards in 1990. This years 15 winners, chosen at the end of the semester, who come from doctoral programs across Grounds, have achieved this special recognition for going beyond expectations, seamlessly marrying the pedagogical with the practical, focusing on interdisciplinary work and mentoring students.

Nominated by their departments and chosen by a diverse faculty committee, these graduate teachers, from biomedical engineering to psychology to English, emerged as this years best, bringing passion and caring to their disciplines while contributing to the Universitys mission of ensuring that undergraduates become scholars and engaged citizens.

The departments nomination materials included anonymous student comments in response to the graduate instructors classes. In them, students recognize the budding professors as some of the best teachers theyve encountered at UVA.

Now in her fourth year of teaching, Dunphy has achieved something unusual: She helps teach courses that cross not only three disciplines biology, engineering and data science but also two schools the schools of Engineering and of Data Science, the latter being UVAs newest school.

Her faculty mentor, biomedical engineering professor Jason Papin, called her the quintessential contributor to our teaching mission. She has gone out of her way to contribute to the learning of undergraduate and graduate students as a graduate teacher, guest lecturer and research mentor.

Best graduate teacher I think Ive ever had. She should be a professor.

- student of Laura Dunphy

He further noted in his nomination that Dunphy was the first-ever graduate teacher for both courses, Systems Bioengineering, Modeling, and Experimentation and Data Science, and worked hard to shape the expectations for future graduate teachers.

Applying her core teaching principles safety, fun and learning Dunphy said, I always start the lecture by discussing cool models that I have built in the past: bacterial growth in space, apoptosis, etc. Throughout the class period, I bring key concepts about model-building back to simple biological systems. By the end of the lecture, students feel confident selecting their own modeling approaches to answer research questions.

A widely experienced teacher in situations from undergraduate statistics labs to Universitywide lectures on child psychopathology, Mauer wrote in her personal teaching statement: It is my goal as an educator to empower students to be critical consumers of culture. I design courses that develop students ability to question societal norms and become agents of culture change ... [and] challenge my students to actively engage with the world around them.

Mauers self-designed Community Psychology practicum for first-year graduate students asked them first to examine their own privilege and identity, then moved them off-Grounds to listen to Charlottesville residents and collaborate on jointly developed projects.

Mauers consummate dedication to meaningful engagement has taken her beyond her department to intensive professional development opportunities. At the Center for Teaching Excellence, she taught other graduate teachers inclusive and contemplative pedagogical practices to help engage their undergraduates in discussion of challenging topics.

The challenging, thought-provoking questions were groundbreaking for me and my peers to think about how we go about our daily lives the good, the bad, and what we can change.

- student of Victoria Mauer

After serving as the Ph.D. intern for violence prevention in the Office of the Dean of Students, Mauer designed and team-taught an undergraduate course, Making it Stick: Changing the Culture of Sexual and Gender-Based Violence.

Students were profoundly affected, according to their evaluations. One praised the multifaceted perspectives we were exposed to and engaged with; there was not one correct answer and having the opportunity to agree, disagree, and challenge what we know and do not know was very worthwhile for me. Another called it a class I feel that everyone at UVA should take, as the topic of gender-based violence is pertinent to our culture right now.

Psychology professor Melvin Wilson noted that Mauer creates opportunities for students to have difficult dialogues across difference in her efforts to advance understanding and social justice in the classroom.

Called a detective, an enchanter and like an encyclopedia, Sam Lemley shows his students both the wonder and the instruction in Renaissance and Enlightenment texts. Lemley uses literature to help students discover science, culture and the nature of knowledge.

Since 2015, Lemley has taught numerous English department courses. Hes been a graduate teacher, including head graduate teacher, for the first half of the survey course required for all English majors. He created his own literature course, Reading Renaissance Science, and taught a first-year writing course on travel writing.

If I could have Sam as my graduate teacher for every English class Ive taken at the University, Id be so happy! wrote one grateful student in a course evaluation.

Feedback and constructive criticism on papers by Sam truly allowed me to improve as a writer.

- student of Sam Lemley

I involve my students in the serendipity and thrill of primary source research and encourage them to build tangible links with strange pasts, using objects, images, and digital archives, Lemley explained in his teaching statement.

His English classes have taken first-year undergraduates and graduate students alike out of the classroom to examine physical texts in UVAs Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library.

In a time when public life seems particularly strained and skepticism about knowledge is high, Lemleys teaching brilliantly addresses students of all ages and kinds, from the classroom to the library to public lectures, websites, Instagram, Facebook, and national media, wrote English professor Elizabeth Fowler in supporting his nomination. I cant think of another graduate student who has contributed so much to the educational mission at the heart of the University.

Morgenstern entered the Ph.D. program with two years of experience teaching in public and private school in Philadelphia. Now, she can add to her repertoire serving as a graduate teacher for a range of college courses: Introduction to Anthropology, Language and Gender and Language and Society, as well as leading the departments teaching workshop for incoming graduate students.

In a course she developed, Technology, Language, and Society, Morgenstern carried out her teaching philosophy of making opportunities for the student as critic and creator.

By far my favorite graduate teacher ever, wrote one student in a course evaluation.

Professor Daniel Lefkowitz observed, I had the impression of extraordinary student interest in, engagement with, and command of the subject material. The classroom was alive with activity and conversation and yet it was also carefully structured, he wrote in nominating her for the award.

Morgensterns course was so successful that two of her students arranged to continue studying internet discourse with her this spring. She also created a research assistant position in fall 2018 and hired a first-year student. They have worked together for two years and now intend to co-write a paper.

[Morgenstern] created an atmosphere where I was able to feel comfortable bonding with my classmates, which led to much more open and frank discussions where everyone felt comfortable enough to participate.

- student of Michelle Morgenstern

In Morgensterns nomination packet, students overwhelmingly commented that she took time get to know each person, and that she went far beyond expectations to advise them about their personal development, future research and graduate school.

Her department concurred, calling her an inspiration for her fellow graduate students and for the faculty.

Even as an undergraduate, Fread was a natural: She served as a teaching assistant for biochemistry courses and mentored several undergraduate researchers. After five years in her Ph.D. program, Fread has proven herself a consummate teacher.

Her success comes from her obvious love of science and its applications, her nominators wrote.

In her courses, Biomedical Applications of Genetic Engineering and Stem Cell Engineering, Fread aimed to provide a bridge from lecture material to scientific applications in the current biotechnology field, she wrote in her teaching statement. It is relatively straightforward to tell a student what to do and train them how a mechanism works on paper, but I place an emphasis on the question why. What does this technique allow us to do? How can we modify it to work for our specific scientific question?

Biomedical engineering professor Brent French, who nominated her for the teaching award, wrote that Fread positively impacted the future of countless undergraduate and graduate students through her contributions to the Science Policy Initiative in 2017-2018, where she helped bring in external speakers and served on the initiatives first executive board.

In the genetic engineering course she taught, Fread seemed to have an unlimited capacity to nurture the undergrads, French said.

[Having Kristen Fread as the teacher] is the reason I did so well in this course.

- student of Kristen Fread

Lab-based experiences are key for Fread: I actively challenge my students to become independent scientists, she wrote. And they have: Six of her mentees have presented at scientific conferences, and one co-wrote a publication with her.

One student evaluation described her as the best graduate teacher Ive ever had.

As her department noted, Fread set new standards for excellence as a graduate teacher in our department and in our university.

Called by one student a great guy comedian, philosopher, big brother the whole package, Jeff Carroll created an atmosphere conducive to thoughtful discussion, even at 8 a.m. on Fridays.

Carroll a veteran course instructor by the time he began his Ph.D. program relies on two principal pedagogical lessons he learned from his father, also a teacher, the doctoral candidate wrote in a teaching statement: First, foster an inclusive classroom environment. Second, although cliche, learning should be fun.

Forming his core values from personal experience growing up in an under-resourced area, Carroll wrote that above all, he aims to meet students where they are, by removing perceived barriers so that students unfamiliar with college feel at home: he requires students to call him by his first name and never by title, for example.

[He] made intimidating philosophical concepts approachable.

- student of Jeff Carroll

The result is not only a collaborative classroom atmosphere but also a place for personal and intellectual growth. Observing his teaching in Political Philosophy and Philosophical Problems in Law, philosophy professor A. John Simmons noted, Jeffs classes are well-organized and always aimed at getting students to take away a few key points (rather than wandering through the material). His presentation is clear and careful, but delivered with a nice, dry wit that his students plainly enjoy.

The clarity and order of Jeffs classes very effectively model the principal virtues that we hope our students will develop: clear-headed, well-organized thinking, applied to a range of theoretical and practical problems.

Dinsmores classes invited students to be co-creators of knowledge, wrote sociology professor Josipa Roksa.

Dinsmore has taught Gender and Society and Race and Ethnic Relations, and served as a teaching assistant for courses covering a range of topics, including inequality, family, health and childhood.

My goal is for each student to leave the class experienced in engaging reflectively with their own social positions and posing questions about the institutions they inhabit, Dinsmore wrote in her teaching statement. I strive for my students to engage with sociology not as passive consumers, but as potential researchers who can contribute to public and scholarly conversations on inequality.

Taking this class is one of the most memorably positive academic experiences I will take with me far past graduation.

- student of Brooke Dinsmore

Dinsmore is the true definition of a teacher; someone who is there to kindly instruct, but also listen; to be there as a person, not just as a figure of authority, one student wrote in a course evaluation.

Another concluded that Dinsmore was the best instructor Ive had at UVA in my three years thus far. She she exceeded any biases/expectations I had. She was approachable, funny, clearly knowledgeable.

I take to heart the phrase, All history is local, wrote Garrett in her teaching statement. In her classes, she aimed to shed new light upon modern-day race, class, and gender relations that some students have taken for granted for at least 18 years of their life. ... My goal as an instructor is to have students understand the historical roots of familiar aspects of their everyday lives.

In teaching America to 1865, Garrett took students out of the classroom to historical sites in Charlottesville to help students make these connections.

Her department highlights Garretts innovative teaching, including her extraordinary work helping students become better writers.

I learned so much about how to better my writing and craft an argument, which will be so valuable throughout college and beyond.

- student of Alexi Garrett

Garrett passes out a 12-page guide at the beginning of the semester that clearly lays out her expectations, but also guides students to translate their ideas into clear, evidence-based prose, associate professor Jeffrey Rossman wrote. The quality and quantity of feedback Alexi offers on her students writing assignments is legendary.

Not only did Garrett go above and beyond to make sure students were prepared for every assignment, she always created a safe environment for expressing critique and opinions, several students wrote in their course evaluations.

From her first experience as a graduate teacher of Introduction to Geotechnical Engineering Lab in 2017, Gustitus-Graham has collaborated with course instructors to develop her teaching methods and course materials, becoming a graduate teacher whom faculty rely upon and students love. She was a phenomenal instructor and made me excited to come to lab every week, one student wrote in a course evaluation.

In her role as teaching intern in spring 2019, Sarah co-taught the introductory Environmental Engineering lecture course with associate professor Teresa Culver.

Ill say as a female engineering student, it meant a lot to me that everyone teaching this class was female. That made me feel like I belonged here.

- student of Sarah Gustitus-Graham

Gustitus-Graham built her curriculum, Culver wrote, to foster creativity, critical thinking, and communication skills. The students noticed that Gustitus-Graham and Culver worked well together: Really enjoyed learning about the different aspects of environmental engineering [and] how Prof. Culver and Sarah switched off lecturing, too, one wrote in the course evaluation.

From another student evaluation: This was my favorite engineering class this semester; both of my instructors are lovely people, and our graduate teacher was really helpful.

On the very first day of class, it was really startling to have an engineering class where I could look at my instructors and think, Wow, that could be me someday.

Takayama Hasegawa has taught for four years, working with undergraduates most recently in Introduction to Econometrics and International Trade: Theory and Policy. Her successes include her impact on students one former student asked to be her research assistant and helped her with her research this term and on other international graduate students as a panelist at teaching workshops.

At UVA, the native of Japan teaches in her second language, always seeking to hone her communication with her students. When guest-teaching economics professor John McLarens seminar class session on her own research, Takayama Hasegawa, he noted, made a point of reading comments submitted by students on the texts ahead of time and bringing them up in her presentation, referring to students by name.

She is funny and fun to be around, which easily translates into her discussion sections and office hours always being filled with students!

- student of Haruka Hasegawa

Students in various classes remarked on her thoughtfulness and joy in teaching. Called universally loved and the best graduate teacher I have ever had in the Economics Department, Takayama Hasegawa is incredibly knowledgeable, approachable and most importantly excited to help all students.

Some might say Maitra has had an unenviable task: teaching calculus to non-majors. His department explains that in these courses, graduate teachers have a delicate task. They must interest and challenge their students without leaving behind those who need more help.

Maitra has recognized this challenge, writing in his teaching statement: Every class I teach and every verbal or digital interaction with my students enriches my own mathematical education. I will always aim to convey the very spirit that I appreciate about mathematics. To grow through errors is our responsibility this communication is crucial; I try to create an inclusive and amicable learning environment driven by questioning and problem-solving.

[Maitra] is the endearing, amazing teacher I never knew I needed to reignite my love of math.

- student of Sarasij Maitra

Students love Maitra for this approach: hes passionate, informative and helpful, making the class fun.

I cannot heap enough praise onto Sarasij Maitra, one student wrote in a course evaluation, an amazing person, mentor, and teacher.

An undergraduate mentor and researcher who studies how malaria evolves to become drug-resistant, Jennifer McDaniels as a graduate teacher has had a huge positive impact on hundreds of UVA students, her department nomination said. Across five semesters, she instructed lab sections of Introduction to Biology I and II, courses with more than 800 students.

McDaniels stands out as one of the most dedicated and empathetic graduate teachers Ive encountered, a student who is truly an ambassador for this large introductory course, wrote assistant professor Jessamyn Manson in nominating her.

[McDaniels] stands out as one of the most dedicated and empathetic graduate teachers Ive encountered.

- Jessamyn Manson, assistant professor of biology

Associate professor Robert Cox added, Words like excellent, thoughtful, kind, approachable, friendly, awesome, and the best are repeated dozens of times in her evaluations.

McDaniels credits her success to a guiding principle: To foster an inclusive classroom community while affirming each students scientist identity.

As a minority in STEM, I proactively work to champion untapped voices and create a space for nondominant cultures to also thrive, she wrote in her teaching statement.

For example, After overhearing a group ignore a shy student, I bolstered her point by replying, Anna, that is a great idea! In real time, I saw her posture change. She re-presented her idea with greater detail and more authority. I treat each students discovery as significant and relevant, prompting students to discover more.

As a graduate teacher for required literature courses or as instructor for his own seminar on Asian American poetry, Wei navigates classroom discussions by, in his words, taking a myriad approach much of it collaborative [which] honors students sense of excitement, confusion, and identification, inviting meaningful, surprising encounters with poetry without imposing a single correct interpretation, and striving to treat students as fellow knowledge producers.

In response to this approach, one student wrote in a course evaluation, We were encouraged to break the mold on traditional writing conventions.

[Joe Wei] gave us the bandwidth to share creative ideas and build off one another without being afraid of being wrong.

- student of Joseph Wei

Students found discussions fun and not too rigid. Hes very knowledgeable and wants to learn from us, too.

Associate professor Mrinalini Chakravorty sees Wei as well-attuned to his students sensibilities, adding, Across the board, Joes students enthusiastically praised his teaching: the course content, his approachability, and the overall usefulness of the class. Indeed, one student lamented that she was sad to have this class end, while another urged Joe to continue to teach because he has a gift. In short, it was clear from the playful respect they had for him that Joe is beloved of his students.

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There's Something That Makes These Graduate Instructors Special - UVA Today

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Conformable self-assembling amyloid protein coatings with genetically programmable functionality – Science Advances

Friday, May 22nd, 2020

Abstract

Functional coating materials have found broad technological applications in diverse fields. Despite recent advances, few coating materials simultaneously achieve robustness and substrate independence while still retaining the capacity for genetically encodable functionalities. Here, we report Escherichia coli biofilm-inspired protein nanofiber coatings that simultaneously exhibit substrate independence, resistance to organic solvents, and programmable functionalities. The intrinsic surface adherence of CsgA amyloid proteins, along with a benign solution-based fabrication approach, facilitates forming nanofiber coatings on virtually any surface with varied compositions, sizes, shapes, and structures. In addition, the typical amyloid structures endow the nanofiber coatings with outstanding robustness. On the basis of their genetically engineerable functionality, our nanofiber coatings can also seamlessly participate in functionalization processes, including gold enhancement, diverse protein conjugations, and DNA binding, thus enabling a variety of proof-of-concept applications, including electronic devices, enzyme immobilization, and microfluidic bacterial sensors. We envision that our coatings can drive advances in electronics, biocatalysis, particle engineering, and biomedicine.

Surface modification of materials is an essential aspect of engineering and technology fields including electronics, biomedicine, catalysis, textiles, and industrial equipment (16). The application of diverse coatings is one of the major methods through which either surface properties of a substrate are changed or completely new properties to a finished product are imparted. Some advanced coating materials that have recently been developed include polyelectrolytes, proteins, polydopamine, and polyphenols (2, 714); however, certain limitations have prevented the widespread adoption and practical use of these materials. For example, although polydopamine and polyphenol coatings are substrate independent, both coating types are unstable in certain application environments: Polydopamine coatings suffer from easy detachment in polar solvents, whereas polyphenol coatings exhibit pH-dependent disassembly (7, 15).

Protein-based coating materials (e.g., bovine serum albumin, hydrophobins, and mussel foot proteins) have attracted considerable attention because of their outstanding biocompatibility, biodegradability, and environmental friendliness (11, 12, 16, 17). Amyloid proteins are particularly appealing as a potential source of bioinspired coatings, as their characteristic -sheet structures exhibit high tolerance toward high temperature, organic solvents, and harsh pH conditions (18, 19). Recent work demonstrated that phase transition lysozyme (PTL), an amyloid protein coating material, could coat the surface of virtually any substrates and have outstanding robustness; however, it is notable that the applications reported for PTL to date have mainly exploited its intrinsic chemical properties (i.e., the aforementioned -sheet structures) rather than its potentially genetically engineerable functionalities (10, 20, 21).

In nature, bacteria use biofilms to robustly coat an enormous number of surfaces, and these coatings promote cellular survival in harsh environments (22, 23). Fundamental studies have revealed that biofilms produced by Escherichia coli contain amyloid nanofibers, which are self-assembled by secreted monomers of the CsgA protein (the major protein component within the biofilms); these nanofibers provide mechanical strength and structural integrity to biofilms (Fig. 1A) (2426). In addition, a molecular dynamics study recently suggested that CsgA, owing to its unique protein sequence and structural features, should strongly adhere to both polar and nonpolar surfaces (27). For practical applications, multiple studies have shown that genetically engineered CsgA fusion proteins can be used as underwater adhesives, nanoparticle (NP) assembly scaffolds, patternable materials, biomimetic mineralization, and medical hydrogels (2832). In light of their intrinsic adherence toward diverse substrates as well as the fact that a variety of functional peptides and protein domains could be rationally inserted in the CsgA protein through a modular genetic strategy without disrupting their self-assembly into -sheet structures, we rationalized that engineered CsgA fusion proteins could be used as a coating platform to endow materials with diverse functionalities. Conceivably, such genetically engineered CsgA-based coatings would likely achieve precise performance for myriad applications, likely far surpassing the scope of existing protein coating materials such as PTL and bovine serum albumin. However, exploiting the genetically programmable functionality of CsgA amyloid proteins as a coating material have not been widely explored.

(A) Illustration of natural E. coli biofilms, in which self-assembled CsgA nanofibers constitute the major protein component. (B) Modular genetic design of genetically engineered CsgA proteins enabled by rationally fusing desired fusion domains at the C terminus of CsgA. (C) Illustrations of producing diverse protein coatings via a solution-based fabrication approach for various applications based on genetically engineered functionalities such as electronic devices, enzyme immobilization, and microfluidic sensor (from top to bottom).

Here, we report a proteinaceous coating material platform based on genetically programmable CsgA fusion amyloid nanofibers. We successfully used a simple, aqueous solutionbased fabrication method based on the amyloid protein self-assembly to generate thin-film materials that can conformably coat substrates with highly diverse compositions (e.g., polymeric, metal oxide, inorganic, and metal) and varied shapes (flat, round, pyramid, the interior of a microfluidic device, and even irregular or asymmetric structures). We demonstrate that these coating materials can be further decorated with various molecules and nano-objects such as fluorescent proteins, enzymes, DNA probes, and NPs. The robust coating materials maintained their integrity and functionality, even after exposure to various common organic solvents such as acetone and hexane or after high-temperature challenge. Last, we exploited the process simplicity, flexibility, and functional customization of our coating materials in proof-of-concept demonstrations for electronic devices including a touch switch and a pressure sensor, immobilized multienzyme systems for bioconversion production applications, as well as a hybrid amyloid/DNAzyme microfluidic sensor (Fig. 1, B and C). We anticipate that our genetically engineered CsgA coating materials, which are substrate independent, ultrastable, and afforded precisely with tailor-made and tunable functionality, will find broad application in electronics, biocatalysis, particle engineering, and biomedicine.

Leveraging a modular genetic design, we constructed four genetically engineered CsgA variants: CsgAHis-tag, CsgASpyTag, CsgASnoopTag, and CsgADNA binding domain (DBD) (Fig. 1B). We expressed our engineered CsgA proteins as inclusion bodies using E. coli BL21(DE3) as a host and purified the proteins following a typical guanidine denaturation protocol for amyloid proteins (28, 30); this approach markedly reduced batch-to-batch variation and impurities. To produce coating materials, we dissolved the purified proteins in an aqueous solution and directly immersed diverse substrates into this protein solution overnight. We first conducted detailed characterization to confirm the coating-forming ability of the CsgA fusion proteins. We chose plates made of unmodified poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE)a classical adhesion-resistant materialas the test substrate. After immersion of the substrate in fresh-made CsgAHis-tag monomer (His-tag fused at the C terminal of the CsgA protein) solution overnight, water contact angle tests showed that the contact angle of CsgAHis-tag nanofibercoated PTFE was 72.7 2.7, whereas that of bare PTFE was 110.2 3.2 (Fig. 2A). To test the coating effect, we first incubated the bare and coated PTFE in the presence of solution containing nickelnitrilotriacetic acid (Ni-NTA)decorated red-emitting quantum dots (QDs) (allowing thorough interactions between Ni-NTAdecorated QDs and CsgAHis-tag nanofibers) and subjected them to copious amount of water to remove nonspecific binding (33).

(A) Top: Digital images and water contact angles (inset) of bare and CsgAHis-tagcoated PTFE; bottom: digital images of bare and coated PTFE substrates after incubation with QD solution and illumination under UV light. Photo credit: Yingfeng Li, ShanghaiTech University. (B) AFM height image of CsgAHis-tagcoated PTFE. (C) XPS spectra of bare and CsgAHis-tagcoated PTFE, CPS representing counts per second. (D) Schematic showing stability tests consisting of a water contact angle test and a QD binding test. (E) Water contact angle comparison of CsgAHis-tag coatings on PTFE substrates after organic solvent exposure. (F) Digital image of challenged CsgAHis-tagcoated PTFE substrates after incubation with QD solution and illumination under UV light. Photo credit: Yingfeng Li, ShanghaiTech University. (G) Water contact angles of bare and CsgAHis-tagcoated diverse polymer substrates. (H) Water contact angles of bare and CsgAHis-tagcoated various inorganic substrates.

The coated sample displayed bright and uniform red fluorescence under ultraviolet (UV) illumination, whereas the bare PTFE sample showed almost no fluorescence (Fig. 2A). This vast difference in fluorescence intensity was also verified quantitatively through photoluminescence spectroscopy (fig. S1A). Moreover, as revealed by atomic force microscopy (AFM) imaging, CsgAHis-tag nanofiber coatings were formed on the PTFE substrate (Fig. 2B and fig. S1B). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was also performed to further analyze the surface composition after nanofiber coating, revealing newly appeared N 1s and O 1s peaks at 399 and 531 eV, respectively, thereby confirming the coating of CsgAHis-tag proteins on the PTFE substrate (Fig. 2C). Collectively, these results validate the nanofiber coatingforming ability of the genetically engineered CsgA proteins.

To demonstrate the stability of CsgAHis-tag nanofiber coatings in organic solvents, we conducted two kinds of tests: contact angle and QD binding (Fig. 2D). We first measured the contact angles of coated PTFE substrates before and after contact with common organic solvents including hexane, acetone, and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). After immersion in these solvents for 24 hours, the contact angles of the substrates underwent almost no changes, indicating that our coatings had outstanding chemical endurance in these harsh solvents (Fig. 2E). Furthermore, digital images showed that CsgAHis-tagcoated PTFE substrates anchored with Ni-NTA QDs still displayed red fluorescence after contact with the aforementioned common organic solvents, again highlighting the organic solvent tolerance of our nanofiber coatings (Fig. 2F). The CsgAHis-tag proteins also have outstanding environmental tolerance even after long-term exposure to both acidic and basic aqueous solutions as described in a previous study (30).

We next assessed the thermal stability of CsgAHis-tag nanofiber coatings. To such ends, we first used NanoDSF (differential scanning fluorimetry) to determine melting temperatures of proteins using their intrinsic fluorescence change during a programmed temperature gradient increase (34). The fluorescence intensity change of a protein sample is directly correlated to the structural change (e.g., unfolding) of the protein over the heating process. Briefly, our NanoDSF analysis of CsgAHis-tag nanofibers and control bovine serum albumin proteins in solution revealed that whereas the serum albumin proteins began to unfold at ~65C, the CsgAHis-tag nanofibers had impressive thermal stability, as indicated by the steady fluorescence intensity even at 95C (fig. S2A). Moreover, the attenuated total reflectionFourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectrum of the challenged CsgAHis-tag nanofiber sample showed that the typical -sheet structures (absorption peak at ~1625 cm1) were still retained in the nanofiber structures after heating in a 90C oven for 24 hours (fig. S2B). In addition, water contact angle analysis and QD binding test indicated that CsgAHis-tag nanofibers were still completely coated over on the PTFE substrates even after challenge at 90C for 24 hours (fig. S2C). These data thus reveal that our CsgAHis-tag protein coatings have outstanding thermal stability.

Biodegradability under appropriate protease conditions is considered as one of the attractive material attributes for protein-based coatings (17). To assess whether our CsgAHis-tag protein coatings have such on-demand biodegradability, we chose two enzymes, trypsin from bovine pancreas and fungal protease from Aspergillus oryzae (protease AO), in our studies. Thioflavin T (ThT; an amyloid specific dye) assay was used to monitor the digestion process of CsgAHis-tag nanofibers. As illustrated in fig. S2 (D and E), the decreasing fluorescence intensities indicate the gradual disappearance of the -sheet structures over time, suggesting the structural instability of CsgAHis-tag nanofibers under trypsin or protease AO digestion conditions. We next challenged the stability of CsgAHis-tag nanofiber coatings by incubating the CsgAHis-tag nanofibercoated PTFE plate in the two enzyme solutions (trypsin, 2.5 mg/ml; fungal protease, 55 U/g) for 24 hours and assessed the morphological and physicochemical properties with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and water contact angle analysis, respectively. SEM images showed that very little amount of nanofibers was found on the substrate surface and water contact angle analysis revealed that the enzyme-treated substrates restored their hydrophobicity after nanofiber coating digestions (fig. S2, F to H). These data convincingly demonstrate that our CsgAHis-tag nanofiber coatings can be degraded in the presence of proteases. Collectively, our coating materials have strong environmental robustness while retaining their on-demand biodegradability, and thus can broaden the application scope of existing protein-based coating materials.

To establish that our CsgAHis-tag nanofiber coatings can be applied to other substrates, we coated several typical material substrates, including common organic polymers [polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), and polyethylene terephthalate (PET)] and inorganics [indium tin oxide (ITO), Si, Au, stainless steel 304, fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO), and glass]. Our results from water contact angle analysis revealed that CsgAHis-tag nanofibers were successfully coated on each of these substrates (Fig. 2, G and H). These applications convincingly demonstrate the substrate-independent nature of the genetically engineered CsgA protein coatings.

The apparently very broad substrate scope for our coatings raises interesting questions about the molecular interactions that occur between nanofibers and substrates. Previous molecular simulation research has demonstrated that the unique structural features as well as its unique amino acid sequence and diversity of the CsgA protein enable its strong adhesion capacity for both polar and nonpolar substrates (27). Therefore, on the basis of the above contact angle test results, we speculated that the hydrophobic residues within the CsgA protein such as alanine, proline, and valine could provide adhesion to hydrophobic surfaces such as PTFE and PDMS through hydrophobic interactions; that aromatic amino acids such as tyrosine, phenylalanine, and histidine may contribute to adhesion to PS and PET surfaces through - stacking interactions; and that charged and polar amino acids such as arginine, lysine, and glutamine could form strong interactions with oxides through electrostatic interactions (35).

Having illustrated the coating formation capacity as well as their basic physicochemical properties of genetically engineered CsgA coatings, we next focused on establishing proof of concept for multiple programmable functions for the CsgA fusion protein coatings.

Flexible and wearable electronics play critical roles in our daily lives, and the introduction of metal NPbased conductive coatings within such devices is definitely a key step (36, 37). Existing conventional top-down approaches to obtain metal NP coatings often require high temperature and sometimes suffer from low interfacial adhesion (36, 37). Gold enhancement is a promising bottom-up process for fabricating Au-based conductive coatings (38, 39). However, this process preliminarily requires the ability to anchor Au NPs to the targeted substrates (38, 39). Such NPs can then be used to heterogeneously catalyze further Au deposition and form NP-structured coatings in an aqueous AuCl4 and hydroxylamine solution. In the previous section, we confirmed that CsgAHis-tag coatings could anchor Ni-NTAcapped QDs on substrates. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images confirmed that CsgAHis-tag nanofibers could firmly bind Ni-NTAcapped Au NPs (fig. S3A). We thus reasoned that our Au NPbound CsgA nanofiber coatings could theoretically lead to a gold enhancement process on the surface of a substrate, potentially forming Au coatings consisting of closely packed NPs.

To test the feasibility of our concept, we first incubated a CsgAHis-tagcoated three-dimensional (3D)printed pyramid with Ni-NTAcapped Au NPs. After assembly for 30 min, we transferred this pyramid into a gold enhancement solution (AuCl4 and hydroxylamine), allowing chemical reduction (Fig. 3A). Photographic images showed that the surface color of the pyramid was successfully changed from pristine white to typical tan (Fig. 3B). The above experimental results thus showed the feasibility of our fabrication process. The simple Au coating technique could be easily applied to various substrates, including polyimide (PI), PDMS, PET, PTFE, and PP, highlighting the substrate independence and conformability features of our nanofiber coatings (fig. S3B).

(A) Schematic showing the fabrication of Au coatings based on CsgAHis-tag coatings. (B) Digital images of pristine and Au-coated CsgAHis-tagmodified 3D printed pyramids. Photo credit: Yingfeng Li, ShanghaiTech University. (C) Digital (left) and SEM (right) images of an Au interdigital electrode fabricated by a CsgAHis-tag coatingenabled gold enhancement process assisted by a patterned waterproof sticker. Photo credit: Yingfeng Li, ShanghaiTech University. (D) XPS spectrum of the Au interdigital electrode. (E) Capacitance change of the Au interdigital electrode with different distances between the electrode and a finger; the inset digital images indicate different distances. Photo credit: Yingfeng Li, ShanghaiTech University. (F) Digital images of the Au interdigital electrode as the sensing element in a touch switch. Photo credit: Yingfeng Li, ShanghaiTech University. (G) Digital (left) and SEM (right) images of pristine (top) and Au-coated textiles (bottom). Photo credit: Yingfeng Li, ShanghaiTech University. (H) Schematic diagram of a pressure sensor fabricated by Au-coated textiles along with an Au interdigital electrode (inset) and the corresponding current variation (I/I0) under different pressures. (I) Current variation as a function of time at two pressures (the inset digital images indicate the two different types of pressure applied). Photo credit: Yingfeng Li, ShanghaiTech University.

Having demonstrated the feasibility of conformable Au coating technique using the CsgAHis-tag protein as functional coating proteins, we next explored the fabrication of diverse electronic devices with increasingly complex functionalities. We first generated patterned Au coatings by first fabricating CsgAHis-tag coatings with commercially available patterned waterproof stickers, then incubating the substrates in an Au NP solution followed by an Au enhancement process (see the Supplementary Materials). Accordingly, we fabricated an interdigital electrode consisting of patterned Au coatings on a PDMS substrate that conformably stuck to the outer surface of a 50-ml centrifugation tube (Fig. 3C). As expected, SEM and AFM images indicated that the coating was composed of NPs, and further XPS analysis confirmed the appearance of Au element on the surface (Fig. 3, C and D, and fig. S3C). To demonstrate the potential application of this interdigital electrode, we carefully tested the capacitance change of the electrode when a finger approached and then moved away from the electrode. As illustrated in Fig. 3E, as a finger gradually began touching the electrode, the capacitance correspondingly decreased. Likewise, when the finger was removed, the capacitance was restored to the original value.

This behavior is attributed to the higher dielectric constant of the human body as compared to air: a higher dielectric constant reflects lower capacitance. In this way, such an electrode could be used as the sensing unit of a touch switch (40). We therefore linked this electrode to a circuit including a power source, a commercially available signal processing chip, and a light-emitting diode (LED). As shown in Fig. 3F, when no finger was in contact with the electrode, the LED was off; however, when a finger touched the electrode, the circuit was connected and the LED was on.

To assess the mechanical stability of the conductive Au coatings, we applied an abrasion test for our CsgAHis-tagenabled Au conductive coatings following a previous approach for coating structures (37, 41). Specifically, we first attached a soft PET fabric on the Au-coated PET plate, followed by placing a 2-kg counterweight on the fabric. We then moved the fabric against the conductive surface of PET plates. As illustrated in fig. S4A, the sheet resistance had almost no change (~23 ohms/sq) even after 500 cycles of abrasion. In addition, although SEM images showed the abrasion traces on the surfaces, the morphology of the conductive layers consisting of highly packed irregular Au NPs remained unchanged (fig. S4, B to D). These findings highlight the mechanical robustness of our conductive coatings on the PET plates. Because CsgAHis-tag coatings are vulnerable to enzymatic digestions, we next used trypsin and protease AO to challenge the Au conductive coatings. The sheet resistance and the microstructures of conductive coatings had negligible changes after incubation with the enzyme solutions for 24 hours, indicating the strong resistance of Au coatings to proteolytic digestion (fig. S5, A and B). It is likely that the extremely compact Au coatings above the nanofiber coatings could hinder the direct contact of enzymes with CsgAHis-tag nanofiber coatings and thus protected the nanofiber layers from enzymatic digestion.

Motivated by the impressive durability of CsgAHis-tag nanofiberenabled Au conductive coatings, we next turned to explore more exciting applications based on such coatings. We first coated PET textiles with CsgAHis-tag nanofibers and then fabricated Au-coated conductive textiles (fig. S6A). Photographic and SEM images indicated the vast differences between textiles in apparent color and micromorphology after the formation of Au coatings (Fig. 3G). Furthermore, energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) result implied the uniform distribution of Au on the textile surface, and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analysis showed that the in situ generated Au NPs were closely anchored on the entire PET textile (fig. S6, B and C). We next constructed a pressure sensor based on our Au-coated PET textiles (Fig. 3H, inset). Briefly, we first used the Au-coated PET textile to cover the aforementioned PDMS-based Au interdigital electrode and sealed it with 3M VHB tape. The constructed pressure sensor worked as designed following a specific working principle as follows: When a certain pressure that led to the compression of the hierarchical porous textile was applied, the contact area between the textile and electrode was increased, so the contact electric current increased correspondingly under a constant voltage. When the external pressure was removed, the textile recovered from the deformation because of its inert elasticity, and the current returned to the initial state (42). The large surface area and sufficient surface roughness of the Au-coated textile, as revealed by SEM and EBSD images (Fig. 3H and fig. S6C), reliably reflect the changes in contact resistance resulting from an external stimulus.

We next carefully conducted several critical tests on the prepared pressure sensor. The sensitivity of the pressure sensor is defined as S = (I/I0) /P, where I is the relative current change, I0 is the current without external pressure, and P is the applied pressure (42). In the range from 1.25 to 17.50 kPa, the relation between the change in current and the applied pressure was linear, and the sensitivity S was 8.3 kPa1 (Fig. 3H). Figure 3I shows two representative current profiles (I/I0) under two different pressures (5 kPa and finger press). After 300 cycles of bending (1-cm bending radius) or 500 cycles of repeated 5-kPa presses, the values of I/I0 under various external pressures had negligible changes, emphasizing the stable performance of the pressure sensor (tables S1 and S2). In general, our pressure sensor has high sensitivity (8.3 kPa1), mechanical flexibility (300 bends), and cycle stability (500 cycles).

Functional protein-immobilized particles have a broad spectrum of applications in biosensor, biocatalysis, and drug delivery (4345). However, existing approaches for protein-based conjugation of microparticles are largely based on nonspecific interactions (e.g., electrostatic interactions in enzyme immobilization on silica) (46). Accordingly, these systems typically lack specificity and functional tunability. Note that CsgA is a genetically engineerable protein, so it can be appended with a variety of functional tags. We next explored the functional flexibility of CsgA coatings for diverse applications ranging from fluorescent coating materials to enzymatic immobilization on spherical particles for optimized bioconversion reactions. To this end, we first developed CsgASpyTag (SpyTag fused at the C terminus of CsgA)/CsgASnoopTag (SnoopTag fused at the C terminus of CsgA)coated SiO2 microparticles as a platform to enable easy and flexible conjugation reaction systems (Fig. 4A). SpyTag and SnoopTag can covalently conjugate with their partners, SpyCatcher and SnoopCatcher, respectively (47, 48). Therefore, our CsgASpyTag/CsgASnoopTag coatings should be suitable for ligation of corresponding SpyCatcher- and SnoopCatcher-fused proteins.

(A) Illustration of CsgASpyTag/CsgASnoopTag (1:1, weight ratio)coated microparticles. (B) SEM images of a CsgASpyTag/CsgASnoopTag-coated SiO2 microparticle. (C) Schematic showing fluorescent proteins conjugated on CsgASpyTag/CsgASnoopTag nanofiber (top) and fluorescence microscopy images of corresponding fluorescent proteinconjugated CsgASpyTag/CsgASnoopTag-coated microparticles. (D) Schematic showing the immobilization of LDHSpyCatcher and GOXSnoopCatcher on a CsgASpyTag/CsgASnoopTag-coated microparticle. (E) Illustration of a dual-enzyme reaction system enabled by LDHSpyCatcher and GOXSnoopCatcher co-conjugated microparticles. (F) Conversion ratio of l-tert-leucine in two different microparticle systems (LDHSpyCatcher and GOXSnoopCatcher co-conjugated together on CsgASpyTag/CsgASnoopTag coatings versus LDHSpyCatcher-conjugated CsgASpyTag coatings along with GOXSnoopCatcher-conjugated CsgASnoopTag coatings) during a 3-hour reaction period. (G) Conversion ratio of l-tert-leucine in the CsgASpyTag/CsgASnoopTag coating system over five cycles of 3-hour reactions.

SEM images showed that the SiO2 microparticle surface was successfully covered with CsgASpyTag/CsgASnoopTag nanofibers (Fig. 4B). Furthermore, the fluorescence spectra revealed that, compared to pristine particles, CsgASpyTag/CsgASnoopTag-coated microparticles exhibited an obvious enhancement in fluorescence intensity at 480 nm induced by the specific interaction between ThT molecules and -sheet structures (fig. S7A). ATR-FTIR analysis of CsgASpyTag/CsgASnoopTag-coated microparticles showed an obvious absorption peak at ~1625 cm1 corresponding to a -sheet structure (fig. S7B) (49). In addition, XPS analysis of CsgASpyTag/CsgASnoopTag-coated microparticles revealed characteristic peaks of amide bonds originating from the coated proteins (fig. S7C). All the above results highlighted that the surface of SiO2 microparticles could be modified by our CsgASpyTag/CsgASnoopTag nanofiber coatings. Subsequent fluorescence microscopy images showed that these nanofiber-coated SiO2 microparticles displayed uniform bright red, green, and merged yellow fluorescence, confirming that SpyCatcher-fused mCherry (mCherrySpyCatcher) and SnoopCatcher-fused GFP (GFPSnoopCatcher) were successfully conjugated on the particle surfaces (Fig. 4C). Note that the microspheres stacking to each other displayed heterogeneous fluorescence strength in the image, which was likely due to their different focal planes under the fluorescence microscopy. Collectively, these results illustrate an alternative way of using nanofiber-coated microparticles to realize diverse applications.

We next applied a similar strategy to achieve multienzyme immobilization coupling with coenzyme regeneration. To this end, we first constructed SpyCatcher domainfused leucine dehydrogenase (LDH; EC1.4.1.9; LDHSpyCatcher) and SnoopCatcher domainfused glucose oxidase (GOX; EC1.1.3.4; GOXSnoopCatcher) and coimmobilized on the CsgASpyTag/CsgASnoopTag-coated SiO2 microparticle (Fig. 4D). In this proof-of-concept reaction system, trimethylpyruvic (TMP) acid was converted into the high-value chemical l-tert-leucine by LDH from the soil bacterium Lysinibacillus sphaericus, a reaction that requires NADH [reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)] as a coenzyme. Moreover, GOX from Bacillus subtilis can regenerate NADH by oxidizing low-value glucose into gluconic acid (Fig. 4E) Therefore, these two enzymes could assemble into an NADH-recycling system (Fig. 4E). We chose LDHSpyCatcher and GOXSnoopCatcher conjugated onto CsgASpyTag- and CsgASnoopTag-coated microparticles, respectively, as a control group. We used high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to analyze the conversion ratio of l-tert-leucine.

As shown in Fig. 4F, in the first 3-hour reaction, the conversion ratio of l-tert-leucine in the CsgASpyTag/CsgASnoopTag coating system was about 50%, whereas there was only 30% conversion in the control system. We speculate that the substantial disparity may lie in substrate channeling (50). That is, in the CsgASpyTag/CsgASnoopTag coating system, the generated NADH could be immediately consumed by adjacent LDHSpyCatcher on the same particle surface. However, in the control system, the produced NADH would not be used until it arrived at the surface of LDHSpyCatcher-conjugated particles, thereby resulting in a slower reaction rate.

To demonstrate the recyclable use of these immobilized enzymes, we recollected the enzyme-conjugated CsgASpyTag/CsgASnoopTag-coated microparticles via simple centrifugation. We then transferred these particles into a new reaction solution and again assessed the conversion ratio of l-tert-leucine. We found that the ratio did not significantly change over a series of five reaction cycles of 3 hours each (Fig. 4G). These experimental results demonstrate that our genetically engineered protein coatings are highly suitable for biocatalytic applications.

RNA-cleaving fluorogenic DNAzyme (RFD) is a well-established technology for detecting bacteria, and the ability to immobilize RFD probes on material surfaces such as the interiors of microfluidic devices is highly demanded because it could enable substantial improvements in the efficiency and speed of detection (5153). Our genetically engineered CsgA fusion coatings represent a potentially alternative approach. We produced CsgADBD proteins with a C-terminally fused DNA-binding domain (DBD) originally from Vibrio fischeri (fig. S8A) (54). We aimed to use this tailored protein to modify the surface of a microfluidic channel and bind E. colispecific RFD probes. We expected that upon interaction with target molecule(s) present in the supernatants of E. coli bacteria, these bound RFD probes would be converted into an active state that can catalyze the cleavage of the fluorogenic substrate, thereby producing a detectable fluorescent signal on the interiors of the microfluidic channel (Fig. 5A) (52).

(A) Schematic diagram of a DNAzyme-bound CsgADBD-coated microfluidic sensor device and an illustration of the DNAzyme detection mechanism. (B) Digital image of the microfluidic device. Photo credit: Yingfeng Li, ShanghaiTech University. (C) Fluorescence intensity of RFD-functionalized CsgADBD- and CsgAHis-tagcoated interiors of microfluidic channels upon exposure to supernatants from E. coli cultures of various cell densities. (D) 3D image of the RFD-functionalized CsgADBD coatings activated by E. coli culture (OD600 = 1) supernatants on the microfluidic channel.

To demonstrate the feasibility of our general design, we first incubated CsgADBD nanofibers with RFD probes. Agarose gel electrophoresis analysis indicated that CsgADBD nanofibers were able to bind these probes (fig. S8B). A standard PDMS microfluidic device was used for this experiment (Fig. 5B). We first coated the interior of a microfluidic channel and then conducted a Ni-NTAcapped QD binding test (the His-tag used for purification of CsgADBD protein can also be used to bind these QDs). The fluorescence microscopy image indicated that the channel interiors were homogeneously modified by CsgADBD proteins (fig. S8C). We next tested the detection performance by injecting a filtered supernatant from an E. coli culture into the channel and found that the CsgADBD-coated channel generated a strong fluorescent signal, whereas a control channel with a CsgA coating did not (Fig. 5C). Moreover, the fluorescence intensity increased linearly with the number of E. coli cells present in the samples [measured as OD600 (optical density at 600 nm); Fig. 5C]. In addition, 3D reconstructed images from fluorescence microscopy further confirmed that the resulting fluorescence was on the channel surface (Fig. 5D). These results establish proof of concept for the use of our genetically engineered protein coatings in diagnostic devices to monitor specific infectious pathogens.

In summary, we demonstrate that genetically engineered CsgA fusion proteins can be used as a functional coating system. These coatings have substrate universality, ultrastability, and genetically programmable functions. We also confirm that genetically engineered CsgA fusion protein nanofibers can modify various substrates with different compositions, sizes, shapes, and structures and show that these coatings exhibit outstanding chemical robustness. Moreover, these protein coatings offer flexible genetically programmable functionalization (e.g., NP anchoring, protein conjugation, and DNA binding). By combining the coatings with various fabrication processes, we established multiple proof-of-concept applications, including touch switching, pressure sensing, enzyme immobilization, and microfluidic sensors for bacterial detection. Given these unique coating features and the development of protein conjugation technologies, our genetically engineered CsgA fusion protein nanofiber coatings should serve as a versatile surface functionalization platform for electronics, biocatalysis, textiles, biomedicine, and other application areas.

All genes were synthesized by GENEWIZ and then amplified by polymerase chain reaction. The DNA fragment was cloned into pet-22b vectors (Nde I and Xho I sites) using one-step isothermal Gibson assembly. All constructs were sequence-verified by GENEWIZ.

For CsgAHis-tag, CsgASpyTag, CsgASnoopTag, or CsgADBD protein, the corresponding plasmid was transformed into BL21(DE3) E. coli competent cell. The bacterial seed was grown for 16 hours at 37C in shaking flasks (220 rpm/min) containing 20 ml of LB medium supplemented with carbenicillin (50 g/ml). The culture was then added into 1 liter of LB and grown to OD600 ~1.0. Protein expression was induced with 0.5 mM isopropyl--D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) at 37C for 45 min. Cells were collected by centrifugation for 10 min at 4000g at 4C. The cell pellet was then lysed in 50 ml of GdnHCl [8 M, 300 mM NaCl, 50 mM K2HPO4/KH2PO4 (pH 8)] for 12 hours at room temperature. Supernatants of the lysates were collected at 12,000g for 30 min before loading in a His-Select Ni-NTA column. The column was washed with KPI [300 mM NaCl, 50 mM K2HPO4/KH2PO4 (pH 8)] buffer and 40 mM imidazole KPI buffer and then eluted with 300 mM imidazole KPI buffer.

For mCherrySpyCatcher, GFPSnoopCatcher, LDHSpyCatcher, or GOXSnoopCatcher protein, the corresponding plasmid was transformed into BL21(DE3) E. coli competent cell. Cell seeds were cultured for 16 hours at 37C in LB broth containing carbenicillin (50 g/ml). The culture solution was then added into 1 liter of LB and grown to OD600 ~0.6. Protein expression was induced with 0.5 mM IPTG for 12 hours at 16C. Cells were collected by centrifugation for 10 min at 4000g at 4C. The collected cell pellets were then resuspended in KPI solution (50 ml) containing lysozyme (1 mg/ml) and incubated on ice for 30 min before ultrasound disruption. The purification follows the same procedure used for purification of the genetically engineered CsgA proteins. The purified proteins were stored at 4C for later use.

To enable coating formation, given substrates (plates, pyramids, or textiles) were directly immersed in fresh eluted CsgAHis-tag monomer (1 mg/ml) solution. After 16 hours of incubation at room temperature (~25C), proteins could form nanofiber coatings on substrates. The coated substrates were then washed by deionized H2O and dried by clean N2 and finally stored in a desiccative cabinet (~25C) for further use.

To coat microparticles with functional proteins, 1 ml of CsgASpyTag, CsgASnoopTag, or CsgASpyTag/CsgASnoopTag (1:1, weight ratio) monomer solution (1 mg/ml) was added into 2-ml tube containing 100 l of SiO2 aqueous solution (25 mg/ml). After 16 hours of incubation at room temperature (~25C), microparticles were collected by centrifugation for 5 min at 1000g and washed by deionized H2O followed by further centrifugation. This process was repeated for three times to remove the loosely bound proteins. The coated microparticles were then stored in a 4C refrigerator for further use.

PDMS channel was first fabricated by replica molding of a glass model and then pressed on the surface of a clean glass slide. To coat the PDMS microfluidic device channel, fresh eluted CsgADBD monomer solution was directly injected into the channel using a syringe and incubated for 16 hours at room temperature (~25C). The microfluidic channel was then washed by deionized H2O through injection. The microfluidic device was stored in the refrigerator (4C) for further use.

Synthesis of Ni-NTAcapped QDs was performed following a previous report (33). To ensure thorough QD binding on protein-coated flat substrates, the substrates were immersed in the aqueous QD solution (ca. 500 nmol/ml) at room temperature (~25C) and incubated for 30 min. The substrates were then washed by deionized H2O and dried by high-pressure N2 for further characterization. To ensure QD binding in a microfluidic device, QD solution was injected into the channel using a 1-ml syringe. After incubation for 30 min at room temperature (~25C), the channel was washed by deionized H2O for further characterization.

For the stability test of CsgAHis-tag coatings in organic solvents, 30 ml of acetone, hexane, or DMSO was poured into a 9-cm glass culture dish containing the CsgAHis-tagcoated PTFE substrates. After challenge at room temperature (~25C) for 24 hours, the PTFE substrates were washed by deionized H2O and dried by high pressure N2 for further characterization. For the high temperature challenge, CsgAHis-tagcoated PTFE substrates were directly placed in an oven (90C) for 24 hours and then taken out for further characterization.

CsgAHis-tagcoated PTFE substrates or Au-coated PET substrates were placed in 9-cm culture dishes containing 30 ml of solution of trypsin (2.5 mg/ml) from bovin pancreas or fungal protease (55 U/g) from A. oryzae (protease AO). After incubation at 37C for 24 hours, substrates were washed by deionized H2O and dried by high-pressure N2 for further characterization. For ThT assay, 100 l of enzyme solution (trypsin, 2.5 mg/ml or fungal protease, 55 U/g) was added into the 96-well microplate containing 100 l of CsgAHis-tag nanofiber protein solution (0.5 mg/ml). ThT was then added to a concentration of 20 M. Fluorescence was measured every 0.5 min after shaking 5 s with a BioTek Synergy H1 microplate reader (excitation at 438 nm, emission at 495 nm, and cutoff at 475 nm) at 37C.

Preparation of Ni-NTAcapped Au NPs was based on a previous report (33). To perform a gold enhancement process, CsgAHis-tag nanofibercoated pyramid or textile substrates were first immersed into Ni-NTAcapped Au NP solution. After incubation at room temperature (~25C) for 30 min, the substrates were washed with deionized H2O and dried by high-pressure N2. The substrates were then transferred into a 50-ml gold enhancement solution containing AuCl4 (50 mg/ml) and hydroxylamine (100 mg/ml). After reaction for 10 min at room temperature (~25C), substrates were washed by deionized H2O and dried by high-pressure N2.

To prepare patterned Au coatings including interdigital electrode, substrates were first covered by waterproof stickers followed by producing patterned CsgAHis-tag nanofiber coatings through protein solution incubation. The patterned CsgAHis-tag nanofiber coatings were then bound with Ni-NTAcapped Au NPs, followed by a standard gold enhancement procedure described above. After drying, the stickers were carefully peeled off using a tweezer to produce the patterned CsgAHis-tag nanofiberenabled Au coatings.

Bare PET fabric was attached on the Au conductive coatings formed on a PET plate, followed by placing a 2-kg counterweight on the fabric. The abrasion test was achieved by moving the bare PET fabric. Sheet resistance of PET-based conductive coatings was measured with a four-probe ohmmeter (HPS 2523).

The capacitance of the interdigital electrode was measured with an LCR (inductance, capacitance, and resistance) meter (HG2817A) at a voltage of 1 V and a frequency of 100 kHz at room temperature (~25C). To fabricate the pressure sensor, Au-coated PET textile was covered on the PDMS-based Au interdigital electrode. Then, the textile and bottom Au electrode were sealed with a 3M VHB tape. Functional performances of the pressure sensor including current change under different pressures were assessed with an electrochemical work station (CHI 660E) at room temperature (~25C).

For fluorescent protein conjugation, 1 ml of mCherrySpyCatcher/GFPSnoopCather (1:1, weight ration) aqueous solution (1 mg/ml) was added into a 2-ml tube containing the CsgASpyTag/CsgASnoopTag-coated SiO2 microparticles. After incubation for 1 hour at room temperature (~25C), fluorescent proteinconjugated microparticles were collected by centrifugation for 5 min at 1000g and washed by KPI solution followed by further centrifugation. This process was repeated for three times to remove those unreacted loosely bound fluorescent proteins.

For enzyme immobilization, 1 ml of LDHSpyCatcher, GOXSnoopCather, or LDHSpyCatcher/GOXSnoopCather (1:1, weight ration) aqueous solution (1 mg/ml) was added into a 2-ml tube containing the CsgASpyTag-, CsgASnoopTag-, or CsgASpyTag/CsgASnoopTag-coated SiO2 microparticles, respectively. After incubation for 1 hour at room temperature (~25C), the enzyme-immobilized microparticles were collected by centrifugation for 5 min at 1000g and washed by 100 mM phosphate buffer followed by further centrifugation. This process was repeated for three times to remove those unreacted loosely bound enzymatic proteins.

The enzyme-immobilized microparticles were resuspended in 100 l of 100 mM phosphate buffer, 50 l of LDHSpyCatcher immobilized microparticles, and 50 l of GOXSnoopCatcher immobilized microparticles added into the reaction solution, or 100 l of LDHSpyCatcher/GOXSnoopCatcher immobilized microparticles was directly pipetted into the reaction solution. The reaction mixture containing 50 mM glucose, 0.1 mM NAD+, 50 mM ammonium chloride, 50 mM TMP acid, and 100 mM phosphate buffer (pH 8.0) was fixed with a final volume of 1 ml. The reaction was then conducted at 37C under continuous shaking in a microplate reader.

To analyze the yield of l-tert-leucine, a 20-l sample was filtered with a 220-nm syringe filter and analyzed by reversed-phase HPLC using a 1200 Series chromatograph and ZORBAX SB-C18 column (4.6 mm 150 mm, 5 m) at 35C. The mobile phase composed of 2 mM CuSO4 was set with a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min. Quantitative analysis of the l-tert-leucine was monitored with a UV spectra detector at 210 nm (55).

The yield of l-tert-leucine was determined using the following equation=Practical concentration of L-tert-leucineTheoretical concentration of L-tert-leucine(50mM)100%

For recyclable usage of the enzymes, the LDHSpyCatcher/GOXSnoopCatcher immobilized microparticles were collected by centrifugation for 5 min at 1000g after each round of reaction. The microparticles were then resuspended in 100 l of 100 mM phosphate buffer and pipetted into a new reaction solution for another new round of reaction. The yield of l-tert-leucine in the new reaction system was determined following the same equation.

The synthesis of RFD probes was based on a protocol described in a previously published study (52). The microfluidic channel was then homogeneously coated with CsgADBD proteins following a typical fabrication protocol described in the coating fabrication process.

To ensure thorough binding of RFD probes onto the protein coatings on the microfluidic channel, DNAzyme in 100 mM tris-HCl (pH 8.0) and 0.2 mM EDTA binding buffer was injected into the microfluidic channel. After incubation for 2 hours at room temperature (~25C), the channel was washed with 1 ml of injected 100 mM tris-HCl to remove loosely bound RFD probes.

E. coli K12 (MG1655) cell culture with different cell densities (OD600) was injected into the channels after filtration using a 220-nm PTFE filter. The channel was monitored by fluorescence microscopy, and the relative fluorescence intensity was calculated using the imaging software of the fluorescence microscopy.

Samples were tested with Asylum MFP-3D-Bio using the tapping mode with AC160TS-R3 cantilevers (Olympus, k 26 N/m, 300 kHz). The data are presented in Fig. 2B and figs. S1B, S2C, and S8A.

The water contact angle of samples was tested with a contact angle goniometer (SL200KS). The substrate was placed on the stage, and 1-l droplet of water was dropped onto the surface of the substrate. The data are presented in Fig. 2 (A, F, G, and H) and fig. S2 (C, G, and H).

XPS spectrum was obtained with Thermo Fisher Scientific ESCALAB 250 Xi. The data are presented in Figs. 2C and 3D and fig. S7C.

NanoDSF curve was obtained with NanoTemper Prometheus NT.48. The data are presented in fig. S2A.

Samples were coated with Au for 30 s with an SBC-12 sputter coater. SEM images including EBSD and EDS images were acquired with JEOL 7800 Prime or JSM-6010. The data are presented in Figs. 3 (C and G) and 4B and figs. S2 (F to H), S4 (B to D), S5B, and S6 (A to C).

TEM images were obtained on an FEI T12 transmission electron microscope operated at 120-kV accelerating voltage. The data are presented in fig. S3A.

Protein-coated microparticles, bare microparticles, or protein nanofibers were put on the ATR crystal directly. Spectra were recorded from 1700 to 1600 cm1 using a nominal resolution of 2 cm1 with Spectrum Two (PerkinElmer). The data are presented in figs. S2B and S7B.

Fluorescence imaging was performed on an Olympus IX83, Leica DMi8, or LSM 710 fluorescence microscope. Cy5 channel of Leica DMi8 was used to image RFD. The data are presented in Figs. 4C and 5D and fig. S8C.

Photoluminescence spectra were collected using HORIBA FL-3 with excitation at 350 nm. The data are presented in figs. S1A and S7A.

Acknowledgments: We thank X. Wang for AFM training. AFM characterization was executed at the Analytical Instrumentation Center (AIC), and SEM and TEM characterization were performed at the Electron Microscopy Center (EMC) at School of Physical Science and Technology (SPST), ShanghaiTech University. Funding: This work was partially sponsored by the Commission for Science and Technology of Shanghai Municipality (grant no. 17JC1403900), the Joint Funds of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Key Program No. U1932204), and the National Science and Technology Major Project of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (grant no. 2018YFA0902804). C.Z. also acknowledges start-up funding support from ShanghaiTech University and 1000 Youth Talents Program, granted by the Chinese Central Government. Author contributions: C.Z. conceived the concept and directed the research. C.Z., Y.L., and K.L. designed and conducted the experiments and data analysis. X.W. synthesized QDs and performed TEM. M.C. participated in coating fabrication process. P.G. and J.Z. fabricated microfluidic devices. F.Q. participated in protein purification. C.Z., Y.L., and K.L. wrote the manuscript with help from all authors. Competing interests: The authors have filed a provisional patent based on this work with the China Intellectual Property Office (PCT/CN2018/085988). The authors declare no other competing interests. Data and materials availability: All data needed to evaluate the conclusions in the paper are present in the paper and/or the Supplementary Materials. Additional data related to this paper may be requested from the authors.

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Menu of solutions, no silver bullet, to feed the world – FeedStrategy.com

Friday, May 22nd, 2020

There is no silver bullet to the ability to feed a global population of more than 9 billion people by 2050. There is a menu of solutions across many sectors of the food economy, according to Jack Bobo, CEO of food consultancy firm Futurity, who spoke May 21 during Alltechs ONE Virtual Experience.

When it comes to sustainability, the ideas of local sustainability vs. global sustainability are often very different from each other, Bobo said.

When we think about local sustainability, thats really how most consumers think about sustainability, because theyre thinking about farmers using less fertilizer and less insecticide and producing things in a way that doesnt have runoff into the local environment, he said. They want to have less of an impact of agriculture on the land.

But, he pointed out, methods such as organic agriculture result in 20-30% less food for a given amount of land.

Imagine for a moment that the entire world were organic: What would that mean? he asked. Well, the main thing it would mean is that we just wouldnt have any forest anymore, because we would need 20% to 30% more land in order to produce the food we have. And 40% of all the land on earth is already used for agriculture. So that would have a devastating impact.

For this reason, the concept of global sustainability is the opposite of local sustainability.

Its about prioritizing intensive agriculture in one place in order to protect the environment somewhere else, he said. That could mean more intensive livestock production through contained animal feeding where you see the environmental impact locally of that intensive agricultural production. But what you dont see is that you dont need to have more animals going out into in Brazil, where they have to cut down forests in order to make way for expanded livestock production. So, you dont see the land protected; you only see the local impact. This comparison between local and global sustainability is part of the different story that were telling.

But, Bobo said we need local and global sustainability; neither one is right or wrong.

Its really about choices and consequences, he said. But there are consequences to the choices we make.

Those choices the menu of solutions will be different across various regions or sectors, and they will all work together to create a better food production system to feed the world.

Rather than thinking about sustainability as farming is the problem, I like to think that Im just happy that consumers and conservationists are now joining farmers on this journey of sustainability, because we could use their help, he said. And instead of framing it as agriculture is the problem to be solved, we need to help them to understand that agriculture is the solution to the problem.

Some of the solutions Bobo discussed include:

Shifting diets: For many, if we would all just become vegan or vegetarian, we wouldnt have any problems, he said.

But, while there is a need for a healthier diet in the developed world, in low-income regions, people eat more protein as their income increases.

So, even if we do shift diets in the United States and Europe and places like that, people are going to be shifting their diets in a way that increases the impact of agriculture in most places around the world, he said.

Food waste: One-third of all the food produced is lost to food waste, Bobo said. The good news is that people are much more focused on this issue than they were 20 years ago. But, in the developed world, that waste is post-consumer whereas in the developing world, the waste happens along the supply chain.

Addressing food waste is hard, because food waste is not one problem. Food waste is a thousand problems, he said. Food waste doesnt just occur in the field. It doesnt just occur in storage. It doesnt just occur during distribution. It occurs at all of these different points along the supply chain.

Cover crops: While organic farmers have advocated for cover crops for decades, big data has shown a return on investment that has larger farmers also adopting this low-tech solution.

Cover crops are adding some nutrients theyre reducing soil erosion, he said.

Gene editing and genetic engineering: These are more high-tech solutions to increasing crop production and lowering environmental impact. Plants can be genetically engineered to be resistant to insect damage or be more tolerant to drought, for example.

There are all sorts of solutions to the problems of agriculture. And they occur, whether its organic, high tech, or otherwise, he said.

Alternative proteins: Whether its companies that create alternative proteins through fermentation, cellular technology or plant-based products, they are all competing for market share instead of working together toward a solution.

When we think about trying to feed the world in 2050, the market opportunity is $1 trillion dollars just in the protein space, he said. Who really believes that plant-based meat is going to become a trillion-dollar industry in just 30 years? And even if, somehow, they did become a trillion-dollar industry, so what? We wouldnt lose a single cow, we wouldnt lose any cattle. Wed still be producing all of that food in the same way that we did, and hopefully, in a much, much more environmentally friendly way.

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Menu of solutions, no silver bullet, to feed the world - FeedStrategy.com

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Climate change and coronavirus: Is the Covid-19 pandemic really a surprise? – DailyO

Friday, May 22nd, 2020

Walking towards the school gate, as I adjusted the N-99 face mask on my four-year-old, I felt deeply disturbed. The AQI numbers in our city had soared to hazardous levels and the air pollution was causing worrisome adverse effects on the tiny lungs of our children.

Pollution was not the only cause for anxiety. The extreme weather conditions, the rise of vector-borne diseases like dengue and chikungunya, the continuing emergence of novel viruses, the increasing resistance of infectious agents to medication: everything was pointing towards an extremely grim future in the world of health. The thought of our children being the bearers of such a future perplexed me, both as a mother and as a pulmonologist.

Thus started my exploration of the obvious, yet oft-ignored, changes taking place in our ecosystems and led me to my research on climate change.

The AQI numbers in our city had soared to hazardous levels and the air pollution was causing worrisome adverse effects on the tiny lungs of our children. (Photo: Reuters)

The direct effects of climate change on our health are easy to guess. The average global temperature of the earth, which has increased by 1C since the pre-industrial era, is rising at a rate of 0.2C per decade. It may soon reach a level that is irreversible (2.5C above the pre-industrial average). 95 per cent of this global warming is being caused by greenhouse gases, the atmospheric levels of which are increasing alarmingly due to human activities. This global warming is causing melting of ice masses, the rise of sea levels and major alterations in regional precipitation patterns, resulting in unprecedented and extreme weather conditions heatwaves, wildfires, earthquakes, floods, tsunamis and snow-storms. These natural calamities are leading to deaths, diseases, malnutritionand mental health issues. Extreme temperatures are causing heat strokes, respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. Greenhouse effects are leading to diseases because of air pollution.

But what is more important and less obvious is the gradual and persistent damage that is being caused by climate change to the natural habitats and ecosystems of the world, and its quietyet devastating effects on our health.Think about it why are we having newer and frequent viral infections to deal with? Why are our children falling sick so often? Why is every simple viral cough leading to bronchitis? Why is the prescription of anti-inflammatory inhalers, medicines that were reserved for asthmatics, increasing rampantly?

Climate change, human behaviour and emerging infections

75 per cent of emerging infectious diseases, like Influenza, HIV/AIDS, Ebola, SARSand MERS are zoonotic. It means that they exist in animals but can be transmitted to humans.Most of them are caused by viruses predominantly RNA viruses.

Loss of Biodiversity: Climate change and land loss cause loss of habitat, leading to extinction or relocation of native species, with growing predominance of invasive, resilient species. These become likely to harbour and transmit pathogens (so-called reservoir hosts). In a healthy ecosystem, where biodiversity is high, multiple species dilute the effect of the reservoir species, the so-called dilution effect. Studies on hantavirus, West Nile virus etc. have shown strong links between low biodiversity and high rates of viral transmission.

The average global temperature of the earth, which has increased by 1C since the pre-industrial era, is rising at a rate of 0.2C per decade. (Photo: Reuters)

Migration of species: Global warming causes many species to migrate away from the equator and toward higher altitudes, bringing them in contact with new pathogens, to which they have not evolved resistance. These animals are also stressed and immunosuppressed, hence more susceptible to infection.

Contact with humans: Disruption of pristine forests by anthropogenic activities like mining,road building, urbanisation and livestock ranching brings people into closer contact with forest species, increasing the interaction between them. Ebola fever has had several outbreaks in Africa since 1970 because of increased interaction of local population with fruit bats due to population growth and encroachment into forest areas. Kyasanur forest disease, once limited to Karnataka, has spread to adjacent states over the last five years, because of conversion of forests into plantations and paddy fields, that has brought the locals nearer to monkeys.

Intermediate hosts and inter-species transmission: Although most of the novel viruses, including SARS-CoV-2, are generalist viruses that infect many different hosts, jumping into human species from wildlife species is not easy because of significant biological barriers. Transmission from mammalian species which are genetically closer to humans (the intermediate hosts), like pigs, is easier. Pig farming around forests facilitated the transmission of Nipah virus from bats in Malaysia, and civet cats sold in wet markets transmitted SARS-CoV from bats in China.

The market connection: In informal wet markets, animals are slaughtered, cut up and sold on the spot. The Wuhan wet market soldnumerous wild animals - live pangolins, wolf pups, crocodiles, foxes, civets. Wet markets in Africa sell monkeys, bats, birds, etc. They are a perfect platform for cross-species transmission of pathogens as novel interactions with a range of species occur in one place. 39per cent of the early cases in the SARS outbreak were wildlife food handlers, likely connected to the wet market of Guangdong, China.

The Wuhan wet market sold numerous wild animals, making it a perfect platform for cross-species transmission of pathogens.

Human transmission: Once inside new hosts, most viruses, fortunately, adapt, replicate and transmit inefficiently. Out of the 1,399 recognised human pathogens, 500 are transmissible between humans, and only 100to 150 are sufficiently transmissible to cause epidemics or pandemics. Restrictions occur at many cellular levels like entry into host cells by receptor binding, trafficking within cell, genome replication and gene expression. Each barrier requires a corresponding genetic change or mutation in the virus. RNA viruses, especially single-stranded RNA viruses like coronavirus, replicate rapidly and are prone to mutations due to lack of a proofreading mechanism. Only after extensive replications and re-assortments in the genome of H3N2 influenza A virus, was it capable of causing the 1968 pandemic.

Human behavioural changes: Factors like international travel, international trade of wildlife, urbanisation, and increase in population density further facilitate transmission.

Covid-19: What do we know?

In late December 2019, Wuhan Centre for Disease Control and Prevention detected a novel coronavirus in two hospital patients with atypical pneumonia. It sent the samples to the Wuhan Institute of Virology for further investigation. The genomic sequence of the virus, eventually named SARS-CoV-2, was 96 per cent identical to that of a coronavirus identified in horseshoe bats in a bat-cave in Yunnan during virus-hunting expeditions. It belonged to the SARS group of coronaviruses.

The expeditions were carried out by the Director of the Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases at the Wuhan Laboratory, Shi Zhengli (nicknamed Chinas Bat-woman) and her team, from 2004 for over 16 years, in an attempt to isolate the SARS coronavirus. They discovered hundreds of bat-borne coronaviruses with incredible genetic diversity in bat-caves deep inside forests. In bat dwellings, constant mixing of different viruses creates a great opportunity for dangerous new pathogens to emerge and the bats turn into flying factories of new viruses.

But bats were not present at the Wuhan wet market. The wild pangolin, sold for its exotic meat and medicinal scales, became suspect as an intermediate host when a SARS-CoV-2 like coronavirus was discovered in pangolins that were seized in illegal trade markets in southern China.

Whether or not the SARS-CoV-2 was accidentally or deliberately released from the Wuhan Laboratory is a debate not proven. None of the coronaviruses that were under study in this laboratory were identical to the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Also, researchers believe that the spike proteins present on the viral surface, that target the ACE2 receptors on human cells, are so effective in binding the virus to the cells, that they could have developed only by natural selection and not by genetic engineering. When computer simulations were carried out, the mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 genome did not work well in binding the virus to human cells, leading to the argument that if scientists were to deliberately engineer the virus, they would not choose mutations that computer models suggested did not work.

A recent analysis done in China estimates that there are now more than 30 strains of the virus spread across the globe.(Photo: Reuters)

Whatever the origin of the virus, the response to develop what is needed to control the present outbreak remains the same, as do the policies needed to prevent such outbreaks in the future.

A recent analysis done in China estimates that there are now more than 30 strains of the virus spread across the globe. This means that it has already mutated 30 times, which filters down to roughly one mutation every two weeks. More studies are needed to determine the effects of these mutations on the virulence and transmissibility of the virus. But going by the rapidity with which Covid is taking over the world, it should be an easy guess.

So really, is the Covid-19 pandemic a surprise? Not at all. It was coming, and so will others.

Covid-19 has thrown us into a world of turmoil and uncertainty. The impacts on health and economy have been devastating. The only thing that is flourishing is nature! Maybe nature will make us see what innumerable climate-related world conferences could not. It is there for us to appreciate in its full glory the blue skies, the clean air, the blooming flowers, the variety of birds and the wild creatures returning to claim the land that was once theirs. Nature is sending us a message. It would do us good to heed to it.

Also read| I don't believe you: Donald Trump, world's biggest climate change denier

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Climate change and coronavirus: Is the Covid-19 pandemic really a surprise? - DailyO

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RNA and DNA Extraction Kit Market Supply and Demand with Size (Value and Volume) by 2028 – Cole of Duty

Friday, May 22nd, 2020

Global RNA and DNA Extraction Kit Market: Overview

RNA and DNA extraction plays a crucial role in cancer genetic studies, which involves mutation analysis, comparative genomic hybridization, and microsatellite analysis. The rising incidences of cancer globally are creating a need for the advanced RNA and DNA extraction kit and are expected to drive market growth in the coming years.

Based on the product, the market is expected to segregate into RNA extraction kit and DNA extraction kit. Of these, the DNA extraction kit segment is expected to account for the leading share in the overall RNA and DNA extraction kit market. Additionally, the applications of DNA extraction kits mainly in the genetic engineering of animals and plants in pharmaceutical manufacturing. This is expected to fuel growth of RNA and DNA extraction kit market.

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Global RNA and DNA Extraction Kit Market: Notable Developments

Some of the key players in the global RNA and DNA extraction kit market include Agilent Technologies Inc., Merck KGaA, Bio-Rad Laboratories Inc., Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., and QIAGEN. Introduction of new products is benefiting growth of the global RNA and DNA extraction kit market.

Global RNA and DNA Extraction Kit Market: Drivers and Restraints

The rise and progress in customized drug have helped social insurance experts create exact sub-atomic focused on treatment dependent on a persons hereditary cosmetics and prescient information explicit to patients. The advancement of customized medication requires genome-mapping investigations of separated cells, which can be completed with the assistance of DNA and RNA extraction kits. DNA extraction kits are utilized to recognize quality polymorphisms identified with sickness or medication digestion though RNA extraction kits are utilized to break down RNA combination in separated cells. With the expanding appropriation of customized prescription, the demand for RNA and DNA extraction kits will likewise develop.

There is a developing rate of malignant growth over the globe. The inside and out understanding of tumor hereditary qualities given by trend-setting innovations in malignant growth research has empowered the advancement of novel treatments to battle disease-causing qualities. The virtue, amount, and nature of separated RNA assume a huge job in the accomplishment of RNA examination and examination and consequent capacity of specific quality articulation. RNA extraction likewise helps in recognizing circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and non-intrusive observing of cutting edge malignant growths.

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Global RNA and DNA Extraction Kit Market: Regional Outlook

On the basis of region, the RNA and DNA extraction kit market is segmented into North America, Europe, Latin America, Asia Pacific, and the Middle East & Africa. Of these, North America is expected to dominate the global RNA and DNA extraction kit market owing to robust innovation procedures running in the region. This factor is expected to offer robust growth opportunities to key players in RNA and DNA extraction kit market. Additionally, increasing demand for the automated systems coupled with the rising need for the RNA and DNA extraction kit across the extraction kits especially in the medical diagnosis is expected to drive growth of the market in coming years.

About TMR Research:

TMR Research is a premier provider of customized market research and consulting services to business entities keen on succeeding in todays supercharged economic climate. Armed with an experienced, dedicated, and dynamic team of analysts, we are redefining the way our clients conduct business by providing them with authoritative and trusted research studies in tune with the latest methodologies and market trends.

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RNA and DNA Extraction Kit Market Supply and Demand with Size (Value and Volume) by 2028 - Cole of Duty

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