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Archive for the ‘Blindness’ Category

Bill Barr’s Blindness — And Our Own – The American Conservative

Friday, November 22nd, 2019

Last month, when Attorney General Bill Barr gave a speech at Notre Dame about religious liberty, I praised him for his take on the importance of religion to our Constitutional order, and for pointing fingers at those carrying out the organized destruction of religions place in the public square. I stand by that praise. But in his column today, taking on that speech, and a more recent one Barr delivered to the Federalist Society, about law and the presidency, Ross Douthat says the Attorney General is guilty of propping up Zombie Reaganism. Douthat writes:

What Barrs speeches presuppose, basically, is What if everything you believed before Trump, you can still believe today?

In the Notre Dame speech, this reassurance manifests itself in a restatement of the assumptions that have guided organized religious conservatism since the 1960s: that the chief threat to religious faith comes from secularizing elites; that the great moral debates of our time pit Christian rigorists on the right against moral relativists on the left; that religious conservatives and limited-government conservatives can be natural allies because the welfare state is an ersatz religious institution that crowds out private charity and churches.

Douthat goes on to say that Barrs diagnosis is correct, but limited in important ways. He goes on:

But theres no attempt in the speech to address the recent trends that complicate religious conservatisms 70s-era vision even though those trends helped make Barrs boss the president of the United States.

For instance, theres no mention of the extent to which conservative lawyers already won a series of battles against the harder sort of secularism even liberal jurisprudence today is less strictly secularist than in the 70s and it didnt matter much to the cultural erosion of their faith.

Theres no mention of how much of that erosion has happened under administrations friendly to conservative Christianity, and therefore probably reflects internal weakness, division and scandal more than pressure from outside. [Emphasis mine RD]

Theres no reckoning with the tension between the G.O.P.s religious and libertarian wings, the clear support of many religious conservatives for the welfare state that official conservatism decries or the extent to which Trump won the Republican nomination by running against the familiar critique of big government that Barr recycles in his speech.

Thats really true, and I wish I had caught that when I first wrote about Barrs speech. After all, I wrote a book based in large part on the fact that the culture has changed so much that its simply not plausible to believe that if only we elect the right politicians, we can re-Christianize the public square. The dog that did not bark was the Christian churches in the fight to preserve traditional marriage. In France secular France! almost a million people turned out in Paris to protest (unsuccessfully) the proposed pro-LGBT changes in the law. In America, nothing. In 1993, hundreds of thousands of gay folks turned out on the Mall in Washington, DC, to demand pro-LGBT laws. I was there covering the story. They cared enough to demonstrate; we conservative Christians did not. We thought having the right opinions, and voting Republican, and donating to conservative Christian PACs, would be enough.

Meanwhile, we lost the culture. Dont get me wrong, AG Barrs diagnosis is correct, as far as it goes. There really are elites doing their best to demonize Christian belief. But if thats the only diagnosis from the Right of our dire condition, it isnt enough. As Douthat points out later in his piece, after he issues a similar, even stronger, critique of Barrs speech on law and the imperial presidency, this rhetoric is the kind of thing that soothes conservative audiences but doesnt actually describe the world into which conservatives find themselves thrown in 2019.

Douthat points to Damon Linkers critique of Barrs Federalist Society speech, which Linker sees as a harbinger of future right-wing authoritarianism. Douthat is not quite buying it:

The other, which Im drawn to bymy own obsession with decadence, would emphasize futility instead. A conservatism that constantly reconverts itself to the worldview of the Reagan era isnt poised to claim sweeping, authoritarian power, in the service of religious revolution or any other cause. Its poised for repetition, gridlock and failure ever-imagining itself seizing the initiative, but really letting itself be carried backward, a boat against the current, into the world of Bill Barrs youth and past.

Douthat is consciously referring to the final line of The Great Gatsby:

Gatsby believed in the green light, the orgastic future that year by year recedes before us. It eluded us then, but thats no mattertomorrow we will run faster, stretch out our arms farther. . . . And one fine morning

So we beat on, boats against the current, borne back ceaselessly into the past.

Douthat is saying that Barrs two speeches are a form of willed optimism, of an old Reaganaut trying to convince himself and his listeners that its still 1980, and the Reagan-era verities still hold. Like Douthat, I am inclined to think of this in terms of decadence decadence not in the vulgar understanding of the term (e.g., licentiousness), but decadence in the sense of having no new ideas, and being compelled therefore to repeat old ones for lack of anything useful to say.Anyway, read the whole thing.

This is a problem on the Right, for sure. I think of the conservative Christians I know who are still captive to a more or less Reaganite view of the world, and who think that sending their kids to a Christian school, and attending a conservative Christian church, is sufficient to hold the line. They really do think that the line between good and evil is drawn between institutions and political parties.

I often return to this 1999 PBS Frontline episode, The Lost Children Of Rockdale County.My wife and I watched it when it was first aired, 20 years ago. Our firstborn child was not even one month old. It shocked us deeply. It made us vow that we would do everything we possibly could not to be parents like the Rockdale County moms and dads in this show. Heres a transcript of the program, and heres a link to a YouTube version.

The show takes an outbreak of syphilis among high schoolers in this upscale, politically conservative Atlanta suburb, and uses it to take a closer look at their lives. What they found, along with state health investigators, was a sexual free-for-all culture, abetted by the unwillingness of parents to pay close attention. From the transcript:

NARRATOR: There were lots of parties back then, anywhere that adults werent around. The kids would meet in empty homes all over Conyers, sometimes even in rented motel rooms. Kevin did not take part in their activities, but he knew about them.

KEVIN: There was a lot of sex going on then. Like, one girl would come in the group and shed be passed around, or one guy would go in the girls group and get passed around.

INTERVIEWER: Passed around?

KEVIN: Yeah, theyd just- one guy would do it with her one night. The next night somebody else has her. The next night somebody else has her.

INTERVIEWER: Was this a game?

KEVIN: Pretty much.

NICOLE: There was a lot of sex then, about 16 years old- a lot of sex. We would fight. There was about four of the guys that drove BMWs and had everything, and those were- all the girls wanted to be with those guys, so we would all fight over them or do whatever. And then youd have sex with them, so youd be, like, Yeah, I had sex with your man last night, da, da, da, do. And thats- I think thats how the syphilis came about. It was everybody just having sex with everybody.

D.J.: Actually, I mean, it was a social thing, but it was more of an underground railroad thing. Everybody was secretively having sex with everybody, and everybody knew it. The teenagers knew it. But the parents never knew.

Prof. CLAIRE STERK: A lot of the adolescents had parents who worked, were at home alone, had parents who put in 40, 60, 80-hour work weeks and were doing that to insure that all the resources that they wanted to give to their children were available.

BETH ROSS, Dir. Counseling, Rockdale County Schools: The activities they were involved in, whether it would be sexual or otherwise, the majority of their behavior was taking place between right after school and right before parents came home from work, like between 3:00 and 7:00, and some of it late at night then, after midnight, after the parents would go to sleep.

NICOLE: Most of my friends parents were not the kind of parents that really cared. They cared what went on, but if it interfered with their lives they didnt really- wouldnt- they didnt want to bother with it.

About halfway through the film, theres a town meeting with the parents to discuss the crisis:

Dr. KATHLEEN TOOMEY: What was so extraordinary to me is these parents started looking for externally who to blame. This has caused this, T.V. has caused that, External groups have caused this. But few of them none of them that I can recall ever looked to themselves. And the minister turned to me and said, They dont see. Its them. Its the parents. They have done this. The kids dont talk to them.

What was extraordinary to me, a year after this outbreak, was here was a community in total denial about what happened.

NARRATOR: In the end, the syphilis outbreak had come and gone, leaving barely a ripple behind. But some believe that the community, by regarding the outbreak as an anomaly, had missed a larger point about all its kids.

CLAIRE STERK: I would say its very sad because there are so many lessons we could have learned from this. And part of me feels that were not picking up on all those lessons and still leave adolescents hanging there, forcing them to take care of themselves when we know that theyre not always able to do that.

WES BONNER, Pastor: Theyre coming from middle class homes, upper middle class homes. They have so many things, you know, every convenience. They all have a cell phone, a pager, you know, anything that they need. But what theyre looking for is, you know, Wheres the road? Wheres the path? I dont see that. You know, everythings so spread out. I dont know, you know, where to go.

The children of Rockdale County are now parents. I wonder how theyre raising their kids? I wonder what narrative they tell themselves about life in America, to allow themselves to sleep at night? I wonder if theyre #MAGA nostalgists, or if theyre Silicon Valley Soixante-Huitards who believe that if we just tear down more barriers, then we will finally reach utopia.

Everybody in America is a nostalgist. Because we are a decadent society.

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Bill Barr's Blindness -- And Our Own - The American Conservative

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Texans’ DeAndre Hopkins gives two touchdown balls to his blind mom in heartwarming game tradition – CBS Sports

Friday, November 22nd, 2019

DeAndre Hopkins helped the Houston Texans take control of the AFC South with a 20-17 win over the Indianapolis Colts on Thursday. He found the end zone twice and each time celebrated by giving the ball to a fan in the crowd. But it wasn't just any fan -- it was Hopkins' mother, Sabrina Greenlee, who is blind.

She always sits in the same seats at NRG Stadium during Texans home games. After hauling in the touchdown catch, Hopkins went right over to his mother and handed her the football. It's what he does whenever he scores during Texans homes games.

Greenlee has been blind since 2002, according to CBS KHOU. She was attacked by another woman who believed that Greenlee was sleeping with her boyfriend. Acid -- specifically a mix of bleach and lye -- was involved in the assault, which ultimately caused the blindness, and Greenlee was left in a coma for over two weeks. Although she attends nearly every Texans home game, she has never been able to see Hopkins, who was a rookie in 2013, play in the NFL.

Hopkins put on quite the performance for his mother with one of his best outings of the 2019 season. The Texans star wideout caught six passes for 94 yards and a pair of touchdowns, including a 30-yard strike from Deshaun Watson that ended up being the game-winning score. It was Hopkins' first multi-touchdown game since Houston's Week 1 contest against the New Orleans Saints.

Hopkins' huge performance gave the Texans the division lead and he was able to share one of his key touchdowns with his mother.

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Will Republicans continue to engage in willful blindness? | TheHill – The Hill

Friday, November 22nd, 2019

One of us is a liberal Democrat who voted for Hillary ClintonHillary Diane Rodham ClintonDemocratic strategist laments 'low bar' for Biden debate performance Wasserman Schultz makes bid for House Appropriations Committee gavel Trump to hold campaign rally in Pennsylvania next month MORE and learned about decoding Donald TrumpDonald John TrumpWatergate prosecutor says that Sondland testimony was 'tipping point' for Trump In private moment with Trump, Justice Kennedy pushed for Kavanaugh Supreme Court nomination: book Obama: 'Everybody needs to chill out' about differences between 2020 candidates MOREs words from his former attorney, Michael CohenMichael Dean CohenWill Republicans continue to engage in willful blindness? 3 reasons why impeachment fatigue has already set in Day 2 impeachment ratings drop by more than 1 million from first day MORE. The other is a conservative Republican who voted for Mr. Trump, served briefly as his White House communications director and thus also has experience trying to translate Trumps elliptical code words.

During the impeachment hearings so far, two Republican members of the House Intelligence Committee Reps. Jim JordanJames (Jim) Daniel JordanDiplomat seen rolling his eyes amid testy impeachment exchange with Jordan Live coverage: Impeachment spotlight shifts to Fiona Hill, David Holmes House GOP wants Senate Republicans to do more on impeachment MORE of Ohio and Elise StefanikElise Marie StefanikLive coverage: Impeachment spotlight shifts to Fiona Hill, David Holmes The Hill's Morning Report - Sondland stuns; Dems pull punches in fifth debate How House Republicans have stayed unified on impeachment MORE of New York were particularly ready to buy into these Trump code-word games.

Cohen, who served as Mr. Trumps attorney for 10 years, was quite experienced with Trumps reliance on code words, often hearing him use message words that were exactly the opposite of the truth.For example, in 2018, Cohen was asked by the Senate and House intelligence committees whether he had had discussions with Russians during the 2016 presidential campaign about the Trump Organization building a Trump Tower in Moscow. As Cohen subsequently testified, the answer was yes, and Trump was fully briefed. After receiving this question from the two committees, Cohen visited with Trump in the Oval Office to get guidance as to how he should answer. The code words were clear: Michael, no Russia, no discussions, no Russia, Trump told him. Cohen got the party-line message to lie, consistent with Trump's public denials during the campaign. (Cohen subsequently pled guilty and is serving prison time, in part as a result of following Trump's instructions-by-code to lie to Congress, knowing he was doing so for Trump's benefit.)

During last weeks televised impeachment hearings, committee Republicans accepted the truth of Trumps denials: No quid pro quo, no quid pro quo, no quid pro quo. They said there was no direct evidence of Trump linking military aid to Ukraine with requiring Ukraine's President Zelensky to announce corruption investigations of Democrats.

But what exactly did Trump say during his call with Zelensky? Wouldnt that be direct evidence?Lets re-read key parts of the summary transcript of the call.

First, the context: President Zelensky said his country was "almost ready to buy more Javelins" anti-tank missiles from the United States for defense purposes.

Trump then said,immediatelyafter Zelensky's reference to military weapons: "I would like you to do a favor though."

The word "though," in plain English, is the same as "but" or "however."

Then Trump immediately referenced the need to investigate the Democrats, based on the utterly debunked ultra-right conspiracy theory that Ukraine had the Democratic National Committee (DNC) server that had been hacked into by the Russians during the 2016 campaign. Trump mentioned the company, Crowdstrike, which helped the DNC to track the email hack to the Russians.

Then comes his direct ask:I would like you to find out what happened with this whole situation with Ukraine, they say Crowdstrike ... The server, they say Ukraine has it.

Note the words "I would like you to." This is more than just asking a "favor." It is consistent with Lt. Col. Vidman's interpretation at Tuesday's hearings that it sounds more like an "order" than asking for a "favor."

Just two paragraphs later in the summary transcript not more than a couple of minutes of conversation Trump mentions asecond favor to Zelensky. Specifically, Trump calls this the other thing.

Theres a lot of talk about Bidens son, that Biden stopped the prosecution and a lot of people want to find out about that so if you can look into it ... , he said.

Republicans try to deny the second favor but they are undone by the words the other thing. In the context of Zelensky asking for a shipment of Javelin missiles, Trump asks for two favors benefitting him personally and politically.

Trump has trouble pronouncing the three Latin words, quid pro quo. Here are three other Latin words that Republicans should recall when reading the summary transcript of the Trump-Zelensky July 25 call:"Res ipsa loquitur" "the thing speaks for itself."

Even indirect or so-called circumstantial evidence is still evidence that can lead to a conviction, based on a jurys reasonable inferences. We are compelled to ask Republicans: If you heard the Godfather telling his consiglieri, I dont like that guy, and shortly thereafter "that guy is shot, would you vote to acquit because there was no direct evidence of the Godfather giving the order?

We shall see whether Republicans will continue their willful blindness to the evidence, direct and circumstantial, until they will have to vote whether to impeach in the House and remove in the Senate. If they do, we shall see, about a year from now at the polls, whether Republicans engaging in such sophistry will be held accountable and sent back to private life.

Lanny Davis, an attorney in Washington, served as President Clintons special counsel from 1996 to 1998 and was a member of President George W. Bush's Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board, 2006-07. He is a co-founder of the law firm of Davis Goldberg & Gaiper PLLC and the strategic media and public affairs firm Trident DMG. He authored "Crisis Tales: Five Rules for Coping with Crises in Business, Politics and Life" (2013). Follow him on Twitter @LannyDavis.

Anthony ScaramucciAnthony ScaramucciWill Republicans continue to engage in willful blindness? Scaramucci: Trump sees Bloomberg as threat Scaramucci: Trump will be gone by March 2020 MOREis an American entrepreneur, founder and co-managing partner of SkyBridge Capital. He served briefly as White House communications director. Follow him on Twitter@Scaramucci.

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Genetic condition that leads to blindness discovered in monkeys for the first time – AOP

Friday, November 22nd, 2019

Scientists hope that the discovery of a sight-threatening genetic syndrome in monkeys could offer new avenues for developing treatments for the condition.

Writing in Experimental Eye Research, researchers highlight that three rhesus macaques monkeys were found to have Bardet-Biedl Syndrome (BBS), which leads to vision loss, kidney dysfunction and other symptoms.

BBS is part of a larger family of diseases that affect the retina called retinitis pigmentosa.

The syndrome occurs in one in 140,000 to 160,000 North American births.

Dr Martha Neuringer, from Oregon Health & Science University, highlighted that there is no cure for BBS at present.

Having a naturally occurring animal model for the condition could help us find one in the future, she shared.

Scientists also hope that having an animal model of BBS may lead to a greater understanding of a variety of retinitis pigmentosa diseases.

Image credit: Pixabay/christels

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Padma Shri Award Winner Dr. R.V. Ramani Speaks about the Role of Technology in Eliminating Curable Blindness – indica News

Friday, November 22nd, 2019

Ritu Jha-

Dr. R.V. Ramani, managing trustee of Sankara Eye Foundation (SEF), one of the leading eye care service providers in India on being honored with the Padma Shri award [A Civilian Award bestowed by Govt.of.India]early this year says that these are moral boosters not only for the individuals but also for the organizations to which he or she belongs to.

It encourages you to do more and also encourages your confidence. There are people who appreciate the good things in life. So that is something that makes you feel positive about it.

Dr.Ramani was felicitated at the SEF USA annual banquet on Nov. 9 at Paradise Ballrooms in Fremont, California. Philanthropists, business and social leaders, and donors from the Indian-American community came together to celebrate the accomplishment of 1.96 million free eye surgeries through Sankara hospitals and over 80,000 free eye surgeries with their partner, as well as pledge support to fulfill the mission of eradicating curable blindness in India.

Dr. Ramani told indica with a smile on the sidelines of the conference, where people surrounded him congratulating him and taking a look at the prestigious Padma Shri medal he wore on his suit, You feel you were able to disseminate some good

It was a pleasant surprise; I wasnt aware of it, he said, on learning about the award.

The Sankara Eye Hospital was first established in 1977 to eliminate curable eye blindness in India, during his speech Dr. Ramani shared not just about his vision but about the upcoming hospitals in India as well as the use of technology, specifically artificial intelligence (AI) to ensure early diagnosis and prevention.

There are nine established super specialty SEF hospitals and three new SEF hospitals being built in Indore, Hyderabad, and Mumbai. Bihar Sankara Eye Hospital has partnered with Akhand Jyoti Hospital, based in Masti Chak, Bihar to help the underserved. The Sankara Eye Hospital in Indore is being inaugurated January 2020.

Dr. Ramani noted that Bihar has been slow with its establishment of SEF hospitals. He said the awareness is there but you need to create a sound foundation, that is why it took this much time. He believes to run an organization, one needs like-minded people. So together they aim and reach out to more people and be of service and disseminate role models so that more and more people will get on board.

On the usage of technology he said, Every day we see thousands of patients so data mining is going to help us a lot in the long term. Whatever we see and learn we try to integrate into future services.

It helps in both prevention and diagnosis. Preventative eye care for children and curative eye care for adults.

The annual banquet also held a panel conducted by Sridharan Krishnamurthy, president and board member of SEF USA where SEF India and its board members, share about why they joined Sankara and their work.

Bharath Balasubmaium, President Sankara Eye Hospital in Coimbatore, India told indica on how they are using Artificial Intelligence(AI) to take leverage of data generated through 10 hospitals said, weve started bringing technology 15 years back where weve revamped our client serve mechanism to data-based capturing mechanism. So, hospitals have been integrated and each hospital is connected and all the functional hospital generate data in real-time. And we monitor the progress of each location.

Balasubmaium, who has been associated for the past two decades with Sankara said in 2009, they ensured all hospitals should be integrated and data was visible and started researching AI to predict disease.

When asked how using AI, how its helping, he said to try to understand the reasons for the diseases and try to understand there are any patterns that have come out of the information that is available in the hospital data.

With the AI technology, which we have been developing for the past four years and have been trying to understand and come out the trends in diabetic retinopathy. We have patients with diabetes and so we are understanding the patterns and trends, Balasubmaium said.

Explaining further he said that with cataracts and now with diabetes increasing, diabetic retinopathy is becoming prevalent.

Lots of patients have a cataract, which is the leading cause of blindness, he said.

Balasubmaium also added that its not just the patients coming to the hospitals which generates data but also the people on the ground surveying in the field using the Sankara Electronic Remote Vision Information System (SERVIS) an app.

We are in the process of collecting the information and coming out with heat maps which have the job imaging in eye disease. Again, all this is real-time data collection

Balasubmaium says, with AI we are looking at what more can be done in preventing eye diseases.

The intention is to eliminate curable blindness, said Balasubmaium.

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Padma Shri Award Winner Dr. R.V. Ramani Speaks about the Role of Technology in Eliminating Curable Blindness - indica News

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Biogen Announces Enrollment Completion of Global Phase 3 Gene Therapy Study for an Inherited Retinal Disorder – Yahoo Finance

Friday, November 22nd, 2019

Timrepigene emparvovec is a potential first-in-class AAV2 gene therapy for the treatment of choroideremia, a rare, degenerative, X-linked retinal disorder that leads to blindness

CAMBRIDGE, Mass., Nov. 21, 2019 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Biogen Inc.(BIIB) announced today the enrollment of the last patient in the global Phase 3 STAR clinical study, which is evaluating the investigational gene therapy timrepigene emparvovec (BIIB111/AAV2-REP1) for the treatment of choroideremia (CHM). CHM is a rare, degenerative, X-linked inherited retinal disorder that leads to blindness.

We are excited to advance innovative investigational treatments for inherited retinal disorders that have significant unmet medical need due to the lack of treatment options, said Alfred Sandrock, Jr., M.D., Ph.D., Executive Vice President, Research and Development, and Chief Medical Officer at Biogen. Timrepigene emparvovec could be a transformative gene therapy for individuals living with choroideremia who would otherwise face inevitable blindness. Completing enrollment of our Phase 3 study represents a significant milestone in bringing this new potential therapy to patients.

STAR is a randomized, masked, prospective, parallel-controlled group Phase 3 study that enrolled 170 adult males with CHM. The study is evaluating the safety and efficacy of a single subretinal injection of timrepigene emparvovec. The primary endpoint is the proportion of patients with an improvement of at least 15 letters from baseline in best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) at 12 months post treatment as measured by the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) visual acuity protocol. The STAR study was initiated based on proof-of-concept data from Phase 1/2 studies, which indicated that at month 24, over 90 percent of patients treated with timrepigene emparvovec via targeted subretinal injection maintained visual acuity instead of experiencing the natural decline in BCVA expected in this degenerative disease. In a subset of treated patients with moderate to severe visual acuity loss, 21 percent experienced a gain in visual acuity of at least 15 ETDRS letters from baseline as compared to one percent of untreated patients in a natural history study.

CHM primarily affects males and is caused by a loss of function in the CHM gene which encodes the Rab escort protein-1 (REP-1). The REP-1 protein plays a role in intracellular protein trafficking, and the loss of function in the CHM gene leads to abnormal intracellular protein trafficking and impaired elimination of waste products from the retinal pigment epithelium and photoreceptors. Initially, patients with CHM experience poor night vision and over time, progressive visual loss ultimately leads to blindness.

Biogen added timrepigene emparvovec to its portfolio in June 2019 as part of its acquisition of Nightstar Therapeutics.

For more information about the Phase 3 STAR study, visit http://www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT03496012).

About timrepigene emparvovec (BIIB111/AAV2-REP1)Timrepigene emparvovec is an AAV2 vector administered by subretinal injection, which aims to provide a functioning CHM gene and expression of the REP-1 protein to restore membrane trafficking and thereby slow, stop or potentially reverse decline in vision. Data from the Phase 1/2 studies demonstrated a slower rate of decline in visual acuity in patients treated with timrepigene emparvovec compared to untreated patients in the natural history study. In addition, some patients treated with timrepigene emparvovec showed improvements in visual acuity. The studies also demonstrated that timrepigene emparvovec was generally well tolerated with an acceptable safety profile.

Timrepigene emparvovec has received regenerative medicine advanced therapy (RMAT) designation from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which includes all of the benefits of the fast track and breakthrough therapy designation programs and orphan drug designations in the U.S., Europe and Japan. The safety and efficacy of a single subretinal injection of timrepigene emparvovec is currently being evaluated in the ongoing Phase 3 STAR study.

About Biogen At Biogen, our mission is clear: we are pioneers in neuroscience. Biogen discovers, develops, and delivers worldwide innovative therapies for people living with serious neurological and neurodegenerative diseases as well as related therapeutic adjacencies. One of the worlds first global biotechnology companies, Biogen was founded in 1978 by Charles Weissmann, Heinz Schaller, Kenneth Murray, and Nobel Prize winners Walter Gilbert and Phillip Sharp. Today Biogen has the leading portfolio of medicines to treat multiple sclerosis, has introduced the first approved treatment for spinal muscular atrophy, commercializes biosimilars of advanced biologics, and is focused on advancing research programs in multiple sclerosis and neuroimmunology, neuromuscular disorders, movement disorders, Alzheimers disease and dementia, ophthalmology, immunology, neurocognitive disorders, acute neurology, and pain.

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We routinely post information that may be important to investors on our website atwww.biogen.com. To learn more, please visitwww.biogen.comand follow us on social media Twitter,LinkedIn,Facebook,YouTube.

Biogen Safe Harbor StatementThis news release contains forward-looking statements, including statements made pursuant to the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, relating to the potential, benefits, safety and efficacy of timrepigene emparvovec; the potential clinical effects of timrepigene emparvovec; results from the Phase 1/2 studies of timrepigene emparvovec; the clinical development program for timrepigene emparvovec; the treatment of CHM; the potential of our commercial business and pipeline programs, including timrepigene emparvovec; and risks and uncertainties associated with drug development and commercialization. These forward-looking statements may be accompanied by words such as aim, anticipate, believe, could, estimate, expect, forecast, intend, may, plan, potential, possible, will, would and other words and terms of similar meaning. Drug development and commercialization involve a high degree of risk and only a small number of research and development programs result in commercialization of a product. Results in early stage clinical trials may not be indicative of full results or results from later stage or larger scale clinical trials and do not ensure regulatory approval. You should not place undue reliance on these statements, or the scientific data presented.

These statements involve risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those reflected in such statements, including without limitation, uncertainty of success in the development and potential commercialization of timrepigene emparvovec; unexpected concerns may arise from additional data, analysis or results obtained during the STAR study; regulatory authorities may require additional information or further studies, or may fail or refuse to approve or may delay approval of our drug candidates, including timrepigene emparvovec; the occurrence of adverse safety events; the risks of other unexpected hurdles, costs or delays; failure to protect and enforce our data, intellectual property and other proprietary rights and uncertainties relating to intellectual property claims and challenges; and product liability claims. The foregoing sets forth many, but not all, of the factors that could cause actual results to differ from our expectations in any forward-looking statement. Investors should consider this cautionary statement, as well as the risk factors identified in our most recent annual or quarterly report and in other reports we have filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. These statements are based on our current beliefs and expectations and speak only as of the date of this news release. We do not undertake any obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future developments or otherwise.

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Philadelphia Police Investigating Brutal Beating of McDonald’s Worker Who Refused to Give Free Food to Teens – Newsweek

Friday, November 22nd, 2019

A group of teenage boys allegedly knocked a Philadelphia McDonald's worker unconscious after she wouldn't give them free food.

Charm Sullivan, 17, was working behind the counter at the McDonald's restaurant on Broad Street and Hunting Park on Wednesday night when the incident unfolded, her cousin Khadijah Lovett told NBC Philadelphia.

A group of boys asked her to give them free food. When Sullivan said no, at least four boys started to attack her, according to Lovett. The teenager tried to flee from the assailants by going to the bathroom at the store. But the boys followed her and continued their attack.

Lovett said the teens carried on beating the girl outside in the parking lot, where she was found unconscious between two cars. She claimed they "assaulted her several times," and hit her with a brick in front of the restaurant.

A photo of Sullivan seen by NBC shows her face with a severely swollen right eye, and red marks on her skin.

Sullivan went to hospital and returned home, before being sent back after she started to feel dizzy and threw up.

Lovett told NBC Philadelphia her cousin is "hurt" and will never return to work again.

"The only thing she keeps saying is she doesn't know. Why her. Why her?" she said. Lovett said of the culprits: "You're rude and you're ignorant and you're disrespectful and you wouldn't want nothing like this to happen to your mom, your sister."

The manager at the branch of McDonald's where Sullivan works refused to speak to NBC. McDonald's did not immediately respond to a request for comment from Newsweek.

Police have launched an investigation and are looking for the culprits.

Earlier this year in a separate attack in Australia, a McDonald's worker was blasted in the face with a fire extinguisher at a drive-thru, in an incident which could have left her "blinded."

In June, three males and one female drove up to the kiosk in a dark sedan at a Melbourne restaurant, staffed by Kimberley Friend, who was 21 at the time. The group taunted Friend, then drove away. Around 10 minutes later, they came back and a fire extinghuisher was let off in her face while others in the car filmed.

Friend told Australia's 9News at the time: "It [happened] so fast. I inhaled and tasted it straight away. [I thought], 'this is poison.'"

Her partner took her to a nearby hospital, where nurses told her the attack "could have caused blindness so, very lucky... it's not a joke, it was malicious," Friend said.

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Philadelphia Police Investigating Brutal Beating of McDonald's Worker Who Refused to Give Free Food to Teens - Newsweek

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How Conservatives Turned the Color-Blind Constitution Against Racial Progress – The Atlantic

Friday, November 22nd, 2019

This massive societal shift was met with backlash from some white citizens, who resented attempts at leveling the playing field through policies such as busing, racial quotas, affirmative action, and disparate-impact standards. They argued that these disruptive measures infringed on their personal liberties and had the effect of discriminating against them.

As desegregationist policies reached states and cities, white parents vacated public-school systems rather than integrate them, and the Supreme Court began hearing cases from white claimants who cited the unfairness of remedial policies governing hiring and promotion practices, university admissions, and government-contract allocations.

But the dynamics soon shifted. It wasnt long before those groups that were once making color-conscious arguments in support of racial segregation began using the principles of color-blind constitutionalism to assert that racially progressive policies were discriminating against white Americans.

Meanwhile, Thurgood Marshall ascended to the Court and grew dismayed that color blindness was now the main thrust of the legal argument against practical measures seeking to establish a racially egalitarian society. He wrote in his Regents of the University of California v. Bakke dissent, It is more than a little ironic that, after several hundred years of class-based discrimination against Negroes, the Court is unwilling to hold that a class-based remedy for that discrimination is permissible.

Adam Serwer: The Supreme Court is headed back to the 19th century

In Marshalls formulation, color-blind constitutionalism was a wholly appropriate approach for obtaining the equal rights of a subjugated people, but an insufficient guide to unmaking the societal disadvantages that racism had wrought. That is, he considered it in the words of the old gospel hymnIt once was blind, but now it sees.

This view accords with what scholars have long known. The political theorist Iris Marion Young argued that when unequal societies throw off statutory constraints and declare all citizens equals henceforth, preexisting group hierarchies are perpetuated unless proactively addressed. The upshot is that color-blind constitutionalism in unequal societies compels the lifting of state-sanctioned discrimination, but the ensuing remediation must be color-conscious in the same way that the harms were.

More recent conservative-leaning Supreme Courts seem to disagree. In a series of cases that tackle racial preferences and attempts at racial redress, the Court has found that a color-blind reading of the Constitution complicates or outright rejects color-conscious policies, even if they are implemented with the intent of furthering racial equality. For example, in Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Pea (1995), a case challenging affirmative action in government contracts, the Court established that race-based classifications must meet strict scrutiny, the highest standard of judicial review. In Shelby County v. Holder (2013), the Court ruled that a measure intended to protect voters of color in jurisdictions with a history of racial discrimination was unconstitutional, effectively gutting the Voting Rights Act of 1965. The Court determined that Michigans affirmative-action ban was constitutional in Schuette v. Coalition to Defend Affirmative Action (2014).

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An Estimated 184,000 Children, Under the Age of 15, Sent to the Emergency Room for Toy-related Injuries in One Year, According to the CPSC – PR Web

Friday, November 22nd, 2019

Prevent Blindness has declared December as Safe Toys and Gifts Awareness Month.

CHICAGO (PRWEB) November 21, 2019

Last year, the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) issued a report stating there were an estimated 251,700 toy-related injuries treated in U.S. hospital emergency departments. Forty-four percent of the estimated injuries were to the head and face area, the most commonly affected area of the body.

According to the CPSC, of the 251,700 estimated toy-related, emergency department-treated injuries, an estimated:

Prevent Blindness, the nations oldest non-profit eye health organization, has declared December as Safe Toys and Gifts Awareness month, to help shoppers select the best gifts for children.

For those considering purchasing sports equipment, Prevent Blindness suggests that the proper sports eye protection also be included. Recommendations may be found at http://www.preventblindness.org/recommended-sports-eye-protectors.

Sunglasses with UV protection can be a helpful gift for adults and children. Only buy sunglasses that provide a clear statement about how much UV radiation is blocked. The label should clearly state the sunglasses block 99 to 100 percent of UV-A and UV-B rays.

For all other gift ideas, Prevent Blindness recommends:

By taking a few cautionary steps to give gifts that are meaningful, safe and age-appropriate for children, you can help make sure that the holidays are festive and bright, said Jeff Todd, president and CEO of Prevent Blindness.

For more information on safe toys and gifts for children, please visit http://www.preventblindness.org/safe-toy-checklist or call Prevent Blindness at (800) 331-2020.

About Prevent Blindness Founded in 1908, Prevent Blindness is the nation's leading volunteer eye health and safety organization dedicated to fighting blindness and saving sight. Focused on promoting a continuum of vision care, Prevent Blindness touches the lives of millions of people each year through public and professional education, advocacy, certified vision screening and training, community and patient service programs and research. These services are made possible through the generous support of the American public. Together with a network of affiliates, Prevent Blindness is committed to eliminating preventable blindness in America. For more information, or to make a contribution to the sight-saving fund, call 1-800-331-2020. Or, visit us on the Web at preventblindness.org or facebook.com/preventblindness.

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Scientists unravel mysteries of cells’ whiplike extensions | The Source – Washington University in St. Louis Newsroom

Friday, November 22nd, 2019

Cilia, or flagella whiplike appendages on cells perform diverse tasks required to keep the body healthy. When cilia malfunction, the consequences can be devastating, causing a range of problems, from blindness, to lung and kidney diseases, to congenital heart defects. Now, scientists have revealed the firstdetailed lookat the inner structure of cilia.

The newly revealed structure offers a starting point to begin exploring how cilia are assembled during development, how they are maintained over a cells life span, and how they might become dysfunctional if some of the cogs in these complex molecular machines are mutated or missing. The structure of these microscopic molecular machines common to cells in organisms from algae to people potentially will answer questions about human health and disease.

The research, by investigators at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis and Harvard Medical School, was published recently in the journal Cell.

This new study is exciting because it fills in a lot of missing information about the structure of cilia, said senior authorRui Zhang, assistant professor of biochemistry and molecular biophysics at Washington University. When cilia dont work properly, bad things happen. We need to know details of the structure in order to develop treatments for diseases, or strategies to prevent the developmental defects that can occur in the early embryo if the cilia are not functioning as they should.

In the respiratory tract, cilia move mucus and protect against viral and bacterial illnesses. In the reproductive tract, they propel sperm to fertilize an egg. Cilia also perform vital tasks in the brain, the kidney, the pancreas and in bone growth. And in the earliest stages of development, the rotational motion of specialized cilia in the embryo defines the bodys left-right asymmetry and where organs are placed. Without properly functioning cilia, the heart may not end up on the left side, where it should be, and it may not function properly.

Cilia are implicated in multiple human disorders, including polycystic kidney disease, which affects some 600,000 Americans and requires dialysis; primary ciliary dyskinesia, which causes chronic lung disease, misplaced organs and infertility; Bardet-Biedl syndrome, which causes patients to become blind in childhood and leads to diabetes, kidney disease and extreme obesity; and many congenital heart defects, which occur when left-right asymmetry goes awry and require complex surgeries to repair.

In the new study, the researchers used a technique called single particle cryo-electron microscopy to get a first look at 33 specific proteins arranged inside cilia within structures called ciliary microtubule doublets in a strict repeating pattern.

Before this work, everyone assumed these proteins inside cilia just stabilize the structure, which is true for a subset of the proteins, especially when you consider the forces produced by the continuous beating of the cilia, Zhang said. But based on how they are arranged inside this structure, we believe these proteins are doing many more things.

Since many of the proteins protrude through the cilia, Zhang and his colleagues speculate that they may allow for communication between the inside and the outside of the ciliary microtubule doublets; govern the function of enzymes that make important biochemical reactions possible; and sense changes in the calcium concentration of the environment, which plays a role in triggering the cilia to beat.

Among the proteins identified, five are associated with diseases that have been studied in mice and people, said co-authorSusan K. Dutcher, professor of genetics at Washington University. But until now, no one knew that these proteins were found inside cilia. We are just beginning to understand their roles in normal and disease states.

The researchers studied cilia in a type of algae calledChlamydomonas reinhardtii, which are single-celled organisms that have cilia structurally and biochemically similar to those of more complex organisms, including people. One question Dutcher is interested in answering is how the proteins making up cilia structure govern the type of motion that the cilia perform. The cilia of single-celledC. reinhardtiiare capable of more than one type of motion.

In some situations, the cilia are doing what you might consider a breast stroke, Dutcher said. In others, the motion is more of an S-shaped wave. The cilia of many cells in mammals can only produce one of these motions. But the single-celledC. reinhardtii, perhaps to help it adapt to its environment, can switch between them. Thats why were studying algae at a medical school the genetic problems we can study in the cilia of these organisms are similar to the ones that can occur in people, often with devastating consequences.

Zhang, Dutcher and their colleagues have plans to use the latest techniques of cryo-electron microscopy to study theChlamydomonas mutants of each of the 33 proteins inside cilia to seek answers to many questions that have arisen from this new and detailed knowledge of the structure.

Originally published by the School of Medicine

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Scientists unravel mysteries of cells' whiplike extensions | The Source - Washington University in St. Louis Newsroom

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Glaucoma Surgery Devices Market is Expected to Register Lucrative Growth 2026 – Downey Magazine

Friday, November 22nd, 2019

Glaucoma is an ocular disease which affects the optic nerve of the iris and progression of the same results in vision loss and blindness. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), glaucoma is the most cause of blindness across the world.

Currently, there are no existing treatments for glaucoma; however, some commercially available therapies focus on reducing the intraocular pressure, which is responsible for the development and progression of the disease. The treatment for glaucoma starts with topical eye drops, which is an alternative used to delay surgery.

Photodynamic therapy and laser therapy are effective solutions that perform well with surgery options. Rise in the number of glaucoma cases, easy availability of medical insurance coverage for diagnosis and treatment, and growth in demand for minimally invasive glaucoma surgeries are expected to drive the global glaucoma surgery devices market during the forecast period. Furthermore, increase in health care expenditure and rise in geriatric population are expected to fuel the glaucoma surgery devices market during the forecasted period.

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The global glaucoma surgery devices market can be segmented into types of product, types of surgery, end-user, and region. Based on product type, the market is segregated into punches, USC planer, USC marker, USC shaver, Alger brushes and probes, forceps, glaucoma drainage devices, knives, and others. In terms of types of surgery, the glaucoma surgery devices market can be divided into minimally invasive glaucoma surgeries (MIGS), tube shunt implantation, trabeculectomy, cyclophotocoagulation, and others.

Among these segments, the MIGS segment is anticipated to dominate the market during the forecasted period owing to rising demand for minimally invasive and patient-friendly procedures. Based on end-user, the glaucoma surgery devices market can be categorized into diagnostic centers, eye-hospitals, and others.

The global glaucoma surgery devices market has a presence of several regional players which have a huge market share in emerging countries operating at regional or country level. In terms of geography, the global glaucoma surgery devices market can be divided into North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, and Middle East & Africa. The U.S. dominates the market due to the increase in acceptance of treatment options.

Additionally, rising awareness among patients regarding glaucoma and the introduction of favorable reimbursement policies are anticipated to fuel the glaucoma surgery devices market in North America during the forecast period. Europe is the second largest market for the glaucoma surgery devices market.

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The market in Asia Pacific, especially in countries such as India, China, and Japan, is anticipated to expand at a rapid pace in the next few years due to rising awareness regarding glaucoma surgeries and booming medical tourism in this region. The market in Middle East and Africa and Latin America is projected to expand at a sluggish pace in the near future.

Major players operating in the global glaucoma surgery devices market are Abbott Laboratories, Glaukos Corporation, Alcon, Inc., ASICO, Carl Zeiss Meditec AG, Katalyst Surgical, Nidek Co., Ltd., Lumenis Ltd., Ziemer Ophthalmic Systems AG, and Iridex Corporation.

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Glaucoma Surgery Devices Market is Expected to Register Lucrative Growth 2026 - Downey Magazine

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Ophthalmic Knives Market is Expected To Increase Up to US$ 460 mn by 2027 – Downey Magazine

Friday, November 22nd, 2019

Ophthalmic knives, also known as microsurgical knives, are specifically designed for uncomplicated and hassle-free eye surgeries. Ophthalmic knives are available in different shapes and angles for accurate incisions in the cornea and sclera during an eye surgery. These knives consist of blades that are strong and break-resistant, and made of different materials such as stainless steel, diamond, sapphire, and silicon to provide sharpness and an accurate opening.

