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Blindness by Jose Saramago – Powell’s Books

Sunday, October 9th, 2016

Awards

Winner of the 1998 Nobel Prize for Literature A New York Times Notable Book of the Year A Los Angeles Times Best Book of the Year

A devastating and often horrific look at societal breakdown, Blindness is one of the most acclaimed novels from Jos Saramago, Portugal's only Nobel laureate for literature. Far more than a mere dystopian plague novel, Blindness is a metaphorical account of society's basest tendencies in the face of catastrophe. Saramago's magnificently wending sentences and trademark style lend grace and beauty to an otherwise gruesome tale of epidemic chaos. Recommended By Jeremy G., Powells.com

A city is hit by an epidemic of "white blindness" which spares no one. Authorities confine the blind to an empty mental hospital, but there the criminal element holds everyone captive, stealing food rations and raping women. There is one eyewitness to this nightmare who guides seven strangers among them a boy with no mother, a girl with dark glasses, a dog of tears through the barren streets, and the procession becomes as uncanny as the surroundings are harrowing. A magnificent parable of loss and disorientation and a vivid evocation of the horrors of the twentieth century, Blindness has swept the reading public with its powerful portrayal of man's worst appetites and weaknesses and man's ultimately exhilarating spirit. The stunningly powerful novel of man's will to survive against all odds, by the winner of the 1998 Nobel Prize for Literature.

"Beautifully written in a concise, haunting prose...this unsettling, highly original work is essential reading." Library Journal

"Saramago's Blindness is the best novel I've read since Gabriel Garcia Marquez' Love in the Time of Cholera. It is a novel of enormous skill and authority....Like all great books it is simultaneously contemporary and timeless, and ambitiously confronts the human condition without a false note struck anywhere. Saramago is one of the great writers of our time, and Blindness, ironically is the product of his extraordinary vision." David Guterson, author of Snow Falling on Cedars

"Blindness may be as revolutionary in its own way and time as were, say, The Trial and The Plague were in theirs. Another masterpiece." Kirkus Reviews, starred review

"Saramago writes phantasmagoria in the midst of the most astonishing fantasy he has a meticulous sense of detail. It's very eloquent stuff." Harold Bloom, author of The Western Canon

"It is the voice of Blindness that gives it its charm. By turns ironic, humorous and frank, there is a kind of wink of humor between author and reader that is perfectly imbued with fury at the excesses of the current century. Blindness reminds me of Kafka roaring with laughter as he read his stories to his friends....Blindness' impact carries the force of an author whose sensibility is significant." The Washington Post

"Blindness is a shattering work by a literary master." The Boston Globe

"More frightening than Stephen King, as unrelenting as a bad dream, Jos Saramago's Blindness politely rubs our faces in apocalypse....A metaphor like 'white blindness' might easily seem forced or labored, but Saramago makes it live by focusing on the stubbornly literal; his account of a clump of newly blind people trying to find their way to food or to the bathroom provides some surprisingly gripping passages. While this epidemic has a clear symbolic burden, it's also a real and very inconvenient affliction." Salon

In Blindness, a city is overcome by an epidemic of blindness that spares only one woman. She becomes a guide for a group of seven strangers and serves as the eyes and ears for the reader in this profound parable of loss and disorientation. We return to the city years later in Saramagos Seeing, a satirical commentary on government in general and democracy in particular. Together here for the first time, this beautiful edition will be a welcome addition to the library of any Saramago fan.

Jos Saramago (1922-2010) was the author of many novels, among them Blindness, All the Names, Baltasarand Blimunda, and The Year of the Death of Ricardo Reis. In 1998 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature.

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Saturday, October 8th, 2016

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These two authors contributed equally to this work

Using a histone FRAP method, this study identifies Gadd45a as a chromatin relaxer and somatic cell reprogramming enhancer. Gadd45a destabilizes histoneDNA interactions and facilitates the binding of Yamanaka factors to their targets.

Using a histone FRAP method, this study identifies Gadd45a as a chromatin relaxer and somatic cell reprogramming enhancer. Gadd45a destabilizes histoneDNA interactions and facilitates the binding of Yamanaka factors to their targets.

FRAP is used to assess heterochromatin/euchromatin dynamics in somatic cell reprogramming.

Gadd45a is a chromatin relaxer and improves somatic cell reprogramming.

Gadd45a destabilizes histoneDNA interactions and facilitates the binding of Yamanaka factors to their targets.

Keshi Chen, Qi Long, Tao Wang, Danyun Zhao, Yanshuang Zhou, Juntao Qi, Yi Wu, Shengbiao Li, Chunlan Chen, Xiaoming Zeng, Jianguo Yang, Zisong Zhou, Weiwen Qin, Xiyin Liu, Yuxing Li, Yingying Li, Xiaofen Huang, Dajiang Qin, Jiekai Chen, Guangjin Pan, Hans R Schler, Guoliang Xu, Xingguo Liu, Duanqing Pei

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What is Integrative Medicine? – AIHM

Saturday, October 8th, 2016

1. American Hospital Association (AHA), Samueli Institute. More Hospitals Offering Complementary and Alternative Medicine Services. September 7, 2011 + Kralovec, Peter. Interview with Director at American Hospital Association. E-mail interview with Sita Ananth. June 20, 2014.

2. Clarke TC, Black LI, Stussman BJ, Barnes PM, Nahin RL. Trends in the use of complementary health approaches among adults: United States, 20022012. National health statistics reports; no 79. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics.2015.

Callahan, L.F., Wiley-Exley E.K., Mielenz, T.J., Brady, T.J., Xiao, C., Currey S.S. et al. (2009, April) Use of complementary and alternative medicine among patients with arthritis. Preventing Chronic Disease;6(2). Retrieved from: http://www.cdc.gov/pcd/issues/2009/apr/08_0070.htm. Barnes PM, Bloom B, Nahin R. CDC National Health Statistics Report #12.Complementary and Alternative Medicine Use Among Adults and Children: United States, 2007. December 10, 2008

3.Dusek, J. & Knutson, L. (2012, May). The impact of integrative medicine on inpatient satisfaction at Abbott Northwestern Hospital. International Research Congress on Integrative Medicine and Health, Portland, OR.

Casida J., & Lemanski, S. (2010). An evidence-based review on guided imagery utilization in adult cardiac surgery. Clinical Scholars Review, 3(1), 23-31.

4.Guarneri E, Horrigan B, Pechura C. The Efficacy and Cost Effectiveness of Integrative Medicine: A Review of the Medical and Corporate Literature. The Bravewell Collaborative Web site. Published June 2010. http://www. bravewell.org/integrative_medicine/efficacy_cost. Accessed July 8, 2014

Looking for additional statistics? Two helpful resources: National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health | NCCIH National Academy of Medicine (formally Institute of Medicine)

Highlighted Journals Integrative Medicine: A Clinicians Journal (IMCJ) Global Advances in Health and Medicine (GAHMJ) Explore: The Journal of Science and Healing

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Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology

Friday, October 7th, 2016

operates within the Division of Biological Sciences. Its faculty investigate molecular aspects of biological phenomena that operate on a cellular scale. The Department currently represents research on a wide range of biological problems and systems - its internationally recognized strengths include:

- invertebrate and vertebrate development - plant development and plant pathogen interactions - molecular biology - immunology - microbiology - cellular structure and function - yeast genetics

The department administers the Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate program in the Molecular Biosciences Graduate Training Program Cluster. The cluster combines five programs: Cell and Molecular Biology (CMB), Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (BMB), Human Genetics (HG), Genetics, Genomics & Systems Biology (GGSB), and Development, Regeneration, and Stem Cell Biology (DRSB). MGCB also plays key roles in the undergraduate biology curricula at the University.

The University of Chicago's Grossman Institute of Neuroscience and the Dept. of Molecular Genetic and Cell Biology jointly invite applications for tenure-track faculty in Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience. Please see http://tinyurl.com/pu4oc46 for more information and to apply.

Lucia B. Rothman-Denes, PhD, Professor in the Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, has been elected by her peers to be a member of the National Academy of Sciences, May 2, 2014

(News archives)

Administrative Information (on-campus-only)

MGCB SEMINARS

JANUARY - MAY 2016

All seminars are at 4:00 PM in CLSC 101 (*unless indicated).

JANUARY 26, 2016 Principles of genome defense Hiten Madhani, University of California, San Francisco

FEBRUARY 23, 2016 Genome structure and integrity Doug Koshland, University of California, Berkeley

MARCH 17, 2016 Measuring the Intracellular Dew Point: Phase Transitions in Cells Cliff Brangwynne, Princeton University

APRIL 21, 2016 11th ANNUAL HASELKORN LECTURE Morality in the Microbial World the Social lives of Bacterial Cells E. Peter Greenberg, University of Washington

APRIL 26, 2016 TBA Stirling Churchman, Harvard University

MAY 26, 2016 Specificity and Evolution of Protein-Protein Interactions Michael Laub, MIT

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Explore More: Genetic Engineering – iptv.org

Thursday, October 6th, 2016

Watch the full show online! Visit the Explore More Genetic Engineering video page...

Would you want to clone your pet? Would you change your child's eye color? Do you care if your strawberry contains a gene for fish?

Explore More: Genetic Engineering tells you the story, gives you the facts, and then takes a closer look to help you unravel the core issues. Take a look at and interact with the content. Discuss what you learn with other people, form your own opinion on the subjects, but always keep an open mind.

As you go through this site, think about how genetic engineering is changing the way we live. This is a fascinating area that deserves our attention. Decisions and choices we make in our lifetime will affect how and why genetic engineering is used.

Investigate Explore More Teacher Resources WebQuests, Web links, lesson plans, teaching strategies, discussion questions, standards, and project goals help you leverage Explore More content to help student achievement and motivation. Get your students thinking with this useful collection of tools and tips! Find out more.

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Pain Medicine 2017 | Pain Medicine Conferences | Pain …

Wednesday, October 5th, 2016

Track 1:Pain Management and Rehabilitation

The specialty of Pain Medicine, or Algiatry, is a discipline within the field of medicine that is concerned with the prevention of pain, and the evaluation, treatment, and rehabilitation of persons in pain. The typical pain management team includesmedical practitioners,Pharmacists, Clinical Psychologist, occupational therapists, physician assistant, nurse practitioners and clinical nurse specialists. Pain can be managed using pharmacological or interventional procedures by usingpain reliefs. There are many interventional procedures typically used forchronic back paininclude epidural steroid injections, facet joint Injections, neurolytic blocks, spinal cord stimulators and intrathecal drug delivery system implants. The Management goals when treatingback painare to achieve maximal reduction in pain intensity as rapidly as possible, to restore the individuals ability to function in everyday activities, to help the patient cope with residual pain, to assess for side effects of therapy, and to facilitate the patients passage through the legal and socioeconomic impediments to recovery. For many the goal is to keep the pain to a manageable level to progress with rehabilitation, which can then lead to long term pain relief. Also, for some people the goal is to use non-surgical therapies to manage the pain and avoid major surgery, while for others surgery may be the quickest way to feel better.Migrainestypically present with self-limited, recurrent severe headacheassociated with autonomic symptoms. About 15-30% of people with migraines experience migraines with an aura. And those who have migraines with aura also frequently have migraines without aura. There are four possible phases of Headache: The prodrome, which occur hours or days before the headache, Theaura, which immediately precedes the headache, The pain phase also known as headache phase, The postdrome, the effects experienced following the end of a migraine attack.

Related Conferences of Pain Management and Rehabilitation:

2nd World Congress and Exhibition on Antibiotics and Antibiotic Resistance, October 13-15, 2016 Manchester, UK; 8th Annual Pharma Middle East Congress, October 10-12, 2016 Dubai, UAE; International Conference on Pharmaceutical Method Development and Validation, November 24-25, 2016 Dubai, UAE; 5th International Conference and Exhibition on Pharmacology and Ethnopharmacology, March 27-29, 2017 Orlando, USA; World Congress on Biotherapeutics, May 25-26, 2017 Mexico city, Mexico; International Conference on Biotech Pharmaceuticals, October 23-25, 2017 Paris, France; 9th International Conferences on Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology, November 20-22, 2017 Melbourne, Australia; 6th Global Experts Meeting on Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Cardiac Medications, April 13-14, 2017 Dubai, UAE.

Track 2:NSAIDs & Analgesics

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are a drug class that groups together drugs that provide analgesic (pain-killing) and antipyretic (fever-reducing) effects, and, in higher doses, anti-inflammatory effects. The termnonsteroidaldistinguishes these drugs fromsteroids, which, among a broad range of other effects, have a similareicosanoid-depressing, anti-inflammatory action. First used in 1960, the term served to distance new drugs from steroid relatediatrogenictragedies. The most prominent members of this group of drugs,aspirin,ibuprofenandnaproxen, are all availableover the counterin most countries.Paracetamol (acetaminophen) is generally not considered an NSAID because it has only little anti-inflammatory activity. It treats pain mainly by blocking COX-2 mostly in the central nervous system, but not much in the rest of the body. Most NSAIDs inhibit the activity ofcyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) andcyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and thereby, the synthesis ofprostaglandinsandthromboxanes. It is thought that inhibiting COX-2 leads to the anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic effects and that those NSAIDs also inhibiting COX-1, particularly aspirin, may cause gastrointestinal bleeding and ulcers.

Ananalgesicorpainkilleris any member of the group ofdrugsused to achieve analgesia, relief frompain. Analgesic drugs act in various ways on theperipheralandcentralnervous systems. They are distinct fromanesthetics, which temporarily affect, and in some instances completely eliminate,sensation. Analgesics includeparacetamol(known in North America asacetaminophenor simply APAP), thenon-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs(NSAIDs) such as thesalicylates, andopioiddrugs such asmorphineandoxycodone. In choosing analgesics, the severity and response to other medication determines the choice of agent; theWorld Health Organization(WHO)pain ladder specifies mild analgesics as its first step. Analgesic choice is also determined by the type of pain: Forneuropathic pain, traditional analgesics are less effective, and there is often benefit from classes of drugs that are not normally considered analgesics, such astricyclic antidepressantsandanticonvulsants.

Related Conferences of Classification of Pain Relief Analgesics:

7th Annual Global Pharma, August 22-24, 2016 New Orleans, Louisiana, USA; Conference on Pharmacovigilance & Pharmaceutical Industry, August 22-24, 2016 Vienna, Austria; Conference on Pharmacognosy, Phytochemistry & Natural Products, August 29-31, 2016 Sao Paulo, Brazil; Conference on Drug Formulation & Bioavailability, September 05-06, 2016 Beijing, China; Conference on Neuropharmacology, September 14-16, 2016 San Antonio, Texas, USA; Conference on Biopharmaceutics and Biologic Drugs, September 14-16, 2016 San Antonio, Texas, USA; Conference on Pharmaceutical Method Development and Validation, November 24-25, 2016 Dubai, UAE.

Track 3:Physical and Physiological Approaches in Pain Medicine

Pain medicineandrehabilitationemploys numerous physical techniques like thermal agents and electrotherapy, such as therapeutic exercise and behavioral medical care, traditional pharmacotherapy to treat pain, sometimes as a district of knowledge domain or multidisciplinary program Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation has been found to be ineffective forlower back pain, but it would facilitate withdiabetic neuropathy.Acupuncture involves the insertion and manipulation of needles into specific points on the body to alleviate pain or for therapeutic functions. Research has not found proof that light therapy like low level optical device medical care is a good medical care forpain reliefCognitive behavioral Therapy(CBT) for pain helps patients with pain to know the link between one's physiology (e.g., pain and muscle tension), thoughts, emotions, and behaviors. A meta-analysis of studies that used techniques targeted around the thought of mindfulness, concluded, "Findings counsel that MBIs decrease the intensity of pain forchronic painpatients." Occupational therapists could use a range of interventions as well as training program, relaxation, goal setting, drawback determination, planning, and carry this out at intervals each cluster and individual settings. Therapists may go at intervals a clinic setting, or within the community as well as the work, school, home and health care centers. Activity therapists could assess activity performance before and when intervention, as a live of effectiveness and reduction in disability.

Related Conferences of Physical and Physiological Approaches in Pain Medicine:

InternationalConference on Biotech Pharmaceuticals, October 23-25, 2017 Paris, France; 9th InternationalConferences on Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology, November 20-22, 2017 Melbourne, Australia; 6th Global Experts Meeting onCardiovascular Pharmacology and Cardiac Medications, April 13-14, 2017 Dubai, UAE. Conference on Pharmacognosy, Phytochemistry & Natural Products, August 29-31, 2016 Sao Paulo, Brazil; Conference onDrug Formulation & Bioavailability, September 05-06, 2016 Beijing, China; Conference onNeuropharmacology, September 14-16, 2016 San Antonio, Texas, USA; Conference onBiopharmaceutics and Biologic Drugs, September 14-16, 2016 San Antonio, Texas, USA; Conference onPharmaceutical Method Development and Validation, November 24-25, 2016 Dubai, UAE.

Track 4:Anesthesia as Pain Drug

In the practice ofmedicine(especiallysurgery) anddentistry,anesthesia is a temporary induced state with one or more ofanalgesia (relief from or prevention ofpain),paralysis(muscle relaxation),amnesia(loss of memory), andunconsciousness. Apatientunder the effects of anestheticdrugs is referred to as beinganesthetized. Anesthesia is freedom from pain. Each year, millions of people in the United States undergo some form of medical treatment requiring anesthesia. Anesthesia, in the hands of qualified professionals like Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetists (CRNAs), is a safe and effective means of alleviating pain during nearly every type of medical procedure. Anesthesia care is not confined to surgery alone. The process also refers to activities that take place both before and after an anesthetic is given. In the majority of cases, anesthesia is administered by a CRNA. CRNAs work with your surgeon, dentist or podiatrist, and may work with an anesthesiologist (physician anesthetist). CRNAs are advanced practice registered nurses with specialized graduate-level education in anesthesiology. For more than 150 years, nurse anesthetists have been administering anesthesia in all types of surgical cases, using all anesthetic techniques and practicing in every setting in which anesthesia is administered. Anesthesia enables the painless performance of medical procedures that would cause severe or intolerable pain to an un-anesthetized patient.

Related Conferences ofAnesthesia:

Conference and Exhibition onPharmacology and Ethnopharmacology, March 27-29, 2017 Orlando, USA; World Congress on Biotherapeutics, May 25-26, 2017 Mexico city, Mexico; InternationalConference on Biotech Pharmaceuticals, October 23-25, 2017 Paris, France; 9th InternationalConferences on Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology, November 20-22, 2017 Melbourne, Australia; 6th Global Experts Meeting on Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Cardiac Medications, April 13-14, 2017 Dubai, UAE; 7th AnnualGlobal Pharma, August 22-24, 2016 New Orleans, Louisiana, USA; Conference on Pharmacovigilance & Pharmaceutical Industry, August 22-24, 2016 Vienna, Austria; Conference on Pharmacognosy, Phytochemistry & Natural Products, August 29-31, 2016 Sao Paulo, Brazil; InternationalConference on Biotech Pharmaceuticals, October 23-25, 2017 Paris, France.

Track 5:Pain Syndrome

Carpal tunnel syndrome(CTS) may be a medical condition within which the median nerve is compressed because it travels through the carpus at the carpal tunnel and causes pain, symptom and tingling, within a part of the hand that receives sensation from the median nerve.Piriformis syndromemay be a neuromuscular disorder that happens once the Sciatic nerve is compressed or otherwise irritated by the piriformis muscle inflicting pain, tingling and symptom within the buttocks and on the trail of the nerve descending the lower thigh and into the leg. Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) it's a chronic general un-wellness characterized by severe pain, swelling, and changes within the skin. CRPS usually worsens over time. it's going to at the start associate effect on} an arm or leg and unfold throughout the body; thirty fifth of individuals report symptoms throughout their whole body. Alternative potential effects include: general involuntary dysregulation; animal tissue edema; system, endocrine, or medical specialty manifestations; and changes in urological or gi operate.Central pain syndrome may be a neurologic condition caused by injury or malfunction within the Central system (CNS) that causes a sensitization of the pain system. The extent of pain and also the area unit as affected are associated with the reason behind the injury. Compartment syndrome is augmented pressure inside one in all the body's compartments that contains muscles and nerves. Compartment syndrome most typically happens in compartments within the leg or arm. There are unit 2 main sorts of compartment syndrome:acuteandchronic. Fibromyalgia(FM) may be a medical condition characterized by chronic widespread pain and a heightened and painful response to pressure. Symptoms apart from pain might occur, resulting in the utilization of the term Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS). Alternative symptoms embrace feeling tired to a degree that ordinary activities area unit affected, sleep disturbance, and joint stiffness. Some folks additionally report problem with swallowing bowl and bladder abnormalities.

Related Conferences of Pain Syndrome:

Conference onDrug Formulation & Bioavailability, September 05-06, 2016 Beijing, China; Conference onNeuropharmacology, September 14-16, 2016 San Antonio, Texas, USA; Conference onBiopharmaceutics and Biologic Drugs, September 14-16, 2016 San Antonio, Texas, USA; Conference onPharmaceutical Method Development and Validation, November 24-25, 2016 Dubai, UAE; Conference onNeuropharmacology, September 14-16, 2016 San Antonio, Texas, USA; Conference onBiopharmaceutics and Biologic Drugs, September 14-16, 2016 San Antonio, Texas, USA; Conference onPharmaceutical Method Development and Validation, November 24-25, 2016 Dubai, UAE.

Track 6:Pharmacological Approaches for Pain

There are several pharmacological interventions that may be accustomed manage pain in arthritis. However, in choosing the acceptable approach, the practitioner must take into account to consider the efficacy. Adverse side effects, dosing frequency, patient preference, and cost in choosing medication for pain management. When a patient develops the primary signs of an inflammatory arthritis, the most priority is symptom relief, with pain being the cardinal sign of inflammation that patients most wish facilitate with. However, it has become more and more clear that for inflammatory arthropathies like RA merely treating the symptoms with non- Steroidal anti- inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or analgesics in adequate, because features of the disease that lead to damage to the joints, and then to disability will carry on uncheck. In addition to symptoms relieving drugs, patients also need disease-modifying pain drugs that have been demonstrated to slow down or stop the damaging aspects of disease There are two aims in the pharmacological treatment; firstly to reduce inflammation or modulate the auto immune response and secondly to modulate the pain response. Medications is thought-about in 5 classes: simple analgesics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), Disease modifying anti-rheumatic-drugs (DMARDS), Steroids, Biologics and other relevant Adjuvant analgesics (ex. antiepileptic and antidepressants used for pain relief).

Related Conferences of Physical and Physiological Approaches in Pain Medicine:

InternationalConference on Biotech Pharmaceuticals, October 23-25, 2017 Paris, France; 9th InternationalConferences on Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology, November 20-22, 2017 Melbourne, Australia; 6th Global Experts Meeting onCardiovascular Pharmacology and Cardiac Medications, April 13-14, 2017 Dubai, UAE. Conference onPharmacognosy, Phytochemistry & Natural Products, August 29-31, 2016 Sao Paulo, Brazil; Conference onDrug Formulation & Bioavailability, September 05-06, 2016 Beijing, China; Conference onNeuropharmacology, September 14-16, 2016 San Antonio, Texas, USA; Conference onBiopharmaceutics and Biologic Drugs, September 14-16, 2016 San Antonio, Texas, USA; Conference onPharmaceutical Method Development and Validation, November 24-25, 2016 Dubai, UAE.

Track 7:Pain Management Specialist

To a certain extent, medical practitioners have always been specialized. Specialization was common among Roman physicians. The particular system of modern medical specialties evolved gradually during the 19th century. Informal social recognition of medical specialization evolved before the formal legal system. The particular subdivision of the practice of medicine into various specialties varies from country to country, and is somewhat arbitrary. Currently, there is no single field of medicine or health care that represents the preferred approach to pain management. Indeed, the premise of pain management is that a highly multidisciplinary approach is essential. Pain management specialists are most commonly found in the following disciplines:Physiatry (also called Physical medicine and rehabilitation),Anesthesiology,Interventional radiology,Physical therapy. Specialists in psychology, psychiatry, behavioral science, and other areas may also play an important role in a comprehensive pain management program. Selection of the most appropriate type of health professional - or team of health professionals - largely depends on the patient's symptoms and the length of time the symptoms have been present.

Related Conferences ofPain Management Specialist:

Conference and Exhibition onPharmacology and Ethnopharmacology, March 27-29, 2017 Orlando, USA; WorldCongress on Biotherapeutics, May 25-26, 2017 Mexico city, Mexico; InternationalConference on Biotech Pharmaceuticals, October 23-25, 2017 Paris, France; 9thInternationalConferences on Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology, November 20-22, 2017 Melbourne, Australia; 6th Global Experts Meeting onCardiovascular Pharmacology and Cardiac Medications, April 13-14, 2017 Dubai, UAE; Conference onNeuropharmacology, September 14-16, 2016 San Antonio, Texas, USA; Conference onBiopharmaceutics and Biologic Drugs, September 14-16, 2016 San Antonio, Texas, USA; Conference onPharmaceutical Method Development and Validation, November 24-25, 2016 Dubai, UAE.

Track 8:Chronic Pain and Prevention

Chronic painispainthat lasts a drawn-out time. In medication, the excellence betweenacute painand chronic pain has historically has been determined by an discretional interval of your time since onset; the 2 most typically used markers being 3 months and 6 months since onset, though some theorists and researchers have placed the transition from acute to chronic pain at twelve months.Electrical Nerve Stimulationfor Chronic Pain may be a procedure that uses AN electrical current to treat chronicpain managementPeripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) space 2 varieties of electrical nerve stimulation. In either, atiny low generator sends electrical pulses to the nerves (In peripheral nerve stimulation) or to the funiculus (in funiculus stimulation) These pulses interfere with the nerve impulses that cause you to feel pain.

Related Conferences of Chronic Pain Management:

Conference and Exhibition onPharmacology and Ethnopharmacology, March 27-29, 2017 Orlando, USA; WorldCongress on Biotherapeutics, May 25-26, 2017 Mexico city, Mexico; InternationalConference on Biotech Pharmaceuticals, October 23-25, 2017 Paris, France; 9thInternationalConferences on Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology, November 20-22, 2017 Melbourne, Australia; 6th Global Experts Meeting onCardiovascular Pharmacology and Cardiac Medications, April 13-14, 2017 Dubai, UAE; 7th AnnualGlobal Pharma, August 22-24, 2016 New Orleans, Louisiana, USA; Conference onPharmacovigilance & Pharmaceutical Industry, August 22-24, 2016 Vienna, Austria; Conference onPharmacognosy, Phytochemistry & Natural Products, August 29-31, 2016 Sao Paulo, Brazil; InternationalConference on Biotech Pharmaceuticals, October 23-25, 2017 Paris, France.

Track 9: Pain Medications

Narcoticsalso referred to asopioidpain relievers are used only for pain that's severe and is not helped by other forms of painkillers. When used rigorously and underneath a doctor's direct care, these medications are often effective at reducing pain. Narcotics work by binding to receptors into the brain that blocks the sensation of pain. When used rigorously and underneath a doctor's direct care, they'll be effective at reducing pain. Antidepressant medication for treatment of depression as well as other different disorders that will occur alone or together with depression, likechronic pain,sleep disorders, oranxiety disorders.Antidepressantsare medication used for the treatment of major depressive disorder and different conditions, chronic pain and neuropathic pain. Anticonvulsants, or anti-seizure medications, work as adjuvant analgesics. In different words, they can treat some forms of chronic pain even if they're not designed for that purpose. whereas the most use ofanti-seizuremedication is preventing seizures,anticonvulsantsdo seem to be effective at treating certain forms of chronic pain. These include neuropathic pain, like peripheral neuropathy, and chronic headaches like migraines.

Related Conferences ofPain Medications:

Conference onDrug Formulation & Bioavailability, September 05-06, 2016 Beijing, China; Conference onNeuropharmacology, September 14-16, 2016 San Antonio, Texas, USA; Conference onBiopharmaceutics and Biologic Drugs, September 14-16, 2016 San Antonio, Texas, USA; Conference onPharmaceutical Method Development and Validation, November 24-25, 2016 Dubai, UAE; Conference onNeuropharmacology, September 14-16, 2016 San Antonio, Texas, USA; Conference onBiopharmaceutics and Biologic Drugs, September 14-16, 2016 San Antonio, Texas, USA; Conference onPharmaceutical Method Development and Validation, November 24-25, 2016 Dubai, UAE.

Track 10:Pain Management Nursing

PerianesthesiaNursingcould be a nursing specialty practice area involved with providing medical care to patients undergoing or convalescent fromanesthesia. Perianesthesia nursing encompasses many subspecialty observe space and represents a various range of practice environment and skill sets. Pain managementnurses are typically thought-about to be perianesthesia nurses, given the cooperative nature of their work with anesthetists and also thefact that a large proportion of acute pain issues are surgery related. However, distinct pain management certifications exist through the American Society forPain ManagementNurses.

Related Conferences ofPain Management Nursing:

InternationalConference on Biotech Pharmaceuticals, October 23-25, 2017 Paris, France; 9th InternationalConferences on Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology, November 20-22, 2017 Melbourne, Australia; 6th Global Experts Meeting onCardiovascular Pharmacology and Cardiac Medications, April 13-14, 2017 Dubai, UAE. Conference onPharmacognosy, Phytochemistry & Natural Products, August 29-31, 2016 Sao Paulo, Brazil; Conference onDrug Formulation & Bioavailability, September 05-06, 2016 Beijing, China; Conference onNeuropharmacology, September 14-16, 2016 San Antonio, Texas, USA; Conference onBiopharmaceutics and Biologic Drugs, September 14-16, 2016 San Antonio, Texas, USA; Conference onPharmaceutical Method Development and Validation, November 24-25, 2016 Dubai, UAE.

Track 11:Orofacial Pain

Orofaical painis a general term covering anypainwhich is felt in the mouth, jaws and the face. Orofacial pain is a commonsymptom, and there are many causes.Orofacial pain has been defined as "pain localized to the region above the neck, in front of the ears and below theorbitomeatal line, as well as pain within theoral cavity,pain of dental origin and temporomandibular disorders".It is estimated that over 95% of cases of orofacial pain result from dental causes (i.e.toothachecaused bypulpitisor adental abscess).However, some orofacial pain conditions may involve areas outside this region, e.g. temporal pain in TMD. Toothache, or odontalgia, is any pain perceived in the teeth or their supporting structures (i.e. theperiodontium). Toothache is therefore a type of orofacial pain.Craniofacialpain is an overlapping topic which includes pain perceived in the head, face, and related structures, sometimes includingneck pain.All other causes of orofacial pain are rare in comparison, although the fulldifferential diagnosisis extensive.

Related Conferences ofOrofacial Pain:

2nd World Congress and Exhibition onAntibiotics and Antibiotic Resistance, October 13-15, 2016 Manchester, UK; 8th AnnualPharma Middle East Congress, October 10-12, 2016 Dubai, UAE; International Conference onPharmaceutical Method Development and Validation, November 24-25, 2016 Dubai, UAE; 5thInternational Conference and Exhibition onPharmacology and Ethnopharmacology, March 27-29, 2017 Orlando, USA; WorldCongress on Biotherapeutics, May 25-26, 2017 Mexico city, Mexico; InternationalConference on Biotech Pharmaceuticals, October 23-25, 2017 Paris, France; 9th InternationalConferences on Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology, November 20-22, 2017 Melbourne, Australia; 6th Global Experts Meeting onCardiovascular Pharmacology and Cardiac Medications, April 13-14, 2017 Dubai, UAE.

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Nanomedicine Fact Sheet – National Human Genome Research …

Wednesday, October 5th, 2016

Nanomedicine Overview

What if doctors had tiny tools that could search out and destroy the very first cancer cells of a tumor developing in the body? What if a cell's broken part could be removed and replaced with a functioning miniature biological machine? Or what if molecule-sized pumps could be implanted in sick people to deliver life-saving medicines precisely where they are needed? These scenarios may sound unbelievable, but they are the ultimate goals of nanomedicine, a cutting-edge area of biomedical research that seeks to use nanotechnology tools to improve human health.

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A lot of things are small in today's high-tech world of biomedical tools and therapies. But when it comes to nanomedicine, researchers are talking very, very small. A nanometer is one-billionth of a meter, too small even to be seen with a conventional lab microscope.

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Nanotechnology is the broad scientific field that encompasses nanomedicine. It involves the creation and use of materials and devices at the level of molecules and atoms, which are the parts of matter that combine to make molecules. Non-medical applications of nanotechnology now under development include tiny semiconductor chips made out of strings of single molecules and miniature computers made out of DNA, the material of our genes. Federally supported research in this area, conducted under the rubric of the National Nanotechnology Initiative, is ongoing with coordinated support from several agencies.

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For hundreds of years, microscopes have offered scientists a window inside cells. Researchers have used ever more powerful visualization tools to extensively categorize the parts and sub-parts of cells in vivid detail. Yet, what scientists have not been able to do is to exhaustively inventory cells, cell parts, and molecules within cell parts to answer questions such as, "How many?" "How big?" and "How fast?" Obtaining thorough, reliable measures of quantity is the vital first step of nanomedicine.

As part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Common Fund [nihroadmap.nih.gov], the NIH [nih.gov] has established a handful of nanomedicine centers. These centers are staffed by a highly interdisciplinary scientific crew, including biologists, physicians, mathematicians, engineers and computer scientists. Research conducted over the first few years was spent gathering extensive information about how molecular machines are built.

Once researchers had catalogued the interactions between and within molecules, they turned toward using that information to manipulate those molecular machines to treat specific diseases. For example, one center is trying to return at least limited vision to people who have lost their sight. Others are trying to develop treatments for severe neurological disorders, cancer, and a serious blood disorder.

The availability of innovative, body-friendly nanotools that depend on precise knowledge of how the body's molecular machines work, will help scientists figure out how to build synthetic biological and biochemical devices that can help the cells in our bodies work the way they were meant to, returning the body to a healthier state.

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Last Updated: January 22, 2014

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Nanomedicine Fact Sheet - National Human Genome Research ...

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BRCA1 and BRCA2: Cancer Risk and Genetic Testing Fact …

Wednesday, October 5th, 2016

What are BRCA1 and BRCA2?

BRCA1 and BRCA2 are human genes that produce tumor suppressor proteins. These proteins help repair damaged DNA and, therefore, play a role in ensuring the stability of the cells genetic material. When either of these genes is mutated, or altered, such that its protein product either is not made or does not function correctly, DNA damage may not be repaired properly. As a result, cells are more likely to develop additional genetic alterations that can lead to cancer.

Specific inherited mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 increase the risk of female breast and ovarian cancers, and they have been associated with increased risks of several additional types of cancer. Together, BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations account for about 20 to 25 percent of hereditary breast cancers (1) and about 5 to 10 percent of all breast cancers (2). In addition, mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 account for around 15 percent of ovarian cancers overall (3). Breast and ovarian cancers associated with BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations tend to develop at younger ages than their nonhereditary counterparts.

A harmful BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation can be inherited from a persons mother or father. Each child of a parent who carries a mutation in one of these genes has a 50 percent chance (or 1 chance in 2) of inheriting the mutation. The effects of mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 are seen even when a persons second copy of the gene is normal.

How much does having a BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene mutation increase a womans risk of breast and ovarian cancer?

A womans lifetime risk of developing breast and/or ovarian cancer is greatly increased if she inherits a harmful mutation in BRCA1 or BRCA2.

Breast cancer: About 12 percent of women in the general population will develop breast cancer sometime during their lives (4). By contrast, according to the most recent estimates, 55 to 65 percent of women who inherit a harmful BRCA1 mutation and around 45 percent of women who inherit a harmful BRCA2 mutation will develop breast cancer by age 70 years (5, 6).

Ovarian cancer: About 1.3 percent of women in the general population will develop ovarian cancer sometime during their lives (4). By contrast, according to the most recent estimates, 39 percent of women who inherit a harmful BRCA1 mutation (5, 6) and 11 to 17 percent of women who inherit a harmful BRCA2 mutation will develop ovarian cancer by age 70 years (5, 6).

It is important to note that these estimated percentages of lifetime risk are different from those available previously; the estimates have changed as more information has become available, and they may change again with additional research. No long-term general population studies have directly compared cancer risk in women who have and do not have a harmful BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation.

It is also important to note that other characteristics of a particular woman can make her cancer risk higher or lower than the average risks. These characteristics include her family history ofbreast, ovarian, and, possibly, other cancers; the specific mutation(s) she has inherited; and other risk factors, suchas her reproductivehistory. However, at this time, based on current data, none of these other factors seems to be as strong as the effect of carrying a harmful BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation.

What other cancers have been linked to mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2?

Are mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 more common in certain racial/ethnic populations than others?

Yes. For example, people of Ashkenazi Jewish descent have a higher prevalence of harmful BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations than people in the general U.S. population. Other ethnic and geographic populations around the world, such as the Norwegian, Dutch, and Icelandic peoples, also have a higher prevalence of specific harmful BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations.

In addition, limited data indicate that the prevalence of specific harmful BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations may vary among individual racial and ethnic groups in the United States, including African Americans, Hispanics, Asian Americans, and non-Hispanic whites (15, 16).

Are genetic tests available to detect BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations?

Yes. Several different tests are available, including tests that look for a known mutation in one of the genes (i.e., a mutation that has already been identified in another family member) and tests that check for all possible mutations in both genes. DNA (from a blood or saliva sample) is needed for mutation testing. The sample is sent to a laboratory for analysis. It usually takes about a month to get the test results.

Who should consider genetic testing for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations?

Because harmful BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutations are relatively rare in the general population, most experts agree that mutation testing of individuals who do not have cancer should be performed only when the persons individual or family history suggests the possible presence of a harmful mutation in BRCA1 or BRCA2.

In December 2013, the United States Preventive Services Task Force recommended that women who have family members with breast, ovarian, fallopian tube, or peritoneal cancer be evaluated to see if they have a family history that is associated with an increased risk of a harmful mutation in one of these genes (17).

Several screening tools are now available to help health care providers with this evaluation (17). These tools assess family history factors that are associated with an increased likelihood of having a harmful mutation in BRCA1 or BRCA2, including:

When an individual has a family history that is suggestive of the presence of a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation, it may be most informative to first test a family member who has cancer if that person is still alive and willing to be tested. If that person is found to have a harmful BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation, then other family members may want to consider genetic counseling to learn more about their potential risks and whether genetic testing for mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 might be appropriate for them.

If it is not possible to confirm the presence of a harmful BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation in a family member who has cancer, it is appropriate for both men and women who do not have cancer but have a family medical history that suggests the presence of such a mutation to have genetic counseling for possible testing.

Some individualsfor example, those who were adopted at birthmay not know their family history. In cases where a woman with an unknown family history has an early-onset breast cancer or ovarian cancer or a man with an unknown family history is diagnosed with breast cancer, it may be reasonable for that individual to consider genetic testing for a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation. Individuals with an unknown family history who do not have an early-onset cancer or male breast cancer are at very low risk of having a harmful BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation and are unlikely to benefit from routine genetic testing.

Professional societies do not recommend that children, even those with a family history suggestive of a harmful BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation, undergo genetic testing for BRCA1 or BRCA2. This is because no risk-reduction strategies exist for children, and children's risks of developing a cancer type associated with a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation are extremely low. After children with a family history suggestive of a harmful BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation become adults, however, they may want to obtain genetic counseling about whether or not to undergoing genetic testing.

Should people considering genetic testing for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations talk with a genetic counselor?

Genetic counseling is generally recommended before and after any genetic test for an inherited cancer syndrome. This counseling should be performed by a health care professional who is experienced in cancer genetics. Genetic counseling usually covers many aspects of the testing process, including:

How much does BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation testing cost?

The Affordable Care Act considers genetic counseling and BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation testing for individuals at high risk a covered preventive service. People considering BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation testing may want to confirm their insurance coverage for genetic tests before having the test.

Some of the genetic testing companies that offer testing for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations may offer testing at no charge to patients who lack insurance and meet specific financial and medical criteria.

What does a positive BRCA1 or BRCA2 genetic test result mean?

BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutation testing can give several possible results: a positive result, a negative result, or an ambiguous or uncertain result.

A positive test result indicates that a person has inherited a known harmful mutation in BRCA1 or BRCA2 and, therefore, has an increased risk of developing certain cancers. However, a positive test result cannot tell whether or when an individual will actually develop cancer. For example, some women who inherit a harmful BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation will never develop breast or ovarian cancer.

A positive genetic test result may also have important health and social implications for family members, including future generations. Unlike most other medical tests, genetic tests can reveal information not only about the person being tested but also about that persons relatives:

What does a negative BRCA1 or BRCA2 test result mean?

A negative test result can be more difficult to understand than a positive result because what the result means depends in part on an individuals family history of cancer and whether a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation has been identified in a blood relative.

If a close (first- or second-degree) relative of the tested person is known to carry a harmful BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation, a negative test result is clear: it means that person does not carry the harmful mutation that is responsible for the familial cancer, and thus cannot pass it on to their children. Such a test result is called a true negative. A person with such a test result is currently thought to have the same risk of cancer as someone in the general population.

If the tested person has a family history that suggests the possibility of having a harmful mutation in BRCA1 or BRCA2 but complete gene testing identifies no such mutation in the family, a negative result is less clear. The likelihood that genetic testing will miss a known harmful BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation is very low, but it could happen. Moreover, scientists continue to discover new BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations and have not yet identified all potentially harmful ones. Therefore, it is possible that a person in this scenario with a "negative" test result actually has an as-yet unknown harmful BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation that has not been identified.

It is also possible for people to have a mutation in a gene other than BRCA1 or BRCA2 that increases their cancer risk but is not detectable by the test used. People considering genetic testing for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations may want to discuss these potential uncertainties with a genetic counselor before undergoing testing.

What does an ambiguous or uncertain BRCA1 or BRCA2 test result mean?

Sometimes, a genetic test finds a change in BRCA1 or BRCA2 that has not been previously associated with cancer. This type of test result may be described as ambiguous (often referred to as a genetic variant of uncertain significance) because it isnt known whether this specific gene change affects a persons risk of developing cancer. One study found that 10 percent of women who underwent BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation testing had this type of ambiguous result (18).

As more research is conducted and more people are tested for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations, scientists will learn more about these changes and cancer risk. Genetic counseling can help a person understand what an ambiguous change in BRCA1 or BRCA2 may mean in terms of cancer risk. Over time, additional studies of variants of uncertain significance may result in a specific mutation being re-classified as either harmful or clearly not harmful.

How can a person who has a positive test result manage their risk of cancer?

Several options are available for managing cancer risk in individuals who have a known harmful BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation. These include enhanced screening, prophylactic (risk-reducing) surgery, and chemoprevention.

Enhanced Screening. Some women who test positive for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations may choose to start cancer screening at younger ages than the general population or to have more frequent screening. For example, some experts recommend that women who carry a harmful BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation undergo clinical breast examinations beginning at age 25 to 35 years (19). And some expert groups recommend that women who carry such a mutation have a mammogram every year, beginning at age 25 to 35 years.

Enhanced screening may increase the chance of detecting breast cancer at an early stage, when it may have a better chance of being treated successfully. Women who have a positive test result should ask their health care provider about the possible harms of diagnostic tests that involve radiation (mammograms or x-rays).

Recent studies have shown that MRI may be more sensitive than mammography for women at high risk of breast cancer (20, 21). However, mammography can also identify some breast cancers that are not identified by MRI (22), and MRI may be less specific (i.e., lead to more false-positive results) than mammography. Several organizations, such as the American Cancer Society and the National Comprehensive Cancer Network, now recommend annual screening with mammography and MRI for women who have a high risk of breast cancer.

No effective ovarian cancer screening methods currently exist. Some groups recommend transvaginal ultrasound, blood tests for the antigen CA-125, and clinical examinations for ovarian cancer screening in women with harmful BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations, but none of these methods appears to detect ovarian tumors at an early enough stage to reduce the risk of dying from ovarian cancer (23). For a screening method to be considered effective, it must have demonstrated reduced mortality from the disease of interest. This standard has not yet been met for ovarian cancer screening.

The benefits of screening for breast and other cancers in men who carry harmful mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2 is also not known, but some expert groups recommend that men who are known to carry a harmful mutation undergo regular mammography as well as testing for prostate cancer. The value of these screening strategies remains unproven at present.

Prophylactic (Risk-reducing) Surgery. Prophylactic surgery involves removing as much of the "at-risk" tissue as possible. Women may choose to have both breasts removed (bilateral prophylactic mastectomy) to reduce their risk of breast cancer. Surgery to remove a woman's ovaries and fallopian tubes (bilateral prophylactic salpingo-oophorectomy) can help reduce her risk of ovarian cancer. Removing the ovaries also reduces the risk of breast cancer in premenopausal women by eliminating a source of hormones that can fuel the growth of some types of breast cancer.

No evidence is available regarding the effectiveness of bilateral prophylactic mastectomy in reducing breast cancer risk in men with a harmful BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation or a family history of breast cancer. Therefore, bilateral prophylactic mastectomy for men at high risk of breast cancer is considered an experimental procedure, and insurance companies will not normally cover it.

Prophylactic surgery does not completely guarantee that cancer will not develop because not all at-risk tissue can be removed by these procedures. Some women have developed breast cancer, ovarian cancer, or primary peritoneal carcinomatosis (a type of cancer similar to ovarian cancer) even after prophylactic surgery. Nevertheless, the mortality reduction associated with this surgery is substantial: Research demonstrates that women who underwent bilateral prophylactic salpingo-oophorectomy had a nearly 80 percent reduction in risk of dying from ovarian cancer, a 56 percent reduction in risk of dying from breast cancer (24), and a 77 percent reduction in risk of dying from any cause (25).

Emerging evidence (25) suggests that the amount of protection that removing the ovaries and fallopian tubes provides against the development of breast and ovarian cancer may be similar for carriers of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations, in contrast to earlier studies (26).

Chemoprevention. Chemoprevention is the use of drugs, vitamins, or other agents to try to reduce the risk of, or delay the recurrence of, cancer. Although two chemopreventive drugs (tamoxifen and raloxifene) have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to reduce the risk of breast cancer in women at increased risk, the role of these drugs in women with harmful BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations is not yet clear.

Data from three studies suggest that tamoxifen may be able to help lower the risk of breast cancer in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers (27), including the risk of cancer in the opposite breast among women previously diagnosed with breast cancer (28, 29). Studies have not examined the effectiveness of raloxifene in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers specifically.

Oral contraceptives (birth control pills) are thought to reduce the risk of ovarian cancer by about 50 percent both in the general population and in women with harmful BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations (30).

What are some of the benefits of genetic testing for breast and ovarian cancer risk?

There can be benefits to genetic testing, regardless of whether a person receives a positive or a negative result.

The potential benefits of a true negative result include a sense of relief regarding the future risk of cancer, learning that one's children are not at risk of inheriting the family's cancer susceptibility, and the possibility that special checkups, tests, or preventive surgeries may not be needed.

A positive test result may bring relief by resolving uncertainty regarding future cancer risk and may allow people to make informed decisions about their future, including taking steps to reduce their cancer risk. In addition, people who have a positive test result may choose to participate in medical research that could, in the long run, help reduce deaths from hereditary breast and ovarian cancer.

What are some of the possible harms of genetic testing for breast and ovarian cancer risk?

The direct medical harms of genetic testing are minimal, but knowledge of test results may have harmful effects on a persons emotions, social relationships, finances, and medical choices.

People who receive a positive test result may feel anxious, depressed, or angry. They may have difficulty making choices about whether to have preventive surgery or about which surgery to have.

People who receive a negative test result may experience survivor guilt, caused by the knowledge that they likely do not have an increased risk of developing a disease that affects one or more loved ones.

Because genetic testing can reveal information about more than one family member, the emotions caused by test results can create tension within families. Test results can also affect personal life choices, such as decisions about career, marriage, and childbearing.

Violations of privacy and of the confidentiality of genetic test results are additional potential risks. However, the federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act and various state laws protect the privacy of a persons genetic information. Moreover, the federal Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act, along with many state laws, prohibits discrimination based on genetic information in relation to health insurance and employment, although it does not cover life insurance, disability insurance, or long-term care insurance.

Finally, there is a small chance that test results may not be accurate, leading people to make decisions based on incorrect information. Although inaccurate results are unlikely, people with these concerns should address them during genetic counseling.

What are the implications of having a harmful BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation for breast and ovarian cancer prognosis and treatment?

A number of studies have investigated possible clinical differences between breast and ovarian cancers that are associated with harmful BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations and cancers that are not associated with these mutations.

There is some evidence that, over the long term, women who carry these mutations are more likely to develop a second cancer in either the same (ipsilateral) breast or the opposite (contralateral) breast than women who do not carry these mutations. Thus, some women with a harmful BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation who develop breast cancer in one breast opt for a bilateral mastectomy, even if they would otherwise be candidates for breast-conserving surgery. In fact, because of the increased risk of a second breast cancer among BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers, some doctors recommend that women with early-onset breast cancer and those whose family history is consistent with a mutation in one of these genes have genetic testing when breast cancer is diagnosed.

Breast cancers in women with a harmful BRCA1 mutation are also more likely to be "triple-negative cancers" (i.e., the breast cancer cells do not have estrogen receptors, progesterone receptors, or large amounts of HER2/neu protein), which generally have poorer prognosis than other breast cancers.

Because the products of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes are involved in DNA repair, some investigators have suggested that cancer cells with a harmful mutation in either of these genes may be more sensitive to anticancer agents that act by damaging DNA, such as cisplatin. In preclinical studies, drugs called PARP inhibitors, which block the repair of DNA damage, have been found to arrest the growth of cancer cells that have BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations. These drugs have also shown some activity in cancer patients who carry BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations, and researchers are continuing to develop and test these drugs.

What research is currently being done to help individuals with harmful BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations?

Research studies are being conducted to find new and better ways of detecting, treating, and preventing cancer in people who carry mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2. Additional studies are focused on improving genetic counseling methods and outcomes. Our knowledge in these areas is evolving rapidly.

Information about active clinical trials (research studies with people) for individuals with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations is available on NCIs website. The following links will retrieve lists of clinical trials open to individuals with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations.

NCIs Cancer Information Service (CIS) can also provide information about clinical trials and help with clinical trial searches.

Do inherited mutations in other genes increase the risk of breast and/or ovarian tumors?

Yes. Although harmful mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 are responsible for the disease in nearly half of families with multiple cases of breast cancer and up to 90 percent of families with both breast and ovarian cancer, mutations in a number of other genes have been associated with increased risks of breast and/or ovarian cancers (2, 31). These other genes include several that are associated with the inherited disorders Cowden syndrome, Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, and Fanconi anemia, which increase the risk of many cancer types.

Most mutations in these other genes are associated with smaller increases in breast cancer risk than are seen with mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2. However, researchers recently reported that inherited mutations in the PALB2 gene are associated with a risk of breast cancer nearly as high as that associated with inherited BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations (32). They estimated that 33 percent of women who inherit a harmful mutation in PALB2 will develop breast cancer by age 70 years. The estimated risk of breast cancer associated with a harmful PALB2 mutation is even higher for women who have a family history of breast cancer: 58 percent of those women will develop breast cancer by age 70 years.

PALB2, like BRCA1 and BRCA2, is a tumor suppressor gene. The PALB2 gene produces a protein that interacts with the proteins produced by the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes to help repair breaks in DNA. Harmful mutations in PALB2 (also known as FANCN) are associated with increased risks of ovarian, pancreatic, and prostate cancers in addition to an increased risk of breast cancer (13, 33, 34). Mutations in PALB2, when inherited from each parent, can cause a Fanconi anemia subtype, FA-N, that is associated with childhood solid tumors (13, 33, 35).

Although genetic testing for PALB2 mutations is available, expert groups have not yet developed specific guidelines for who should be tested for, or the management of breast cancer risk in individuals with, PALB2 mutations.

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BRCA1 and BRCA2: Cancer Risk and Genetic Testing Fact ...

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Home | The EMBO Journal

Wednesday, October 5th, 2016

Open Access

Article

The Arabidopsis CERK1associated kinase PBL27 connects chitin perception to MAPK activation

These authors contributed equally to this work as first authors

These authors contributed equally to this work as third authors

Chitin receptor CERK1 transmits immune signals to the intracellular MAPK cascade in plants. This occurs via phosphorylation of MAPKKK5 by the CERK1associated kinase PBL27, providing a missing link between pathogen perception and signaling output.

Chitin receptor CERK1 transmits immune signals to the intracellular MAPK cascade in plants. This occurs via phosphorylation of MAPKKK5 by the CERK1associated kinase PBL27, providing a missing link between pathogen perception and signaling output.

CERK1associated kinase PBL27 interacts with MAPKKK5 at the plasma membrane.

Chitin perception induces disassociation of PBL27 and MAPKKK5.

PBL27 functions as a MAPKKK kinase.

Phosphorylation of MAPKKK5 by PBL27 is enhanced upon phosphorylation of PBL27 by CERK1.

Phosphorylation of MAPKKK5 by PBL27 is required for chitininduced MAPK activation in planta.

Kenta Yamada, Koji Yamaguchi, Tomomi Shirakawa, Hirofumi Nakagami, Akira Mine, Kazuya Ishikawa, Masayuki Fujiwara, Mari Narusaka, Yoshihiro Narusaka, Kazuya Ichimura, Yuka Kobayashi, Hidenori Matsui, Yuko Nomura, Mika Nomoto, Yasuomi Tada, Yoichiro Fukao, Tamo Fukamizo, Kenichi Tsuda, Ken Shirasu, Naoto Shibuya, Tsutomu Kawasaki

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Worlds Leading Immunology Congress | Conferenceseries

Monday, October 3rd, 2016

Accreditation Statement

This activity (World Immunology Summit 2016) has been planned and implemented in accordance with the accreditation requirements and policies of the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education (ACCME) through the joint providership of PeerPoint Medical Education Institute and Conference Series, LLC. PeerPoint Medical Education Institute is accredited by the ACCME to provide continuing medical education for physicians.

Designation Statement

PeerPoint Medical Education Institute designates the live format for this educational activity for AMA PRA Category 1 Credits. Physicians should only claim credit commensurate with the extent of their participation in the activity.

Conference series invites participants from all over the world to attend "6th International Conference and Exhibition on Immunology" October 24-26, 2016 Chicago, USA includes prompt keynote presentations, Oral talks, Poster presentations and Exhibitions.

Presenters can availupto 20 CME credits..

The annual International Conference on Immunology offer a unique platform for academia, Societies and Industries interested in immunology and Biomedical sciences to share the latest trends and important issues in the field. Immunology Summit-2016 brings together the Global leaders in Immunology and relevant fields to present their research at this exclusive scientific program. The Immunology Conference hosting presentations from editors of prominent refereed journals, renowned and active investigators and decision makers in the field of Immunology. Immunology Summit 2016 Organizing Committee also intended to encourage Young investigators at every career stage to submit abstracts reporting their latest scientific findings in oral and poster sessions.

Track 1:ClinicalImmunology: Current & Future Research

Immunology is the study of the immune system. The immune system is how all animals, including humans, protect themselves against diseases. The study of diseases caused by disorders of the immune system is clinical immunology. The disorders of the immune system fall into two broad categories:

Immunodeficiency, in this immune system fails to provide an adequate response.

Autoimmunity, in this immune system attacks its own host's body.

Related:Immunology Conferences|Immunologists Meetings|Conference Series LLC

2nd International Conference on Antibodies and Therapeutics, July 11-12, 2016 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA;5th European Immunology Conferences, July 21-23, 2016 Berlin, Germany; 7th International Conference on Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology, September 14-15, 2016 Amsterdam, Netherlands; 2nd international conference on innate immunity, July 21-22, 2016, Germany; International Conference on Autoimmunity, October 13-14, 2016 Manchester, UK; Immunology 2016, American Association of Immunologists, Annual MeetingMay 13-17, Los Angeles, USA;USA Immunology Conferences;InternationalConference onMucosalImmunology, July 28-29, 2016, Australia;International Congress of Immunology

Track 2:Cancer and Tumor Immunobiology

The immune system is the bodys first line of defence against most diseases and unnatural invaders.Cancer Immunobiologyis a branch ofimmunologyand it studies interactions between theimmune systemandcancer cells. These cancer cells, through subtle alterations, become immortal malignant cells but are often not changed enough to elicit an immune reaction.Understanding how the immune system worksor does not workagainst cancer is a primary focus of Cancer Immunology investigators. Certain cells of the immune system, including natural killer cells, dendritic cells (DCs) and effector T cells, are capable of driving potent anti-tumour responses.

Tumor Immunobiology

The immune system can promote the elimination of tumours, but often immune responses are modulated or suppressed by the tumour microenvironment. The Tumour microenvironment is an important aspect of cancer biology that contributes to tumour initiation, tumour progression and responses to therapy. Cells and molecules of the immune system are a fundamental component of the tumour microenvironment. Importantly, therapeutic strategies can harness the immune system to specifically target tumour cells and this is particularly appealing owing to the possibility of inducing tumour-specific immunological memory, which might cause long-lasting regression and prevent relapse in cancer patients. The composition and characteristics of the tumour micro environment vary widely and are important in determining the anti-tumour immune response. Tumour cells often induce an immunosuppressive microenvironment, which favours the development of immuno suppressive populations of immune cells, such as myeloid-derived suppressor cells and regulatory T cells.

Related: Immunology Conferences|Immunologists Meetings|Conference Series LLC

2nd International Conference and Exhibition on Antibodies and Therapeutics, July 11-12, 2016 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; International Conference on Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, July 28-30, 2016 Melbourne, Australia; International Conference on Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy, July 28-30, 2016 Melbourne, Australia, 2nd international congress on Neuroimmunology & therapeutics, Dec 01-03, 2016, USA; 2nd international conference on innate immunity, July 21-22, 2016, Germany;Immunology events;9th EuropeanMucosal ImmunologyMeetings, October 9 - 12 October, Scotland; international congress on immunology, august 21-26, 2016, Australia; 4th European Immunology events September 6-9, 2015, Austria

Track 3:Inflammation and Therapies

Inflammation is the body's attempt at self-protection; the aim being to remove harmful stimuli, including damaged cells, irritants, or pathogens - and begin the healing process. In Inflammation the body's whiteblood cellsand substances they produce protect us from infection with foreign organisms, such as bacteria and viruses. However, in some diseases, likearthritis, the body's defense system, the immune system triggers an inflammatory response when there are no foreign invaders to fight off. In these diseases, called autoimmune diseases, the body's normally protective immune system causes damage to its own tissues. The body responds as if normal tissues are infected or somehow abnormal. Inflammation involves immune cells, blood vessels, and molecular mediators. The purpose of inflammation is to eliminate the initial cause of cell injury, clear out necrotic cells and tissues damaged from the original insult and the inflammatory process, and to initiate tissue repair. signs of acute inflammation are pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function

Therapies

Inflammation Therapy is a treatment for chronic disease involving a combination of lifestyle factors and medications designed to enable the immune system to fight the disease. Techniques used include heat therapy, cold therapy, electrical stimulation, traction, massage, and acupuncture. Heat increases blood flow and makes connective tissue more flexible. It temporarily decreases joint stiffness, pain, and muscle spasms. Heat also helps reduce inflammation and the buildup of fluid in tissues (edema). Heat therapy is used to treat inflammation (including various forms of arthritis), muscle spasm, and injuries such as sprains and strains. Cold therapy Applying cold may help numb tissues and relieve muscle spasms, pain due to injuries, and low back pain or inflammation that has recently developed. Cold may be applied using an ice bag, a cold pack, or fluids (such as ethyl chloride) that cool by evaporation. The therapist limits the time and amount of cold exposure to avoid damaging tissues and reducing body temperature (causing hypothermia). Cold is not applied to tissues with a reduced blood supply (for example, when the arteries are narrowed by peripheral arterial disease).

Related: Immunology Conferences|Immunologists Meetings|Conference Series LLC

7th International Conference on Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology, September 14-15, 2016 Amsterdam, Netherlands ; 5th European Immunology Conferences, July 21-23, 2016 Berlin, Germany; 2nd International Conference on Antibodies and Therapeutics, July 11-12, 2016 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; International Conference on Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, July 28-30, 2016 Melbourne, Australia; International Conference on Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy, July 28-30, 2016 Melbourne, Australia; InternationalcongressonImmunology, August 21-26, 2016, Australia; 18th International Conference on Inflammation, Amsterdam, Netherlands, May 12 - 13, 2016; 14th Cytokines & Inflammation Conference 2526 January 2016 San Diego, United States;

Track 4:Molecular and Structural Immunology

Molecular Immunology

Molecular immunology deals with immune responses at cellular and molecular level. Molecular immunology has been evolved for better understanding of the sub-cellular immune responses for prevention and treatment of immune related disorders and immune deficient diseases. Journal of molecular immunology focuses on the invitro and invivo immunological responses of the host. Molecular Immunology focuses on the areas such as immunological disorders, invitro and invivo immunological host responses, humoral responses, immunotherapies for treatment of cancer, treatment of autoimmune diseases such as Hashimotos disease, myasthenia gravis, rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Treatment of Immune deficiencies such as hypersensitivities, chronic granulomatous disease, diagnostic immunology research aspects, allografts, etc..

Structural Immunology

Host immune system is an important and sophisticated system, maintaining the balance of host response to "foreign" antigens and ignorance to the normal-self. To fulfill this achievement the system manipulates a cell-cell interaction through appropriate interactions between cell-surface receptors and cell-surface ligands, or cell-secreted soluble effector molecules to their ligands/receptors/counter-receptors on the cell surface, triggering further downstream signaling for response effects. T cells and NK cells are important components of the immune system for defending the infections and malignancies and maintaining the proper response against over-reaction to the host. Receptors on the surface of T cells and NK cells include a number of important protein molecules, for example, T cell receptor (TCR), co-receptor CD8 or CD4, co-stimulator CD28, CTLA4, KIR, CD94/NKG2, LILR (ILT/LIR/CD85), Ly49, and so forth.

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Track 5:Transplantation Immunology

Transplantation is an act of transferring cells, tissues, or organ from one site to other. Graft is implanted cell, tissue or organ. Development of the field of organ and tissue transplantation has accelerated remarkably since the human major histocompatibility complex (mhc) was discovered in 1967. Matching of donor and recipient for mhc antigens has been shown to have a significant positive effect on graft acceptance. The roles of the different components of the immune system involved in the tolerance or rejection of grafts and in graft-versus-host disease have been clarified. These components include: antibodies, antigen presenting cells, helper and cytotoxic t cell subsets, immune cell surface molecules, signaling mechanisms and cytokines that they release. The development of pharmacologic and biological agents that interfere with the alloimmune response and graft rejection has had a crucial role in the success of organ transplantation. Combinations of these agents work synergistically, leading to lower doses of immunosuppressive drugs and reduced toxicity. Significant numbers of successful solid organ transplants include those of the kidneys, liver, heart and lung.

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Track 6:Infectious Diseases, Emerging and Reemerging diseases: Confronting Future Outbreaks

Infectious diseasesare disorders caused by organisms such as bacteria, viruses,fungior parasites. Many organisms live in and on our bodies. They're normally harmless or even helpful, but under certain conditions, some organisms may causedisease.Someinfectious diseasescan be passed from person to person. Many infectious diseases, such asmeaslesand chickenpox, can be prevented by vaccines. Frequent and thorough hand-washing also helps protect you from infectious diseases.

There are four main kinds of germs:

Bacteria - one-celled germs that multiply quickly and may release chemicals which can make you sick

Viruses- capsules that contain genetic material, and use your own cells to multiply

Fungi - primitive plants, like mushrooms or mildew

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Track 7:Autoimmune Diseases

An autoimmune disease develops when your immune system, which defends your body against disease, decides your healthy cells are foreign. As a result, your immune system attacks healthy cells. An autoimmune disorder may result in the destruction of body tissue, abnormal growth of an organ, Changes in organ function. Depending on the type, an autoimmune disease can affect one or many different types of body tissue. Areas often affected by autoimmune disorders include Blood vessels, Connective tissues, Endocrineglands such as the thyroid or pancreas, Joints Muscles, Red blood cells, Skin It can also cause abnormal organ growth and changes in organ function. There are as many as 80 types of autoimmune diseases. Many of them have similar symptoms, which makes them very difficult to diagnose. Its also possible to have more than one at the same time. Common autoimmune disorders include Addison's disease, Dermatomyositis, Graves' disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Multiple sclerosis, Myasthenia gravis, Pernicious anemia, Reactive arthritis. Autoimmune diseases usually fluctuate between periods of remission (little or no symptoms) and flare-ups (worsening symptoms). Currently, treatment for autoimmune diseases focuses on relieving symptoms because there is no curative therapy.

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Track 8:Viral Immunology: Emerging and Re-emerging Diseases

Immunology is the study of all aspects of the immune system in all organisms. It deals with the physiological functioning of the immune system in states of both health and disease; malfunctions of the immune system in immunological disorders (autoimmune diseases, hypersensitivities, immune deficiency, transplant rejection); the physical, chemical and physiological characteristics of the components of the immune system in vitro, in situ, and in vivo.

Viruses are strongly immunogenic and induces 2 types of immune responses; humoral and cellular. The repertoire of specificities of T and B cells are formed by rearrangements and somatic mutations. T and B cells do not generally recognize the same epitopes present on the same virus. B cells see the free unaltered proteins in their native 3-D conformation whereas T cells usually see the Ag in a denatured form in conjunction with MHC molecules. The characteristics of the immune reaction to the same virus may differ in different individuals depending on their genetic constitutions.

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Track 9:Pediatric Immunology

A child suffering from allergies or other problems with his immune system is referred as pediatric immunology. Childs immune system fights against infections. If the child has allergies, their immune system wrongly reacts to things that are usually harmless. Pet dander, pollen, dust, mold spores, insect stings, food, and medications are examples of such things. This reaction may cause their body to respond with health problems such as asthma, hay fever, hives, eczema (a rash), or a very severe and unusual reaction calledanaphylaxis. Sometimes, if your childs immune system is not working right, he may suffer from frequent, severe, and/or uncommon infections. Examples of such infections are sinusitis (inflammation of one or more of the sinuses), pneumonia (infection of the lung), thrush (a fungus infection in the mouth), and abscesses (collections of pus surrounded by inflamed tissue) that keep coming back.

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Track 10:Immunotherapy & Cancer Immunotherapy: From Basic Biology to Translational Research

Immunotherapy is treatment that uses certain parts of a persons immune system to fight diseases such as cancer. This can be done in a couple of ways:

Stimulating your own immune system to work harder or smarter to attack cancer cells Giving you immune system components, such as man-made immune system proteins

Some types of immunotherapy are also sometimes called biologic therapy or biotherapy. In the last few decades immunotherapy has become an important part of treating some types of cancer. Newer types of immune treatments are now being studied, and theyll impact how we treat cancer in the future. Immunotherapy includes treatments that work in different ways. Some boost the bodys immune system in a very general way. Others help train the immune system to attack cancer cells specifically.

Cancer immunotherapy is the use of the immune system to treat cancer. The main types of immunotherapy now being used to treat cancer include:

Monoclonal antibodies: these are man-made versions of immune system proteins. Antibodies can be very useful in treating cancer because they can be designed to attack a very specific part of a cancer cell.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors: these drugs basically take the brakes off the immune system, which helps it recognize and attack cancer cells.

Cancer vaccines: vaccines are substances put into the body to start an immune response against certain diseases. We usually think of them as being given to healthy people to help prevent infections. But some vaccines can help prevent or treat cancer.

Other, non-specific immunotherapies: these treatments boost the immune system in a general way, but this can still help the immune system attack cancer cells.

Immunotherapy drugs are now used to treat many different types of cancer. For more information about immunotherapy as a treatment for a specific cancer, please see our information on that type of cancer.

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Track 11:Immunology and Diabetes

Immunologyis the study of the immune system, which is responsible for protecting the body from foreign cells such as viruses, bacteria and parasites. Immune system cells called T and B lymphocytes identify and destroy these invaders. Thelymphocytesusually recognize and ignore the bodys own tissue (a condition called immunological self-tolerance), but certain autoimmune disorders trigger a malfunction in the immune response causing an attack on the bodys own cells due to a loss ofimmune tolerance.

Type 1 diabetes is anautoimmune diseasethat occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks insulin-producing islet cells in the pancreas. This attack begins years before type 1 diabetes becomes evident, so by the time someone is diagnosed, extensive damage has already been done and the ability to produceinsulinis lost.

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Track 12:Immune Tolerance

Immunological toleranceis the failure to mount animmuneresponse to an antigen. It can be: Natural or "self"tolerance. This is the failure (a good thing) to attack the body's own proteins and other antigens. If the immunesystem should respond to "self",an autoimmune diseasemay result. Natural or "self" tolerance: Induced tolerance: This is tolerance to externalantigens that has been created by deliberately manipulating theimmune system.

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Track 13:Vaccines and Immunotherapy

Vaccine is a biological preparation that improves immunity to particular disease. It contains certain agent that not only resembles a disease causing microorganism but it also stimulates bodys immune system to recognise the foreign agents. Vaccines are dead or inactivated organisms or purified products derived from them. whole organism vaccines purified macromolecules as vaccines,recombinant vaccines, DNA vaccines. The immune system recognizes vaccine agents as foreign, destroys them, and "remembers" them. The administration of vaccines is called vaccination. In order to provide best protection, children are recommended to receive vaccinations as soon as their immune systems are sufficiently developed to respond to particular vaccines with additional "booster" shots often required to achieve "full immunity".

Immunotherapy is treatment that uses certain parts of a persons immune system to fight diseases such as cancer. This can be done in a couple of ways:

Stimulating your own immune system to work harder or smarter to attack cancer cells

Giving you immune system components, such as man-made immune system proteins

Some types of immunotherapy are also sometimes called biologic therapy or biotherapy. In the last few decades immunotherapy has become an important part of treating some types of cancer. Newer types of immune treatments are now being studied, and theyll impact how we treat cancer in the future. