StemCell Therapy

In the fall of 2011, Dr. Ron Fouchier developed one of the most dangerous viruses you can make. Fouchier, a Dutch virologist at the Erasmus Medical Center in Rotterdam, claimed that his team had done something really, really stupid and mutated the hell out of H5N1.At nearly the same time, Dr. Yoshihiro Kawaoka at the University of Wisconsin-Madison worked on grafting the H5N1 spike gene onto 2009 H1N1 swine flu, creating another transmissible, virulent strain.

Despite only 600 human cases of the H5N1 (bird flu) virus in the previous two decades, the exceptionally high mortality rate greater than 50 percent pushed the National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity to block the publication of both teams research. After a heated debate in the scientific community, the World Health Organization deemed it safe to publish the findings. While Kawaokas paper appeared in the journal Nature, Fouchiers original study appeared in Science. Although both teams generated viruses that were not as lethal as their wild forms, critics worried that the papers would enable rogue scientists to replicate the manipulations and weaponize a more contagious virus.

While some arms control experts like Graham Allison believe that terrorists are more likely to be able to obtain and use a biological weapon than a nuclear weapon, others have dismissed bioweapons due to dissemination issues, exemplified in failed biological attacks with botulinum toxin and anthrax by the terrorist group Aum Shinrikyo. Furthermore, studies from the U.S. Office of Technology Assessment indicated that bioweapons could cause tens of thousands of deaths under ideal environmental conditions but would not severely undermine critical infrastructure. In 2012, Dr. Anthony Fauci, the longtime director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, argued that the benefits in vaccine advancement from Fouchiers research outweighed the risks of nefarious use.

Today, however, Fauci is at the helm of Americas response to a global pandemic. Although the world has never experienced a mass-casualty bioweapons incident, COVID-19 has caused sustained, strategic-level harm. In the absence of a vaccine, it has killed more than 60,000 Americans and forced over 30 million Americans into unemployment. The isolation of large segments of society has crippled the economy and traditional sources of American power: domestically, cascading, second- and third-order effects plague critical national infrastructure; and internationally, power projection wanes, epitomized by the U.S. Navys sidelining of the USS Theodore Roosevelt.

While the SARS-CoV-2 virus that causes COVID-19 is not a bioweapon, technological advances increase the possibility of a future bioweapon wreaking similar strategic havoc. Specifically, advancements in genetic engineering and delivery mechanisms may lead to the more lethal microorganisms and toxins and, consequently, the most dangerous pandemic yet. Therefore, the United States should develop a new strategy to deter and disrupt biological threats to the nation.

Engineering the Next Pandemic

Although a bioweapon-induced pandemic seems unlikely in the short term, preparedness for future attacks begins with understanding the possible threat. According to the Centers for Disease Control, bioweapons are intentionally released microorganisms bacteria, viruses, fungi or toxins, coupled with a delivery system, that cause disease or death in people, animals, or plants. In contrast to other chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear weapons, they have distinctive dangerous characteristics: miniscule quantities even 10-8 milligrams per person can be lethal; the symptoms can have a delayed onset; and ensuing waves of infection can manifest beyond the original attack site. The Centers for Disease Control grouped over 30 weaponizable microorganisms and toxins into three threat categories based on lethality, transmissibility, and necessity for special public heath interventions. While Categories A and B cover existing high and moderate threats, respectively, Category C focuses on emerging pathogens, like the Nipah virus and hantavirus, that could be engineered for mass dissemination. Historically, though, bioweapons were relatively unsophisticated and inexpensive when compared to chemical and nuclear production chains, which explains their protracted use.

One of the earliest examples of biological warfare occurred over 2,000 years ago, when Assyrians infected enemy wells with rye ergot fungus. In 1763, the British army presented smallpox-infested blankets to Native American during the Siege of Fort Pitt. During World War II, the Japanese army poisoned over 1,000 water wells in Chinese villages to study typhus and cholera outbreaks. In 1984, the Rajneeshee cult contaminated salad bars in Oregon restaurants with Salmonella typhimurium, causing 751 cases of enteritis. Most recently, Bacillus anthracis spores sent in the U.S. postal system induced 22 cases of anthrax and five deaths in 2001, and three U.S. Senate office buildings shut down in February 2004 after the discovery of ricin in a mailroom.

Despite this history of usage, the challenge of disseminating the biological agent has, thus far, meant that bioweapons attacks have not produced high casualties. Bioweapons can be delivered in numerous ways: direct absorption or injection into the skin, inhalation of aerosol sprays, or via consumption of food and water. The most vulnerable and often most lethal point of entry is the lungs, but particles must fall within a restrictive size range of 1 micrometer to 5 micrometers to penetrate them. Fortunately, most biological agents break down quickly in the environment through exposure to heat, oxidation, and pollution, coupled with the roughly 50 percent loss of the microorganism during aerosol dissemination or 90 percent loss during explosive dissemination.

The revolution in genetic engineering provides a path for overcoming delivery issues and escalating a biological attack into a pandemic. First, tools for analyzing and altering a microorganisms DNA or RNA are available and affordable worldwide. The introduction of clustered regularly interspersed short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) a technique that acts like scissors or a pencil to alter DNA sequences and gene functions in 2013 made biodefense more challenging. Even as experienced researchers struggle to control clustered regularly interspersed short palindromic repeats and prevent unintended effects, malevolent actors with newfound access can attempt to manipulate existing agents to increase contagiousness; improve resistance to antibiotics, vaccines, and anti-virals; enhance survivability in the environment; and develop means of mass production. Infamously, Australian researchers in 2001 endeavored to induce infertility in mice by inserting the interleukin-4 gene into the mousepox virus. Instead, they inadvertently altered the virus to become more virulent and kill previously vaccinated mice, insinuating that the same could be done with smallpox for humans.

Moving one step further, genetic engineering raises the possibility of creating completely new biological weapons from scratch via methods similar to the test-tube synthesis of poliovirus in 2002. It is, thankfully, hard to use this process to create agents that can kill humans. However, genetic engineering can be used to create non-lethal weapons that, when coupled with longer-range delivery devices, could kill crops and animals, and destroy materials fuel, plastic, rubber, stealth paints, and constructional supplies that are critical to the economy.

Skeptics might question why a rational adversary would risk creating and employing bioweapons that are unpredictable and relatively hard to deliver to a target. First, some potential terrorists are irrational in the sense that death does not deter their service to a higher purpose; or, they may simply show a willingness to carry out orders from a state sponsor or a lack of concern for public opinion. Second, future state aggressors might genetically engineer a vaccine to immunize their populations prior to unleashing a bioweapon so that the attack would only be indiscriminate within targeted nations. Third, the unprecedented harm done by COVID-19 demands a transformation of 9/11-era priorities to recognize that preparing for domestic threats like pandemics will be far greater concerns for most Americans than threats from foreign adversaries. Bioweapons combine the worst of these national and international threats.

Ultimately, for a bioweapon attack to turn into a pandemic like the SARS-CoV-2 virus, three initial conditions must be met: first, the microorganism or toxin must not have an effective remedy available; second, it must be easily transmittable; and third, it must be fatal for some victims. Whereas a number of natural-born microbes satisfied these conditions in the past, it is possible for a genetically engineered bioweapon to have the same strategic impact in the future.

Prepare for the Worst

John Barrys The Great Influenza: The Story of the Deadliest Pandemic in History provides insight into what the world might look like in the approaching age of biological attacks. It portrays how researchers failed to counter the 1918 flu strain while it spread to one-third of the global population. With a mortality rate of approximately 20 percent, the Spanish flus viral mutations proved especially fatal for military members with strong immune systems. Young people with previous exposure to milder flu strains likely suffered from immunological memory, which prompted a dysregulated immune response to the 1918 strain. At the time of the books publication in 2004, President George W. Bush took notice.

In a November 2005 speech at the National Institutes of Health, with Fauci notably in attendance, Bush warned, If we wait for a pandemic to appear, it will be too late to prepare. And one day many lives could be needlessly lost because we failed to act today. Similarly, the government should prepare now to respond to a future bioweapon attack whether from terrorism or interstate warfare. This preparation ought to proceed along three categories of action: deterrence, disruption, and defense.

Deterrence

In the realm of biological warfare, the most effective way to save lives is to persuade an adversary that an attack will not succeed. Specifically, deterrence by denial makes the act of aggression unprofitable by rendering the target harder to take, harder to keep, or both. To this end, the United States can harden its biowarfare response by increasing interagency cooperation, wargaming the resulting plans, and compiling the materials required for their execution.

The Department of Defense the largest agency in the U.S. government is the logical choice to organize a whole-of-government approach to countering bioweapons. Last November, the Pentagon released the Joint Countering Weapons of Mass Destruction doctrine, which outlined how the military will synchronize its response with governmental stakeholders like the Director of National Intelligence, the United States Agency for International Development, the Department of Energy, and the Department of Health and Human Services. Partnerships, however, should expand beyond governmental agencies via a military joint task force with leadership from the medical community and information technology professionals. The Department of Homeland Security and Centers for Disease Control should coordinate with medical schools to incorporate more curriculum and periodic exercises on pandemic control and emergency response. Likewise, the Pentagon should develop best practices for establishing communications, sustaining services, and combatting disinformation during a pandemic.

While increased interagency cooperation will encourage more robust pandemic plans, wargaming is key to testing how such plans fare in a biowarfare crisis. Last September, the Naval War College in Newport, Rhode Island, ran a two-day wargame called Urban Outbreak 2019, in which 50 experts combatted a notional pandemic. Even though this scenario had a vaccine available from the start, the findings offer prescient insight into actions surrounding COVID-19 particularly that experienced leaders may display significant resistance when encountering first-time situations or prevent troops from interfacing with infected populations. Military and agency leaders should use wargames with worst-case, extraordinary bioweapons to recognize and overcome inherent biases while simultaneously brainstorming how to lower infection rates, implement quarantines, and communicate best practices to the public.

Wargaming should also help planners identify which materials require stockpiling ahead of the next pandemic. COVID-19, for example, exposed shortages of durable protective masks, hand sanitizer, antiseptic wipes, and surface cleaners. The 300,000 businesses that make up the defense industrial base should prepare for the research, production, and delivery of personal protective equipment whenever shortages arise. They should also expect to be tapped for antibiotic, vaccine, or anti-viral production, depending on the nature of the bioweapon.

Disruption

A pandemic is a lot like a forest fire, Bush said in his 2005 speech. If caught early it might be extinguished with limited damage. If deterrence fails, American policy should focus on the early detection and disruption of bioweapons. To achieve this goal, the United States can advocate for increased verification measures and high-performing information operations.

Although the Biological Weapons Convention went into force in 1975 and has 182 state parties, the treaty lacks verification procedures and merely prohibits the production, stockpiling, and transfer of biological agents for warfare purposes. Since the treaty permits defensive research, a major challenge is the dual-use nature of production chains, wherein the technology for allowable projects also supports harmful weapons. Given the complex and sensitive nature of vital biological research, the United States has chosen not to support the establishment of a verification agency for routine facility inspections. This choice stands in contrast to the American approach toward the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons and the International Atomic Energy Agency, both of which have robust verification mechanisms. Without this accountability, however, the Soviet Union established the Biopreparat after signing the Biological Weapons Convention treaty, employing over 50,000 people to produce tons of anthrax bacilli, smallpox virus, and multidrug-resistant plague bacteria.

To assist with the early warning of bioweapon threats, the United States should improve its understanding of international biological facilities. For instance, International Gene Synthesis Consortium members use automated software and a common protocol to screen their customers, as well as synthetic gene orders with dangerous sequences from the Regulated Pathogen Database. Particular attention should be paid to biosafety level-4 and biosafety level-3 labs around the world, where human error has led to the unintentional escape of pathogens. The U.K. foot and mouth outbreak of 2007 was traced to a faulty waste disposal system at Pirbright Laboratory in Surrey. Additionally, SARS laboratory accidents occurred in China in 2004. Increasing the priority given to intelligence gathering and analysis related to bioweapons would be an important step in the right direction.

Defense

If the United States is unable to deter or disrupt a bioweapons attack, it should be prepared to execute a strong defense against it. First and foremost, the military ought to maintain the health of its servicemembers through a COVID-19-inspired operational plan for screening and quarantine. This plan would facilitate prompt and sustained emergency responses and combat operations, including key missions like strategic nuclear deterrent patrols. Domestically, the military will need to assist in civil support, law enforcement, border patrol, and the defense of critical infrastructure. Internationally, the Defense Department will serve as a logistics powerhouse.

At home, the armed forces have the manpower and experience to aid in a variety of national security sectors. In addition to the deployment of U.S. Navy hospital ships to New York City and Los Angeles during COVID-19, the National Guard has conducted drive-through testing, delivered water to vulnerable populations, and carried out state governors law enforcement orders for curfews and quarantines. For critical national infrastructure, the military will serve as first responders to newfound issues with electrical generation, water purification, sanitation, and information technology.

Abroad, the military could benefit from military-to-military planning and exercises with what former Supreme Allied Commander Europe Adm. (ret.) James Stavridis calls the equivalent of a North Atlantic Treaty Organization against pandemics. In the absence of this organization, the Air Force can coordinate logistics efforts to move overseas medical supplies to the United States and bring Americans home.

The United States should draw lessons learned from past international pandemic responses. The cholera outbreak among half a million Haitians following a 2010 earthquake demonstrated that the American military could work with international military counterparts to regenerate critical infrastructure in other countries. The Ebola outbreak in West Africa in 2014 extended that cooperation to nongovernmental organizations like the Red Cross, Doctors Without Borders, and Project Hope.

Successful military cooperation abroad will fulfill basic international needs and build trust for peaceful scientific cooperation, shifting the focus to future questions like whether the bioweapon is mutating, how environmental factors affect its spread, if infected people develop short- or long-term immunity, and which mitigation efforts are effective. Successful in-situ defense will fill interdisciplinary gaps in deterrence and disruption while a layered 3D approach will determine how well the world fares during the most dangerous pandemic yet.

Conclusion

The COVID-19 pandemic foreshadows how a future bioweapons attack would unfold without proper preparation. Planning for a bioweapons attack is incredibly difficult bioweapons can be delivered by states or terrorist groups, originate from existing agents or from scratch, and can be delivered in a number of different ways. While establishing a permanent military joint task force with appropriate funding is an achievable first step, combined efforts in deterrence, disruption, and defense are key in anticipating these variables of an attack and surviving it once unleashed.