Growth of the globalophthalmic knives marketis attributed to increase in the global geriatric population, which is more prone to cataracts and refractive eye errors. Moreover, increase in the incidences of glaucoma, vitreoretinal, diabetes retinopathy, corneal transplantation, and technological advancements are boosting the growth of the global ophthalmic knives market.

North America dominated the global ophthalmic knives market in 2018, and this trend is anticipated to continue during the forecast period. This is attributed to rise in the prevalence of ophthalmic diseases, awareness about minimal invasive surgeries, and surge in vision impairment in the region.

However, increase in the number of local manufacturers is creating a pricing pressure, which is likely to hamper the growth of the global ophthalmic knives market in North America in the latter half of the forecast period. Asia Pacific is expected to be a highly lucrative market for ophthalmic knives during the forecast period.

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High Prevalence of Eye Disorders and Rise in Awareness to Drive Usage of Ophthalmic Knives

The incidences of eye diseases has increased across the globe, and is expected to rise significantly in the near future. Ophthalmic disorders that need surgery are cataract, glaucoma, age-related muscular disorders, corneal transplantation, and others. Globally, eye disorders such as cataract, glaucoma, andage-related macular degeneration(AMD) are the leading causes of blindness and visual impairment. The high prevalence of eye disorders is fueling the demand for minimal invasive surgeries with ophthalmic knives.

Cataract is the most prevalent eye disorder across the globe. Hence, the demand for eye surgeries to treat this disorder is high. Rise in cataract surgeries has induced manufacturers to focus on developing efficient and versatile ophthalmic knives. According to the NCBI journal, the rate of blindness caused by cataract is rising at 1 million per year, globally, and the number of people undergoing cataract operations is increasing by 4 million to 5 million per year.

According to a WHO report (2010), glaucoma was estimated to cause blindness in 4.5 million people, which is around 12% of all global blindness, while AMD was the third-leading cause of blindness after cataract and glaucoma, with a global prevalence of 8.7%.

The incidences of eye disorders such as cataract are expected to rise, due to the increase in the geriatric population. According to research, the prevalence of cataract is three times higher in India compared to that in the U.S., with 82% people in India aged between 75 years and 83 years affected by cataract as compared to only 46% in the U.S. in the same age group.

Increase in Geriatric Population Increases the Need of Surgeries

The geriatric population is likely to suffer from cataract more often than the younger population. Moreover, the geriatric population is increasing at a faster pace than the younger population.

Increase in the geriatric population aged above 65 years is projected to surge the incidences of eye disorders, which, in turn, is anticipated to boost the need for corrective surgeries and treatment of these disorders. Eye surgeries require ophthalmic knives for successful incisions. These factors are likely to boost the global ophthalmic knives market.

According to the United Nations, the geriatric population aged above 60 is expected to double by 2050 and triple by 2100, an increase from 962 million in 2017 to 2.1 billion in 2050, and 3.1 billion by 2100.

Adoption of Technologically-Advanced Blades

Technological advancement is key for the growth of the medical devices market. Hence, manufacturers are keen on developing and offering innovative solutions to surgeons and patients.Bio blade is an innovative ophthalmic surgical blade recommended for uncomplicated eye surgeries, with excellent sharpness and consistency for smooth and uniform incisions.

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Bio blades are manufactured from highly purified stainless steel, which makes the blade hard and break-resistant, and are highly preferred by surgeons. Rise in the adoption of bio blades offers considerable opportunities to the providers of advanced ophthalmic care across the world.

Key Players Driving Global Ophthalmic Knives Market

The global ophthalmic knives market is fragmented in terms of number of players. Key players in the global ophthalmic knives market include Sidapharm, Surgical Specialties Corporation, Pfm medical ag, Alcon, Surgi Edge, Eagle Lab, Mani, Inc., Optitech Eyecare, Unique Technologies Inc., and Shah Eye Care Pvt. Ltd.

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Ophthalmic Knives Market is Expected To Increase Up to US$ 460 mn by 2027 - Downey Magazine

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Vision Care Market Poised to Expand at a Robust Pace Over 2028 – Statsflash

Friday, November 22nd, 2019

Global Vision Care Market: Overview

An upcoming report on the global vision care market by TMR Research could be a valuable source of information for major stakeholders in the market. The report would offer a brilliant study of the market with its focus on market dynamics, segmentation, and geographical outreach. It could prove to be a useful guideline for players wanting to cement their position in the global vision care market.

Vision care or maintaining eye health are the major concerns globally. Vision-related diseases elevate the risk of blindness or significant vision loss. Good vision eases out daily important activities such as writing, reading, and watching. These also helps in communication, health, work, developmental learning and impacts in overall quality of life. Various factors such as chronic diseases, pollution, and unhealthy diets can affect in functioning of the eyes. Thus, plenty of products and treatments are developed to control vision related problems.

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Global Vision Care Market: Trends and Opportunities

Increasing usage of laptops, tablets, PCs, and phones in day-to-day lives, growing older population, and rising number of vision-related problems are believed to be driving the global vision care market. Apart from blindness, there are various vision related problems such as astigmatism, myopia, macular edema, retinal tears, and diabetic retinopathy. Growing demand from the population aged 65+ years, increasing healthcare industry, and rapid technological advancement in eye care products are expected to boost the global vision care market.

Although, declining eye care treatment rate, product design, and brand name are also projected to hinder the growth in the global vision care market. However, growing brand awareness and paradigm shift in the consumer behavior are projected to propel the global vision care market.

Global Vision Care Market: Market Potential

Growing advent of innovative product launches is expected to fuel the global vision care market. There are several products available for vision care such as contact lens, glass lens, contact lens solution, and IOLs. The incorporation of technology in developing vision care products increase efficiency, improves quality and precision of the final product, and reduces overall cost. Increasing demand for restoring normal vision with eyeglasses or contact lenses, cost-effectiveness in using vision care products instead of LASIK eye surgery, and rising advanced medical treatment are believed to be driving the global vision care market.

Global Vision Care Market: Regional Outlook

Region wise, there is a possibility of North America to lead the global vision care market as the region has witnessed rapid development in healthcare industry. Growing population suffering from eye related disorders, rapid technological advancement, and increasing healthcare industry with advanced infrastructure could also be fueling the global vision care market. The prominent countries in this region are US and Canada. Easy availability of glass lens and innovative product launches with the help of modern technology are projected to propel the global vision care market in these countries.

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Global Vision Care Market: Competitive Dynamics

Some of the prominent players operating in the global vision care market areJohnson & Johnson, Valeant Pharmaceuticals, Novartis, ZEISS and The Cooper Companies.The upcoming TMR report would provide crucial information on their product offerings, market standing, and strategies for progress.

About TMR Research

TMR Research is a premier provider of customized market research and consulting services to business entities keen on succeeding in todays supercharged economic climate. Armed with an experienced, dedicated, and dynamic team of analysts, we are redefining the way our clients conduct business by providing them with authoritative and trusted research studies in tune with the latest methodologies and market trends.

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Neglected tropical diseases leave victims liable to families, says expert – ANI News

Friday, November 22nd, 2019

ANI | Updated: Nov 22, 2019 06:58 IST

Abu Dhabi [UAE], Nov 21 (ANI): Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), such as intestinal worms in children, river blindness and glaucoma, cause physical disability among the victims and make them liable to their families and societies for the rest of their lives especially in poor countries across the globe, an expert told WAM news agency."Neglected Tropical Diseases, NTDs, affect 1.5 billion people across the globe, causing massive disability. These disabled people cannot work and fully contribute to their communities," said Ellen Agler, CEO of END Fund, a non-governmental organisation working to eliminate NTDs.Diseases like intestinal worms in children hold them back from their school and cause anaemia and growth disorders; river blindness (also known as onchocerciasis) and blinding glaucoma cause blindness at an early age, which affects their ability to study and work, Agler explained in an interview on the sidelines of the Reaching the Last Mile Forum (RLMF) in Abu Dhabi on Tuesday.Therefore, these diseases make a ripple effect on education and economy of a society, she stressed.Presently, there is a funding gap of an estimated USD 300 million a year. "This is a small amount, compared to other global health needs. One of the important things about NTDs is, they can be treated for US$0.50 per person per year," she noted.Agler, from her experience of working in more than 25 countries, recalled that community health workers and teachers play a major role in treating NTDs."In many [poor] countries there are more schools than health clinics, and they are a good platform to capture children who need deworming medicine. Therefore, teachers play an incredible role in treating these diseases," she was quoted saying.Meanwhile, Agler also appreciated Crown Prince of Abu Dhabi, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan, for taking steps in eradicating NTDs."Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed launched the Reaching the Last Mile Fund, RLMF, two years ago in 2017," the expert said.Administered by the END Fund, RLMF is a 10-year, USD 100 million initiative launched by the Abu Dhabi Crown Prince, supported by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and the UK's Department for International Development, DFID.The Forum aims to pave the way for global elimination of river blindness and Lymphatic filariasis.Caused by parasitic work, the disease leads to severe itching, skin disfigurement, and blindness among more than 197 million people in 31 countries.Studies also estimate that river blindness elimination in Africa could generate up to US$6 billion in economic benefits across the continent.More than 856 million people in 53 countries are in need of treatment for lymphatic filariasis, which is caused by the transmission of filarial parasites through mosquitoes.Lymphatic filariasis damages the lymphatic system, which causes abnormal growth of body parts called elephantiasis and can lead to disability, social stigma, and isolation.In 2018, Reaching the Last Mile Fund delivered over 13.5 million treatments for river blindness and lymphatic filariasis, and trained 76,000 health care workers to help expand treatment and outreach.The Fund is currently targeting river blindness elimination in seven countries: Mali, Senegal, Niger, Chad, Sudan, and Ethiopia in Africa, as well as in Yemen in the Middle East. (ANI)

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SOLIRIS (eculizumab) Receives Approval in Japan for the Prevention of Relapse in Patients with Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder (NMOSD) -…

Friday, November 22nd, 2019

BOSTON--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (NASDAQ:ALXN) today announced that Japans Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW) has approved the extension of the current marketing authorization of SOLIRIS (eculizumab) to include the prevention of relapse in patients with anti-aquaporin-4 (AQP4) antibody-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), including neuromyelitis optica.

We are pleased that the Japanese health authorities have approved SOLIRIS as a new treatment for patients suffering from this complex and unpredictable disease, said John Orloff, M.D., Executive Vice President and Head of Research and Development at Alexion. Nearly all patients treated with SOLIRIS were relapse free at 48 weeks in the Phase 3 PREVENT study, providing new hope for Japanese patients with NMOSD and their clinicians.

NMOSD is a rare, devastating, complement-mediated disorder of the central nervous system characterized by relapses, also referred to as attacks. Each attack can result in stepwise accumulation of disability, including blindness and paralysis and sometimes premature death. NMOSD disproportionately strikes young women in the prime of their lives, with the average age of first onset at just 39 years. Previously known as Devics Disease, NMOSD is often confused with other neurological illnesses such as multiple sclerosis (MS), which can lead to delays in diagnosis and treatment with medicines that can worsen disease progression.

The understanding of NMOSD has rapidly evolved in recent years since complement activation by AQP4 antibodies was identified as an underlying cause of the disease, said Kazuo Fujihara, Professor, Fukushima Medical University, Director of the Multiple Sclerosis & Neuromyelitis Optica Center at Southern Tohoku Research Institute and a principal investigator in the PREVENT trial of SOLIRIS in anti-AQP4 antibody-positive NMOSD. With the first approved medicine for NMOSD in Japan, SOLIRIS will provide highly effective treatment to prevent future relapses in these patients.

The approval of SOLIRIS was based on comprehensive results from the Phase 3 randomized, double-blind placebo controlled PREVENT trial, which were published in The New England Journal of Medicine and a long-term extension study (ECU-NMO-302), which is still underway. In the PREVENT study, patients with NMOSD who were anti-AQP4 antibody-positive were treated with SOLIRIS (n=96) or placebo (n=47). The study met its primary endpoint of prolonging the time to first adjudicated relapse and reducing the risk of relapse. At 48 weeks, 98 percent of patients treated with SOLIRIS were relapse free compared to 63 percent of patients receiving placebo. Of the approximately one quarter of patients treated solely with SOLIRIS monotherapy, without receiving other immunosuppressive therapies, 100 percent were relapse free at 48 weeks compared to 61 percent in the placebo group. Sustained effects of SOLIRIS were observed through 144 weeks of treatment.

The safety profile of SOLIRIS was consistent with that seen for SOLIRIS in other clinical studies and real-world use in its three approved indications. The most common adverse events observed in the PREVENT study were upper respiratory tract infection (29 percent of patients in the SOLIRIS group vs. 13 percent in the placebo group), headache (23 vs. 23 percent), nasopharyngitis (21 vs. 19 percent) and nausea (17 vs. 26 percent). The serious adverse events that were reported for more than one patient in either group were pneumonia (three patients in the SOLIRIS group vs. one patient in the placebo group) and cellulitis, sepsis and urinary tract infection (two patients for each event in the SOLIRIS group vs. no patient in the placebo group). One patient receiving SOLIRIS and concomitant supportive IST died from a pulmonary empyema. The patient had an extensive history of pulmonary disease and was an active smoker. No cases of meningococcal infection were observed in the study.

SOLIRIS was approved for the treatment of NMOSD in adult patients who are anti-AQP4 antibody-positive by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in June 2019 and by the European Commission (EC) in August 2019. SOLIRIS received Orphan Drug Designation (ODD) for the treatment of NMOSD in the U.S., EU and Japan.

About NMOSDNMOSD is a rare and severe, autoimmune, inflammatory disorder that attacks the central nervous system (CNS), in which complement activation due to anti-aquaporin-4 (AQP4) antibodies plays a significant role in the disease process. Patients with NMOSD experience unpredictable attacks, also referred to as relapses, which can cause irreversible damage to the optic nerve and spinal cord and can lead to long-term disability. The most common symptoms of NMOSD are optic neuritis and transverse myelitis. Optic neuritis can cause visual problems including blindness; transverse myelitis can cause mobility problems including paralysis. The disease primarily affects women, often in the prime of their lives, with an average age of onset of 39 years. The prevalence of NMOSD may be more common and more severe in non-Caucasian populations worldwide.

Approximately three quarters (73%) of all patients with NMOSD have AQP4 auto-antibodies. In patients with anti-AQP4 antibody-positive NMOSD, the bodys own immune system can turn against itself to produce auto-antibodies against AQP4, a protein on certain cells in the optic nerve, brain and spinal cord that are critical for the survival of nerve cells. The binding of these anti-AQP4 auto-antibodies activates the complement cascade, another part of the immune system. Complement activation by anti-AQP4 auto-antibodies can cause destruction of vital cells in the CNS, leading to demyelination and to the death of neurons, predominantly in the spinal cord and optic nerve.

About SOLIRISSOLIRIS (eculizumab) is a first-in-class complement inhibitor that works by inhibiting the C5 protein in the terminal part of the complement cascade, a part of the immune system. The terminal complement cascade, when activated in an uncontrolled manner, plays a role in severe rare and ultra-rare disorders. SOLIRIS, an intravenously administered therapy, is approved in the U.S., EU, Japan and other countries as a treatment for adult patients with PNH and for adults and children with aHUS. SOLIRIS is not indicated for the treatment of patients with Shiga-toxin E. coli-related hemolytic uremic syndrome (STEC-HUS). In the U.S., SOLIRIS is also approved for the treatment of generalized MG (gMG) in adult patients who are anti-AChR antibody-positive and for the treatment of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) in adult patients who are anti-AQP4 antibody-positive. In the EU, SOLIRIS is approved as the first and only treatment of refractory gMG in adults who are anti-AChR antibody-positive and for the treatment of NMOSD in adult patients who are anti-aquaporin-4 (AQP4) antibody-positive with a relapsing course of the disease. In Japan SOLIRIS is approved for the treatment of patients with gMG who are anti-AChR antibody-positive and whose symptoms are difficult to control with high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) therapy or plasmapheresis (PLEX).

Important Safety Information

INDICATIONS & IMPORTANT SAFETY INFORMATION FOR SOLIRIS (eculizumab)

INDICATIONS

What is SOLIRIS?SOLIRIS is a prescription medicine called a monoclonal antibody. SOLIRIS is used to treat patients with a disease called Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria (PNH). SOLIRIS is used to treat adults and children with a disease called atypical Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (aHUS). SOLIRIS is not for use in treating people with Shiga toxin E. coli related hemolytic uremic syndrome (STEC-HUS). SOLIRIS is used to treat adults with a disease called generalized myasthenia gravis (gMG) who are anti-acetylcholine receptor (AChR) antibody positive. SOLIRIS is used to treat adults with a disease called neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) who are anti-aquaporin-4 (AQP4) antibody positive. It is not known if SOLIRIS is safe and effective in children with PNH, gMG, or NMOSD.

IMPORTANT SAFETY INFORMATION

SOLIRIS is a medicine that affects the immune system. SOLIRIS can lower the ability of the immune system to fight infections. SOLIRIS increases the chance of getting serious and life-threatening meningococcal infections. Meningococcal infections may quickly become life-threatening and cause death if not recognized and treated early.

Meningococcal vaccines must be received at least two weeks before the first dose of SOLIRIS if one has not already had this vaccine. If ones doctor decided that urgent treatment with SOLIRIS is needed, meningococcal vaccination should be administered as soon as possible. If one has not been vaccinated and SOLIRIS therapy must be initiated immediately, two weeks of antibiotics should also be administered with the vaccinations. If one had a meningococcal vaccine in the past, additional vaccination might be needed before starting SOLIRIS. Patients should ask their doctor if an additional meningococcal vaccination is needed. Meningococcal vaccines reduce the risk of meningococcal infection but do not prevent all meningococcal infections. Call ones doctor or get emergency medical care right away if any of these signs and symptoms of a meningococcal infection occur: headache with nausea or vomiting, headache and fever, headache with a stiff neck or stiff back, fever, fever and a rash, confusion, muscle aches with flu-like symptoms, and eyes sensitive to light. Ones doctor will provide a Patient Safety Card about the risk of meningococcal infection. Carry the card at all times during treatment and for 3 months after the last SOLIRIS dose.

SOLIRIS is only available through a program called the SOLIRIS REMS.

SOLIRIS may also increase the risk of other types of serious infections. If ones child is treated with SOLIRIS, make sure that the child receives vaccinations against Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib). Certain people may be at risk of serious infections with gonorrhea. Talk to the doctor about whether one is at risk for gonorrhea infection, about gonorrhea prevention, and regular testing. Certain fungal infections (Aspergillus) may also happen if one takes SOLIRIS and has a weak immune system or a low white blood cell count.

Do not receive SOLIRIS if one has a meningococcal infection, or has not been vaccinated against meningitis infection unless ones doctor decides that urgent treatment with SOLIRIS is needed.

Before one receives SOLIRIS, tell the doctor about all of the medical conditions, including if one: has an infection or fever, is pregnant or plans to become pregnant, and is breastfeeding or plans to breastfeed. It is not known if SOLIRIS will harm an unborn baby or if SOLIRIS passes into the breast milk.

Tell the doctor about all the medicines one takes, including prescription and over-the-counter medicines, vitamins, and herbal supplements. SOLIRIS and other medicines can affect each other, causing side effects. It is important that one: has all recommended vaccinations before starting SOLIRIS, receives 2 weeks of antibiotics if one immediately starts SOLIRIS, and stays up-to-date with all recommended vaccinations during treatment with SOLIRIS. Know the medications one takes and the vaccines one receives. Keep a list of them to show the doctor and pharmacist when one gets a new medicine.

If one has PNH, the doctor will need to monitor closely for at least 8 weeks after stopping SOLIRIS. Stopping treatment with SOLIRIS may cause breakdown of the red blood cells due to PNH. Symptoms or problems that can happen due to red blood cell breakdown include: drop in the number of the red blood cell count, drop in the platelet counts, confusion, kidney problems, blood clots, difficulty breathing, and chest pain. If one has aHUS, the doctor will need to monitor closely during and for at least 12 weeks after stopping treatment for signs of worsening aHUS symptoms or problems related to abnormal clotting (thrombotic microangiopathy). Symptoms or problems that can happen with abnormal clotting may include: stroke, confusion, seizure, chest pain (angina), difficulty breathing, kidney problems, swellings in arms or legs, and a drop in the platelet count. SOLIRIS can cause serious side effects including serious allergic reactions. Serious allergic reactions can happen during ones SOLIRIS infusion. Tell the doctor or nurse right away if one gets any of these symptoms during the SOLIRIS infusion: chest pain, trouble breathing or shortness of breath, swelling of the face, tongue, or throat, and feeling faint or pass out. If one has an allergic reaction to SOLIRIS, the doctor may need to infuse SOLIRIS more slowly, or stop SOLIRIS.

The most common side effects in people with PNH treated with SOLIRIS include: headache, pain or swelling of the nose or throat (nasopharyngitis), back pain, and nausea. The most common side effects in people with aHUS treated with SOLIRIS include: headache, diarrhea, high blood pressure (hypertension), common cold (upper respiratory infection), stomach-area (abdominal) pain, vomiting, pain or swelling of the nose or throat (nasopharyngitis), low red blood cell count (anemia), cough, swelling of legs or feet (peripheral edema), nausea, urinary tract infections, and fever. The most common side effects in people with gMG treated with SOLIRIS include: muscle and joint (musculoskeletal) pain. The most common side effects in people with NMOSD treated with SOLIRIS include: common cold (upper respiratory infection); pain or swelling of the nose or throat (nasopharyngitis); diarrhea; back pain; dizziness; flu like symptoms (influenza) including fever, headache, tiredness, cough, sore throat, and body aches; joint pain (arthralgia); throat irritation (pharyngitis), and bruising (contusion).

Please see the accompanying full Prescribing Information and Medication Guide for SOLIRIS, including BOXED WARNING regarding serious and life-threatening meningococcal infections.

About AlexionAlexion is a global biopharmaceutical company focused on serving patients and families affected by rare diseases through the discovery, development and commercialization of life-changing therapies. As the global leader in complement biology and inhibition for more than 20 years, Alexion has developed and commercializes two approved complement inhibitors to treat patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) and atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS), as well as the first and only approved complement inhibitor to treat anti-acetylcholine receptor (AChR) antibody-positive generalized myasthenia gravis (gMG) and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD). Alexion also has two highly innovative enzyme replacement therapies for patients with life-threatening and ultra-rare metabolic disorders, hypophosphatasia (HPP) and lysosomal acid lipase deficiency (LAL-D). In addition, the company is developing several mid-to-late-stage therapies, including a second complement inhibitor, a copper-binding agent for Wilson disease and an anti-neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) antibody for rare Immunoglobulin G (IgG)-mediated diseases as well as several early-stage therapies, including one for light chain (AL) amyloidosis and a second anti-FcRn therapy. Alexion focuses its research efforts on novel molecules and targets in the complement cascade and its development efforts on the core therapeutic areas of hematology, nephrology, neurology, metabolic disorders and cardiology. Headquartered in Boston, Massachusetts, Alexion has offices around the globe and serves patients in more than 50 countries. This press release and further information about Alexion can be found at: http://www.alexion.com.

[ALXN-G]

Forward-Looking StatementThis press release contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties relating to future events and the future performance of Alexion, including statements related to: the potential benefits of SOLIRIS as a treatment and prevention of relapse in adult patients with anti-aquaporin-4 (AQP4) antibody-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) and the potential impact of SOLIRIS on patients suffering from NMOSD; and that Soliris can help prevent future relapses. Forward-looking statements are subject to factors that may cause Alexion's results and plans to differ materially from those expected by these forward looking statements, including for example: the anticipated benefits of SOLIRIS for NMOSD patients may not be realized (and the results of the clinical trials may not be indicative of the results once approved for use in the European Union); results of clinical trials may not be sufficient to satisfy any other regulatory authority in order to approve SOLIRIS as a treatment for NMOSD (or they may request additional trials or additional information); results in clinical trials may not be indicative of results from later stage or larger clinical trials (or in broader patient populations); the possibility that results of clinical trials are not predictive of safety and efficacy and potency of our products (or we fail to adequately operate or manage our clinical trials) which could cause us to discontinue sales of the product (or halt trials, delay or prevent us from making regulatory approval filings or result in denial of approval of our product candidates); unexpected delays in clinical trials; unexpected concerns regarding products and product candidates that may arise from additional data or analysis obtained during clinical trials or obtained once used by patients following product approval; future product improvements may not be realized due to expense or feasibility or other factors; delays (expected or unexpected) in the time it takes regulatory agencies to review and make determinations on applications for the marketing approval of our products; inability to timely submit (or failure to submit) future applications for regulatory approval for our products and product candidates; inability to timely initiate (or failure to initiate) and complete future clinical trials due to safety issues, IRB decisions, CMC-related issues, expense or unfavorable results from earlier trials (among other reasons); our dependence on sales from Soliris, our principle product; future competition from biosimilars and novel products; decisions of regulatory authorities regarding the adequacy of our research, marketing approval or material limitations on the marketing of our products; delays or the inability to launch product candidates due to regulatory restrictions, anticipated expense or other matters; interruptions or failures in the manufacture and supply of our products and our product candidates; failure to satisfactorily address matters raised by the European Commission and other regulatory agencies regarding products and product candidates; uncertainty of long-term success in developing, licensing or acquiring other product candidates or additional indications for existing products; inability to complete acquisitions or grow the product pipeline through acquisitions (including due to failure to obtain antitrust approvals); the possibility that current rates of adoption of our products are not sustained; the adequacy of our pharmacovigilance and drug safety reporting processes; failure to protect and enforce our data, intellectual property and proprietary rights and the risks and uncertainties relating to intellectual property claims, lawsuits and challenges against us (including intellectual property lawsuits relating to Ultomiris brought by third parties and inter partes reviews of existing patents); the risk that third party payors (including governmental agencies) will not reimburse or continue to reimburse for the use of our products at acceptable rates or at all; failure to realize the benefits and potential of investments, collaborations, licenses and acquisitions; the possibility that expected tax benefits will not be realized; potential declines in sovereign credit ratings or sovereign defaults in countries where we sell our products; delay of collection or reduction in reimbursement due to adverse economic conditions or changes in government and private insurer regulations and approaches to reimbursement; uncertainties surrounding legal proceedings, company investigations and government investigations, including investigations of Alexion by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and U.S. Department of Justice; the risk that estimates regarding the number of patients with PNH, aHUS, gMG, NMOSD, HPP and LAL-D and other indications we are pursuing are inaccurate; the risks of changing foreign exchange rates; risks relating to the potential effects of the Company's restructuring; risks related to the acquisition of Syntimmune and other companies and co-development efforts; and a variety of other risks set forth from time to time in Alexion's filings with the SEC, including but not limited to the risks discussed in Alexion's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2019 and in our other filings with the SEC. Alexion disclaims any obligation to update any of these forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date hereof, except when a duty arises under law.

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SOLIRIS (eculizumab) Receives Approval in Japan for the Prevention of Relapse in Patients with Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder (NMOSD) -...

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Seeing connections between autism and blindness – Spectrum

Tuesday, November 12th, 2019

Rubin Jure

Director, Centro Privado de Neurologa y Neuropsicologa Infanto-Juvenil Wernicke

The ability to see plays a large role in the development of the brain so it makes sense that there would be a connection between vision and autism, which is essentially a condition of brain development.

When the eyes are open, vision is the dominant sense. Continuous input from the eyes links stimulation from other senses into a coherent whole.

A typical newborn already looks preferentially at faces, driven by an innate motivation to interact with others1. In this way, vision drives social-communication skills. Visual input shapes the brain during the first year of life. The visual system also processes aspects of nonverbal communication, such as shared visual attention, facial expressions, gestures and body postures.

Sight is also crucial for acquiring some basic concepts such as cause-and-effect relationships among actions, self as separate from others and object permanence.

So it stands to reason that without vision, brain development would go awry.

As a child neurologist, I treat children with various developmental disabilities, including autism. Every year, I see at least one blind child who shows the full clinical manifestations of autism. Because congenital blindness is rare, this was striking to me, particularly because the autism traits in these children are typically severe.

In 2012, I decided to investigate the relationship between autism and blindness in an unbiased population. Although the study was small, it indicated that autism is more than 30 times as common in blind people as in sighted people2. Other work from my team suggests this relationship is specific to vision: Hearing impairment is not strongly connected to autism3. The association is also independent of intellectual ability, showing that problems with cognition alone cannot explain the connection4.

The first report of autism in blind children appeared in more than 60 years ago5. In that study, the researcher identified autism in 5 of 60 infants who became blind because of retinopathy of prematurity, a condition in which the retina does not fully develop. (The rest of the children also had mild autism traits.)

Since then, scattered reports have drawn an association between congenital blindness and autism traits. But professionals typically did not recognize childrens social and other difficulties as autism often because they did not know much about autism. Instead they collectively called these issues blindism.

To a seasoned eye, the similarities between blindism and autism are striking. They include atypical communication, language and social skills, as well as stereotypies, resistance to change, severe anxiety and high pain tolerance. And like sighted autistic children, about one in four blind children experiences regression at 15 to 30 months of age.

To find out more about this connection, I visited a school for the blind and evaluated 38 of the schools 125 students for autism. I diagnosed autism in 18 of 25 students with congenital blindness but in only 1 of 13 with partial or acquired blindness. A statistical analysis showed that congenital blindness is the main factor responsible for the autism. No other variable, including etiology of blindness, the presence of intellectual disability, overt brain damage or socioeconomic status, accounted for its high prevalence2.

As part of this study, I evaluated 12 previous studies of blindness and autism. Each study focused on specific causes of blindness, under the assumption that the participants autism stemmed from the same cause say, congenital rubella or optic nerve atrophy. But I found that, taken together, the studies suggest that blindness itself (no matter what its cause) is connected to autism: About half of the collective 859 children who were blind from an early age also have autism. The rate of autism was even higher, ranging from 55 to 74 percent, in children with total congenital blindness.

Some researchers have proposed that the connection between autism and blindness is cognitive. Results published earlier this year suggest that idea is incorrect, however.

This population-based study looked at core autism traits in more than 3,000 adults with intellectual disability, 386 of whom are visually impaired. They found that the visually impaired adults with intellectual disability are more likely to have autism traits than the sighted adults, indicating that the effects of blindness extend beyond intellect. And once again, the prevalence of autism traits is highest among the adults with congenital blindness4.

My clinical experience jibes with the notion that intellectual disability is not what binds blindness and autism. There are highly intelligent people who are both blind and autistic. For example, I saw a congenitally blind teenage girl named Brisa who has social and communication difficulties as well as atypical prosody, the musical quality of speech. Brisa has excellent reasoning skills and excels academically.

Among the senses, vision also may have a special connection with autism. In 1991, we found that only 46 of 1,150 hearing-impaired children met the criteria for autism. The presence of autism is related more to medical conditions that affect the brain, such as congenital rubella or prematurity, than to the severity of the hearing impairment, suggesting that deafness itself does not contribute to autism3.

Researchers need to nail down the brain mechanisms that account for the autism-blindness overlap. One place to start looking is a brain region called the superior colliculus. This structure receives direct input from the retina. It is involved in not only the recognition of faces and biological movement but also the integration of sensory input with emotions, basic body functions and motor planning functions that are often altered in autism6.

Another outstanding question is: Why does a small proportion of congenitally blind children develop typically? Early in life, communication is mostly visual in nature, so how do some blind children acquire communication and social skills despite the lack of visual input? Understanding the factors that protect them could provide clues to autism therapies.

Rubin Jure is a child neurologist and director of the Centro Privado de Neurologa y Neuropsicologa Infanto-Juvenil Wernicke in Cordoba, Argentina.

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Seeing connections between autism and blindness - Spectrum

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‘My Heart Is Not Blind’ Exhibition Explores Blindness And Perception – WUWM

Tuesday, November 12th, 2019

Just past the front desk of the Milwaukee Public Librarys Central Branch on West Wisconsin Avenue, theres a hallway you have to walk through to get to the stacks. Through the end of November, that hallway will be lined with a series of striking black and white photographic portraits.

The "My Heart Is Not Blind" exhibition is made up of photographs, a book, and audio recordings by Texas photographer Michael Nye. They tell the stories of people who have been affected by blindness or limited vision. Nye says he's been working on the project for seven years. The exhibition was brought to Milwaukee by Wisconsins Vision Forward, a nonprofit group that works with people who've experienced vision loss.

"This exhibit is about our shared humanity and our shared fragility," says Nye. "I think we all share both of those qualities in our lives. And its about adaptation and about perception, and its about understanding."

We met Nye at Milwaukee Public Library's Central Branch to see the exhibit and learn more about why he was compelled to tell these stories:

Photographer Michael Nye speaks with Bonnie North at the Milwaukee Public Library's Central Branch.

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'My Heart Is Not Blind' Exhibition Explores Blindness And Perception - WUWM

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Can we close the gap on blindness by 2020? – Pursuit

Tuesday, November 12th, 2019

In 2008, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples had six times more blindness than other Australians. The leading cause of this blindness was unoperated cataract.

Compared with other Australians, Indigenous Australians were 12 times more likely to be left blind from cataract, had to wait more than 50 per cent longer for surgery and surgery was performed seven times less frequently.

These dire findings, along with some others, led to the development of the Roadmap to Close the Gap for Vision launched in 2012.

The Roadmap recognised that the pathway of care or the patients journey was complex like a leaky pipe with many leaks. But if only one or two of these leaks were fixed, the pipe would still leak.

As part of this work, the Roadmap identified 42 issues that needed addressing. It set out a long-term plan to provide well-coordinated care and support for Indigenous people requiring eye care.

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It aimed for adequately resourced and supported eye services to meet the population-based needs of these communities.

The good news is that since 2012, some significant progress has been made with strong support from the Aboriginal Community Controlled Health sector, the eye care stakeholders and successive governments.

But more needs to be done.

The 2019 report on Indigenous Eye Health Measures by the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW) shows that the number of outreach eye examinations received by Indigenous Australians has almost tripled in the last six years.

This is one of many changes that have occurred in the eye care system, including the organisation of regional networks to coordinate regional eye care, changes in Medicare item numbers, the enhancement of screening for diabetic retinopathy and the dramatic reductions in the rates of trachoma.

The 2019 Annual Update of the Roadmap shows that good progress is being made across the board. Twenty one of the 42 recommendations have now been fully implemented.

Progress is being made on every one of the intermediary steps and almost 80 per cent have been completed.

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Progress has also been made in providing better access for cataract surgery. The number of cataract operations performed for Indigenous Australians has increased nearly two and a half times.

Its interesting that the AIHW data also shows that Indigenous people have cataract surgery at a much younger age than non-Indigenous people.

However, the 2015 National Eye Health Survey found only 59 per cent of Indigenous Australians who needed cataract surgery had actually had the surgery, whereas 88 per cent for non-Indigenous Australians had received surgery.

Overall, 73 per cent of all hospital admissions for Indigenous Australians are to public hospitals compared to 33 per cent for non-Indigenous Australians.

However, in Australia, some 70 per cent of cataract surgery is performed in private. Although the precise data is not available, it seems likely that most cataract surgery for Indigenous Australians occurs in public hospitals.

The average waiting time for Indigenous patients to have cataract surgery in a public hospital in 2016-17 was 58 per cent longer than that for non-Indigenous patients and they were also twice as likely to wait for more than one year.

Based on population size, we would expect about 7,581 cataract operations would be required in 2015-17 for Indigenous people, but AIHW reports only 5,131 operations were done that is 68 per cent of the estimated need.

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This gap of 2,400 or so operations is very small when compared to the total of 296,570 cataract operations performed in 2017-18 in Australia.

Another problem that is so often overlooked is the waiting times for assessment of cataract in the eye clinic.

But, the data on outpatient waiting times is not easy to find and variably reported.

In Victorian hospitals, the median wait for an initial eye clinic appointment ranges from 62 days to 347 days 90 per cent of people would be seen between 159 and 828 days.

In South Australia, the median waiting time is between 12 and 18 months and the maximum waiting time is between 61 months to 134 months thats more than 11 years.

Clearly, the public hospital system is not working well in providing equitable and timely cataract surgery.

Given the propensity for Indigenous patients to seek public hospital care, this actually has a discriminatory effect, so its a key area that needs to be addressed if we really are going to close the gap for vision.

The Roadmap also included recommendations for regional planning and organisation, case management and support, resources to meet population-based needs, monitoring and evaluation and the need for oversight at multiple levels.

This list needs to be expanded to include some reform of the public hospital management of cataract surgery.

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In March this year, the Council of Australian Governments Health Council set the elimination of avoidable blindness as a high priority issue for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people and this also is one of the priorities in Australias Long Term National Health Plan.

However, to improve access to cataract surgery and close the gap for vision, a number of further changes are needed.

The regional stakeholder groups need their services fully funded to meet their population-based needs. People requiring assessment for cataract surgery should have access to public hospitals without long waits and, if that clinical assessment has to be done in private, it should be done without gap fees.

Then, once listed for cataract surgery, that surgery must be done in a timely manner.

Public hospitals should report on their waiting lists both for clinical assessment and for surgery. And a wait of less than 90 days should become the standard target for both the clinical assessment and the surgery waiting times.

Although a lot of progress has been made in improving eye care for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, there is still a gap in the eye care they receive and their eye health.

One of the critical areas remaining is the provision of prompt access to culturally safe and affordable cataract surgery.

It means much still needs to be done to rectify the often unacceptably long waiting times for both outpatient assessment and cataract surgery in Australias public hospitals.

Banner: Getty Images

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Can we close the gap on blindness by 2020? - Pursuit

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Exposed: How willful blindness keeps BPA on shelves and contaminating our bodies – Environmental Health News

Tuesday, November 12th, 2019

We all are exposed daily to bisphenol-A (BPA) and other bisphenols estrogen-like substances added to food can liners, paper receipts and plastic containers.

That exposure, according to research that regulators are willfully ignoring, is increasingly linked to harmful health impacts ranging from birth defects to cancer.

A year-long investigation by Environmental Health News finds that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration has stacked the deck against such findings from independent scientists studying BPA as well as many compounds used in "BPA-free" products.

Hundreds of emails obtained via the Freedom of Information Act and dozens of interviews show that science is being perjured:

Significantly, the FDA's maneuvering to keep BPA unregulated extends a similar "get out of jail free" card to thousands of other suspected hormone-altering compounds.

"Their failure to use modern science in examining the risk of BPA and other bisphenols leaves the health of the American public at significant risk," said Pete Myers, founder and chief scientist at Environmental Health Sciences, which publishes Environmental Health News.

Environmental Health News is an award-winning nonpartisan organization dedicated to driving science into public discussion and policy. Read the four-part series below, as well as a comic strip interpretation of the investigation.

And follow the fallout from this investigation on Twitter at the hashtag: #ExposedBPA

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Exposed: How willful blindness keeps BPA on shelves and contaminating our bodies - Environmental Health News

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How Does a Visual Construction of the World Influence Psychosis? – Psychiatry Advisor

Tuesday, November 12th, 2019

Congenital vision loss may protect against psychosis because of the high stability of an internal world characterized by other sensory modalities, according to an article published in Schizophrenia Bulletin.

Dr Thomas A Pollack and Dr Philip R Corlett, researchers at Kings College London in the United Kingdom and Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut, respectively, used a Bayesian prediction error minimization model to illuminate the role of vision loss in psychosis, particularly regarding positive symptoms.

The Bayesian approach to psychosis in schizophrenia conceptualizes the brain as a hierarchicalinference machine: the brain interprets the probability of present events using information gleaned from past stimuli, or priors. The more precise a prior, the more strongly it influences decision making and beliefs at higher levels in the hierarchy. In schizophrenia, this hierarchy is disturbed, and irrelevant stimuli may become abnormally salient.[to] beliefs higher in the hierarchy.

Congenital blindness may protect against these computational deficits that underlie schizophrenia. Investigators hypothesize that blind individuals experience greater stability of high-level priors, possibly driven by increases in N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR)-mediated signaling. NMDAR-mediated signaling is thought to be top-down and modulatory in nature. Visual deprivation has been shown to cause higher-level, multisensory neurons to shift from sensory-driven responses to a more modulatory influence, a phenomenon that is likely NMDAR dependent.

According to the researchers, other published data suggest that visual deprivation causes increases in NMDAR-dependent cortical excitability. As such, increased top-down modulatory signaling associated with stable higher-level priors is more prevalent in the visually impaired brain. This computational rationale may explain the protective effect congenital blindness offers against psychosis. With more stable priors, blind individuals are less susceptible to the perception abnormalities that characterize schizophrenia.

Notably, later-life vision loss offers no such protective effect against psychosis. The top-down model cortical hierarchy asserts that the brain is equipped with hyperpriors, or internal expectations concerning perceived features of the world. In psychosis, a hyperprior may generate false attributions of the causes of sensory input. According to this same model, hyperpriors also predispose the developmentally typical brain to have visual hallucinations following visual deprivation because the brain expects a cause for sensory data. In the absence of visual information, the brain creates false external attributions, which manifest as hallucinations.

According to this model, investigators outlined several experimentally testable hypotheses, including the theory that congenitally blind individuals will show lessened psychosis-proneness compared with their sighted counterparts and lower psychotomimetic response to ketamine. The Bayesian error minimization model may be useful in further efforts to explore the nature of psychosis, vision loss, and visual hallucinations.

Reference

Pollack TA, Corlett PR. Blindness, psychosis, and the visual construction of the world [published online October 11, 2019]. Schizophr Bull. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbz098

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How Does a Visual Construction of the World Influence Psychosis? - Psychiatry Advisor

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