StemCell Therapy

AUSTIN (Nexstar) For about three decades,parts of Isha Dhars skin have lostcolor.

Ive had vitiligo since I was five, she said.It happens, stops, happens, stops.

Vitiligo is a medical condition where patches in the skin lose pigment.A person who has vitiligo can either have one patch or multiple patches of lighter skin on theirface, arms, legs or other parts of their body.It can also affect hair.

Its not completely understood what causes vitiligo, but its thought that the immune system does play a role in potentially getting some of these skin cells that cause pigment or what gives your skincolor to stop working,said Dr.Lia Gracey, MD, PhD, a dermatologist with Baylor Scott & White Health.Vitiligo doesnt currently have a cure and it can be difficult to treat because vitiligo can be progressive with more and morecolorloss.

There are currently several treatment options to help with vitiligo,includingcreams, phototherapy, surgery and oral medication.But there is no cure.

Its not like it stops you from doing your regular work, Dhar said. Its not a debilitating condition in any way. It doesnt stop you from living your regular life.

But Dhar and dermatology experts say a lack of awareness can cause people to lose self-esteem and be self-conscious about their bodies. Thats whereitcan get tough.

Youre sort of, in some ways, different from every other person, Dhar said. It stands out and people stare. It is a very large lack of awareness and I feel like if more people knew about it, it might help to lessen the stares or questions.

In 2018,Winnie Harlow,a Canadian fashion model,was the first model with vitiligo to walk in the Victorias Secret Fashion Show.

Any step toward a truly equal and diversemodelingindustry is great, but for a huge brand like Victorias Secret to include models with skin conditions like vitiligo is a huge step to normalizing it in the entire industry, she said in a Teen Vogue interview. I hope that theres many more in the future. We need to work toward diversity, not for the sake of it, but to make it the norm. And I hope that this is a big step toward that.

TeVidoBioDevices,an Austin-based biotechnologystartup, is working on a treatment calledTruPigmentto help patients with vitiligo.During a patients first visit, the doctor will take a small sample of the persons healthy skin through a process called cellular grafting and will send this sample toTeVidoBioDevices. The company then takes the living skincells and places it in a liquid, which is theTruPigment, and then sendsit backto the doctors office.CEO Laura Bosworth says doctors can use it treat an area almost five times the skin samples size and its expected thatcolorwill come back in about two months.

[The doctor] just takes off that little thin sheet of skin in the area that youre planning to treat and then theres a little syringe of your cells in a liquid, she explained. You squirt it on, spread it around and bandage it up.

Dr.Ammar Ahmed, associate professor in the Division of Dermatology at Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin, is working with the four patients who are seekingTruPigmentas a treatment for their vitiligo. Dhar is one of his patients. Ahmed is hopeful results can lead to somecolorcoming back in her and others skin.Dr.Ahmed says there are some layers of challenges patients face in accessing any treatments for vitiligo, because insurance companies view it as a cosmetic condition, rather than medical.

Right now, these types of grafting procedures are generally not covered by insurance companies in the United States, he explained. For the first several patients weve done, weve done it at a discount because theyre the first patients to be using this. It is a significant investment to get it done.

Dhar says shes tried othertreatments, butdidnt see much improvement. She is hopeful this treatment will add another option for treatment and raise public awareness about the skin condition.

I felt like giving it a little bit of a nudge with theTeVidotreatment would be a helpful thing, she said. I dont know the results yet.

Lets see, she added. Im keeping my fingers crossed.

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Austin biotechnology company hopes to help patients with vitiligo - WWLP.com

A new test based on tumour organoids can predict how patients with advanced colorectal cancer respond to chemotherapy treatment.

The organoid-based test, developed by the group of Emile Voest at Netherlands Cancer Institute in Amsterdam, in a prospective clinical trial correctly predicted responses in 80% of metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) patients treated with irinotecan chemotherapy without misclassifying patients who benefited from the chemotherapy. Patient-derived organoids, however, failed to predict outcome for treatment with 5-fluorouracil plus oxaliplatin. Thus, its medical utility is limited to stratification of patients for irinotecan chemotherapy, in a stage of tumour development that cannot be cured.

Specifically, the researchers collected samples from 61 patients with mCRC and used the tissue to generate three-dimensional tissue cultures, which they treated with irinotecan either alone or in combination with the chemotherapy 5-Fluorouracil. The organoids, which could be generated and screened within 21 days generally reflected how the patients responded to the treatments.

Read more from the original source:
Patient's organoids predict response to chemotherapy - European Biotechnology

DUBLIN--(BUSINESS WIRE)--The "Global Longevity and Anti-Senescence Therapy Market" report has been added to ResearchAndMarkets.com's offering.

Global longevity and anti-senescence market will witness rapid growth over the forecast period (2018-2023) owing to an increasing emphasis on Stem Cell Research and increasing demand for cell-based assays in research and development.

An increasing geriatric population across the globe and rising awareness of antiaging products among generation Y and later generations are the major factors expected to promote the growth of global longevity and anti-senescence market. Factors such as a surging level of disposable income and increasing advancements in anti-senescence technologies are also providing traction to the global longevity and anti-senescence market growth over the forecast period (2018-2023).

Senolytics, placenta stem cells and blood transfusions are some of the hot technologies picking up pace in the longevity and anti-anti-senescence market. Companies and start-ups across the globe such as Unity Biotechnology, Human Longevity Inc., Calico Life Sciences, Acorda Therapeutics, etc. are working extensively in this field for the extension of human longevity by focusing on the study of genomics, microbiome, bioinformatics, and stem cell therapies, etc. These factors are poised to drive market growth over the forecast period.

The report provides analysis based on each market segment including therapies and application. The therapies segment is further sub-segmented into Senolytic drug therapy, Gene therapy, Immunotherapy, and Others. Senolytic drug therapy held the largest market revenue share in 2017. The fastest growth of the gene therapy segment is due to the Large investments in genomics.

Report Scope

The scope of this report is broad and covers various therapies currently under trials in the global longevity and anti-senescence therapy market. The market estimation has been performed with consideration for revenue generation in the forecast years 2018-2023 after the expected availability of products in the market by 2023.

The global longevity and anti-senescence therapy market has been segmented by the following therapies: Senolytic drug therapy, Gene therapy, Immunotherapy and Other therapies which includes stem cell-based therapies, etc.

Revenue forecasts from 2028 to 2023 are given for each therapy and application, with estimated values derived from the expected revenue generation in the first year of launch.

The report also includes a discussion of the major players performing research or the potential players across each regional longevity and anti-senescence therapy market. Further, it explains the major drivers and regional dynamics of the global longevity and anti-senescence therapy market and current trends within the industry.

The report concludes with a special focus on the vendor landscape and includes detailed profiles of the major vendors and potential entrants in the global longevity and anti-senescence therapy market.

The report includes:

Key Topics Covered

Chapter 1 Introduction

Chapter 2 Summary and Highlights

Chapter 3 Market Overview

Chapter 4 Global Longevity and Anti-senescence Market by Therapy

Chapter 5 Global Longevity and Anti-senescence Market by Application

Chapter 6 Global Longevity and Anti-senescence Market by Region

Chapter 7 Industry Structure in Longevity and Anti-senescence Market

Chapter 8 Company Profiles

For more information about this report visit https://www.researchandmarkets.com/r/zy7jt

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Global Longevity & Anti-Senescence Therapy Market Review 2017-2018 and Forecast to 2023 - ResearchAndMarkets.com - Business Wire

We will be comparing the differences between Cellect Biotechnology Ltd. (NASDAQ:APOP) and Vaxart Inc. (NASDAQ:VXRT) as far as dividends, analyst recommendations, profitability, risk, institutional ownership, earnings and valuation are concerned. The two businesses are rivals in the Biotechnology industry.

Earnings & Valuation

Demonstrates Cellect Biotechnology Ltd. and Vaxart Inc. earnings per share (EPS), gross revenue and valuation.

Profitability

Table 2 represents Cellect Biotechnology Ltd. (NASDAQ:APOP) and Vaxart Inc. (NASDAQ:VXRT)s return on assets, return on equity and net margins.

Insider and Institutional Ownership

Roughly 0% of Cellect Biotechnology Ltd. shares are held by institutional investors while 34.2% of Vaxart Inc. are owned by institutional investors. About 54.73% of Cellect Biotechnology Ltd.s share are held by insiders. Competitively, Vaxart Inc. has 3.2% of its share held by insiders.

Performance

In this table we show the Weekly, Monthly, Quarterly, Half Yearly, Yearly and YTD Performance of both pretenders.

For the past year Cellect Biotechnology Ltd.s stock price has bigger decline than Vaxart Inc.

Summary

Cellect Biotechnology Ltd. beats Vaxart Inc. on 6 of the 9 factors.

Cellect Biotechnology Ltd., a biotechnology company, focuses on developing technologies for the functional selection of stem cells in the field of regenerative medicine and stem cell therapies in Israel. It is developing the Apotainer selection kit, a shelf stem cell selection kit, based on its Powered by Cellect technology platform for allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation procedures for patients suffering from hematological malignancies. The company was founded in 2011 and is headquartered in Kfar Saba, Israel.

Vaxart, Inc., a clinical-stage company, focuses on developing oral recombinant vaccines based on its proprietary oral vaccine delivery platform. The company's platform delivers various recombinant protein antigens, such as those used in influenza, hepatitis B, and human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccines, as well as other recombinant vaccines. Its development programs include oral tablet vaccines that are designed to protect against norovirus, seasonal influenza, and respiratory syncytial virus, as well as a therapeutic vaccine for HPV. The company is headquartered in South San Francisco, California.

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Contrasting of Cellect Biotechnology Ltd. (APOP) and Vaxart Inc. (NASDAQ:VXRT) - MS Wkly

We are comparing Unity Biotechnology Inc. (NASDAQ:UBX) and Aeglea BioTherapeutics Inc. (NASDAQ:AGLE) on their analyst recommendations, institutional ownership, profitability, risk, dividends, earnings and valuation. They both are Biotechnology companies, competing one another.

Valuation & Earnings

Table 1 demonstrates Unity Biotechnology Inc. and Aeglea BioTherapeutics Inc.s gross revenue, earnings per share (EPS) and valuation.

Profitability

Table 2 hightlights the return on equity, net margins and return on assets of the two companies.

Liquidity

Unity Biotechnology Inc.s Current Ratio is 13.7 while its Quick Ratio is 13.7. On the competitive side is, Aeglea BioTherapeutics Inc. which has a 10.7 Current Ratio and a 10.7 Quick Ratio. Unity Biotechnology Inc. is better positioned to pay off short and long-term obligations compared to Aeglea BioTherapeutics Inc.

Insider and Institutional Ownership

Institutional investors owned 72.8% of Unity Biotechnology Inc. shares and 78.8% of Aeglea BioTherapeutics Inc. shares. 8.3% are Unity Biotechnology Inc.s share owned by insiders. Comparatively, 1.2% are Aeglea BioTherapeutics Inc.s share owned by insiders.

Performance

In this table we provide the Weekly, Monthly, Quarterly, Half Yearly, Yearly and YTD Performance of both pretenders.

For the past year Unity Biotechnology Inc. had bearish trend while Aeglea BioTherapeutics Inc. had bullish trend.

Summary

On 7 of the 9 factors Unity Biotechnology Inc. beats Aeglea BioTherapeutics Inc.

Unity Biotechnology, Inc., a preclinical biotechnology company, engages in the research and development of therapeutics to extend human health span. The company's lead drug candidates include UBX0101 for musculoskeletal disease with an initial focus on osteoarthritis; and UBX1967 for ophthalmologic diseases. It is also developing programs in pulmonary disorders. The company was formerly known as Forge, Inc. and changed its name to Unity Biotechnology, Inc. in January 2015. Unity Biotechnology, Inc. was founded in 2009 and is headquartered in Brisbane, California.

Aeglea Biotherapeutics, Inc., a biotechnology company, develops enzyme-based therapeutics in the field of amino acid metabolism to treat rare genetic diseases and cancer. Its human enzymes are designed to degrade specific amino acids in the blood. The companys lead product candidate, AEB1102 is human Arginase I, engineered to reduce arginine levels to treat patients with Arginase I deficiency and patients with arginine-dependent solid tumors and hematological malignancies. Its pipeline of engineered human enzyme product candidates in preclinical development includes AEB3103, an enzyme that degrades the amino acids cysteine to target cancer to oxidative stress; AEB2109, an enzyme that degrades the amino acid methionine to target methionine dependent cancers; and AEB4104, an engineered human enzyme to treat another inborn errors of metabolism by degrading the amino acid homocysteine. The company was formerly known as Aeglea BioTherapeutics Holdings, LLC and changed its name to Aeglea BioTherapeutics, Inc. in March 2015. Aeglea Biotherapeutics, Inc. was founded in 2013 and is headquartered in Austin, Texas.

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Unity Biotechnology Inc. (UBX) and Aeglea BioTherapeutics Inc. (NASDAQ:AGLE) Contrasting side by side - MS Wkly

The Biotechnology Instrumentation Market study formulated by DataIntelo, presents a detailed analysis of the influential trends prevailing in this business sphere. This research report also offers definitive information concerning the commercialization of this vertical, market size, and revenue estimation of this industry. The study explicitly illustrates the competitive standing of key players over the projected timeline while incorporating their individual portfolios & geographical expansion.The Global Biotechnology Instrumentation market 2019 research provides a detailed information of the industry including classifications, applications and industry chain structure. The Global Biotechnology Instrumentation Industry analysis is provided for the international markets including development trends, competitive landscape analysis, and key regions development status. Development policies and plans are discussed as well as manufacturing processes and cost structures are also analysed. This report also states import/export consumption, supply and demand Figures, cost, price, revenue and gross margins.

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Top Key Players included in this report:Agilent Technologies (USA) Beckman Coulter (USA) Bio-Rad Laboratories (USA) Bruker (USA) GE HealthCare (UK) Gilson (USA) Harvard Bioscience (USA) Hitachi High-Technologies (Japan) Illumina (USA) Lonza (Switzerland) PerkinElmer (USA) Roche Diagnostics (Switzerland) Shimadzu (Japan) Siemens (USA) Thermo Fisher Scientific (USA) Waters (USA)

Market segment by Type, the product can be split intoElectrophoresis Immunoassay Chromatography Imaging Mass Spectroscopy Microarray Technology Laboratory Automation

Market segment by Application, split intoPharmaceutical Companies Research Institutes Biotech Companies

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Market segment by Regions/Countries, this report coversUnited StatesEuropeChinaJapanSoutheast AsiaIndiaCentral & South America

Report Content Overview: Qualitative and quantitative analysis of the market based on segmentation involving both economic as well as non-economic factors Provision of market value (USD Billion) data for each segment and sub-segment Indicates the region and segment that is expected to witness the fastest growth as well as to dominate the market Analysis by geography highlighting the consumption of the product/service in the region as well as indicating the factors that are affecting the market within each region Competitive landscape which incorporates the market ranking of the major players, along with new service/product launches, partnerships, business expansions and acquisitions in the past five years of companies profiled Extensive company profiles comprising of company overview, company insights, product benchmarking and SWOT analysis for the major market players The current as well as the future market outlook of the industry with respect to recent developments (which involve growth opportunities and drivers as well as challenges and restraints of both emerging as well as developed regions Includes an in-depth analysis of the market of various perspectives through Porters five forces analysis Provides insight into the market through Value Chain Market dynamics scenario, along with growth opportunities of the market in the years to come

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We also offer customization on reports based on specific client requirement:1- Free country level analysis for any 5 countries of your choice.2- Free Competitive analysis of any market players.3- Free 40 analyst hours to cover any other data points

About DataIntelo:DATAINTELO has set its benchmark in the market research industry by providing syndicated and customized research report to the clients. The database of the company is updated on a daily basis to prompt the clients with the latest trends and in-depth analysis of the industry.Our pool of database contains various industry verticals that include: IT & Telecom, Food Beverage, Automotive, Healthcare, Chemicals and Energy, Consumer foods, Food and beverages, and many more. Each and every report goes through the proper research methodology, validated from the professionals and analysts to ensure the eminent quality reports.

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Biotechnology Instrumentation Market Research Report Analysis And Forecasts To 2025 - Statsflash

SAN CARLOS, Calif., Oct. 9, 2019 /PRNewswire/ --Apexigen, Inc. announced today that Herb C. Cross has joined its Board of Directors as an independent director. Mr. Cross joins Apexigen's Board of Directors with over 20 years of experience in executive leadership roles at both public and privately held biotechnology companies and will serve as Chair of the Board's Audit Committee.

"We are excited to welcome Herb to Apexigen's Board of Directors, which is further strengthened by his impressive list of accomplishments in finance, operations and business development," said Kenneth Fong, Ph.D., Chair of Apexigen's Board of Directors. "We look forward to benefiting from Herb's guidance and leadership."

Mr. Cross is currently Chief Financial Officer of Atreca, a biotechnology company that completed its initial public offering in June of this year, and which is focused on developing novel therapeutics based on a deep understanding of the human immune response. Prior to joining Atreca, Mr. Cross served as CFO of ARMO Biosciences. While at ARMO Biosciences, Mr. Cross led all administrative functions and corporate development while driving their successful initial public offering in 2018 followed by the sale of the company to Eli Lilly & Co. for $1.6 billion later that year. In recent years, Mr. Cross served as CFO of Balance Therapeutics, KaloBios Pharmaceuticals, and Affymax. Prior to joining Affymax, he was Vice President of Finance and served in other key roles at Neoforma, PDL BioPharma and Facet Biotech. Mr. Cross began his career at Arthur Andersen LLP.

"This is an exciting time for Apexigen with its broad clinical development program for APX005M, the company's lead product candidate, and its pipeline of licensed and proprietary programs. I look forward to working closely with Apexigen's management team as they continue the evolution of the company," said Mr. Cross.

In addition to Mr. Cross, Apexigen's Board of Directors includes Xiaodong Yang (CEO), Kenneth Fong, William Rutter, George Lee, Daniel Zabrowski, Karen Liu and Scott Smith

About ApexigenApexigen is a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company discovering and developing a new generation of antibody therapeutics for oncology, with an emphasis on new immuno-oncology agents that could harness the patient's immune system to combat and eradicate cancer. APX005M, a CD40 agonistic antibody, and Apexigen's additional preclinical programs were discovered using APXiMAB, Apexigen's proprietary product discovery platform. Apexigen and its various licensees are using this platform to seek to discover and develop high-quality therapeutic antibodies against a variety of molecular targets, including targets that are difficult to drug with conventional antibody technologies. Six product candidates discovered using APXiMAB are currently in clinical development, either internally by Apexigen or by its licensees. For more information, please visit http://www.apexigen.com.

Investor Contact:Jennifer PorcelliSenior Vice PresidentSolebury Trout646-378-2962Investors@apexigen.com

Apexigen Contact:Mark NevinsVice President, Business DevelopmentApexigen650-931-6236mnevins@apexigen.com

SOURCE Apexigen, Inc.

http://www.apexigen.com

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Apexigen Appoints Biotechnology Financial Executive Herb Cross to Board of Directors - PRNewswire

What happened

Shares of Puma Biotechnology (NASDAQ:PBYI) fell as much as 20.2% after the company disclosed through a filing with the Securities and Exchange Commission that Chief Commercial Officer Steven Lo will resign on Oct. 18 to become the CEO of an emerging pharmaceutical company. However, a departing executive isn't the real reason shares are tumbling.

In an unrelated move, Goldman Sachs analyst Paul Choi downgraded Puma Biotechnology stock from neutral to sell, changed the price target from $24 to $8 per share, cut his 2025 sales estimate by 25%, and reminded investors thatSeattle Genetics (NASDAQ:SGEN) has a drug candidate that might compete well against Puma's Nerlynx, according to StreetInsider.com.

As of 11:08 a.m. EDT, Puma Biotechnology stock had settled to a 17.4% loss.

Image source: Getty Images.

Puma Biotechnology hasn't been able to convince investors or Wall Street that Nerlynx can live up to its blockbuster potential. The drug product, prescribed for one year to individuals that have completed treatment for breast cancer, has faltered recently. A significant number of individuals have to discontinue treatment due to severe side effects, although that decision is a lot easier for doctors to make considering the drug's questionable value and high cost.

While Nerlynx has gradually earned supplemental approvals from regulators to expand its use, revenue growth has slowed significantly due to patient churn. Sales in the second quarter of 2019 grew only 6% from the year-ago period. Licensing revenue from international sales should begin to trickle in soon, and operating losses are beginning to shrink, but investors are concerned with the drug's future. Nerlynx is the only drug product or drug candidate owned by Puma Biotechnology.

Nerlynx has struggled to overcome its own inherent problems relating to tolerability, which Choi thinks could be further exposed by a drug candidate from Seattle Genetics. Tucatinib is being evaluated in the same settings as Nerlynx, has proven to have fewer side effects, and is expected to have new data from an important clinical trial before the end of 2019. Choi thinks better tolerability could allow tucatinib to grab more market share than Nerlynx even if it proves less effective, but the drug candidate has to earn marketing approval first.

It may be tempting to label Puma Biotechnology as a value stock, especially considering that the company's market cap now sits at just $325 million. On the one hand, the business could achieve sustainable operations with just a little more growth from Nerlynx. Choi's optimism for tucatinib from Seattle Genetics may be a bit premature and overblown. After all, many have questioned the value of Nerlynx based on its high cost and slight improvement to overall survival, so could a less effective drug really make a splash even if it has fewer side effects?

On the other hand, Nerlynx is clearly not living up to expectations. It should receive a boost from recent supplemental approvals and international expansion, but investors might be better off waiting to see another quarter or two of operating results before getting too carried away.

Originally posted here:
Here's Why Puma Biotechnology Tumbled Today - The Motley Fool

Doesnt matter if you want to invest into these US based biotechnology companies or want to work for them. If your query has anything to do with the best biotechnology companies in the US region, then believe it or not, you are at the right place! In this article, Ive not only listed the 10 best companies, but Ive also listed other interesting details such as projects theyve worked on, upcoming projects and other details which can help you learn more about them!

It is said by stock market experts that the Biotechnology field is one of the safest. But I think that they are not just safe, but they also have huge potential. Imagine, the company working on a formula which could solve a serious disease such as cancer? Well, not only will it save lives, but people would spend huge on such medicines and that could be a boom time for the people who hold stocks of such companies or work there.

Do you acknowledge the potential of Biotechnology? It has opened up the gateways to extreme possibilities. The ideas that were only a small fragmentation of our minds are possible to manifest due to the advancements in Biotechnology.

Over time, with technology, many diseases evolved, which challenge the existence of our kind. The spectrum is highly untapped. However, some bio-pharmaceutical companies were diligent in entering the world of the unknown.

Since then, these companies have come a long way and evolved to be one of the well-established organizations around the globe. Their bold actions and willingness to explore and discover the treatment for some of the grotesque conditions, have led them to become the top 10 companies leading biotech.

Gilead Sciences exists since 1987 in the heart of Foster City as one of the prominent Biotechnology companies. It specializes inantiviral drugsconcerning life-threatening diseases like Hepatitis B and C, HIV AIDS, and Influenza. The company is also a member of the S&P 500 and theNASDAQ Biotechnology Index. Both are related to the security-related stock index for Pharmaceuticals or Biotechnological companies.

The two flagship products of the company are Sovaldi and Harvoni. These two were engineered to fight against the hepatitis C viruses successfully. The popularity of the drugs led the company to gain 4th rank in Forbes rank for exceptional growth in market capitalization. It has merged with some of the most potential companies over the years.

However, There have been controversies regarding the pricing of the drugs of the company. Although the cases did not bear any result, the company significantly dropped the rate of their drugs.

In countries like India, licensed companies of Gilead Sciences provided the drug in the range of USD 4. The company holds the strength of over 10,000 employees spread worldwide. While the company attained total equity of around 21 billion, it has a revenue going into losses of equal value.

There are changes in the revoking patent and contracts if there is a lack of substantial discovery in the upcoming years. It also faces several backlashes from the criticism. However, the company stands strong and plans on making groundbreaking discoveries in the field of HIV. If the research bears fruits, the company may manage to survive in the US, as its branching units are doing fine with decent capital income.

Recent Official News articles About Gilead:

Amgen is a biopharmaceutical company that has flourished since its foundation in 1980 by George B. Rathmann. The company specializes in Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, which led to the discovery of several useful products over the years. Its products are used to prevent infection and other unwanted abnormalities during the treatment of severe conditions like cancers. The discovery of Epogen drug has brought the company into the competition amongst the giants of the industry.

Epogen was primarily discovered for the treatment of Anemia for critical kidney failure. However, its potential led it to receive approval for curing anemia in the candidates who undergo chemotherapies, or HIV aids treatment. Their Neupogen became the second prominent product which helped in preventing infections in the patients with the weakened immune system after treatment. Thus, Neulasta, a better and improved immunostimulator, came in the light.

Much like other big names on the list, the company also got under the fire of controversies. There have been whistleblower cases to which Amgen pled guilty. It delivered compensation. However, there havent been many solid cases or controversies regarding the company. Its news and information usually revolve around the discovery of some new form of treatment or drug.

It showcases the impeccable excellence of over 21,000 employees of Amgen. There have been successive series of products from the company and featured in several popular magazines like Fortune 500. From arthritis to tumors, the company deliberately laid its foundation for the integration of various drugs. The company has a remarkable revenue of around 24 billion, with equities reaching about $30 billion. Much like other companies on the list, it has undergone some significant mergers.

Latest News About Amgen:

Celgene started in 1986 by the founder Sol J. Barer with specialization regarding Cancer treatment and other inflammatory diseases. However, the company consistently works on improving human lifestyles by presenting innovative treatments to fight diseases. It grew popular due to the out of the box thinking capabilities. The community or organizational standards do not restrict the personnel of Celgene.

One such example is incorporating thalidomide in the treatment for cancer patients, which flourished. Hence, it shows their fearless approach and the stop at no cost mindset. Several social figures have also passed commendable remarks regarding the endeavors of the company. The company has received several awards and commendations for exceptional services over the years.

It does not hesitate to help those in need, not words, but the actions are evident. One of the feats includes continuous services to the patients and families on the east coast after Hurricane Sandy. The employees of the company worked to make sure nobody was left unchecked. Revlimid is the flagship product of the company. It is a treatment available for multiple myeloma, a rare blood cancer disease.

There are several other products available in the market. Showcasing human well-being over anything else, the company has also developed medication for ADHD in children. Furthermore, treatment for conditions like Leukemia was also made available. Despite its contributions, the company fell prey to allegations and claims over the years. It is very normal for such gigantic companies.

Emerging victorious, the company has a revenue of 13.5 billion, with a workforce of over 7,500 employees backing its trustworthy and reliable foundation. Currently, its headquarters is located at Summit, New Jersey, in the United States of America.

The company is primarily known for its specialty regarding neurodegenerative diseases. But it has expanded its horizons to other aspects like hematologic and autoimmune diseases. It is a multinational company, prospering since 1978 with headquarters in Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S. With several major mergers with companies, it is one of the larget companies. It is successfully enlisted in many stock index groups over the years.

Biogen has rolled out several products over the years. Hemophilia A and B, sclerosis, psoriasis, and leukemia are some of the known conditions the products work on. From relapsing to the prevention of bleeding, these drugs have made the lives easier for people. The company is also consistently partnering with other companies on vital projects.

It partnered with Samsung for Samsung Bioepis. The project accumulates the resources and specialization of the two companies in their respective fields to enter the field of biosimilars. There are other ventures with companies like Eisai Inc. regarding the treatment of Alzheimers. There have been some successful reports which may potentially reduce the speed of the disease.

There has been a separate spin-off of the company completely focused on Hemophilia in May 2016. The company is proudly known as Bioverativ. Its overall growth and profit have also assured the name of the Fortune 500 companies. Thus, it reflects the exceptional proficiency of the professionals the company is working with.

The founding party is full of brilliant scientists and experts in their field who won awards for their contributions. Their impact reflects on the integrity and stature of the company. It encompasses the potential of around 7,500 employees and revenue closing 13 billion.

Latest news:

Leonard Schleifer and George Yacopoulos founded Regeneron with the intention of studies of neurotrophic factors and their regenerative capabilities. Since its establishment in 1988, the company has developed several drugs and treatments with the help of its excellence in the regenerative field, hence the name of the company Regeneron. The company has branched out to dig into the other spectrum of the aspects like cytokine and tyrosine kinase receptors.

Aflibercept was the first drug that came in the light. It was primarily used to cure wet macular degeneration. It was a VEGF inhibitor that is a protein-related to the growth and development of blood vessels. In 2012, there was news of the development of a drug that would reduce the cholesterol levels in a person by up to 72%. Other successful products include Eylea, which is to cure blindness due to aging. Dupixient for atopic dermatitis is also a popular product of the company.

Compared to other humongous companies on the list, it has a revenue of 5.8 billion but an employee strength of over 6,200. It is successfully on the list due to a lack of controversies and lawsuits against the company. Furthermore, the company has done a remarkable job in the discovery of various drugs for the treatment of rare diseases. Their technology and two different methods also make them unique and stand them out from their competitors.

The company has also shown a drastic increase in growth during recent years, since 2012. Hence, its potential finalizes its name among the list of the top biopharmaceutical companies. Currently, the headquarters of the company is situated in Eastview, New York, the heart of the USA.

Alexion was established in 1992 as an American pharmaceutical company. It specializes in research regarding the immune system and autoimmune diseases. Their development of specialty drugs has put them apart from the competition. It is now a global biopharmaceutical company with its branches all around the world.

The company is primarily known for the development of Soliris drug. It is a worldwide approved drug around several nations used for treating atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome and paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. Strensiq was the second production targeting a metabolic disorder, hypophosphatasia. Kanuma was the third drug that fights lysosomal acid lipase deficiency, a disease that builds fatty acids in the bloodstream, veins, and organs.

These contributions to the development of drugs for rare diseases have put the company into a prestigious position. Apart from the above three, there are six other projects under research and development. The studies and research are regarding several rare diseases or disorders like molybdenum cofactor deficiency Type A in newborns. The company continuously strives to discover innovative medical therapies for patients all around the world.

The company has been a target for many other competitors. It also retains grounds for several controversies regarding the Soliris drug. Although the company is striving to achieve treatment options for other untouched diseases, it would still require to maintain profits to be in the business. Thus, the allegations and controversies were proven to be false.

Alexion houses over 2,500 employees worldwide. There are several other facilities under the company, like manufacturing units in Smithfield and translational medicinal facilities in Cambridge. It shows their deliberate expansion to conveniently reach patients all around the globe. With a revenue of over 3.5 billion, the company stands strong with a new headquarters in Boston, Massachusetts.

Vertex was founded by Joshua Boger and Kevin J. Kinsella in 1989. The company primarily focused on viral infections, autoimmune diseases, and cancer treatment. Later, it expends to genetical conditions and other spectra of the bioengineering fields. The company is awarded several times for its contributions to the medical field.

There have been countless product developments from the company. The oral treatment for hepatitis C, telaprevir, is a popular product. However, Ivacaftor became the flagship product of the company. It was developed to treat the underlying causes of cystic fibrosis.

The company invested in exploring the potential of the drug and made other variations of the drugs available. Lumacaftor and Tezacraftor were the results. These drugs broke the age-restriction of the original medicine, to be available for the masses above the age of 12. For a while, the company provided the drug for free.

The triple combination treatment also came under the light. It was a new CFTR in combination with the two flagship medicines. The results were successful, with benefits to 90% of Cystic fibrosis patients. It opened a doorway for them to treat mutations.

Due to their success in the genetic branch of the individuals, the company started to focus on exploring more possibilities. They established research and development teams working on modifying genetics intending to provide treatments for several genetic diseases and disorders.

Vertex Pharmaceutical owns three research facilities in San Diego, California, and Milton Park, Oxford, England. It has a revenue of $3 billion, with over 2,000 employees worldwide. The company has featured among the top 15 best-performing companies on Standard and Poos 500. Its use of rational drug design also makes it stand out from its competitor companies.

With headquarters in San Diego, California, the American company started in April 1998 as a developer and manufacturer of analytical machinery for Genetics and biological aspects. One of the most remarkable feats Illumina achieved was reducing the cost of sequencing the human genome from 1 million to 1,000 USD. The company consistently works in researching various fields like reproduction, agriculture, science, and the flagship research of genomes.

The company strongly believes in the potential of genetic engineering. By tapping into the genomes, they can potentially increase the chances to cure several underlying diseases. Uncurable conditions like Cancer and others should be in the grasp of humanity. The company is known for introducing DNA Sequencing into the industry.

Their machinery is state of the art with clients all around the globe. Several genetic research centers, academics, and pharmaceutical companies integrate Illuminas innovation in their facilities. Their contributions include the expansion of analysis of genomic sequences, which provides for protein analysis, gene expression, and SNP genotyping. The company has established a branch named Grail.

Grail focuses on blood tests for cancer tumors. It has grand investors like Bill Gates and Jeff Bezos in their projects. Thus, ensuring the authenticity of the company and sending a powerful message to the world. The company completely utilize each product of Illumina for their testing and analysis and plan to discover exceptional breakthrough.

The company has a revenue of 3.33 billion, with operating income touching the $1 billion milestone in upcoming years. It employs a qualitative workforce of over 7,500 employees worldwide. The company is prominent in the field of genome-sequencing, with over 70% of dominance in machinery used by the research facilities.

BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc. is an American company with dominion spread across the world in the regions of the United States, South America, Asia, and Europe. It is prominently known for the specialization in the Enzymes Replacement Therapies. A procedure used to replace a deficient enzyme in the patients body. Christopher Starr and Grant W. Denison Junior were the founding members of the BioMarin.

The company has six orphan drugs in the market: Kuvan, Naglazyme, Firdapse, Vimizim, and Brinuera. The various drugs target some of the rare forms of diseases and conditions like phenylketonuria, mucopolysaccharidosis type VI, and Batten Disease, and so on. There are several other projects under development and awaiting approval. One such product is Valoctocogene Roxaparvove for the treatment of Haemophilia A by replacing the factor VIIIs function in the system of the human body.

Their successive research bore fruits in the form of the first therapeutics for phenylketonuria, also known as PKU. They have also developed the primary treatment for mucopolysaccharidosis type 1, popularly known as Aludrazyme. Thus, with succession, the company seeks to discover new methodologies and research for several other medications. They have made commendable contributions to the diabetic society, as well.

BioMarin has consistently expanded its horizons to several fields for contributions. It acquired several research facilities and companies over the years. They focused on areas for the treatment of glycan metabolism, neurological disorders, and genetically defined cancers. There have been several controversies surrounding the company with credible lawsuits.

However, the company emerged victoriously and still thrives. These suits and controversies further reinforced the image of the company. With a little blowback, the company has a revenue of over 1.3 billion, with around 2,600 employees. It is growing exponentially, with total equity falling approximately 3 billion.

Agilent is popularly known as a spin-off or the child company of HP (Hewlett Packard) founded in 1999. At the time, the company grew in popularity due to its record in the Public Investment in the year 2000 with the worth of over $2 billion. It was established with the sheer intention of contributions in medical research and developments. The company has managed to retain its image as a provider of equipment about research and analysis.

Agilent managed to branch out to other aspects like food, environment, chemicals, and energy production. The company concerns itself with the machine and equipment department compared to others on the list. It covers every possible aspect of the scientific, medical, and research developments. Most of the products focus on providing precise analysis of the subjects and accurate readings.

Agilent provides Automation, FISH probes, and other essential components to significant manufacturing companies around the globe. It dominates the innovative approach and scientific brilliance for the production of state of the art facilities. Not only focusing on the performance but also the economic value, it has grown remarkably over the years. The company has the following divisions: CrossLab Group, Diagnostic and Genomic Group, Life Science, and Applied Markets Group.

It has also stepped into the world of electronics for testing and measurement. Agilent has acquired an incredible workforce of over 13,500 by the year 2019 and revenue touching $3 billion. The total equity of the company has surpassed the $5 billion standards. There are countless buildings with four in San Fransisco Bay and seven in China. It has also stepped into European territories like Germany, UK, and Denmark.

Backed up by decades of research, these companies have stepped into the world of rare diseases and conditions. Each one awarded significantly for their contributions in the field of biotech and medical science. Their bold moves have resulted in the provision of treatment of several unknown and underlying diseases.

Despite the controversies surrounding them, they have acquired a prosperous stage. With the objective of human well-being for the longevity of life, they diligently work to deliver the best results to the public. Due to the consistent progress of these companies, we may discover a cure to conditions like cancer and other unknown and fatal problem.

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10 Biotechnology Companies That Rule in the United States - TeckFlock

In the past few years, six decades after Francis Crick and James Watson discovered the chemical structure of DNA, scientists have developed CRISPR technologies that prevent disease by pinpointing unhealthy genetic sequences and replacing them with healthy ones. These technologies locate and repair errant mutations to the lengthy, repeating patterns of genetic code that form DNAs double helix. In so doing, they cure disease. In addition, CRISPR can create optimal outcomes such as increased resistance to illness and other desired physical and mental attributes that make the technology exciting but also slightly scary.

In business as in biotechnology, progress requires identifying vulnerabilities and addressing them before they can cause damage. In less controversial ways, businesses need to be able to detect and modify parts of their supply chains to harness the flexibility and capabilities necessary to manage their spend and drive optimal outcomes. For example, when businesses join digital networks, they gain visibility into the interconnected operations of trading partners. This transparency places into sharp focus any underperforming suppliers, as well as alternative providers that may be better suited to create value and extend competitive advantage.

Business and biotechnology also have in common the importance of continual innovation, which often arises from the detection of previously unseen patterns. What could businesses discover about themselves, their trading partners, their customers if they, not unlike CRISPR, probed the vast repositories of information available to them for patterns, anomalies and meaning?

Every day throughout the regular course of operations, businesses accumulate massive amounts of data chronicling transactions, internal processes and marketing activities. Yet only a fraction of that volume is ever analysed. What efficiencies go unrealised? What insights remain out of reach? What value lies hidden away amid the endless zeros and ones and the myriad suppliers involved in their digital supply chain? Seeking clarity, business leaders are turning to digital networks and emerging technologies like artificial intelligence. By linking together millions of buyers and suppliers, these cloud-based networks offer newfound insights into previously uncorrelated data, fuelling the rise of intelligent enterprises.

This digital transformation, aided by cognitive technologies, arrives at just the right moment for business. Faced with ongoing turbulence in the financial markets and trade tensions roiling nearly every industry, senior executives need to stay ahead of the only constant they can count on: the relentlessness of change itself. Enterprises that embrace digital technologies and predictive analytics bolster their ability to manage operational (and other types of) risk. They can anticipate bottlenecks, stockouts or other challenges and rectify them before they dent a balance sheet. Visibility across supply chains can equip businesses with alternative sources and shipping routes, thus diminishing the potential for disruption caused by tariffs, direct material shortages, labor strife or weather disasters. A nimble value chain must remain flexible enough to cut out and replace suppliers as needed, yet supple enough to reward those proven capable of meeting requirements despite unexpected logistical challenges.

As businesses embrace digital networks, they also realise opportunities for collaboration with their trading partners. Working together in real-time, buyers and suppliers can spur innovation, optimise operational costs, and procure with purpose. Connecting legacy systems to the cloud is like flipping on a light switch, illuminating the supply chain in all directions. Meanwhile, the advent of cognitive technologies lends cloud-based networks greater insight than ever. Applying machine learning and other forms of artificial intelligence, a digital network can augment an organisations strategic planning with sophisticated predictive analytics to avoid bottlenecks, shortfalls and other operational disruptions.

Yet for all their transformative effects on the supply chain, digital networks most sweeping benefit may accrue to procurement professionals themselves by taking on many of the tactical, paper-based tasks traditionally associated with sourcing, contracting, purchasing and payments. Relieved of these activities, procurement professionals can refocus their talents on more strategic activities such as shoring up the supply chain, and collaborating to create mutual value, and fostering an ecosystem where innovation thrives.

The transparency made possible by digital networks reveals much more than systemic threats to a business operations. It sheds light on crucial quality issues as well. How do a companys stakeholders suppliers, customers, employees interact with its e-commerce platforms? Are these systems intuitive to navigate? Do they learn from past use to improve subsequent activity? Do they integrate data from related systems into a unified interface? What do users cite as their pain points? Or does the company even ask?

One cannot fix what one fails to measure. Thats why intelligent enterprises increasingly take the pulse of their stakeholders via sophisticated experience management capabilities, which capture and analyse their feedback so that business leaders may promptly act on it. Here, too, CRISPR technologies provide an instructive parallel. These advanced medicines hold out the promise of a substantially improved quality of life for untold numbers of people worldwide. By literally rewriting the faulty patterns within DNA that cause disease, CRISPR stands poised in years ahead to alleviate suffering and reshape the human experience for the infinitely better.

Meanwhile, the world of business takes inspiration from that of biotechnology, by upgrading supply chains with new patterns and insights and by infusing new skills and capabilities into its very DNA.

Patrick McCarthty, senior vice president and general manager, SAP Ariba

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Patterns of innovation in business and biotechnology - ITProPortal

Global Biotechnology Algae Cultivation Process (Micro Algae) Market 2019-2025 : Covering both the industrial and the commercial aspects of the Global Biotechnology Algae Cultivation Process (Micro Algae) Market, the report encircles several crucial chapters that give the report an extra edge. The Global Biotechnology Algae Cultivation Process (Micro Algae) Market report deep dives into the several parts of the report that plays a crucial role in getting the holistic view of the report. The list of such crucial aspects of the report includes company profile, industry analysis, competitive dashboard, comparative analysis of the key players, regional analysis with further analysis country wise. Moreover, one of the uniqueness in the report is that it also covers the country-level analysis of the regulatory scenario, technology penetration, predictive trends, and prescriptive trends. This not only gives the readers of the report the actual real-time insights but also gives country-wise analysis, that plays a vital role in decision making. The inclusion of the report is not limited to the above mention key pointers. The report also emphasizes on the market opportunities, porters five forces, and analysis of the different types of products and application of the Global Biotechnology Algae Cultivation Process (Micro Algae) Market.

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The Leading Market Players Covered in this Report are : Cellana, Ecoduna, Algenol Biofuels, Solix Biofuels, Sapphire Energy, Solazyme, Seambiotic, LGem, Cyanotech, DENSO, Mialgae, Neoalgae,

The top manufacturers/competitors are thoroughly analyzed in terms of the production capacity, total annual revenue generated by each company, asset market value, market share, are systematically covered in the research report. The Global Biotechnology Algae Cultivation Process (Micro Algae) Market report also encompasses a thorough financial analysis that covers several key Financials ratios and figures like operating income, operating margins (%), EBITDA, Other operating expenses, business segment revenue split, market share by business segments, etc.

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Global Biotechnology Algae Cultivation Process (Micro Algae) Market Splits/Segmentation by Product Type:

Euglenophyta (Euglenoids) Chrysophyta (Golden-Brown Algae and Diatoms) Pyrrophyta (Fire Algae) Chlorophyta (Green Algae) Rhodophyta (Red Algae) Paeophyta (Brown Algae) Xanthophyta (Yellow-Green Algae) Others

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Food Fertilizer and Agar Pollution Control Energy Production

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The Report Scope: This report thoroughly examines the current status and outlook of the key market players on the global level and regional level that are associated with Global Biotechnology Algae Cultivation Process (Micro Algae) Market. The report also covers the top key manufacturers across the globe and appropriately splits the Global Biotechnology Algae Cultivation Process (Micro Algae) Market by segments like type and applications/end users. The Global economic slowdown in 2016 has adversely impacted the growth of both emerging markets and developed markets. While both interest rates and equity markets advanced favourably moving towards the end of 2017. Global Biotechnology Algae Cultivation Process (Micro Algae) Market is a highly concentrated market. The top 10 Market players account for about 90% of the total market share in 2017. The Global Biotechnology Algae Cultivation Process (Micro Algae) Market has been regionally segmented into Europe, Asia, North America, Latin America, and Middle East and Africa. North America held the largest share in the global market with shares exceeds XX% in 2018. Europe also holds an important role in Global Biotechnology Algae Cultivation Process (Micro Algae) Market. European Market is valued at xx million US$ in 2017 and is estimated to reach xx million US$ in 2024, growing with a CAGR of XX. The Global Biotechnology Algae Cultivation Process (Micro Algae) Market is valued at XX million US$ in 2017 and is expected to reach XX million US$ by the end of 2024. Growing at a higher CAGR of XX% between 2019 and 2024, the Global Biotechnology Algae Cultivation Process (Micro Algae) Market is likely to experience huge growth in the revenue until the end of 2024. Asia-Pacific being the most advancing region is likely to occupy a higher market share by the end of 2024. The United States is one and the major revenue contributing countries will always have a special role in the global market. Even the slightest change from North America can affect the ongoing trend of Global Biotechnology Algae Cultivation Process (Micro Algae) Market.

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Market Overview Of Biotechnology Algae Cultivation Process (Micro Algae) Market In Global Industry 2019-2025 - Space Market Research

The leading research firm Zion Market Research published a research report containing 110+ pages on Biotechnology Reagents Market by Technology (Chromatography, Electrophoresis, PCR, Mass Spectrometry, Flow Cytometry, Expression & Transfection) for DNA & RNA Analysis, Protein Purification, Drug Testing, Gene Expression and by End user: Global Industry Perspective, Comprehensive Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Segment, Trends and Forecast, 2015 2021, which serves with all-inclusive, highly-effective, and thoroughly analyzed information in a well-organized manner, based on actual facts, about the Biotechnology Reagents Market. The whole information from scratch to the financial and management level of the established industries associated with the Biotechnology Reagents Market at the global level is initially acquired by the dedicated team. The gathered data involves the information about the industrys establishment, type and the form of products it manufactures, annual sales and revenue generation, the demand of the manufactured product in the market, marketing trends followed by the industry, and a lot more important information.

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Abbott, Beckman Coulter, Agilent Technologies Inc., Water Corporation, Bio-Rad, Roche, Sigma-Aldrich, Life Technologies, Betcon Dickinson and Thermo Fisher Scientific among others

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The report covers forecast and analysis for the Global Biotechnology Reagents Market on a global and regional level.

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Biotechnology Reagents Market Size & Share Revenue To Surge To USD 94.6 Billion in 2021 , Globally - Market News Network

This is a whole new era where were moving beyond little edits on single genes to being able to write whatever we want throughout the genome.

-George Church, Professor of Genetics at Harvard Medical School

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How are scientists putting natures machinery to use for the good of humanity, and how could things go wrong?

Biotechnology is nearly as old as humanity itself. The food you eat and the pets you love? You can thank our distant ancestors for kickstarting the agricultural revolution, using artificial selection for crops, livestock, and other domesticated animals. When Edward Jenner invented vaccines and when Alexander Fleming discovered antibiotics, they were harnessing the power of biotechnology. And, of course, modern civilization would hardly be imaginable without the fermentation processes that gave us beer, wine, and cheese!

When he coined the term in 1919, the agriculturalist Karl Ereky described biotechnology as all lines of work by which products are produced from raw materials with the aid of living things. In modern biotechnology, researchers modify DNA and proteins to shape the capabilities of living cells, plants, and animals into something useful for humans. Biotechnologists do this by sequencing, or reading, the DNA found in nature, and then manipulating it in a test tube or, more recently, inside of living cells.

In fact, the most exciting biotechnology advances of recent times are occurring at the microscopic level (and smaller!) within the membranes of cells. After decades of basic research into decoding the chemical and genetic makeup of cells, biologists in the mid-20th century launched what would become a multi-decade flurry of research and breakthroughs. Their work has brought us the powerful cellular tools at biotechnologists disposal today. In the coming decades, scientists will use the tools of biotechnology to manipulate cells with increasing control, from precision editing of DNA to synthesizing entire genomes from their basic chemical building blocks. These cells could go on to become bomb-sniffing plants, miracle cancer drugs, or de-extincted wooly mammoths. And biotechnology may be a crucial ally in the fight against climate change.

But rewriting the blueprints of life carries an enormous risk. To begin with, the same technology being used to extend our lives could instead be used to end them. While researchers might see the engineering of a supercharged flu virus as a perfectly reasonable way to better understand and thus fight the flu, the public might see the drawbacks as equally obvious: the virus could escape, or someone could weaponize the research. And the advanced genetic tools that some are considering for mosquito control could have unforeseen effects, possibly leading to environmental damage. The most sophisticated biotechnology may be no match for Murphys Law.

While the risks of biotechnology have been fretted over for decades, the increasing pace of progress from low cost DNA sequencing to rapid gene synthesis to precision genome editing suggests biotechnology is entering a new realm of maturity regarding both beneficial applications and more worrisome risks. Adding to concerns, DIY scientists are increasingly taking biotech tools outside of the lab. For now, many of the benefits of biotechnology are concrete while many of the risks remain hypotheticals, but it is better to be proactive and cognizant of the risks than to wait for something to go wrong first and then attempt to address the damage.

Satellite images make clear the massive changes that mankind has made to the surface of the Earth: cleared forests, massive dams and reservoirs, millions of miles of roads. If we could take satellite-type images of the microscopic world, the impact of biotechnology would be no less obvious. The majority of the food we eat comes from engineered plants, which are modified either via modern technology or by more traditional artificial selection to grow without pesticides, to require fewer nutrients, or to withstand the rapidly changing climate. Manufacturers have substituted petroleum-based ingredients with biomaterials in many consumer goods, such as plastics, cosmetics, and fuels. Your laundry detergent? It almost certainly contains biotechnology. So do nearly all of your cotton clothes.

But perhaps the biggest application of biotechnology is in human health. Biotechnology is present in our lives before were even born, from fertility assistance to prenatal screening to the home pregnancy test. It follows us through childhood, with immunizations and antibiotics, both of which have drastically improved life expectancy. Biotechnology is behind blockbuster drugs for treating cancer and heart disease, and its being deployed in cutting-edge research to cure Alzheimers and reverse aging. The scientists behind the technology called CRISPR/Cas9 believe it may be the key to safely editing DNA for curing genetic disease. And one company is betting that organ transplant waiting lists can be eliminated by growing human organs in chimeric pigs.

Along with excitement, the rapid progress of research has also raised questions about the consequences of biotechnology advances. Biotechnology may carry more risk than other scientific fields: microbes are tiny and difficult to detect, but the dangers are potentially vast. Further, engineered cells could divide on their own and spread in the wild, with the possibility of far-reaching consequences. Biotechnology could most likely prove harmful either through the unintended consequences of benevolent research or from the purposeful manipulation of biology to cause harm. One could also imagine messy controversies, in which one group engages in an application for biotechnology that others consider dangerous or unethical.

Sugarcane farmers in Australia in the 1930s had a problem: cane beetles were destroying their crop. So, they reasoned that importing a natural predator, the cane toad, could be a natural form of pest control. What could go wrong? Well, the toads became a major nuisance themselves, spreading across the continent and eating the local fauna (except for, ironically, the cane beetle).

While modern biotechnology solutions to societys problems seem much more sophisticated than airdropping amphibians into Australia, this story should serve as a cautionary tale. To avoid blundering into disaster, the errors of the past should be acknowledged.

The world recently witnessed the devastating effects of disease outbreaks, in the form of Ebola and the Zika virus but those were natural in origin. The malicious use of biotechnology could mean that future outbreaks are started on purpose. Whether the perpetrator is a state actor or a terrorist group, the development and release of a bioweapon, such as a poison or infectious disease, would be hard to detect and even harder to stop. Unlike a bullet or a bomb, deadly cells could continue to spread long after being deployed. The US government takes this threat very seriously, and the threat of bioweapons to the environment should not be taken lightly either.

Developed nations, and even impoverished ones, have the resources and know-how to produce bioweapons. For example, North Korea is rumored to have assembled an arsenal containing anthrax, botulism, hemorrhagic fever, plague, smallpox, typhoid, and yellow fever, ready in case of attack. Its not unreasonable to assume that terrorists or other groups are trying to get their hands on bioweapons as well. Indeed, numerous instances of chemical or biological weapon use have been recorded, including the anthrax scare shortly after 9/11, which left 5 dead after the toxic cells were sent through the mail. And new gene editing technologies are increasing the odds that a hypothetical bioweapon targeted at a certain ethnicity, or even a single individual like a world leader, could one day become a reality.

While attacks using traditional weapons may require much less expertise, the dangers of bioweapons should not be ignored. It might seem impossible to make bioweapons without plenty of expensive materials and scientific knowledge, but recent advances in biotechnology may make it even easier for bioweapons to be produced outside of a specialized research lab. The cost to chemically manufacture strands of DNA is falling rapidly, meaning it may one day be affordable to print deadly proteins or cells at home. And the openness of science publishing, which has been crucial to our rapid research advances, also means that anyone can freely Google the chemical details of deadly neurotoxins. In fact, the most controversial aspect of the supercharged influenza case was not that the experiments had been carried out, but that the researchers wanted to openly share the details.

On a more hopeful note, scientific advances may allow researchers to find solutions to biotechnology threats as quickly as they arise. Recombinant DNA and biotechnology tools have enabled the rapid invention of new vaccines which could protect against new outbreaks, natural or man-made. For example, less than 5 months after the World Health Organization declared Zika virus a public health emergency, researchers got approval to enroll patients in trials for a DNA vaccine.

Biotechnology doesnt have to be deadly, or even dangerous, to fundamentally change our lives. While humans have been altering genes of plants and animals for millennia first through selective breeding and more recently with molecular tools and chimeras we are only just beginning to make changes to our own genomes (amid great controversy).

Cutting-edge tools like CRISPR/Cas9 and DNA synthesis raise important ethical questions that are increasingly urgent to answer. Some question whether altering human genes means playing God, and if so, whether we should do that at all. For instance, if gene therapy in humans is acceptable to cure disease, where do you draw the line? Among disease-associated gene mutations, some come with virtual certainty of premature death, while others put you at higher risk for something like Alzheimers, but dont guarantee youll get the disease. Many others lie somewhere in between. How do we determine a hard limit for which gene surgery to undertake, and under what circumstances, especially given that the surgery itself comes with the risk of causing genetic damage? Scholars and policymakers have wrestled with these questions for many years, and there is some guidance in documents such as the United Nations Universal Declaration on the Human Genome and Human Rights.

And what about ways that biotechnology may contribute to inequality in society? Early work in gene surgery will no doubt be expensive for example, Novartis plans to charge $475,000 for a one-time treatment of their recently approved cancer therapy, a drug which, in trials, has rescued patients facing certain death. Will todays income inequality, combined with biotechnology tools and talk of designer babies, lead to tomorrows permanent underclass of people who couldnt afford genetic enhancement?

Advances in biotechnology are escalating the debate, from questions about altering life to creating it from scratch. For example, a recently announced initiative called GP-Write has the goal of synthesizing an entire human genome from chemical building blocks within the next 10 years. The project organizers have many applications in mind, from bringing back wooly mammoths to growing human organs in pigs. But, as critics pointed out, the technology could make it possible to produce children with no biological parents, or to recreate the genome of another human, like making cellular replicas of Einstein. To create a human genome from scratch would be an enormous moral gesture, write two bioethicists regarding the GP-Write project. In response, the organizers of GP-Write insist that they welcome a vigorous ethical debate, and have no intention of turning synthetic cells into living humans. But this doesnt guarantee that rapidly advancing technology wont be applied in the future in ways we cant yet predict.

Its nearly impossible to imagine modern biotechnology without DNA sequencing. Since virtually all of biology centers around the instructions contained in DNA, biotechnologists who hope to modify the properties of cells, plants, and animals must speak the same molecular language. DNA is made up of four building blocks, or bases, and DNA sequencing is the process of determining the order of those bases in a strand of DNA. Since the publication of the complete human genome in 2003, the cost of DNA sequencing has dropped dramatically, making it a simple and widespread research tool.

Benefits: Sonia Vallabh had just graduated from law school when her mother died from a rare and fatal genetic disease. DNA sequencing showed that Sonia carried the fatal mutation as well. But far from resigning to her fate, Sonia and her husband Eric decided to fight back, and today they are graduate students at Harvard, racing to find a cure. DNA sequencing has also allowed Sonia to become pregnant, since doctors could test her eggs for ones that dont have the mutation. While most peoples genetic blueprints dont contain deadly mysteries, our health is increasingly supported by the medical breakthroughs that DNA sequencing has enabled. For example, researchers were able to track the 2014 Ebola epidemic in real time using DNA sequencing. And pharmaceutical companies are designing new anti-cancer drugs targeted to people with a specific DNA mutation. Entire new fields, such as personalized medicine, owe their existence to DNA sequencing technology.

Risks: Simply reading DNA is not harmful, but it is foundational for all of modern biotechnology. As the saying goes, knowledge is power, and the misuse of DNA information could have dire consequences. While DNA sequencing alone cannot make bioweapons, its hard to imagine waging biological warfare without being able to analyze the genes of infectious or deadly cells or viruses. And although ones own DNA information has traditionally been considered personal and private, containing information about your ancestors, family, and medical conditions, governments and corporations increasingly include a persons DNA signature in the information they collect. Some warn that such databases could be used to track people or discriminate on the basis of private medical records a dystopian vision of the future familiar to anyone whos seen the movie GATTACA. Even supplying patients with their own genetic information has come under scrutiny, if its done without proper context, as evidenced by the dispute between the FDA and the direct-to-consumer genetic testing service 23andMe. Finally, DNA testing opens the door to sticky ethical questions, such as whether to carry to term a pregnancy after the fetus is found to have a genetic mutation.

The modern field of biotechnology was born when scientists first manipulated or recombined DNA in a test tube, and today almost all aspects of society are impacted by so-called rDNA. Recombinant DNA tools allow researchers to choose a protein they think may be important for health or industry, and then remove that protein from its original context. Once removed, the protein can be studied in a species thats simple to manipulate, such as E. coli bacteria. This lets researchers reproduce it in vast quantities, engineer it for improved properties, and/or transplant it into a new species. Modern biomedical research, many best-selling drugs, most of the clothes you wear, and many of the foods you eat rely on rDNA biotechnology.

Benefits: Simply put, our world has been reshaped by rDNA. Modern medical advances are unimaginable without the ability to study cells and proteins with rDNA and the tools used to make it, such as PCR, which helps researchers copy and paste DNA in a test tube. An increasing number of vaccines and drugs are the direct products of rDNA. For example, nearly all insulin used in treating diabetes today is produced recombinantly. Additionally, cheese lovers may be interested to know that rDNA provides ingredients for a majority of hard cheeses produced in the West. Many important crops have been genetically modified to produce higher yields, withstand environmental stress, or grow without pesticides. Facing the unprecedented threats of climate change, many researchers believe rDNA and GMOs will be crucial in humanitys efforts to adapt to rapid environmental changes.

Risks: The inventors of rDNA themselves warned the public and their colleagues about the dangers of this technology. For example, they feared that rDNA derived from drug-resistant bacteria could escape from the lab, threatening the public with infectious superbugs. And recombinant viruses, useful for introducing genes into cells in a petri dish, might instead infect the human researchers. Some of the initial fears were allayed when scientists realized that genetic modification is much trickier than initially thought, and once the realistic threats were identified like recombinant viruses or the handling of deadly toxins safety and regulatory measures were put in place. Still, there are concerns that rogue scientists or bioterrorists could produce weapons with rDNA. For instance, it took researchers just 3 years to make poliovirus from scratch in 2006, and today the same could be accomplished in a matter of weeks. Recent flu epidemics have killed over 200,000, and the malicious release of an engineered virus could be much deadlier especially if preventative measures, such as vaccine stockpiles, are not in place.

Synthesizing DNA has the advantage of offering total researcher control over the final product. With many of the mysteries of DNA still unsolved, some scientists believe the only way to truly understand the genome is to make one from its basic building blocks. Building DNA from scratch has traditionally been too expensive and inefficient to be very practical, but in 2010, researchers did just that, completely synthesizing the genome of a bacteria and injecting it into a living cell. Since then, scientists have made bigger and bigger genomes, and recently, the GP-Write project launched with the intention of tackling perhaps the ultimate goal: chemically fabricating an entire human genome. Meeting this goal and within a 10 year timeline will require new technology and an explosion in manufacturing capacity. But the projects success could signal the impact of synthetic DNA on the future of biotechnology.

Benefits: Plummeting costs and technical advances have made the goal of total genome synthesis seem much more immediate. Scientists hope these advances, and the insights they enable, will ultimately make it easier to make custom cells to serve as medicines or even bomb-sniffing plants. Fantastical applications of DNA synthesis include human cells that are immune to all viruses or DNA-based data storage. Prof. George Church of Harvard has proposed using DNA synthesis technology to de-extinct the passenger pigeon, wooly mammoth, or even Neanderthals. One company hopes to edit pig cells using DNA synthesis technology so that their organs can be transplanted into humans. And DNA is an efficient option for storing data, as researchers recently demonstrated when they stored a movie file in the genome of a cell.

Risks: DNA synthesis has sparked significant controversy and ethical concerns. For example, when the GP-Write project was announced, some criticized the organizers for the troubling possibilities that synthesizing genomes could evoke, likening it to playing God. Would it be ethical, for instance, to synthesize Einsteins genome and transplant it into cells? The technology to do so does not yet exist, and GP-Write leaders have backed away from making human genomes in living cells, but some are still demanding that the ethical debate happen well in advance of the technologys arrival. Additionally, cheap DNA synthesis could one day democratize the ability to make bioweapons or other nuisances, as one virologist demonstrated when he made the horsepox virus (related to the virus that causes smallpox) with DNA he ordered over the Internet. (It should be noted, however, that the other ingredients needed to make the horsepox virus are specialized equipment and deep technical expertise.)

Many diseases have a basis in our DNA, and until recently, doctors had very few tools to address the root causes. That appears to have changed with the recent discovery of a DNA editing system called CRISPR/Cas9. (A note on terminology CRISPR is a bacterial immune system, while Cas9 is one protein component of that system, but both terms are often used to refer to the protein.) It operates in cells like a DNA scissor, opening slots in the genome where scientists can insert their own sequence. While the capability of cutting DNA wasnt unprecedented, Cas9 dusts the competition with its effectiveness and ease of use. Even though its a biotech newcomer, much of the scientific community has already caught CRISPR-fever, and biotech companies are racing to turn genome editing tools into the next blockbuster pharmaceutical.

Benefits: Genome editing may be the key to solving currently intractable genetic diseases such as cystic fibrosis, which is caused by a single genetic defect. If Cas9 can somehow be inserted into a patients cells, it could fix the mutations that cause such diseases, offering a permanent cure. Even diseases caused by many mutations, like cancer, or caused by a virus, like HIV/AIDS, could be treated using genome editing. Just recently, an FDA panel recommended a gene therapy for cancer, which showed dramatic responses for patients who had exhausted every other treatment. Genome editing tools are also used to make lab models of diseases, cells that store memories, and tools that can detect epidemic viruses like Zika or Ebola. And as described above, if a gene drive, which uses Cas9, is deployed effectively, we could eliminate diseases such as malaria, which kills nearly half a million people each year.

Risks: Cas9 has generated nearly as much controversy as it has excitement, because genome editing carries both safety issues and ethical risks. Cutting and repairing a cells DNA is not risk-free, and errors in the process could make a disease worse, not better. Genome editing in reproductive cells, such as sperm or eggs, could result in heritable genetic changes, meaning dangerous mutations could be passed down to future generations. And some warn of unethical uses of genome editing, fearing a rise of designer babies if parents are allowed to choose their childrens traits, even though there are currently no straightforward links between ones genes and their intelligence, appearance, etc. Similarly, a gene drive, despite possibly minimizing the spread of certain diseases, has the potential to create great harm since it is intended to kill or modify an entire species. A successful gene drive could have unintended ecological impacts, be used with malicious intent, or mutate in unexpected ways. Finally, while the capability doesnt currently exist, its not out of the realm of possibility that a rogue agent could develop genetically selective bioweapons to target individuals or populations with certain genetic traits.

Videos

Research Papers

Books

Informational Documents

Articles

Organizations

The organizations above all work on biotechnology issues, though many cover other topics as well. This list is undoubtedly incomplete; please contact us to suggest additions or corrections.

Special thanks to Jeff Bessen for his help researching and writing this page.

Excerpt from:
Benefits & Risks of Biotechnology - Future of Life Institute

Biotechnology is the use of biological systems found in organisms or the use of the living organisms themselves to make technological advances and adapt those technologies to various different fields. These include applications in various fields from agricultural practice to the medical sector. It does not only include applications in fields that involve the living, but any other field where the information obtained from the biological aspect of an organism can be applied.

Biotechnology is particularly vital when it comes to the development of miniscule and chemical tools as many on the tools biotechnology uses exist at the cellular level. In a bid to understand more regarding biotechnology, here are its types, examples and its applications.

According to Biotechnology Innovation Organization,

Biotechnology is technology based on biology biotechnology harnesses cellular and biomolecular processes to develop technologies and products that help improve our lives and the health of our planet. We have used the biological processes of microorganisms for more than 6,000 years to make useful food products, such as bread and cheese, and to preserve dairy products.

Medical biotechnology is the use of living cells and other cell materials for the purpose of bettering the health of humans. Essentially, it is used for finding cures as well as getting rid of and preventing diseases. The science involved includes the use of these tools for the purpose of research to find different or more efficient ways of maintaining human health, understanding pathogen, and understanding the human cell biology.

Here, the technique is used to produce pharmaceutical drugs as well as other chemicals to combat diseases. It involves the study of bacteria, plant and animal cells to first understand the way they function at a fundamental level.

It heavily involves the study of DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) to get to know how to manipulate the genetic makeup of cells to increase the production of beneficial characteristics that humans might find useful such as the production of insulin. The field usually leads to the development of new drugs and treatments, novel to the field.

Vaccines are chemicals that stimulate the bodys immune system to better fight pathogens when they attack the body. They achieve this by inserting attenuated (weakened) versions of the disease into the bodys bloodstream. This causes the body to react as if it was under attack from the non-attenuated version of the disease. The body combats the weakened pathogens and through the process takes note of the cell structure of the pathogens and has some cell remember the disease and store away the information within the body.

When the individual becomes exposed to the actual disease, the body of the individual immediately recognizes it and quickly forms a defense against it since it already has some information on it. This translates to quicker healing and less time being symptomatic.

The attenuated disease pathogens are extracted using biotechnological techniques such as growing the antigenic proteins in genetically engineered crops. An example is the development of an anti-lymphoma vaccine using genetically engineered tobacco plants made to exhibit RNA (A similar chemical to DNA) from malignant (actively cancerous) B-cells.

Strides have been made in the development of antibiotics that combat pathogens for humans. Many plants are grown and genetically engineered to produce the antibodies. The method is more cost effective than using cells or extracting these antibodies from animals as the plants can produce these antibodies in larger quantities.

Agricultural biotechnology focuses on developing genetically modified plants for the purpose of increasing crop yields or introducing characteristics to those plants that provide them with an advantage growing in regions that place some kind of stress factor on the plant namely weather and pests.

In some of the cases, the practice involves scientists identifying a characteristic, finding the gene that causes it, and then putting that gene within another plant so that it gains that desirable characteristic, making it more durable or having it produce larger yields than it previously did.

Biotechnology has provided techniques for the creation of crops that express anti pest characteristics naturally, making them very resistant to pests, as opposed to having to keep dusting them and spraying them with pesticides. An example of this would be the fungus Bacillus thuringiensis genes being transferred to crops.

The reason for this is that the fungus produces a protein (Bt) which is very effective against pests such as the European corn borer. The Bt protein is the desired characteristic scientist would like the plants to have and for this reason, they identified the gene causing Bt protein to express in the fungus and transferred it to corn. The corn then produces the protein toxin naturally, lowering the cost of production by eliminating the cost of dusting the crop with pesticide.

Selective breeding has been a practice humans have engaged in since farming began. The practice involves choosing the animals with the most desirable characteristics to breed with each other so that the resulting offspring would also express these traits. Desirable characteristics included larger animals, animals more resistant to disease and more domicile animals, all geared to making the process of farming as profitable as possible.

This practice has been transferred to the molecular level with the same purpose. Different traits are selected among the animals and once the genetic markers have been pointed out, animals and plants with those traits are selected and bred for those traits to be transferred. A genomic understanding of those traits is what informs the decisions on whether the desired traits will express or get lost as recessive traits which do not express.

This information provides the basis for making informed decisions enhancing the capability of the scientists to predict the expression of those genes. An example is its use in flower production where traits such as color and smell potency are enhanced.

One of the biggest uses of biotechnology is the infusion of nutrients into food in situations such as aid. Therefore, it provides food with heavy nutrients that are necessary in such situations. An example of this application is the production Golden Rice where the rice is infused with beta-carotene. The rice has Vitamin A, which the body can easily synthesise.

There is actually very little land on earth that is arable with some estimates place it at around 20 percent. With an increase in the worlds population, there is a need for the food sources available to be as effective as possible to produce as much food in as little space as possible. There is also need to have the crops grown to be able to make use of the less arable regions of the world.

This means that there is a need to develop crops that can handle these abiotic stresses such as salinity, drought and frost from cold. In Africa and the Middle East, for instance, where the climate can be unforgiving, the practice has played a significant role in the development of crops that can withstand the prevailing harsh climates.

The industrial applications of biotechnology range from the production of cellular structures to the production of biological elements for numerous uses. Examples include the creation of new materials in the construction industry, and the manufacture of beer and wine, washing detergents, and personal care products.

One of the materials with the strongest tensile strength is spider webs. Amongst other materials with the same cross sectional width, spider webs can take more tensional force before breaking than even steel. This silk has created a lot of interest with the possible production of materials made from silk including body armour such as bullet proof jackets. Silk is used because it is stronger than Kevlar (the material most commonly used to make body armour).

Biotechnological techniques have been used to pick the genes found in spiders and their infusion in goats to produce the silk proteins in their milk. With this initiative, it make production easier as goats are much easier to handle compared to spiders and the production of silk via milk also help make the processing and handling much easier compared to handling the actual silk strands.

One of the biggest applications of biotechnology is in the energy production sector. With fears over the dwindling oil resources in the world and their related environmental impacts, there is a need to protect the globes future by finding alternative environmentally friendly fuel sources. Biotechnology is allowing this to happen with advances such as using corn to produce combustible fuel for running car engines. These fuels are good for the environment as they do not produce the greenhouse gases.

Biotechnology is applied in the healthcare sector is the development of pharmaceuticals that have proven problematic to produce though other conventional means because of purity concerns.

A true environmentalist by heart . Founded Conserve Energy Future with the sole motto of providing helpful information related to our rapidly depleting environment. Unless you strongly believe in Elon Musks idea of making Mars as another habitable planet, do remember that there really is no 'Planet B' in this whole universe.

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What is Biotechnology: Types, Examples and Applications ...

Biotechnology Career Overview

If biology is your bag, you may be interested in biotech careers. Biological technicians often work at universities or in commercial labs assisting with experiments and tests. Biochemists, biophysicists and microbiologists are biotech jobs worked in universities or commercial or private offices and labs studying organisms, microorganisms, biological development and growth.

If you're looking at biotechnology careers, be prepared to get an education. Technicians and microbiologists need at least a bachelor's degree in biology, microbiology or a related field. Biochemists and biophysicists need a doctoral degree to find employment doing independent research and even development. Occasionally, you may find an entry-level biotech job that only requires a bachelor's or master's degree, but you'll want to go on to complete your Ph.D. if you aspire to move up the biotechnology ladder.

Overall, biotech careers are expected to increase in demand over the next 10 years. The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) projects a 10 percent growth for biological techs, biochemists and biophysicists between 2012 and 2022, and a seven percent increase in microbiologists' jobs. Increased demand for research in the biotechnology field and the aging baby boomer population are the key issues that the BLS names for the positive job market outlook in these fields. That's good news for biochemists, biophysicists and microbiologists, as they held roughly only 49,300 jobs in 2012. The biotech techs, however, were almost double the other three biotech careers combined, expected to be around 88,300 by 2022, up from 80,200 jobs in 2012.

As with any job that requires a degree, biotech positions command higher salaries. Techs are the low men on the totem pole with an average annual salary of $38,750. If you put the time and effort into earning a master's degree or a Ph.D. for one of the other biotech jobs, however, the pay increases. Microbiologists earn an annual median wage of $66,260 and biochemists and biophysicists bring in even more with average annual pay at $81,480.

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The university affirmatively strives to provide educational opportunities and access to students with varied backgrounds, those with special talents and adult students who graduated from high school three or more years ago.

Freshman Students on the Kent Campus: The freshman admission policy on the Kent Campus is selective. Admission decisions are based upon the following: cumulative grade point average, ACT and/or SAT scores, strength of high school college preparatory curriculum and grade trends. The Admissions Office at the Kent Campus may defer the admission of students who do not meet admissions criteria but who demonstrate areas of promise for successful college study. Deferred applicants may begin their college coursework at one of seven regional campuses of Kent State University. For more information on admissions, including additional requirements for some academic programs, visit the admissions website for new freshmen.

Freshman Students on the Regional Campuses: Kent State campuses at Ashtabula, East Liverpool, Geauga, Salem, Stark, Trumbull and Tuscarawas, as well as the Regional Academic Center in Twinsburg, have open enrollment admission for students who hold a high school diploma, GED or equivalent.

English Language Proficiency Requirements for International Students: All international students must provide proof of English language proficiency (unless they meet specific exceptions) by earning a minimum 525 TOEFL score (71 on the Internet-based version), minimum 75 MELAB score, minimum 6.0 IELTS score or minimum 48 PTE score, or by completing the ESL level 112 Intensive Program. For more information on international admission, visit the Office of Global Educations admission website.

Transfer, Transitioning and Former Students: For more information about admission criteria for transfer, transitioning and former students, please visit the admissions website.

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Biotechnology - B.S. < Kent State University

Johns Hopkins is a world leader in biological research and the global biotechnology industry. We challenge students with a rigorous, multi-disciplinary curriculum that fully prepares them to advance their careers and pursue their academic ambitions in the biotechnology field.Program InformationCourse LocationsBaltimore, MD; Rockville, MD; OnlineAvailable 100% OnsiteYesAvailable 100% OnlineYes*Entry TermsFall, Spring or Summer semesterDegree Requirements10 coursesTuition and FeesTuition in the 2019-2020 academic year is $4,495 per course.Please note: 2019-2020 tuition rates are tentative pending approval by the Board of Trustees.More information.

The Johns Hopkins MS in Biotechnology offers a comprehensive exploration of basic science, applied science, and lab science, with an industry focus. The program gives you a solid grounding in biochemistry, molecular biology, cell biology, genomics, and proteomics.

This 10-course degree program is thesis-optional and can be completed fully online. Students can enroll part-time or full-time. This Program offers a sufficient number of onsite courses to sustain students coming to the US on visas. Our curriculum will prepare you to engage in research, lead lab teams, make development and planning decisions, create and apply research modalities to large projects, and take the reins of management and marketing decisions.

Many students like the flexibility of the general degree; it allows them to tailor the coursework to meet their individual career goals. The program also offers six different concentrations: biodefense, bioinformatics, biotechnology enterprise, regenerative and stem cell technologies, regulatory affairs, or drug discovery.

Onsite courses are taught during evenings or weekends at either the universitys Homewood Campus in Baltimore, MD or the Montgomery County Campus in Rockville, MD. Courses are also offered in our state-of-the-art lab.

Each year, students of the MS in Biotechnology have the opportunity to apply for a fellowship with the National Cancer Institute at NIH. This fellowship, which requires onsite research as well as onsite courses for the Molecular Targets and Drug Discovery Technologies concentration at the Montgomery Count Campus, awards students with a stipend while providing them with useful experience in the arena of cancer research. Learn more about this fellowship and apply here.

*Note: Students should be aware of state-specific information for online programs. For more information, please contact an admissions representative.

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Biotechnology | Advanced Academic Programs | Johns Hopkins ...

This book is meant for students and professionals who are looking for reference on different areas in this field, to bring a new student or new hire up to speed.

A scientific revolution less than 20 years old that has already changing the foods we eat and react to the environment.

To bring out the best in nature.

Farmers and bakers were the pioneers of the biotech. Remember Grandma's freshly baked bread? How Grandpa kept the seeds of those really big pepper or tomatoes? Your grandparents were practicing biotechnology. Maybe you still do the same, that is the basis of biotechnology.

Defining "Biotechnology"

The application of the principles of engineering and the use of technology in the field of life sciences-bioengineering.

1 The use of living things to make products.2 The study, application and control of a biological processes. 3 The application of any of the above or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specifically defined uses.

The use of microorganisms (such as bacteria or yeasts) or biological substances (such as enzymes) to perform specific industrial or manufacturing processes. Applications include the production of certain drugs, synthetic hormones, and bulk foodstuffs, as well as the bioconversion of organic waste and the cleanup of oil spills.

Cloning, genetic manipulation, cell fusion, and mutation.

Modifying the genetic material of organisms directly and with increasing precision, has enabled the transfer of genes between extremely diverse organisms, in combinations unlikely to occur by non-technological means, allowing speedier and more specific results.

Essentially, doing "more and faster" building on what we have known and done for centuries and going beyond.

Life- Defined as:

Products

Good laboratory practice for nonclinical laboratory studies:

http://www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_02/21cfr58_02.html

Title 21 Code of Federal Regulations (21 CFR Part 11)Electronic Records; Electronic Signatures

http://www.fda.gov/ora/compliance_ref/part11/

Part 210 - current good manufacturing practice in manufacturing, processing, packing, or holding of drugs; general

Part 211 - current good manufacturing practice for finished pharmaceuticals

http://www.fda.gov/cder/dmpq/cgmpregs.htm

SOP's (Standard Operating Procedures)

Notebook

Documentation for Integrity and traceability

Keys to Successful Biotech products

Record Keeping

requirements

Development / Upstream / Downstream processes

Chemical

Yeast

Fungi

Mammalian Cells

Fermentation?

ExpensiveLabor intensiveOpen EndedTime Consuming

Raw MaterialsBatch to Batch variationsTransportation costsStorage

CompositionGrowth kineticsYieldSeed Bank

Original Stored Cells

Used in actual fermentation

The Biotech Technician must be a person possessing skills with ability to solve problems and meet the customer in such a way that the translations of what is possible can be made clear. They have to maintain a notebook, one that can be read by someone else. Present results in a clear manner, and work with others to meet objectives.

A technician must use the tools of the trade not unlike any other trade, we are farmers but our herd is tiny tiny wildlife. To take care of our herd we must measure certain aspects of their environment.

most accuratemore expensive piece of equipmentStore in bufferCheck for clogging

very coarse measurement of pH

The letters pH stand for "power of hydrogen"

The most abundant element in the universe is hydrogen, which makes up about 3/4 of all matter!

Stronger acids give up more protons, H+ (hydrogen ions); stronger bases give up more OH- (hydroxide ions). Neutral substances have an even balance of H+ and OH-, E.g. Pure (distilled) water.

>7 base -- 7 Neutral -- <7 Acid

Depending on your definition, an acid is a hydrogen ion or proton donator and a base is a hydrogen ion acceptor, hydroxide ion donator, or electron acceptor.

Acids produce H+ ions in aqueous solutions, whereas bases produce OH- ions in aqueous solutions

pH electrode compared to a battery

Store in buffer not H2O

Mercury tubeGood for metals and biologicals and up to 80 degrees C

The common Silver-Silver Chloride reference electrode used with most combination pH electrodes has a Potassium Chloride salt-bridge which is saturated with Silver Chloride.

Works well in most samples, but not in biological samples containing proteins or related materials

Span errorDifference b/w perfect and actual pH Electrode at 25C produces 59.12 mV/pH unit

Offset error

signal @ pH 7.0 @ 25 C is 0 mV

Three point calibration

Calibrate W/I range you going to use

Chemist use buffers to moderate the pH of a reaction.Buffers stabilize a solution at a specific pH value.Resist pH change when small amounts of acid or alkali are added.

KPO4

KPO4 buffer is highly recommended for most P450 assays (microsomal or recombinant enzymes) with the exception of CYP 2C9 and 2A6 where a Tris buffer system is more appropriate.

TRIS buffer

TRIS buffers are used by biochemists to control pH in the physiological range (about 7 to 8 pH) because phosphates cause undesirable side reactions with the biological substances in their test samples.

"Good" buffers

These buffers were well received by the research community because "Good" buffers are nontoxic, easy to purify and their pKa is typically between 6.0 and 8.0, the range at which most biological reactions occur.

The "Good" buffers also feature minimal penetration of membranes, minimal absorbance in the 240-700 nm range and minimal effects due to salt, concentration or temperature.

pKa = dissociation constant

In chemistry and biochemistry, a dissociation constant or an ionization constant is a specific type of equilibrium constant used for dissociation (ionization) reactions.Dissociation in chemistry and biochemistry is a general process in which complexes, molecules, or salts separate or split into smaller molecules, ions, or radicals, usually in a reversible manner. Dissociation is the opposite of association and recombination.

Problems

A gelatinous material derived from certain marine algae.

Two types:

Components required for preparing a minimal agar

LB (Luria-Bertani) Media

contains blood cells from an animal (e.g. a sheep). Most bacteria will grow on this medium

This contains lysed blood cells, and is used for growing fastidious (fussy) respiratory bacteria.

Purpose Mannitol salt agar is both a selective and differential growth medium.

Inhibits Gram+MacConkey

This type of agar is used since it is one of the most forgiving media available - it is hard to contaminate, and E. coli usually grow up as red colonies.

(Almost all spore forming bacteria are Gram-positive, but these cannot grow on MacConkey agar because of the detergent in it (bile salts), and very few Gram-negative bacteria can tolerate either the initial dryness of the plates, or the boiling temperatures needed to make the MacConkey agar. Also, while fungal spores can tolerate the dryness, they cannot tolerate the boiling.)

This is an agar upon which only Gram-negative bacteria can grow

Starch

An agar plate is a sterile Petri dish that contains agar plus nutrients, and is used to culture bacteria or fungi.

contains the antibiotic neomycin.

Used for fungi. It contains gentamicin and has a low pH that will kill most bacteria.

+ Complex+ pH 7.2

Common UV/ VIS spectrophotometers Following is a list of commonly used spectrophotometers: GeneSys 20 HP8452A Diode Array Spectronic 20

Ultraviolet-Visible spectroscopy or Ultraviolet-Visible spectrophotometry (UV/ VIS) involves the spectroscopy of photons (spectrophotometry). It uses light in the visible and adjacent near ultraviolet (UV) and near infrared (NIR) ranges. In this region of energy space molecules undergo electronic transitions.

A=elc

There are different types of Sterilization techniques. Some of them are 1. Physical sterilization 2. Chemical sterilization

Under Physical sterilization a) Heatb) Filtration c) Ionising Radiation etc.,In Heat sterilization i. Temperature above 100 Cii. Temperature at 100 Ciii. Temperature below 100 C.

i. Temperature above 100 CThere are two methods involved in it a. Moisture heat sterilizationb. Dry heat sterilization

Using a balanceCalibration / documentation

Gel electrophoresis is a method that separates macromolecules-either nucleic acids or proteins-on the basis of size, electric charge, and other physical properties. Researchers can typically control the charge at the top and bottom of the gel. DNA is negatively charged so to run it through the gel, the top would have to be set to - and the bottom to +.

materials

agarose

Agarose is a natural colloid extracted from sea weedIt is very fragile and easily destroyed by handlingAgarose gels have very large "pore" size and are used primarily to separate very large molecules with a molecular mass greater than 200 kDaltonsAgarose gels can be processed faster than polyacrylamide gels, but their resolution is inferior.

Agarose is a linear polysaccharide (average molecular mas about 12,000) made up of the basic repeat unit agarobiose, which comprises alternating units of galactose and 3,6-anhydrogalactose. Agarose is usually used at concentrations between 1% and 3%. Agarose is a chain of sugar molecules, and is extracted from seaweed.

Perhaps you have seen the terms TBE or TAE.

These are names of two commonly used buffers in electrophoresis.

The "T" stands for Tris, a chemical which helps maintain a consistent pH of the solution.

The "E" stands for EDTA, which itself is another anacronym. EDTA chelates (gobbles up) divalent cations like magnesium. This is important because most nucleases require divalent cations for activity, and you certainly wouldn't want any stray nucleases degrading your sample while it's running through the gel, would you?

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Biotechnology - Wikibooks, open books for an open world

Genetically engineered (GE) seed varieties were commercially introduced in 1996. Adoption rates for these crops increased rapidly in the years that followed. Currently, over 90 percent of U.S. corn, upland cotton, soybeans, canola, and sugarbeets are produced using GE varieties.

HT crops tolerate potent herbicides (such as glyphosate, glufosinate, and dicamba), which have the potential to damage non-GE crops. Insect-resistant (Bt) crops contain a gene from the soil bacteriumBacillus thuringiensisthat produces an insecticidal protein. Although other GE traits have been developed (such as virus and fungus resistance, drought resistance, and enhanced protein, oil, or vitamin content), HT and Bt traits are the most commonly used in U.S. crop production. While HT seeds are also widely used in alfalfa, canola, and sugar beet production, most GE acres are planted to three major field crops: corn, cotton, and soybeans.

See Adoption of Genetically Engineered Crops in the U.S., a data product on the ERS website, for more information.

Though GE seeds tend to be more expensive than conventional ones, planting them tends to increase crop yields, lower pesticide costs, and/or provide time and labor savings. The impacts of GE crops vary by crop, year, and location. Bt crops tend to have higher yields than non-Bt crops when insects are present. Insecticide costs also tend to be lower on fields where Bt crops are planted. Planting HT crops tends to simplify weed management decisions, which can lead to time and labor savings. HT adoption also tends to promote the use of conservation tillage technologies and often induces farmers to substitute the herbicide glyphosate for more toxic herbicides. However, large increases in glyphosate use have recently led to the development of glyphosate-resistant weed populations. The spread of resistant weed populations has the potential to erode the benefits associated with HT production systems.

ERS conducts research on a number of agricultural biotechnology issues, including:

A book from the National Research Council titled The Impact of Genetically Engineered Crops on Farm Sustainability in the United States (2010) is a comprehensive assessment of the environmental, economic, and social impacts of the GE-crop revolution on U.S. farms.

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USDA ERS - Biotechnology

Some examples of biotechnology include human gene therapy, genetically modifying plants and changing the genes of bacteria. Biotechnology helps improve crops so they produce more, healthier produce. It also helps fight human diseases.

Biotechnology is generally involved in changing the genes of a an organism to get the desired result. It affects the most people through genetically modified crops. Genetic modification of crops started thousands of years ago through selective breeding for preferred traits, but with the advances in technology in the modern day, scientists are able to directly manipulate genes. These plants produce higher quality food at a higher rate, and are often resistant to pests and diseases, which helps feed larger amounts of people for a lower price on less land.

Biotechnology more directly helps humans with gene therapy and the modification of bacteria to produce insulin for patients with diabetes. Gene therapy can help reduce or remove the effects of a disease, such as cancer or AIDS, but is still mostly in research and development. This type of therapy is still promising and has had good results in testing phases. Modified bacteria cells that produce insulin as they age helps treat and control the effects of diabetes in humans over time.

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What Are Examples of Biotechnology? | Reference.com