Lt. Andrea Howard is a nuclear submarine officer aboard the USS Ohio. Following her graduation from the U.S. Naval Academy in 2015, she was a Marshall Scholar at the University of Oxford and Kings College London, where she focused on the intersection of technology, security, and diplomacy in weapons of mass destruction policy. Lt. Howard won the U.S. Naval Institutes 2019 Emerging and Disruptive Technologies Essay Contest and is a member of the Seattle Chapter of the Truman National Security Project.

Image: North Carolina Air National Guard (Photo by Tech. Sgt. Julianne Showalter)

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The Pandemic and America's Response to Future Bioweapons - War on the Rocks

Apr 29th 2020

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AURIC GOLDFINGER, villain of the novel which bears his name, quotes a vivid Chicago aphorism to James Bond: Once is happenstance, twice is coincidence, the third time its enemy action.

Until 2002 medical science knew of a handful of coronaviruses that infected human beings, none of which caused serious illness. Then, in 2002, a virus now called SARS-CoV surfaced in the Chinese province of Guangdong. The subsequent outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) killed 774 people around the world before it was brought under control. In 2012 another new illness, Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome (MERS), heralded the arrival of MERS-CoV, which while not spreading as far and as wide as SARS (bar an excursion to South Korea) has not yet been eliminated. It has killed 858 people to date, the most recent of them on February 4th.

The third time, it was SARS-CoV-2, now responsible for 225,000 covid-19 deaths. Both SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV are closely related to coronaviruses found in wild bats. In the case of SARS-CoV, the accepted story is that the virus spread from bats in a cave in Yunnan province into civets, which were sold at markets in Guangdong. In the case of MERS-CoV, the virus spread from bats into camels. It now passes regularly from camels to humans, which makes it hard to eliminate, but only spreads between people in conditions of close proximity, which makes it manageable.

Third time unluckyAn origin among bats seems overwhelmingly likely for SARS-CoV-2, too. The route it took from bat to human, though, has yet to be identified. If, like MERS-CoV, the virus is still circulating in an animal reservoir, it could break out again in the future. If not, some other virus will surely try something similar. Peter Ben Embarek, an expert on zoonoses (diseases passed from animals to people) at the World Health Organisation, says that such spillovers are becoming more common as humans and their farmed animals push into new areas where they have closer contact with wildlife. Understanding the detail of how such spillovers occur should provide insights into stopping them.

In some minds, though, the possibility looms of enemy action on the part of something larger than a virus. Since the advent of genetic engineering in the 1970s, conspiracy theorists have pointed to pretty much every new infectious disease, from AIDS to Ebola to MERS to Lyme disease to SARS to Zika, as being a result of human tinkering or malevolence.

The politics of the covid-19 pandemic mean that this time such theories have an even greater appeal than normal. The pandemic started in China, where the governments ingrained urge to cover problems up led it to delay measures that might have curtailed its spread. It has claimed its greatest toll in America, where the recorded number of covid-19 deaths already outstrips the number of names on the Vietnam War Memorial in Washington, DC.

These facts would have led to accusations ringing out across the Pacific come what may. What makes things worse is a suspicion in some quarters that SARS-CoV-2 might in some way be connected to Chinese virological research, and that saying so may reapportion any blame.

There is no evidence for the claim. Western experts say categorically that the sequence of the new viruss genomewhich Chinese scientists published early on, openly and accuratelyreveals none of the telltales genetic engineering would leave in its wake. But it remains a fact that in Wuhan, where the outbreak was first spotted, there is a laboratory where scientists have in the past deliberately made coronaviruses more pathogenic.

Such research is carried out in laboratories around the world. Its proponents see it as a vital way of studying the question that covid-19 has brought so cruelly into the spotlight: how does a virus become the sort of thing that starts a pandemic? That some of this research has been done at the Wuhan Institute of Virology (WIV) seems all but certainly a coincidence. Without a compelling alternative account of the diseases origin, however, there is room for doubt to remain.

The 4% differenceThe origin of the virus behind the 2003 SARS outbreakclassic SARS, as some virologists now wryly call itwas established in large part by Shi Zhengli, a researcher at WIV sometimes referred to in Chinese media as the bat lady. Over a period of years she and her team visited remote locations all across the country in search of a close relative of SARS-CoV in bats or their guano. They found one in a cave full of horseshoe bats in Yunnan.

It is in the collection of viral genomes assembled during those studies that scientists have now found the bat virus closest to SARS-CoV-2. A strain called RaTG13 gathered in the same cave in Yunnan shares 96% of its genetic sequence with the new virus. RaTG13 is not that viruss ancestor. It is something more like its cousin. Edward Holmes, a virologist at the University of Sydney, estimates that the 4% difference between the two represents at least 20 years of evolutionary divergence from some common antecedent, and probably something more like 50.

Although bats could, in theory, have passed a virus descended from that antecedent directly to humans, experts find the idea unlikely. The bat viruses look different from SARS-CoV-2 in a specific way. In SARS-CoV-2 the spike protein on the viral particles surface has a receptor-binding domain (RBD) that is adept at sticking to a particular molecule on the surface of the human cells the virus infects. The RBD in bat coronaviruses is not the same.

One recent study suggests that SARS-CoV-2 is the product of natural genomic recombination. Different coronaviruses infecting the same host are more than happy to swap bits of genome. If a bat virus similar to RaTG13 got into an animal already infected with a coronavirus which boasted an RBD better suited to infecting humans, a basically batty virus with a more human-attuned RBD might well arise. That is what SARS-CoV-2 looks like.

Early on, it was widely imagined that the intermediate host was likely to be a species sold in Wuhans Huanan Seafood and Wildlife Market, a place where all sorts of creatures, from raccoon dogs to ferret badgers, and from near and far, are crammed together in unsanitary conditions. Many early human cases of covid-19 were associated with this market. Jonathan Epstein, vice-president of science with EcoHealth Alliance, an NGO, says of 585 swabs of different surfaces around the market, about 33 were positive for SARS-CoV-2. They all came from the area known to sell wild animals. That is pretty much as strong as circumstantial evidence gets.

The first animal to come under serious suspicion was the pangolin. A coronavirus found in pangolins has an RBD essentially identical to that of SARS-CoV-2, suggesting that it might have been the virus with which the bat virus recombined on its way to becoming SARS-CoV-2. Pangolins are used in traditional medicine, and though they are endangered, they can nonetheless be found on menus. There are apparently no records of them being traded at the Huanan market. But given that such trading is illegal, and that such records would now look rather incriminating, this is hardly proof that they were not.

The fact that pangolins are known to harbour viruses from which SARS-CoV-2 could have picked up its human-compatible RBD is certainly suggestive. But a range of other animals might harbour such viruses, too; its just that scientists have not yet looked all that thoroughly. The RBD in SARS-CoV-2 is useful not only for attacking the cells of human beings and, presumably, pangolins. It provides access to similar cells in other species, too. In recent weeks SARS-CoV-2 has been shown to have found its way from humans into domestic cats, farmed mink and a tiger. There is some evidence that it can actually pass between cats, which makes it conceivable that they were the intermediatethough there is as yet no evidence of a cat infecting a human.

The markets appeal as a site for the human infections behind the Wuhan outbreak remains strong; a market in Guangdong is blamed for the spread of SARS. Without a known intermediate, though, the evidence against it remains circumstantial. Though many early human cases were associated with the market, plenty were not. They may have been linked to people with ties to the market in ways not yet known. But one cannot be sure.

Where to begin?The viral genomes found in early patients are so similar as to suggest strongly that the virus jumped from its intermediate host to people only once. Estimates based on the rate at which genomes diverge give the earliest time for this transfer as early October 2019. If that is right there were almost certainly infections which were not serious, or which did not reach hospitals, or which were not recognised as odd, before the first official cases were seen in Wuhan at the beginning of December. Those early cases may have taken place elsewhere.

Ian Lipkin, the boss of the Centre for Infection and Immunity at Columbia University, in New York, is working with Chinese researchers to test blood samples taken late last year from patients with pneumonia all around China, to see if there is any evidence for the virus having spread to Wuhan from somewhere else. If there is, then it may have entered Huanan market not in a cage, but on two legs. The market is popular with visitors as well as locals, and is close to Hankou railway station, a hub in Chinas high-speed rail network.

Further research may make when, where and how the virus got into people clearer. There is scope for a lot more virus hunting in a wider range of possible intermediate species. If it were possible to conduct detailed interviews with those who came down with the earliest cases of covid-19, that genetic sampling could be better aimed, says Dr Embarek, and with a bit of luck one might get to the source. But the time needed to do this, he adds, might be quick, or it might be extremely long.

If it turns out to have originated elsewhere, the new viruss identification during the early stages of the Wuhan epidemic may turn out to be thanks to the citys concentration of virological know-howknow-how that is now surely being thrown into sequencing more viruses from more sources. But until a satisfactory account of a natural spillover is achieved, that same concentration of know-how, at WIV and another local research centre, the Wuhan Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, will continue to attract suspicion.

In 2017 WIV opened the first biosecurity-level 4 (BSL-4) laboratory in Chinathe sort of high-containment facility in which work is done on the most dangerous pathogens. A large part of Dr Shis post-SARS research there has been aimed at understanding the potential which viruses still circulating among bats have to spill over into the human population. In one experiment she and Ge Xingyi, also of the WIV, in collaboration with American and Italian scientists, explored the disease-like potential of a bat coronavirus, SHC014-CoV, by recombining its genome with that of a mouse-infecting coronavirus. The WIV newsletter of November 2015 reported that the resulting virus could replicate efficiently in primary human airway cells and achieve in vitro titres equivalent to epidemic strains of SARS-CoV. In early April this newsletter and all others were removed from the institutes website.

This work, results from which were also published in Nature Medicine, demonstrated that SARS-CoVs jump from bats to humans had not been a fluke; other bat coronaviruses were capable of something similar. Useful to know. But giving pathogens and potential pathogens extra powers in order to understand what they may be capable of is a controversial undertaking. These gain of function experiments, their proponents insist, have important uses such as understanding drug resistance and the tricks viruses employ to evade the immune system. They also carry obvious risks: the techniques on which they depend could be abused; their products could leak. The creation of an enhanced strain of bird flu in 2011 in an attempt to understand the peculiar virulence of the flu strain responsible for the pandemic of 1918-19 caused widespread alarm. America stopped funding gain-of-function work for several years.

Filippa Lentzos, who studies biomedicine and security at Kings College, London, says the possibility of SARS-CoV-2 having an origin connected with legitimate research is being discussed widely in the world of biosecurity. The possibilities speculated about include a leak of material from a laboratory and also the accidental infection of a human being in the course of work either in a lab or in the field.

Leaks from laboratories, including BSL-4 labs, are not unheard of. The worlds last known case of smallpox was caused by a leak from a British laboratory in 1978. An outbreak of foot and mouth disease in 2007 had a similar origin. In America there have been accidental releases and mishandlings involving Ebola, and, from a lower-containment-level laboratory, a deadly strain of bird flu. In China laboratory workers seem to have been infected with SARS and transmitted it to contacts outside on at least two occasions.

Heres one I made earlierThings doubtless leak out of labs working at lower biosafety levels, too. But how much they do so is unknown, in part because people worry about them less. And as in other parts of this story the unknown is a Petri dish in which speculation can grow. This may be part of the reason for interest in a lab at the Wuhan Centre for Disease Control and Prevention. A preprint published on ResearchGate, a website, by two Chinese scientists and subsequently removed suggested that work done there may have been cause for concern. This lab is reported to have housed animalsincluding, for one study, hundreds of bats from Hubei and Zhejiang provincesand to have specialised in pathogen collection.

Richard Pilch, who works on chemical and biological weapons non-proliferation at the Middlebury Institute of International Studies, in California, says that there is one feature of the new virus which might conceivably have arisen during passaging experiments in which pathogens are passed between hosts so as to study the evolution of their ability to spread. This is the polybasic cleavage site, which might enhance infectivity. SARS-CoV-2 has such a site on its spike protein. Its closest relatives among bat coronaviruses do not. But though such a cleavage site could have arisen through passaging there is no evidence that, in this case, it did. It could also have evolved in the normal way as the virus passed from host to host. Dr Holmes, meanwhile, has said that there is no evidence that SARS-CoV-2...originated in a laboratory in Wuhan, China. Though others have speculated about coincidences and possibilities, no one has been able, as yet, to undermine that statement.

Many scientists think that with so many biologists actively hunting for bat viruses, and gain-of-function work becoming more common, the world is at increasing risk of a laboratory-derived pandemic at some point. One of my biggest hopes out of this pandemic is that we address this issueit really worries me, says Dr Pilch. Today there are around 70 BSL-4 sites in 30 countries. More such facilities are planned.

Again, though, it is necessary to consider the unknown. Every year there are tens of thousands of fatal cases of respiratory disease around the world of which the cause is mysterious. Some of them may be the result of unrecognised zoonoses. The question of whether they really are, and how those threats may stack up, needs attention. That attention needs laboratories. It also needs a degree of open co-operation that America is now degrading with accusations and reductions in funding, and that China has taken steps to suppress at source. That suppression has done nothing to help the country; indeed, by supporting speculation, it may yet harm it.

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The pieces of the puzzle of covid-19s origin are coming to light - The Economist

Looking for more Marvel things to add to your ever-growing Disney+ queue? For the month of May, two Marvel series are hitting the streaming service and theyre perfect to watch solo, with your family, or with friends hundreds of miles away watch-along, anyone?

Fury Files drops on Disney+ on Friday, May 15, and you shouldnt be surprised that Nick Fury has files on every single Marvel Super Hero. Fury Files gives viewers top-secret access to S.H.I.E.L.D. intel on key Marvel heroes and villains. All of this is told by none other than the mysterious Fury, bringing together a mix of animation and motion comic art! Looking to download a bunch of information about every single hero? Furys got you covered.

If youve already watched the first season of Marvel's Future Adventures on Disney+, get ready for the second. All 13 episodes of Season 2 land on Disney+ on May 22, 2020. Marvels Future Avengers follows Makoto, a young boy who developed superpowers from a Hydra genetic engineering experiment, and his friends Adi and Chloe as they train under Earth's Mightiest Heroes as apprentices, dubbing themselves the "Future Avengers."

[!youtube=VLrFf-T2ef4]

These two series join an ever-growing roster of Marvel movies, series, and shorts you can watch on Disney+. Whether youre looking to watch something from the Marvel Cinematic Universe or relive animated shows from your childhood, theres something for everyone!

Disney+ offers subscribers high-quality and commercial-free viewing, up to four concurrent streams, unlimited downloads on up to ten devices, personalized recommendations, and the ability to set up to seven different profiles. Additionally, parents have the ability to set Kids Profiles that create an easy-to-navigate interface to access age-appropriate content.

Sign up for Disney+ and start streaming now! And be sure to follow Disney+ on Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram for more.

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Heres What's Coming from Marvel on Disney+ in May - Marvel Entertainment

The Covid-19 pandemic that has swept the globe has led to a massive search for a drug with which to combat this deadly virus, yet despite many pharmaceutical companies continuing to pour their resources into a cure for this virus, the development of prophylactic vaccines for Covid-19 appears to be lagging.

According to GlobalDatas Pharma Intelligence Center Pipeline Database and the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid-19) dashboard, there are, as of 23 April, 80 therapeutic drugs in Phases I, II, and III that may be able to treat Covid-19, but only nine prophylactic vaccine drugs in Phases I and II, indicating that while a possible cure for Covid-19 may be imminent, a prophylactic vaccine to combat the pandemic may need more time to come to fruition.

The response from pharma and biotech companies globally to finding a Covid-19 vaccine has contributed to 438 unique drugs to treat Covid-19: 298 therapeutic drugs and 140 prophylactic vaccines, spread across all stages of development (Discovery, Preclinical, Phase I, Phase II, and Phase III), which is especially remarkable considering that the virus was only identified at the beginning of this year. In these unprecedented times, this massive pipeline in such a short time is demonstrative of the pharmaceutical industry compiling resources and talent, to finding a drug to combat this pandemic of the Covid-19 virus.

Therapeutic drugs account for two thirds of the entire pipeline, with prophylactic vaccines accounting for the remaining third of the current Covid-19 pipeline. Therapeutic drugs have 73% of their pipeline in early-stage development (Preclinical and Discovery) and 27% in late-stage development (Phases I, II, and III); despite the majority of drugs being in early stages, there is a viable pipeline of late-stage drugs that may in the coming months offer a solution to the ongoing crisis. The key drugs to watch are two small moleculebased drugs, remdesivir by Gilead Sciences Inc. and favipiravir by Fujifilm Toyama Chemical Co Ltd, and sarilumab, a monoclonal antibody by Regeneron Pharmaceutical, all three of which are currently in Phase III. At the same time as they are being developed for the Covid-19 virus, these drugs are also being developed for multiple other indications.

In direct contrast, the prophylactic vaccine pipeline largely comprises drugs in early-stage development, with 94% of the pipeline. There are currently only three drugs in Phase II, the current highest stage of development for prophylactic vaccine pipeline. These three Covid-19 vaccines are being developed by Sinovac Biotech Ltd, the University of Oxford, and the third vaccine, named CIGB-2020, is being developed by the Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology. This huge disparity in late-stage and early-stage development is indicative of a lack of focus within the industry for vaccines in comparison to the therapeutic drugs pipeline. The massive global response towards the coronavirus and the massive increase in the therapeutic pipeline, however, does mean that this state of affairs is liable to change in the coming weeks. As this pandemic continues and governments and pharmaceutical companies continue to look for ways to combat Covid-19, the therapeutic landscape is sure to change, but as of now any hopes for a fast vaccine may not materialize.

You can view more information on the Covid-19 therapeutic landscape on GlobalDatas Pharma Intelligence Center Pipeline Database and the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid-19) dashboard where the most up-to-date and latest information on drugs, trials, and news on Covid-19 can be found.

GlobalData is this websites parent business intelligence company.

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Covid-19 treatment on the horizon but vaccine remains elusive - Pharmaceutical Technology

Williamsville, NY, April 28, 2020 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- 22nd Century Group, Inc. (NYSE American: XXII) (22nd Century or the Company), a leading plant biotechnology company focused on reduced nicotine tobacco and hemp/cannabis plant genetics research and development, will release first quarter 2020 financial results on Thursday, May 7, 2020, before the market opens. The press release will be available on 22nd Century Groups website at http://www.xxiicentury.com. In conjunction with the earnings release, the Company will host a conference call on Thursday, May 7, 2020, at 8:00 a.m. ET.

The live audio webcast will be accessible in the Events section on the Company's Investor Relations website at http://www.xxiicentury.com/investors. Participants may also listen to the live call by dialing (877) 407-6914. A replay of the call will be available until May 21, 2020 by dialing (877) 660-6853; the passcode is 13702417. An archived replay of the webcast will also be available shortly after the live event has concluded.

Investors, analysts and members of the media interested in submitting questions in advance can do so by sending an e-mail to investorrelations@xxiicentury.com.

About 22nd Century Group, Inc.22nd Century Group, Inc. (NYSE AMERICAN: XXII) is a leading plant biotechnology company focused on technologies that alter the level of nicotine in tobacco plants and the level of cannabinoids in hemp/cannabis plants through genetic engineering, gene-editing and modern plant breeding. The Companys primary mission in tobacco is to reduce the harm caused by smoking by bringing its proprietary reduced nicotine content cigarettes with 95% less nicotine than conventional cigarettes to adult smokers in the U.S. and international markets. The Companys primary mission in hemp/cannabis is to develop proprietary hemp/cannabis plants with unique cannabinoid profiles and desirable agronomic traits and to commercialize those plants through a synergistic portfolio of strategic partnerships in the hemp/cannabis industry.

Learn more atxxiicentury.com, on Twitter@_xxiicenturyand onLinkedIn.

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22nd Century Group to Announce First Quarter 2020 Financial Results on May 7, 2020 - GlobeNewswire

In this report, the Global Cell Culture Market is valued at USD 11,210.7 million in 2015 and growing at a CAGR of over 10% between 2017 and 2025.Cell Culture Market , published by Xpodence Research, provides extensive insight and analysis of the Cell Culture Market over the next eight years (2015-2025) and acts as a vital point of reference for operators or suppliers.Increasing R&D activities of healthcare, biological, and stem cell applications has enhanced the demand of molecular biological activities which is further projected to persist a vibrant aspect for market growth. Cell culture technology includes several complications including raw material supply and fully traceable botanical extracts. Also, growing attention on certifying regulatory compliances associated with environmental sustainability can impede the efficacy of the technology.

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Additionally, affluence from various applications such as genetic engineering, research model systems, and continuous research related to cellular functions and stem cell research is also expected to drive the cell culture process globally. Few other factors spurring the growth includes rise in life sciences research, cell based technology advancement, cumulative cell based production, and mounting demand of cell based therapies.Rising growth in the number of regulatory approvals for cell culture-based vaccines and increasing funding for cell-based research will also influenced the market positively. Furthermore, growing application of single-use technologies and rising demand for mAbs are few factor projected to spur the market growth. Though, extensive cost involvement in cell culture research, lack of awareness for diagnosis technologies, and high contamination risks may hinder the market growth. Furthermore, optimization & handling of cell-based protocol in vitro studies will defies the market growth.

The report includes Segmentation: On the basis of product, this report displays the revenue, market share and growth rate of each type, primarily split into Consumables Instrument

On the basis on the applications, this report focuses on the status and outlook for major applications, market share and growth rate for each application, including Biopharmaceuticals Drug Development Cancer Research Culture Systems Gene Therapy Toxicity Testing Tissue Culture & Engineering Vaccine Production

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Geographic Segmentation: This report split global market into North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, the Middle East and Africa and Latin America, with revenue (Million USD), market share and growth rate of Cell Culture for these regions, from 2015 to 2025 (forecast)North America: U.S., Rest of North AmericaEurope: Germany, France, UK, rest of EuropeAsia Pacific: China, Japan, India and Rest of Asia PacificMiddle East & Africa: GCC, North Africa, South Africa and Rest of MEALatin America: Brazil and Rest of Latin America

Key players: Overview of market leaders in Cell Culture market by top manufacturers/players, with Cell Culture revenue (Million USD) and market share for each manufacturer/player; the top players including Sartorius AG, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Merck KGaA, Corning Incorporation, Sigma Aldrich Co. LLC, Promocell GmbH, GE Healthcare, Eppendorf AG, Becton, Dickinson & Company and VWR International, LLC.On the basis of end-users, the market shows the revenue, global share and growth rate of each type, majorly divided into

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Kenneth Research provides market research reports to different individuals, industries, associations and organizations with an aim of helping them to take prominent decisions. Our research library comprises of more than 10,000 research reports provided by more than 15 market research publishers across different industries. Our collection of market research solutions covers both macro level as well as micro level categories with relevant and suitable market research titles. As a global market research reselling firm, Kenneth Research provides significant analysis on various markets with pure business intelligence and consulting services on different industries across the globe. In addition to that, our internal research team always keep a track on the international and domestic market for any economic changes impacting the products demand, growth and opportunities for new and existing players.

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Cell Culture Market : Investigation and Growth Forecast until the End of 2025 Cole Reports - Cole of Duty

In an unfortunate development, actor Rishi Kapoor lost his long battle with Leukemia. As we all know, the actor had travelled to the US for his treatment earlier and came back looking younger and healed. But he has had his share of health issues ever since. The family had been referring to the treatment as marrow and today the family confirmed that the actor was struggling with leukemia. Let us first understand what leukemia is - Leukemia is cancer of the body's blood-forming tissues, which includes the bone marrow as well as the lymphatic system. There are several types of leukemia, and some even affect the children, however, mostly leukemia occurs in adults. According to Cancer.org, most often, AML develops from cells that would turn into white blood cells (other than lymphocytes), but sometimes AML develops in other types of blood-forming cells. . To understand the course of treatment that the actor may have undergone, we spoke exclusively to subject matter expert Dr Rahul Bhargava, Director, Haematology, Haemato - Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplant, Fortis Memorial Research Institute, Gurugram. The doctor says the way it appears, the star must have suffered from Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) which is a cancer that starts in the bone marrow, which is the soft inner part of certain bones, where the body makes new blood cells. This often quickly moves into the blood, as well. Talking about the treatment for this particular illness, Dr Bhargava said, There is a possibility that he underwent a MUD (Match unrelated donor) transplant with reduced intensity conditioning (RIC), which basically means that he was given a lower intensity treatment, considering his age. How does MUD work?In MUD, stem cells from outside are injected in the body, and mature stem cells are targeted and removed. A person has to be in the hospital for close to 21-25 days for this procedure and then we wait and see how the body responds to the treatment. The doctor adds that clearly the treatment couldnt control his disease and he succumbed to it.

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Rishi Kapoor succumbs to Leukemia: Here is all we know about the condition and treatment - Times of India

Company Announcement

Copenhagen, Denmark; May 01, 2020 Genmab A/S (Nasdaq: GMAB) announced today that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (U.S. FDA) has approved the use of the subcutaneous formulation of daratumumab, DARZALEX FASPRO (daratumumab and hyaluronidase-fihj). The Biologics License Application (BLA) for this formulation was submitted by Genmabs licensing partner, Janssen Biotech, Inc. (Janssen) in July 2019. DARZALEX FASPRO is approved for the treatment of adult patients with multiple myeloma: in combination with bortezomib, melphalan and prednisone in newly diagnosed patients who are ineligible for autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT); in combination with lenalidomide and dexamethasone in newly diagnosed patients who are ineligible for ASCT and in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma who have received at least one prior therapy; in combination with bortezomib and dexamethasone in patients who have received at least one prior therapy; and as monotherapy, in patients who have received at least three prior lines of therapy including a proteasome inhibitor (PI) and an immunomodulatory agent or who are double-refractory to a PI and an immunomodulatory agent. DARZALEX FASPRO is a fixed-dose formulation that can be administered over approximately three to five minutes, significantly less time than intravenous DARZALEX, which is given over several hours. In August 2012, Genmab granted Janssen an exclusive worldwide license to develop, manufacture and commercialize daratumumab.

The approval was based on data from two studies: the Phase III non-inferiority COLUMBA (MMY3012) study, which compared the subcutaneous formulation of daratumumab to the intravenous formulation in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma and data from the Phase II PLEIADES (MMY2040) study, which is evaluating subcutaneous daratumumab in combination with different standard multiple myeloma treatment regimens. The topline results from the COLUMBA study were announced in February 2019 and subsequently presented in oral sessions at the 2019 American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) Annual Meeting and the 24th European Hematology Association (EHA) Annual Congress. An update of the COLUMBA data as well as data from the PLEIADES study were presented during poster sessions at the 61st American Society of Hematology (ASH) Annual Meeting in December 2019.

The approval of the subcutaneous formulation of daratumumab, DARZALEX FASPRO, is a landmark event in the development of daratumumab. Not only is it now the first and only subcutaneous CD38 antibody approved for the treatment of multiple myeloma, the subcutaneous administration of DARZALEX FASPRO considerably reduces treatment burden, as the fixed-dose injection is administered in approximately three to five minutes, offering patients a more convenient treatment experience. As seen in the pivotal study supporting the approval, this reduction in infusion time from hours to minutes led to higher satisfaction levels for patients and in addition, infusion-related reactions were both mild and significantly reduced with this formulation of daratumumab. We are very much looking forward to the launch of DARZALEX FASPRO in the U.S. and the potential for positive impact it will have on the lives of the patients receiving the drug, said Jan van de Winkel, Ph.D., Chief Executive Officer of Genmab.

About the COLUMBA (MMY3012) studyThe Phase III trial (NCT03277105) is a randomized, open-label, parallel assignment study that included 522 adults diagnosed with relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma. Patients were randomized to receive either: subcutaneous (SC) daratumumab, as 1,800 mg daratumumab with rHuPH20 2,000 U/mL once weekly in Cycle 1 and 2, every two weeks in Cycles 3 to 6, every 4 weeks in Cycle 7 and thereafter until disease progression, unacceptable toxicity or the end of study; or 16 mg/kg IV daratumumab once weekly in Cycle 1 and 2, every two weeks in Cycles 3 to 6, every 4 weeks in Cycle 7 and thereafter until disease progression, unacceptable toxicity or the end of study. The co-primary endpoints of the study are overall response rate and Maximum trough concentration of daratumumab (Ctrough; defined as the serum pre-dose concentration of daratumumab on Cycle 3 Day 1).

About the PLEIADES (MMY2040) studyThe Phase II trial (NCT03412565) is a non-randomized, open-label, parallel assignment study that includes 265 adults either newly diagnosed or with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma. Patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma are being treated with 1,800 mg SC daratumumab in combination with either bortezomib, lenalidomide and dexamethasone (D-VRd) or bortezomib, melphalan and prednisone (D-VMP). Patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma are being treated with 1,800 mg SC daratumumab plus lenalidomide and dexamethasone (D-Rd). An additional cohort of patients with relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma treated with daratumumab plus carfilzomib and dexamethasone (D-Kd) was subsequently added to the study. The primary endpoint for the D-VMP, D-Kd and D-Rd cohorts is overall response rate. The primary endpoint for the D-VRd cohort is very good partial response or better rate.

About DARZALEX (daratumumab) DARZALEX (daratumumab) intravenous infusion is indicated for the treatment of adult patients in the United States: in combination with bortezomib, thalidomide and dexamethasone as treatment for patients newly diagnosed with multiple myeloma who are eligible for autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT); in combination with lenalidomide and dexamethasone for the treatment of patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma who are ineligible for ASCT; in combination with bortezomib, melphalan and prednisone for the treatment of patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma who are ineligible for ASCT; in combination with lenalidomide and dexamethasone, or bortezomib and dexamethasone, for the treatment of patients with multiple myeloma who have received at least one prior therapy; in combination with pomalidomide and dexamethasone for the treatment of patients with multiple myeloma who have received at least two prior therapies, including lenalidomide and a proteasome inhibitor (PI); and as a monotherapy for the treatment of patients with multiple myeloma who have received at least three prior lines of therapy, including a PI and an immunomodulatory agent, or who are double-refractory to a PI and an immunomodulatory agent.1 DARZALEX is the first monoclonal antibody (mAb) to receive U.S. Food and Drug Administration (U.S. FDA) approval to treat multiple myeloma. DARZALEX intravenous infusion is indicated for the treatment of adult patients in Europe: in combination with bortezomib, thalidomide and dexamethasone as treatment for patients newly diagnosed with multiple myeloma who are eligible for ASCT; in combination with lenalidomide and dexamethasone for the treatment of patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma who are ineligible for ASCT; in combination with bortezomib, melphalan and prednisone for the treatment of adult patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma who are ineligible for ASCT; for use in combination with lenalidomide and dexamethasone, or bortezomib and dexamethasone, for the treatment of adult patients with multiple myeloma who have received at least one prior therapy; and as monotherapy for the treatment of adult patients with relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma, whose prior therapy included a PI and an immunomodulatory agent and who have demonstrated disease progression on the last therapy2. The option to split the first infusion of DARZALEX over two consecutive days has been approved in both Europe and the U.S. In Japan, DARZALEX intravenous infusion is approved for the treatment of adult patients: in combination with lenalidomide and dexamethasone for the treatment of patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma who are ineligible for ASCT; in combination with bortezomib, melphalan and prednisone for the treatment of patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma who are ineligible for ASCT; in combination with lenalidomide and dexamethasone, or bortezomib and dexamethasone for the treatment of relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma. DARZALEX is the first human CD38 monoclonal antibody to reach the market in the United States, Europe and Japan. For more information, visit http://www.DARZALEX.com.

DARZALEX FASPRO (daratumumab and hyaluronidase-fihj), a subcutaneous formulation of daratumumab, is approved in the United States for the treatment of adult patients with multiple myeloma: in combination with bortezomib, melphalan and prednisone in newly diagnosed patients who are ineligible for ASCT; in combination with lenalidomide and dexamethasone in newly diagnosed patients who are ineligible for ASCT and in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma who have received at least one prior therapy; in combination with bortezomib and dexamethasone in patients who have received at least one prior therapy; and as monotherapy, in patients who have received at least three prior lines of therapy including a PI and an immunomodulatory agent or who are double-refractory to a PI and an immunomodulatory agent. DARZALEX FASPRO is the first subcutaneous CD38-directed antibody approved in the U.S. for the treatment of multiple myeloma.

Daratumumab is a human IgG1k monoclonal antibody (mAb) that binds with high affinity to the CD38 molecule, which is highly expressed on the surface of multiple myeloma cells. Daratumumab triggers a persons own immune system to attack the cancer cells, resul cvfting in rapid tumor cell death through multiple immune-mediated mechanisms of action and through immunomodulatory effects, in addition to direct tumor cell death, via apoptosis (programmed cell death).1,2,3,4,5,6

Daratumumab is being developed by Janssen Biotech, Inc. under an exclusive worldwide license to develop, manufacture and commercialize daratumumab from Genmab. A comprehensive clinical development program for daratumumab is ongoing, including multiple Phase III studies in smoldering, relapsed and refractory and frontline multiple myeloma settings. Additional studies are ongoing or planned to assess the potential of daratumumab in other malignant and pre-malignant diseases in which CD38 is expressed, such as amyloidosis and T-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). Daratumumab has received two Breakthrough Therapy Designations from the U.S. FDA for certain indications of multiple myeloma, including as a monotherapy for heavily pretreated multiple myeloma and in combination with certain other therapies for second-line treatment of multiple myeloma.

About Genmab Genmab is a publicly traded, international biotechnology company specializing in the creation and development of differentiated antibody therapeutics for the treatment of cancer. Founded in 1999, the company is the creator of three approved antibodies: DARZALEX (daratumumab, under agreement with Janssen Biotech, Inc.) for the treatment of certain multiple myeloma indications in territories including the U.S., Europe and Japan, Arzerra (ofatumumab, under agreement with Novartis AG), for the treatment of certain chronic lymphocytic leukemia indications in the U.S., Japan and certain other territories and TEPEZZA (teprotumumab, under agreement with Roche granting sublicense to Horizon Therapeutics plc) for the treatment of thyroid eye disease in the U.S. Daratumumab is in clinical development by Janssen for the treatment of additional multiple myeloma indications, other blood cancers and amyloidosis. A subcutaneous formulation of ofatumumab is in development by Novartis for the treatment of relapsing multiple sclerosis. Genmab also has a broad clinical and pre-clinical product pipeline. Genmab's technology base consists of validated and proprietary next generation antibody technologies - the DuoBody platform for generation of bispecific antibodies, the HexaBody platform, which creates effector function enhanced antibodies, the HexElect platform, which combines two co-dependently acting HexaBody molecules to introduce selectivity while maximizing therapeutic potency and the DuoHexaBody platform, which enhances the potential potency of bispecific antibodies through hexamerization. The company intends to leverage these technologies to create opportunities for full or co-ownership of future products. Genmab has alliances with top tier pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies. Genmab is headquartered in Copenhagen, Denmark with sites in Utrecht, the Netherlands, Princeton, New Jersey, U.S. and Tokyo, Japan.

Contact: Marisol Peron, Corporate Vice President, Communications & Investor Relations T: +1 609 524 0065; E: mmp@genmab.com

For Investor Relations: Andrew Carlsen, Senior Director, Investor RelationsT: +45 3377 9558; E: acn@genmab.com

This Company Announcement contains forward looking statements. The words believe, expect, anticipate, intend and plan and similar expressions identify forward looking statements. Actual results or performance may differ materially from any future results or performance expressed or implied by such statements. The important factors that could cause our actual results or performance to differ materially include, among others, risks associated with pre-clinical and clinical development of products, uncertainties related to the outcome and conduct of clinical trials including unforeseen safety issues, uncertainties related to product manufacturing, the lack of market acceptance of our products, our inability to manage growth, the competitive environment in relation to our business area and markets, our inability to attract and retain suitably qualified personnel, the unenforceability or lack of protection of our patents and proprietary rights, our relationships with affiliated entities, changes and developments in technology which may render our products or technologies obsolete, and other factors. For a further discussion of these risks, please refer to the risk management sections in Genmabs most recent financial reports, which are available on http://www.genmab.com and the risk factors included in Genmabs most recent Annual Report on Form 20-F and other filings with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), which are available at http://www.sec.gov. Genmab does not undertake any obligation to update or revise forward looking statements in this Company Announcement nor to confirm such statements to reflect subsequent events or circumstances after the date made or in relation to actual results, unless required by law.

Genmab A/S and/or its subsidiaries own the following trademarks: Genmab; the Y-shaped Genmab logo; Genmab in combination with the Y-shaped Genmab logo; HuMax; DuoBody; DuoBody in combination with the DuoBody logo; HexaBody; HexaBody in combination with the HexaBody logo; DuoHexaBody; HexElect; and UniBody. Arzerra is a trademark of Novartis AG or its affiliates. DARZALEX and DARZALEX FASPRO are trademarks of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV. TEPEZZA is a trademark of Horizon Therapeutics plc.

1 DARZALEX Prescribing information, April 2020. Available at: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2020/761036s027lbl.pdf Last accessed April 20202 DARZALEX Summary of Product Characteristics, available at https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/darzalex Last accessed October 20193 De Weers, M et al. Daratumumab, a Novel Therapeutic Human CD38 Monoclonal Antibody, Induces Killing of Multiple Myeloma and Other Hematological Tumors. The Journal of Immunology. 2011; 186: 1840-1848.4 Overdijk, MB, et al. Antibody-mediated phagocytosis contributes to the anti-tumor activity of the therapeutic antibody daratumumab in lymphoma and multiple myeloma. MAbs. 2015; 7: 311-21.5 Krejcik, MD et al. Daratumumab Depletes CD38+ Immune-regulatory Cells, Promotes T-cell Expansion, and Skews T-cell Repertoire in Multiple Myeloma. Blood. 2016; 128: 384-94.6 Jansen, JH et al. Daratumumab, a human CD38 antibody induces apoptosis of myeloma tumor cells via Fc receptor-mediated crosslinking.Blood. 2012; 120(21): abstract 2974

Company Announcement no. 19CVR no. 2102 3884LEI Code 529900MTJPDPE4MHJ122

Genmab A/SKalvebod Brygge 431560 Copenhagen VDenmark

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Genmab Announces U.S. FDA Approval of Subcutaneous Formulation of Daratumumab, DARZALEX FASPRO (daratumumab and hyaluronidase-fihj), for the Treatment...

As the world waits for a coronavirus vaccine, tens of thousands of people could die. But some scientists believe a vaccine might already exist.

Surprising new research in a niche area of immunology suggests that certain live vaccines that have been around for decades could, possibly, protect against the coronavirus. The theory is that these vaccines could make people less likely to experience serious symptoms or even any symptoms if they catch it.

At more than 25 universities and clinical centers around the world, researchers have begun clinical trials, primarily in health care workers, to test whether a live tuberculosis vaccine that has been in use for 99 years called the bacillus Calmette-Gurin, or B.C.G., vaccine, could reduce the risks associated with the coronavirus.

Another small but esteemed group of scientists is raising money to test the potential protective effects of a 60-year-old live polio vaccine called O.P.V.

Its counterintuitive to think that old vaccines created to fight very different pathogens could defend against the coronavirus. The idea is controversial in part because it challenges the dogma about how vaccines work.

But scientists understanding of an arm of immunology known as innate immunity has shifted in recent years. A growing body of research suggests that live vaccines, which are made from living but attenuated pathogens (as opposed to inactivated vaccines, which use dead pathogens) provide broad protection against infections in ways that no one anticipated.

We cant be certain as to what the outcome will be, but I suspect itll have an effect on the coronavirus, said Jeffrey Cirillo, a microbiologist and immunologist at Texas A&M University who is leading one of the B.C.G. trials. Question is, how big will it be?

Scientists stress that these vaccines will not be a panacea. They might make symptoms milder, but they probably wont eliminate them. And the protection, if it occurs, would most likely last only a few years.

Still, these could be a first step, said Dr. Mihai Netea, an immunologist at Radboud University in the Netherlands who is leading another one of the trials. They can be the bridge until you have the time to develop a specific vaccine.

The first evidence to suggest that live vaccines could be broadly protective trickled in nearly a century ago, but no one knew what to make of it. In 1927, soon after B.C.G. was rolled out, Carl Naslund of the Swedish Tuberculosis Society observed that children vaccinated with the live tuberculosis vaccine were three times less likely to die of any cause compared with kids who werent.

One is tempted to explain this very low mortality among vaccinated children by the idea that B.C.G. vaccine provokes a nonspecific immunity, he wrote in 1932.

Then, in clinical trials conducted in the 1940s and 50s in the United States and Britain, researchers found that B.C.G. reduced nonaccidental deaths from causes other than tuberculosis by an average of 25 percent.

Also in the 1950s, Russian researchers, including Marina Voroshilova of the Academy of Medical Science in Moscow, noticed that people who had been given the live polio vaccine, compared with people who hadnt, were far less likely to fall ill with the seasonal flu and other respiratory infections. She and other scientists undertook a clinical trial involving 320,000 Russians to more carefully test these mysterious effects.

They found that among individuals who had received the live polio vaccine, the incidence of seasonal influenza was reduced by 75 percent, said Konstantin Chumakov, Voroshilovas son, who is now an associate director for research in the U.S. Food and Drug Administrations Office of Vaccines Research and Review.

Recent studies have produced similar findings. In a 2016 review of 68 papers commissioned by the World Health Organization, a team of researchers concluded that B.C.G., along with other live vaccines, reduce overall mortality by more than would be expected through their effects on the diseases they prevent.

The W.H.O. has long been skeptical about these nonspecific effects, in part because much of the research on them has involved observational studies that dont establish cause and effect. But in a recent report incorporating newer results from some clinical trials, the organization described nonspecific vaccine effects as plausible and common.

Dr. Stanley Plotkin, a vaccinologist and emeritus professor at the University of Pennsylvania who developed the rubella vaccine but has no involvement in the current research, agreed. Vaccines can affect the immune system beyond the response to the specific pathogen, he said.

Peter Aaby, a Danish anthropologist who has spent 40 years studying the nonspecific effects of vaccines in Guinea-Bissau, in West Africa, and whose findings have been criticized as implausible, is hopeful that these trials will be a tipping point for research in the field. Its kind of a golden moment in terms of actually having this taken seriously, he said.

The possibility that vaccines could have nonspecific effects is brow-furrowing in part because scientists have long believed that vaccines work by stimulating the bodys highly specific adaptive immune system.

After receiving a vaccine against, say, polio, a persons body creates an army of polio-specific antibodies that recognize and attack the virus before it has a chance to take hold. Antibodies against polio cant fight off infections caused by other pathogens, though so, based on this framework, polio vaccines should not be able to reduce the risk associated with other viruses, such as the coronavirus.

But over the past decade, immunologists have discovered that live vaccines also stimulate the innate immune system, which is less specific but much faster. They have found that the innate immune system can be trained by live vaccines to better fight off various kinds of pathogens.

For instance, in a 2018 study, Dr. Netea and his colleagues vaccinated volunteers with either B.C.G. or a placebo and then infected them all with a harmless version of the yellow fever virus. Those who had been given B.C.G. were better able to fight off yellow fever.

Research by Dr. Netea and others shows that live vaccines train the bodys immune system by initiating changes in some stem cells. Among other things, the vaccines initiate the creation of tiny marks that help cells turn on genes involved in immune protection against multiple pathogens.

This area of innate immunity is one of the hottest areas in fundamental immunology today, said Dr. Robert Gallo, the director of the Institute of Human Virology at the University of Maryland School of Medicine and co-founder of the Global Virus Network, a coalition of virologists from more than 30 countries. In the 1980s, Dr. Gallo helped to identify H.I.V. as the cause of AIDS.

Dr. Gallo is leading the charge to test the O.P.V. live polio vaccine as a treatment for coronavirus. He and his colleagues hope to start a clinical trial on health care workers in New York City and Maryland within six weeks.

O.P.V. is routinely used in 143 countries, but no longer in the United States. An inactivated polio vaccine was reintroduced here in 1997, in part because one out of every 2.7 million people who receive the live vaccine can actually develop polio from it.

But O.P.V. does not pose this risk to Americans who have received a polio vaccine in the past. We believe this is very, very, very safe, Dr. Gallo said. Its also inexpensive at 12 cents a dose, and is administered orally, so it doesnt require needles.

Some scientists have raised concerns over whether these vaccines could increase the risk for cytokine storms deadly inflammatory reactions that have been observed in some people weeks after they have been infected with the coronavirus. Dr. Netea and others said that they were taking these concerns seriously but did not anticipate problems. For one thing, the vaccines will be given only to healthy people not to people who are already infected.

Also, B.C.G. may actually be able to ramp up the bodys initial immune response in ways that reduce the amount of virus in the body, such that an inflammatory response never occurs. It may lead to less infection to start with, said Dr. Moshe Arditi, the director of the Infectious and Immunological Diseases Research Center at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, who is leading one of the trial arms.

The science on this is still early days. Several pre-prints scientific papers that have not yet been peer-reviewed published over the past few months support the idea that B.C.G. could protect against the coronavirus. They have reported, for instance, that death rates are lower in countries that routinely vaccinate children with B.C.G. But these studies can be fraught with bias and difficult to interpret; its impossible to know whether the vaccinations, or something else, provided the protection.

Such studies are at the very bottom of the evidence hierarchy, said Dr. Christine Stabell Benn, who is raising funds for a Danish B.C.G trial. She added that the protective effects of a dose of B.C.G given to adults decades ago, when they were infants, may well differ from the protective effects the vaccine could provide when given to adults during an outbreak.

In the end, said Dr. Netea, only the clinical trials will give the answer.

Thankfully, that answer will come very soon. Initial results from the trials that are underway may be available within a few months. If these researchers are right, these old vaccines could buy us time and save thousands of lives while we work to develop a new one.

Melinda Wenner Moyer is a science and health writer and the author of a forthcoming book on raising children.

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Could Innate Immunology Save Us From the Coronavirus? - The New York Times

MARNIE FORESTIERICEO | Young Innovators Academy and Childcare Network

Marnie Forestieri had been trying to solve one problem for years: to improve the salaries of early-childhood teachers. A former childcare franchisee and franchisor, she was unable to find the solution within the franchise modela business model that takes up to 10% of the total revenue of an operator not leaving room for a pay increase or career advancement opportunities. As an educator, she was concerned about the high teacher turnover rate of the industry and was aware of the importance of providing young children with a stable and trained workforce during the most critical years of brain development.

Thats when she decided to start looking outside the industry for a solution. Forestieris new brainchild, Young Innovators Academy, is an alternative business model that aims to compete with established childcare franchises by offering future childcare entrepreneurs a lower market entry and simple licensing contracts. Her platform streamlines all the services needed in childcare operations so new providers can compete with existing childcare brands. But its not just about operations: the real differentiator of Young Innovators is their curriculumone that aims to give children the Innovation Advantage. Through a preschool curriculum inspired by the design-thinking process from the Stanford University and Harvard Universitys maker centered learning, the company hopes to prepare children for the careers of the future.

The team was right on target to roll out the first childcare centers powered by their technology platform this year when Covid-19 happened. To support their parents during the crisis, the Young Innovators team decided to take on a new mission. Forestieri drew from her previous experiences as a TV producer to turn the companys lab school into a professional TV Studio featuring a daily circle time on YouTube and weekly lesson plans for parents. During the process, her staff transition from teaching positions to on-camera, curriculum development, and social media roles. Forestieri believes that infusing the maker mindset at a young age allows children to become agents of change and that teachers practicing the maker mindset is a precursor to teaching Innovation principles.

163 E. Morse Blvd. | Suite 230 | Winter Park, FL 32789 | Phone: 407-988-0230 | younginnovatorsacademy.com

Elisha Gonzlez has been a positive agent for change throughout her professional career, which has spanned more than 25 years. Ive found that a willingness to embrace change is critical for success. Change is a constant, no matter the industry, success depends on how you adapt.

Gonzlez is a connector and relationship builder who has long been recognized for her leadership, business acumen and commitment to community. Her background includes working for the Orange County Public School system, the U.S. Senate, Valencia College, Duke Energy and now, Fairwinds Credit Union as Vice President of Community Relations and Government Affairs. She also serves as Executive Director of the nonprofit Fairwinds Foundation, where she leads the effort to bolster organizations that advocate financial literacy and volunteerism by working with Fairwinds crew members in community outreach.

Gonzlez has been instrumental in the new, unified vision for the FAIRWINDS Foundation that wants to help the communities they serve be debt free. We want our community to save more, eliminate debt, build wealth so that they experience financial freedom and have the opportunity to live generously.

She is enjoying her latest career transition to the financial sector. Some competencies are not industry-specific, says Gonzlez. No matter what business youre in, people are always at the heart of any industry. Your ability and willingness to develop a deep understanding of customers, co-workers and the business will determine your level of effectiveness within the organization. As someone who enjoys connecting with people, Im grateful that my career has been characterized by creating meaningful connections on behalf of the organizations I represent.

Gonzlez has been recognized for her extensive community work and leadership on the boards of numerous nonprofits that revolve around inclusion, diversity and education. She has a deep commitment to the organizations she has championed, including Heart of Florida United Way, Project Opioid, the Holocaust Memorial Resource and Education Center, Orlando Economic Partnership, the Hispanic Heritage Scholarship Fund of Metro Orlando, and CareerSource Florida workforces initiatives. Im passionate about breaking down inequality, discrimination and barriers to the economic and social prosperity of our community.

135 W. Central Blvd. | Orlando, FL 32801 | Phone: 407-277-5045 | FAIRWINDS.ORG/Foundation

After graduating college with a degree in business and marketing, Caryn Green served as a Guardian ad Litem, a decision that launched her 20+ year law career helping families through difficult transitions. I was asked to testify at trial on one of my files that involved a potential termination of a parents right to see her child, she recalls. I was frustrated by how ill-prepared the lawyers were, especially with what was at stake. The combination of gathering evidence and properly presenting it to a court immediately appealed to me. On my way home from court, I stopped by the bookstore and bought an LSAT study guide and immediately signed up to take the test. Caryn brings a unique perspective in her approach to law and family life. Practicing law has definitely taught me to compromise. Compromise, respect and support are essential for a healthy, happy family. She works to resolve family disputes as painlessly as possible, especially for the sake of children involved. Her focus on family helps Caryn maintain balance in her life, and she cites her role as a mother of two well adjusted, intelligent, kind and thoughtful daughters as her greatest accomplishment. She encourages her daughters to follow their dreams. One of my daughters has expressed a desire to be a lawyer, and the other has definitely crossed it off her list. Caryn was inspired by her law professors and hopes to someday teach at a law school. Caryn continues to serve the people of Orlando, which she describes as the best city in Florida with wonderful neighborhoods and a vibrant philanthropic community. After one of her daughters was diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes more than 14 years ago, Caryn launched a gala to raise money for the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation. In 2018, our Orlando community rose to the occasion and helped us set a record breaking year, raising almost $1 million in one night, she recalls.

1000 Legion Place | Suite 1650 | Orlando, FL 32801 | Phone: 407-403-5558 | GreenFamilyLaw.net

The tragic death of a little boy in 1992 could have been simply that: a tragic death. Instead, the short life of that little boy inspired Margaret Guedes to turn tragedy into a lifelong mission and keep the memory and legacy of her son, John, alive by helping other children diagnosed with cancer. Kids Beating Cancer is dedicated to ensuring every child who needs a bone marrow or stem cell transplant has access to this life-saving treatment. Margarets journey started when she could not find a local transplant facility. She had to displace her family and move to Seattle so that her son could get a much-needed transplant. John lived for four years before succumbing to his disease. Margaret then vowed to make sure no other mother or child had to experience what she and her son went through by bringing a state-of-the art transplant center to Central Florida. Margaret exhibits a mothers determination to fight for every child who needs a transplant to receive the best care in the best facility. She also works to ensure every family receives support programs to make each day a little more bearable as they navigate the long journey to a cure. Turning personal tragedy into triumph has been the core value that has driven Margaret to overcome years of barriers, ultimately leading to the opening of the Kids Beating Cancer Pediatric Transplant Center. She built Kids Beating Cancer with all that in mind, knowing how devastating it is to have a family member diagnosed with cancer. The support and engagement of the local community, corporations, private foundations and individual donors has made Kids Beating Cancer what it is today. Through Margarets tenacity and leadership, Kids Beating Cancer has become a nationally recognized nonprofit, touching the lives of more than 10,000 children. Children have received millions of dollars in life-saving treatments at the Kids Beating Cancer Pediatric Transplant Center, which brings the latest treatments to each childs bedside. Since 1992, Margaret has put more than $22 million back into the community to help every child with cancer or leukemia have the best hope for a cure. She has also started The Science is the Cure Research Grant to fund the cure through innovative and novel research by developing new treatments for blood cancers and cellular therapies.

228 E. Winter Park St. | Orlando, FL 32804 | Phone: 407-894-2888 | kidsbeatingcancer.com

Kelly Price, an entrepreneurial icon and one of Floridas preeminent brokers, has made herself into a household name in the Orlando real estate industry. Having lived in Winter Park since she was twelve years old, Kelly is a proud Winter Park High School Wildcat, a University of Florida Gator, and an MBA graduate of Rollins Crummer School of Business. Over the years, she developed an astute and competitive eye for real estate which has been fostered by passion for her community.

When she launched her company in 2002, the mantra that she built it upon was Integrity, loyalty, and unwavering enthusiasm. Her main focus was to guarantee her clients a new level of exceptional professionalism unsurpassed by any other in the real estate industry. Backed by a group of dynamic agents, Kelly Price & Company offers steadfast commitment to clients, swift communication, and positivity, all blending together to provide award-winning service.

While quarantines, stay-home orders, and social distancing have become todays norm as the world attempts to flatten the curve, these changes in behavior have not reduced the amount of work getting done. Kelly Price & Company remains a leader in the community thanks to its top notch agents and use of technology. Although they may not be able to interact with their clients in person, the agents continue to creatively find alternative ways to offer home buying and selling options. The company will continue to proactively follow guidelines from the CDC and take preventive measures on an ongoing basis to maintain a safe environment for all involved. With the support of Kellys personal family and her ever-growing family at Kelly Price & Company, nothing can stop her!

Kelly will always claim Winter Park as her home and is dedicated to limitlessly serving not just her immediate community, but also Central Florida as a whole. She is a charismatic ambassador and local advocate, proudly representing Central Floridas most distinguished homes for more than 30 years. Although the use of technology has helped the company continue to move business forward, she cant wait for things to get back to normal and have face-to-face interactions with her clients who become friends, and friends who become family.

243 W. Park Avenue | Winter Park, FL 32789 | Phone: 407-645-4321 | KellyPriceAndCompany.com

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5 Powerful Orlando Women: 2020 Women Who Move The City - Orlando Magazine

MIAMI (CBSMiami) The FDA gave Baptist Health approval to test a stem cell treatment on COVID-19 patients and so far its come back with positive results.

The treatment has proven successful with three patients.

One of those patients, Ruth Ramirez says it saved her life.

Ramirez was discharged from the hospital on Friday afternoon.

They saved my life. They definitely saved my life, said Ramirez.

Ramirez recently received stem cells from an umbilical cord known as mesenchymal cells.

Mesenchymal stem cells have the ability to reduce cytokine levels, said doctor Guenther Koehne.

Baptist Hospital says patients like Ramirez showed a reduction of their oxygen requirement from 100% to less than 50% within days of the infusion, accompanied by a significant reduction in levels of various key circulating inflammatory markers.

I couldnt breathe. I had a fever a headache I was nauseous, said Ramirez.

Ruth, an employee of the Miami Cancer Institute, tested positive for COVID-19 back on April 7th. She was admitted to the ICU and ended up on a ventilator fighting for her life.

Knowing she may lose consciousness she gave her sister power of attorney. That is when doctors Koehne and Javier Perez Fernandez approached the family about this FDA approved experimental therapy.

Im a person who jumps. I jump with hope with the best outcome there is on the other side. I think she took that into consideration with my characteristic and said Ruth would probably do this.

According to friends, Ruth was in ICU for three weeks, on a ventilator, and unable to breathe on her own.

All that time, she was away from her two small kids. That was several days ago.

On Friday, she was discharged.

To be here in this room, alone, and not being able to hold them. It was hard you know its hard.

As soon as they told me that I was going home I was like what?? And that I tested negative again I was like wait!! That changed my mood completely

Still fuzzy on the timeline, Ruth says shes unsure where along the way she received the treatment but is thankful for the doctors and wants others to know there is hope.

You know I hear the bells here all the time the eye of the tiger thats the song that you walk out of when you come out with coronavirus. Its such a pleasure hearing it all the time now. More than I heard it yesterday.

Not only did the doctors step up, but so did her co-workers who set up this Ruthie-strong go fund me page to help with bills and expenses.

They also helped take care of her family.

They would send food to them. Groceries. My kids were taken care of my sister was taken care of. She didnt have to leave from the house.

Theyre just amazing.

The University of Miami is also working on a clinical trial using mesenchymal cells which we reported on in April.

Click here if you would like to donate to her GoFundMe page.

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Coronavirus Update: Baptist Hospital Patient Credits Stem Cell Treatment With Saving Her Life - CBS Miami

Cryopreservation has become an indispensable step in the daily routine of scientific research as well as in a number of medical applications, ranging from assisted reproduction and transplantations to cell-based therapies and biomarker identification. It is hardly possible to picture todays scientific and medical advancements without this technique.The successful development and implementation of all the therapeutic and scientific discoveries involving cryopreservation relies on the correct and safe translation of the method from the laboratory to the clinical and manufacturing scale.

With the need to correctly use this technique, more research is focusing on optimizing cryopreservation methods and investigating what the long-term effects and consequences are on the physiology of the cryopreserved material.

An important part of cell therapy research is focused on adult stem cells (ASCs). ASCs can be derived from different sources such as peripheral blood, bone marrow or adipose tissue and display strong promises because of their capacity to differentiate into any cell type of the human body.In recent work3, the team of Michael Pepper at the Institute for Cellular and Molecular Medicine in Pretoria, South Africa, explored the effects of cryopreservation on the differentiation ability of adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ADSCs). After analyzing gene expression of key adipogenic genes and the degree of differentiating cells, characterized with high levels of CD36 and intracellular lipid droplets, the scientists reported that slow freeze cryopreservation of cells shortly after their isolation causes no alterations on their ability to differentiate. Pepper is convinced of the necessity to perform such analysis when cryopreserving important cell pools: It is critical to do a post-thaw analysis of cell function to determine how the cryopreservation may have affected the cells.His team is analyzing the effects of cryopreservation on other cell types largely used in cell-based therapies such as hematological stem cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Although they didnt observe major alterations in terms of immunophenotyping or the post-thaw proliferation of the cells, Pepper expresses his concern that more subtle characteristics might be affected.

Correct cryopreservation of cells intended for therapeutic use is crucial. This is very important particularly as cells may persist for a long time in the recipient. This area of cell therapy research definitely requires more attention, Pepper says. Moreover, his words reflect on the need to evaluate not only the direct post-thaw recovery, but to look deeper into the late-onset effects cryopreservation might have and ensure that transplanted cells have preserved their therapeutic properties.

In contrast to slow freezing, vitrification relies on the fast freezing of the material by putting it in high concentration of cryoprotectant and in contact with liquid nitrogen. This method allows the direct transition of water from liquid to solid state without crystal formation. The highly concentrated cryoprotectant prevents ice formation and therefore there is no need for slow cooling.

Although vitrification has a great potential, there are a couple of parameters that are a point of concern. The quick and drastic freeze is possible thanks to the high concentration of cryoprotectant, but the latter is also associated with higher toxicity. In some cases, an additional limitation is the direct contact of the sample with liquid nitrogen which is a predisposition for viral or bacterial contamination.The team of Christiani Amorim at the Institute for Experimental and Clinical Research in Louvain, Belgium, is approaching the challenges of vitrification in the context of ovarian auto-transplantation. Ovarian auto-transplantation consists of preserving a piece of ovarian tissue with active follicles from the pre-therapeutic ovary of a cancer patient, as chemotherapy often has damaging effects on the reproductive organs. This tissue sample will be conserved and auto-transplanted onto the patients ovary when she has recovered and wishes to become pregnant.In their recent research4, the authors used stepped vitrification, in which the concentration of the cryoprotectant is gradually increased while simultaneously temperature decreases. This avoids ice crystal formation and also prevents cryoprotectant toxicity.Although stepped vitrification has previously given good results in bovine ovarian tissue5, this was not the case for human ovarian tissue. The scientists didnt detect normal follicles following thawing and linked this to high cryoprotectant toxicity. Indeed, they observed all signs of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)-related cell membrane damage: significant organelle damage, cell membrane disintegration and apoptosis. These observations imply on the variability of outcomes that the method could give when applied to the same type of tissue but from a different organism.Amorim is positive about the future of their method and recognizes the need for further research on the topic: I can see a great potential in the stepped vitrification approach, but I also believe that there is a lot we still need to learn before thinking about using it as method of choice for human ovarian tissue cryopreservation. The high cryoprotectant concentration that should be applied in this approach is my first concern. () Our study clearly showed that 50% DMSO is too high, so we need to try lower concentrations or combine it with other cryoprotectants.

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Freezing Life: The Current Trends in Cryopreservation - Technology Networks

HONG KONG, April 27, 2020 /PRNewswire/ -- Global Cord Blood Corporation (NYSE: CO) ("GCBC" or the "Company"), China's leading provider of cord blood collection, laboratory testing, hematopoietic stem cell processing and stem cell storage services, today provided an update on the impact of the 2019 novel coronavirus ("COVID-19") on the Company's expected fiscal 2021 operations.

Based on information available to date, management estimates that the Company's new subscriber number in fiscal 2021 will decrease to 60,000-65,000, a 19%-29% decrease from the Company's fiscal 2020 new subscriber target, which is 80,000-85,000.

Under the anti-pandemic policies and measures taken by the Chinese government, the risk levels associated with major cities has decreased, and social and economic activities are gradually resuming. However, hospitals, which are the Company's key promotion and marketing channel, remain at the forefront in fighting this pandemic and remain under strict supervision and control. In the Company's key markets of Beijing municipality, Guangdong province, and Zhejiang province, the Company's usual marketing and promotion activities are significantly impacted by the control measures implemented by authorities and hospitals, prompting it to constantly readjust its marketing and promotion activities.

During this difficult time, the Company has prioritized employee safety and protection by providing personal protective equipment ("PPE") to everyone, especially the frontline sales team, and by implementing additional disinfection measures and work streams in its day-to-day operating procedures. The management team has also recalibrated its marketing and promotion efforts in order to better serve and engage with target and existing clients. As a result, operating costs have increased.

The negative economic impact brought forth by the COVID-19 pandemic has affected numerous industries and further erodes already weak consumer sentiment. GCBC management expects that these conditions, compounded by other factors, will adversely affect and potentially delay potential clients' pregnancy plans. Therefore, management believes it is possible that the number of newborns in the Company's respective regions will remain low in the near term. While the world is facing various challenges in response to COVID-19, China may continue to tighten its anti-pandemic policies and measures, which would add further headwinds to the recovery pace of China's economy and consumer confidence. GCBC management does not expect these conditions to be significantly improved in the near term.

Under the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Company management is not optimistic regarding the general operating environment. Current operating data points to the low end of the expected fiscal 2021 new subscriber range. The management would like to remind investors that the above estimation is a forecast that reflects the Company's current and preliminary views, which is subject to change and substantial uncertainties, particularly in view of the potential impact of the COVID-19 outbreak, the effects of which are difficult to analyze and predict. The management will continue to monitor the evolvement of the pandemic and does not exclude the possibility of further adjusting the Group strategy and target as future situation and events unfold. Meanwhile, the management will continue to proactively explore and identify opportunities within the healthcare industry value chain to ensure the Group future growth over the long run.

About Global Cord Blood Corporation

Global Cord Blood Corporation is the first and largest umbilical cord blood banking operator in China in terms of geographical coverage and the only cord blood banking operator with multiple licenses. Global Cord Blood Corporation provides cord blood collection, laboratory testing, hematopoietic stem cell processing and stem cell storage services. For more information, please visit the Company's website at: http://www.globalcordbloodcorp.com.

Safe Harbor Statement

This press release contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. These statements relate to future events or the Company's future financial performance. The Company has attempted to identify forward-looking statements by terminology including "anticipates", "believes", "expects", "can", "continue", "could", "estimates", "intends", "may", "plans", "potential", "predict", "should" or "will" or the negative of these terms or other comparable terminology. These statements are only predictions, uncertainties and other factors may cause the Company's actual results, levels of activity, performance or achievements to be materially different from any future results, levels of activity, performance or achievements expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. The information in this press release is not intended to project future performance of the Company. Although the Company believes that the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements are reasonable, the Company does not guarantee future results, levels of activity, performance or achievements. The Company expectations are as of the date this press release is issued, and the Company does not intend to update any of the forward-looking statements after the date this press release is issued to conform these statements to actual results, unless required by law.

For more information, please contact:

Global Cord Blood CorporationInvestor Relations DepartmentTel: (+852) 3605-8180Email: ir@globalcordbloodcorp.com

ICR, Inc.William ZimaTel: (+86) 10-6583-7511U.S. Tel: (646) 405-5185Email: William.zima@icrinc.com

View original content:http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/global-cord-blood-corporation-provides-further-update-on-covid-19-301047374.html

SOURCE Global Cord Blood Corporation

Company Codes: NYSE:CO

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Global Cord Blood Corporation Provides Further Update on COVID-19 - BioSpace

Stem Cell Restore is a formula that works toward improving your health on a cellular level to decrease age-related weakness and fatigue. This product employs natural ingredients for reaching its goals such as resveratrol, black current cocktail, icariin, and grape seed.

Multiple research works from renowned universities back the approach that this product takes. The best part is that it makes you feel stronger, younger, more refreshed, and more energetic without requiring you to get injected with needles. A simple and convenient solution. Another anti-aging plus weight loss supplement that you can opt for is Resurge. This is a new formula by John Barban. Interested folks can learn more about Resurge customer reviews on USAToday.

Stem Cell Restore Review

Aging is the only thing in your life that is bound to happen. Unfortunately, it is not the best experience. Sure, it gives you wisdom, but those wrinkles, that weakness, declining energy levels all these negative factors completely loot the good things. After all, no one likes to wake up in the morning to feel down and weak. No one likes it when it their joints ache or when they look in the mirror to see a dull reflection.

This brings us to possible solutions that you can go for. One of these is Stem Cell Restore. This is a potent dietary supplement that has been made using natural ingredients. The product is backed by science which is what marks it as reliable. Since it comes in the form of capsules, it can be a convenient addition to your routine. Hence, if you are on the lookout for an age-reversing formula, this is one that you can invest in.

Why Choose This Product?

Around the globe, women and men alike are waiting for a magical solution for saving themselves from accelerated aging. There certainly are many options available out there. However, most of these are not worth it. Why? Because they come with negative side effects. Not to mention, these so-called techniques for erasing the effects of aging are all supremely painful. They involve countless injections or an elaborate surgery.

Would you like to still go for these youth preserving tactics? Surely, youre at the very least hesitant. If you decide to go ahead nevertheless, know that the procedures are expensive. They cost hundreds of dollars and still, they are unnatural and eventually make your skin sag. This is where Stem Cell Restore comes into the picture and steals the limelight. The dietary supplement is based on the concept of stem cell surgery.

However, it has three favorable points that win over any surgery. First of all, it doesnt cost as much. In fact, you get to become youthful, energetic, and strong all with a solution that is less than $100. Secondly, the product happens to be completely natural. It doesnt contain any harmful components such as chemicals, additives, preservatives, and the like. This translates to safe usage. Lastly, theres no needles involved; you are just supposed to take the pills regularly.

Working Of This Product

Stem Cell Restore taps into the idea of repairing cells and rejuvenating them. By doing so, it is able to refresh your health completely. All your parts from tendons and joints to your heart and kidneys are able to function better as a result. Old cells are repaired at a fast rate and new ones are created. This makes you feel fresher, and more active. Its not uncommon of people to experience bodily aches and fatigue after crossing 30 years of age.

This product is a suitable solution for everyone. It gets to the core of preserving youth and improves health. Moreover, it also tackles the issue of inflammation which is what disturbs health in numerous ways. Unlike mainstream products, your skin is not the only organ that benefits. In fact, your entire body experiences the effects. To reach its goals, the formula employs only natural ingredients which are effective at their job. As mentioned above, Resurge is another formula for deep sleep and anti-aging. It comes with a money-back guarantee. You can check out more Resurge reviews on Yahoo Finance before deciding which one to buy among the two.

Ingredients Of This Product

Stem Cell Restore has an entirely natural composition. It doesnt comprise of any such ingredients which can have damaging effects in the short- or long-run. The product is a winner mainly because of this. No additives, fillers or other such harmful components are present in the formula. Since all the ingredients are completely organic you dont have to worry about any negative side effects of use. Lets take a look at the ingredients:

Pricing Of The Product

Did you know that you can get this product for absolutely free? Yes, thats true. For a trial period, the dietary supplement is entirely free of cost. You just have to pay for shipping and handling which just requires $9.95 from your wallet. The trail period lasts for 30 days.

If the product satisfies you, its yours and automatically charges are deducted from your account or card. Thats simple and gives you a chance to see whether or not this supplement actually works. There are also three bonus products that tag along with this supplement. These come for free as well. Heres a list of the bonus product that accompany:

Verdict

Stem Cell Restore is a great product for maintaining youthful energy and strength. The product is great for recovering from the pain and fatigue that usually occurs after the age of 30. This formula repairs and encourages the production of cells through the body. In this way, it improves each organs functionality and hence, overall health. You can know more about this dietary supplement by visiting its website online.

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Stem Cell Restore Helps Regain Youthful Strength And Energy - ZOBUZ - Zobuz

The market expects Fate Therapeutics (FATE) to deliver a year-over-year decline in earnings on lower revenues when it reports results for the quarter ended March 2020. This widely-known consensus outlook is important in assessing the company's earnings picture, but a powerful factor that might influence its near-term stock price is how the actual results compare to these estimates.

The stock might move higher if these key numbers top expectations in the upcoming earnings report. On the other hand, if they miss, the stock may move lower.

While the sustainability of the immediate price change and future earnings expectations will mostly depend on management's discussion of business conditions on the earnings call, it's worth handicapping the probability of a positive EPS surprise.

Zacks Consensus Estimate

This clinical-stage biotech company that develops stem cell treatments is expected to post quarterly loss of $0.38 per share in its upcoming report, which represents a year-over-year change of -26.7%.

Revenues are expected to be $2.07 million, down 21.3% from the year-ago quarter.

Estimate Revisions Trend

The consensus EPS estimate for the quarter has been revised 49.28% higher over the last 30 days to the current level. This is essentially a reflection of how the covering analysts have collectively reassessed their initial estimates over this period.

Investors should keep in mind that the direction of estimate revisions by each of the covering analysts may not always get reflected in the aggregate change.

Price, Consensus and EPS Surprise

Earnings Whisper

Estimate revisions ahead of a company's earnings release offer clues to the business conditions for the period whose results are coming out. This insight is at the core of our proprietary surprise prediction model -- the Zacks Earnings ESP (Expected Surprise Prediction).

The Zacks Earnings ESP compares the Most Accurate Estimate to the Zacks Consensus Estimate for the quarter; the Most Accurate Estimate is a more recent version of the Zacks Consensus EPS estimate. The idea here is that analysts revising their estimates right before an earnings release have the latest information, which could potentially be more accurate than what they and others contributing to the consensus had predicted earlier.

Thus, a positive or negative Earnings ESP reading theoretically indicates the likely deviation of the actual earnings from the consensus estimate. However, the model's predictive power is significant for positive ESP readings only.

A positive Earnings ESP is a strong predictor of an earnings beat, particularly when combined with a Zacks Rank #1 (Strong Buy), 2 (Buy) or 3 (Hold). Our research shows that stocks with this combination produce a positive surprise nearly 70% of the time, and a solid Zacks Rank actually increases the predictive power of Earnings ESP.

Please note that a negative Earnings ESP reading is not indicative of an earnings miss. Our research shows that it is difficult to predict an earnings beat with any degree of confidence for stocks with negative Earnings ESP readings and/or Zacks Rank of 4 (Sell) or 5 (Strong Sell).

How Have the Numbers Shaped Up for Fate Therapeutics?

For Fate Therapeutics, the Most Accurate Estimate is higher than the Zacks Consensus Estimate, suggesting that analysts have recently become bullish on the company's earnings prospects. This has resulted in an Earnings ESP of +13.16%.

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On the other hand, the stock currently carries a Zacks Rank of #2.

So, this combination indicates that Fate Therapeutics will most likely beat the consensus EPS estimate.

Does Earnings Surprise History Hold Any Clue?

Analysts often consider to what extent a company has been able to match consensus estimates in the past while calculating their estimates for its future earnings. So, it's worth taking a look at the surprise history for gauging its influence on the upcoming number.

For the last reported quarter, it was expected that Fate Therapeutics would post a loss of $0.39 per share when it actually produced a loss of $0.37, delivering a surprise of +5.13%.

Over the last four quarters, the company has beaten consensus EPS estimates just once.

Bottom Line

An earnings beat or miss may not be the sole basis for a stock moving higher or lower. Many stocks end up losing ground despite an earnings beat due to other factors that disappoint investors. Similarly, unforeseen catalysts help a number of stocks gain despite an earnings miss.

That said, betting on stocks that are expected to beat earnings expectations does increase the odds of success. This is why it's worth checking a company's Earnings ESP and Zacks Rank ahead of its quarterly release. Make sure to utilize our Earnings ESP Filter to uncover the best stocks to buy or sell before they've reported.

Fate Therapeutics appears a compelling earnings-beat candidate. However, investors should pay attention to other factors too for betting on this stock or staying away from it ahead of its earnings release.

Want the latest recommendations from Zacks Investment Research? Today, you can download 7 Best Stocks for the Next 30 Days. Click to get this free reportFate Therapeutics, Inc. (FATE) : Free Stock Analysis ReportTo read this article on Zacks.com click here.

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Study on the Global Platelet Rich Plasma and Stem Cell Alopecia Treatment Market

The report on the global Platelet Rich Plasma and Stem Cell Alopecia Treatment market reveals that the Platelet Rich Plasma and Stem Cell Alopecia Treatment market is anticipated to grow at a CAGR of ~XX% during the forecast period (2019-2029). The report provides a thorough assessment of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the current and future prospects of the Platelet Rich Plasma and Stem Cell Alopecia Treatment market across various geographies. Further, the report provides accurate data related to the business continuity and contingency strategies adopted by leading market players operating in the Platelet Rich Plasma and Stem Cell Alopecia Treatment market.

The quantitative and qualitative assessment of the various segments of the Platelet Rich Plasma and Stem Cell Alopecia Treatment market enables stakeholders, investors, upcoming and established market players to devise robust business development strategies. The report tracks the recent developments within the Platelet Rich Plasma and Stem Cell Alopecia Treatment market in terms of innovation, technological progress, regulatory framework, supply chain bottlenecks, and more.

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Major Doubts Pertaining to the Platelet Rich Plasma and Stem Cell Alopecia Treatment Market Addressed in the Report

Segmentation Analysis of the Platelet Rich Plasma and Stem Cell Alopecia Treatment Market

The growth potential of the Platelet Rich Plasma and Stem Cell Alopecia Treatment market in each region is accurately depicted in the report. The market attractiveness index included in the report enables readers to identify the most lucrative pockets within the Platelet Rich Plasma and Stem Cell Alopecia Treatment market and make informed business decisions.

The report throws light on the adoption pattern of different products along with a thorough analysis of the pricing and supply-demand ratio of each product.

Competitive Landscape

The competitive landscape section of the report tracks the business proceedings of the key players operating in the Platelet Rich Plasma and Stem Cell Alopecia Treatment market. The pricing, marketing, sales, and promotional strategies adopted by each market player is represented in the report. The contingency strategies of different players amidst the COVID-19 pandemic are touched upon in the presented report.

Market: Drivers and RestrainsThe research report has incorporated the analysis of different factors that augment the markets growth. It constitutes trends, restraints, and drivers that transform the market in either a positive or negative manner. This section also provides the scope of different segments and applications that can potentially influence the market in the future. The detailed information is based on current trends and historic milestones. This section also provides an analysis of the volume of sales about the global market and also about each type from 2015 to 2026. This section mentions the volume of sales by region from 2015 to 2026. Pricing analysis is included in the report according to each type from the year 2015 to 2026, manufacturer from 2015 to 2020, region from 2015 to 2020, and global price from 2015 to 2026.A thorough evaluation of the restrains included in the report portrays the contrast to drivers and gives room for strategic planning. Factors that overshadow the market growth are pivotal as they can be understood to devise different bends for getting hold of the lucrative opportunities that are present in the ever-growing market. Additionally, insights into market experts opinions have been taken to understand the market better.Global Platelet Rich Plasma and Stem Cell Alopecia Treatment Market: Segment Analysis The research report includes specific segments such as application and product type. Each type provides information about the sales during the forecast period of 2015 to 2026. The application segment also provides revenue by volume and sales during the forecast period of 2015 to 2026. Understanding the segments helps in identifying the importance of different factors that aid the market growth.Global Platelet Rich Plasma and Stem Cell Alopecia Treatment Market: Regional AnalysisThe research report includes a detailed study of regions of North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, and Middle East and Africa. The report has been curated after observing and studying various factors that determine regional growth such as economic, environmental, social, technological, and political status of the particular region. Analysts have studied the data of revenue, sales, and manufacturers of each region. This section analyses region-wise revenue and volume for the forecast period of 2015 to 2026. These analyses will help the reader to understand the potential worth of investment in a particular region.Global Platelet Rich Plasma and Stem Cell Alopecia Treatment Market: Competitive LandscapeThis section of the report identifies various key manufacturers of the market. It helps the reader understand the strategies and collaborations that players are focusing on combat competition in the market. The comprehensive report provides a significant microscopic look at the market. The reader can identify the footprints of the manufacturers by knowing about the global revenue of manufacturers, the global price of manufacturers, and sales by manufacturers during the forecast period of 2015 to 2019.Following are the segments covered by the report are:Androgenic AlopeciaCongenital AlopeciaCicatricial Or Scarring AlopeciaBy Application:HospitalDermatology ClinicOtherKey Players:The Key manufacturers that are operating in the global Platelet Rich Plasma and Stem Cell Alopecia Treatment market are:KerastemEclipseRegen Lab SAStemcell TechnologiesRepliCel Life SciencesHistogenGlofinn Oy.Competitive LandscapeThe analysts have provided a comprehensive analysis of the competitive landscape of the global Platelet Rich Plasma and Stem Cell Alopecia Treatment market with the company market structure and market share analysis of the top players. The innovative trends and developments, mergers and acquisitions, product portfolio, and new product innovation to provide a dashboard view of the market, ultimately providing the readers accurate measure of the current market developments, business strategies, and key financials.

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Coronavirus (COVID-19) Business Impact Platelet Rich Plasma and Stem Cell Alopecia Treatment Market Size of Dynamics, Products, Application Forecast...

In the new HBO show Betty, the term "Betty" is used as a somewhat derogatory term by male skateboarders who see women skaters as posing hangers-on. The plot centers around a group of female friends living in New York City, chronicling their day-to-day lives, freely skating through the streets of Manhattan, hitting weed pens, and navigating the winding road of adulthood. Skateboarding is their escape, a means for enjoyment, and a form of expressiondisparaging comments about whatever veiled intentions they seem to have, be damned.

For the actress Ajani Russell, who plays Indigoa young woman trying to mask her silver-spoon upbringing from her homegirlsskincare and makeup are linked to her artistic interests. The Brooklyn-born 22-year-old lives in Los Angeles, where she's been attending classes at Cal Arts and is currently holed up at home during quarantine with her roommate, creating characters using wacky makeup and taking baths to pass the time. Like skating, modeling, and multimedia art projects, beauty is a way for Russel to flesh out her own ideas and gain inspiration. She sees makeup as something that is no longer relegated to one gender or another, a "Betty" or not. It's just a way to have fun, get creative, and for now, stave off some boredom.

Here, Russell shares her favorite K-beauty products, why skincare is the most important part of the beauty process, and why, despite a traumatic experience on a photoshoot set, she still feels invigorated by the fashion industry.

Its interesting to me that your character in Betty gets scouted to be a model, and you also were cast to model in the Rag and Bone show this past fashion week. Its like art imitating life.

The script is based loosely on things that happened to us in real life. Theyre all topics were passionate about, discussing from our perspectivesthings that havent been seen before, necessarily, on this type of platform. That was one of the things that was the important for us to share with people.

There's a scene in the show in which you're modeling in a photo shoot, and the photographer instructs you to Give me food stamps, give me WIC! That really happened to you?

It was something I experienced a few years ago. They didnt say those words exactly, but the context of the shoot, was a girl gang shoot, cool girls in groups, different types of girl gangs. I showed up to set, and it was mostly trying to be a Chola, Uptown, Latina vibe, but they were cornrowing Russian modelss hair, it was at 7 in the morning, and there was no breakfast. They put a fake scar on one girl, and a fake tattoo on another girl. I heard the makeup artist be like, Make it more ghetto. I was talking to the other models, and they were so uncomfortable. Im Puerto Rican and I was very offended. It was traumatic for me. I left that shoot, I didnt actually follow through with it because once I was in hair and makeup, I looked in the mirror and I was furious.

Despite this negative experience, I noticed on your Instagram and also in the show that beauty and fashion do seem like ways of expressing yourself.

I love beauty, and fashion and I love how both can be tied into art. I'm studying art, so I find myself being inspired by modelingit informs my art, which then informs my skateboarding, and whatever Im working on at the moment.

What are your favorite go-to beauty products?

I am big on skincare, and I love a nice glowa dewy, moisturized look. I have dry skin, so I love Korean beauty. I like Innisfree products. I have this J.One Jelly Pack Primer, which acts as a top layer for all my moisture products. Another one is the Shiseido Aqua Label Special Gel Cream. I bought it at the airport in Japan because I was flying to Milan and I needed a moisturizer. I had been flying all week and my skin was so thirsty. I asked the woman in the cosmetics shop, What is your favorite, most moisturizing product? And she pointed this one out.

Did you learn any beauty tips from your Betty costars?

How to place little gem accessories in patterns on my face, and using different colors for makeup that I would have never thought to try. I remember one episode, Dede [Lovelace] had on neon green mascaraI've used other colors like purple and red on my eyelashes, but not those hot pinks and vibrant colors. That was so cool.

What was one good beauty trick you picked up from the makeup artist Natalie Young on set?

Natalie would do skincare routines with us. After the day was done, she would wash our face with a cold makeup remover cloth, which she would dip in ice, then wipe off all our makeup with it, and then she would put a hot towel on our faces. Then she'd apply serum, and a final light moisturizer. I remember when I was shooting the movie, Skate Kitchen, the makeup artist didnt have a process like Natalie did. I remember my skin was breaking out at that time, because I have very sensitive skin and Im not used to wearing makeup all the time. But the makeup artist on Betty was really attentive to my skin needs.

Natalie was really fun and loved to play around with looks. If there was a look I was really inspired by that I found on Instagram, I'd be like, Can we do something like this? Shed be like, Lets do it. She was all for trying out colors and glitter. I actually found this brand of makeup, Kosas, through her. They have liquid glitter pigments, cream blushes, and highlighters that I love.They also have a tinted skin oil, and it makes my skin look like butter.

What products, if any, did you wear on set?

I dont usually wear makeup on the day-to-day. I like mascara and bronzer or highlighter. I use The Balm cosmetics, they have this nice bronzer called the Betty Lou-manizer.

How have you seen your beauty regimen change in quarantine?

In quarantine, Im making characters with makeup, just because I think its fun and Im bored.

I did a campaign for Wet 'n' Wild a while back. They did this Pac Man collaboration last year, and they sent me the stuff, but I had never used it because its all crazy colors. So now, I'm trying it out. They have blue lip gloss that Ive been really into lately.And I've been doing lots of face masks.

Is there any face mask in particular that youre loving right now?

Im using Formula 10.0.6 Deep Down Detox Ultra-Cleansing Mud Mask. Its a mask with orange and bergamot.

So its not a sheet mask.

No, this ones a clay mask. For paper or sheet masks, theres this Korean brand Malie System that has all these different types of masks. I got the variety pack, with aqua, pomegranate, pearl, snail, and stem cell masks, which I love.

Whats your nightly bedtime beauty routine now?

I wash my face. I have two facial cleansers: one is a Shea Moisture African Black Soap, and its a facial scrub. I use that one, or I use La Roche Posay's cleanser. But I dont think I like the La Roche Posay one as muchit dries out my skin.

But everyone swears by that brand.

Yeah, my roommate was the one who recommended it to me. But you gotta find your own routine, and listen to your skin.

When you wake up in the morning, whats the first thing you do?

I wash my face, with just water. Ill pat my face down and then Ill put on Whamisa's Organic Flower Deep Rich Essence Toner. I love this toner so much. During the day, I use APieu Pure Block Aqua Sun Gel. I put it on every day, since Im in California, and I like to go outside and be in the sun. And I also love the Dr. Barbara Sturm eye cream. That stuff, I dont know what it isits like magic. Itll give you baby eyes.

Whats your ideal spa day and where?

I dont do too many spa days, but if I had to choose, probably a Korean bathhouse. My Korean friend took me one time to a bathhouse in Los Angeles. She was like, youre going to sit in this water for 40 minutes, and when I come back, Im going to scrub you. She scrubbed down my whole body, and there were layers of skin melting off of me. It was so crazy. [Laughs.]. She got some kind of satisfaction she got from scrubbing all my skin off. She was like, Now youre baby smooth.

I also went to the Dr. Sturm store in New York once to get the Glow Facial, I believe it's called. I dont remember the womans name, but she had magic hands. She made me look like a baby: like, two years old, fresh out the womb, theres not a pore in sight on my skin.

Youve gotta find out what that womans name is.

I know. We were talking about her kids, we were really bonding. I have her card somewhere, I saved it in my wallet.

What is your favorite form of self care?

My favorite form of self care probably involves a face mask, a cup of tea, and a bathwatching anime in the bath is my favorite thing to do. I did that two days ago, because I was skateboarding, and I fell. My knee was so swollen so I took a bath. I was in there for, like, two hours and I came out all wrinkled, and my roommate was like, youve been in there for a while. I was wondering if you were okay.

Bathing is an underrated, restorative beauty act. I love soaking in natural hot springs.

I did that once in Tokyo, but only once. And I wish I could do it every single day.

Related: Betty Director Crystal Moselle on the Skate Culture Tipping Point

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Betty Star Ajani Russell Watches Anime in the Bathtub as a Form of Self-Care - W Magazine

The daughter of rock legend Ozzy Osbourne and talk-show favourite Sharon, Kelly was always destined for a career in the spotlight.

After topping the charts, Kelly became a staple of the silver screen - but she really found her groove on TV, critiquing celebrity style and showing that unapologetic Osbourne family wit.

Watch the full story above

Now, Kelly is taking the social distancing message to her millions of followers - making headlines with her Stay Home for Ozzy campaign.

There were so many people that werent looking at this in a way which I thought was appropriate, Osbourne said.

It was very selfish, like its not going to affect me.

A lot of people dont have someone to stay home for. So I thought, if you are a fan of my dad and one of those people who dont have parents anymore, then maybe if I do this, people will stay home for my dad.

It did work and it made people look at it differently.

And Im encouraging people to think about everyone else.

Kelly is currently in isolation in Los Angeles and went three weeks without seeing her parents Ozzy and Sharon as they are both high-risk.

Sharon is a cancer survivor, and Ozzy is battling Parkinsons disease.

My dad has been doing a new stem cell treatment, which is actually working, Osbourne.

I think hes frustrated because hes feeling better so he wants to get out and do stuff, and he cant.

My dad has technically been living under quarantine rules for a year and a half. So now that hes feeling better, its so frustrating for him.

He is very, very strict about who were letting in the house, and keeping everything clean.

I am not there - I dont ever want to go into the house.

We do have to work together this week, so the company we are working with is providing us with tests and that way, I can be in the same room as him - but I refuse to be any closer than 12 feet to him.

Its just not worth the risk.

Kelly was also showing symptoms of coronavirus at one point - but has since been tested and confirmed negative.

After the negative test result, she shared an emotional video of her first hug with brother Jack since the pandemic broke.

I can honestly tell you it was the best hug I have ever had in my life, Osbourne said.

It will make me cry, I cant talk about it. Me and him, I hadnt touched another human in over two months. And to get that moment with him was so nice.

We both had a little tear I afterwards.

Like everyone else, I have fears and anxiety about it - but the way I have been looking at it is we will never have a time like this ever again, Osbourne said.

I took the time to think about what else is broken that I needed to fix - whether its things in my house, whether its that box of stuff I promised I would unpack and organise five years ago - and fixing the last little pieces which were broken in me.

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I started working out again, and Im just getting used to being happy with me in my own time.

Granted, I have those moments when I feel sorry for myself - but this was the choice I made.

It has been difficult, but it is for everyone. I just try and think about how I can help rather than sit here and complain.

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Kelly Osbournes heartache over socially distancing from Ozzy and Sharon after coronavirus scare - 7NEWS.com.au

VANCOUVER, Washington, April 27, 2020 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- CytoDyn Inc. (OTC.QB: CYDY), (CytoDyn or the Company"), a late-stage biotechnology company developing leronlimab (PRO 140), a CCR5 antagonist with the potential for multiple therapeutic indications, today announced conditional acceptance by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of the proprietary name Vyrologix (pronounced - vie-ro-loj-iks) for leronlimab as a combination therapy for highly treatment experienced HIV patients in the United States. In addition, the Company has also received a notice of allowance from the U.S. Trademark Office for the Vyrologix mark.

Final approval of Vyrologix as the proprietary name for leronlimab is conditional on FDA approval of the Companys Biologics License Application and new drug application.

We are pleased to receive the FDAs conditional acceptance of Vyrologix as the proprietary name for leronlimabs combination therapy treatment of HIV, said Nader Pourhassan, Ph.D., President and Chief Executive Officer of CytoDyn. This acceptance builds on the exceptional results from our clinical trials and our collaboration with Vyera Pharmaceuticals to commercialize and market this potential treatment to fulfill the unmet needs of HIV patients. We are also excited about the stylized Vyrologix mark and logo, which we will share immediately upon acceptance of our U.S. trademark application.

The Company also announced the appointment of Michael D. Mulholland as Interim Chief Financial Officer, who most recently served as Executive Advisor to the CEO and Senior Vice President-Finance. Mr. Mulholland joined the Company in December 2012 and served as Chief Financial Officer, Treasurer and Corporate Secretary until November 2019.

Dr. Pourhassan, stated, We are pleased to have Mike return to a senior leadership role. His deep experience and knowledge will help us navigate through the myriad of opportunities before us and assist our team to maximize shareholder value.

About Coronavirus Disease 2019CytoDyn is currently enrolling patients in two clinical trials for COVID-19, a Phase 2 randomized clinical trial for mild-to-moderate COVID-19 population in the U.S. and a Phase 2b/3 randomized clinical trial for severe and critically ill COVID-19 population in several hospitals throughout the country.

SARS-CoV-2 was identified as the cause of an outbreak of respiratory illness first detected in Wuhan, China. The origin of SARS-CoV-2 causing the COVID-19 disease is uncertain, and the virus is highly contagious. COVID-19 typically transmits person to person through respiratory droplets, commonly resulting from coughing, sneezing, and close personal contact. Coronaviruses are a large family of viruses, some causing illness in people and others that circulate among animals. For confirmed COVID-19 infections, symptoms have included fever, cough, and shortness of breath. The symptoms of COVID-19 may appear in as few as two days or as long as 14 days after exposure. Clinical manifestations in patients have ranged from non-existent to severe and fatal. At this time, there are minimal treatment options for COVID-19.

About Leronlimab (PRO 140) The FDA has granted a Fast Track designation to CytoDyn for two potential indications of leronlimab for deadly diseases. The first as a combination therapy with HAART for HIV-infected patients and the second is for metastatic triple-negative breast cancer. Leronlimab is an investigational humanized IgG4 mAb that blocks CCR5, a cellular receptor that is important in HIV infection, tumor metastases, and other diseases, including NASH. Leronlimab has completed nine clinical trials in over 800 people, including meeting its primary endpoints in a pivotal Phase 3 trial (leronlimab in combination with standard antiretroviral therapies in HIV-infected treatment-experienced patients).

In the setting of HIV/AIDS, leronlimab is a viral-entry inhibitor; it masks CCR5, thus protecting healthy T cells from viral infection by blocking the predominant HIV (R5) subtype from entering those cells. Leronlimab has been the subject of nine clinical trials, each of which demonstrated that leronlimab could significantly reduce or control HIV viral load in humans. The leronlimab antibody appears to be a powerful antiviral agent leading to potentially fewer side effects and less frequent dosing requirements compared with daily drug therapies currently in use.

In the setting of cancer, research has shown that CCR5 may play a role in tumor invasion, metastases, and tumor microenvironment control. Increased CCR5 expression is an indicator of disease status in several cancers. Published studies have shown that blocking CCR5 can reduce tumor metastases in laboratory and animal models of aggressive breast and prostate cancer. Leronlimab reduced human breast cancer metastasis by more than 98% in a murine xenograft model. CytoDyn is, therefore, conducting a Phase 1b/2 human clinical trial in metastatic triple-negative breast cancer and was granted Fast Track designation in May 2019.

The CCR5 receptor appears to play a central role in modulating immune cell trafficking to sites of inflammation. It may be crucial in the development of acute graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) and other inflammatory conditions. Clinical studies by others further support the concept that blocking CCR5 using a chemical inhibitor can reduce the clinical impact of acute GvHD without significantly affecting the engraftment of transplanted bone marrow stem cells. CytoDyn is currently conducting a Phase 2 clinical study with leronlimab to support further the concept that the CCR5 receptor on engrafted cells is critical for the development of acute GvHD, blocking the CCR5 receptor from recognizing specific immune signaling molecules is a viable approach to mitigating acute GvHD. The FDA has granted orphan drug designation to leronlimab for the prevention of GvHD.

About CytoDynCytoDyn is a late-stage biotechnology company developing innovative treatments for multiple therapeutic indications based on leronlimab, a novel humanized monoclonal antibody targeting the CCR5 receptor. CCR5 appears to play a critical role in the ability of HIV to enter and infect healthy T-cells. The CCR5 receptor also appears to be implicated in tumor metastasis and immune-mediated illnesses, such as GvHD and NASH. CytoDyn has successfully completed a Phase 3 pivotal trial with leronlimab in combination with standard antiretroviral therapies in HIV-infected treatment-experienced patients. CytoDyn completed the filing of its BLA in April 2020 to seek FDA approval for leronlimab as a combination therapy for highly treatment experienced HIV patients. CytoDyn is also conducting a Phase 3 investigative trial with leronlimab as a once-weekly monotherapy for HIV-infected patients. CytoDyn plans to initiate a registration-directed study of leronlimab monotherapy indication. If successful, it could support a label extension. Clinical results to date from multiple trials have shown that leronlimab can significantly reduce viral burden in people infected with HIV with no reported drug-related serious adverse events (SAEs). Moreover, a Phase 2b clinical trial demonstrated that leronlimab monotherapy can prevent viral escape in HIV-infected patients; some patients on leronlimab monotherapy have remained virally suppressed for more than five years. CytoDyn is also conducting a Phase 2 trial to evaluate leronlimab for the prevention of GvHD and a Phase 1b/2 clinical trial with leronlimab in metastatic triple-negative breast cancer. More information is at http://www.cytodyn.com.

Forward-Looking Statements This press release contains certain forward-looking statements that involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions that are difficult to predict. Words and expressions reflecting optimism, satisfaction or disappointment with current prospects, as well as words such as believes, hopes, intends, estimates, expects, projects, plans, anticipates and variations thereof, or the use of future tense, identify forward-looking statements, but their absence does not mean that a statement is not forward-looking. Forward-looking statements specifically include statements about leronlimab, its ability to have positive health outcomes, the possible results of clinical trials, studies or other programs or ability to continue those programs, the ability to obtain regulatory approval for commercial sales, and the market for actual commercial sales. The Companys forward-looking statements are not guarantees of performance, and actual results could vary materially from those contained in or expressed by such statements due to risks and uncertainties including: (i) the sufficiency of the Companys cash position, (ii) the Companys ability to raise additional capital to fund its operations, (iii) the Companys ability to meet its debt obligations, if any, (iv) the Companys ability to enter into partnership or licensing arrangements with third parties, (v) the Companys ability to identify patients to enroll in its clinical trials in a timely fashion, (vi) the Companys ability to achieve approval of a marketable product, (vii) the design, implementation and conduct of the Companys clinical trials, (viii) the results of the Companys clinical trials, including the possibility of unfavorable clinical trial results, (ix) the market for, and marketability of, any product that is approved, (x) the existence or development of vaccines, drugs, or other treatments that are viewed by medical professionals or patients as superior to the Companys products, (xi) regulatory initiatives, compliance with governmental regulations and the regulatory approval process, (xii) general economic and business conditions, (xiii) changes in foreign, political, and social conditions, and (xiv) various other matters, many of which are beyond the Companys control. The Company urges investors to consider specifically the various risk factors identified in its most recent Form 10-K, and any risk factors or cautionary statements included in any subsequent Form 10-Q or Form 8-K, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Except as required by law, the Company does not undertake any responsibility to update any forward-looking statements to take into account events or circumstances that occur after the date of this press release.

CYTODYN CONTACTSInvestors: Dave Gentry, CEORedChip CompaniesOffice: 1.800.RED.CHIP (733.2447)Cell: 407.491.4498[emailprotected]

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CytoDyn Announces Vyrologix as Proprietary Name for Leronlimab as a Combination Therapy for Highly Treatment Experienced HIV Patients in the United...

Sarojini Harris and team at Jinis Curry will give 30 meals today in their Pay Forward Program

Sarojini Harris, owner and chef behind Jinis Curry is no stranger to feeding hungry folk, but she is taking it to the next level with her Pay Forward Program. Her small family restaurant has been doing take out at the Promenade Food Court since October of 2013. She is open during COVID-19, one of the food options in Wailuku town open from 11am to 2pm for pick up orders. Her menu features curry, dahl, samosas, salad and other lunch plate options. I like to order family style from Jini, so I request curry and dahl in large amounts rather than plate size, and bring home for multiple meals.

Harris says her business has dropped by 80% during this shutdown, but because of her loyal returning customers she remains operational. Harris has been offering free entrees on every plate to first responders and also feeding hungry houseless looking for food. She has had a policy of not turning away hungry and helpless if they cannot pay for years, but realized it is more important than ever during this time.

She set up the Pay Forward lunch pick up program to expand on those concepts. Her first sponsorships came from her customers and sisters Bhagyadeep Singh and Hardeep Singh. They gave their stimulus money to feed Maui residents who lost their jobs and are still waiting for unemployment benefits. You can sponsor a meal as you pick up lunch by adding a little extra to your bill if you are paying by credit card, or dropping some cash into a basket at the register. You can also email Harris at fijiindianfood@gmail.com.

To sign up to get one of her sponsored meals call or text 808-276-7215 to reserve either a chicken curry plate, or vegan curry plate. Her first 30 meals sold out and will be distributed today, May 1st. She is doing another run of meals on Wednesday May 6. Then another is planned for the following Wednesday.

Harris also has $25 and $100 gift vouchers to buy by phone if you want to call in and pay forward meals.

Jinis CurryFiji Indian Food LLCPromenade Foodcourt #4

2050 Main Street, Wailuku, HI 96793Phone: 808-243-3454

Cell: 808-276-7215Website:www.fijiindianfood.com

Facebook:www.facebook.com/FijiIndianFoodLlc

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Jini's Curry Feeds the Hungry with Pay Forward Lunch Program - Maui Time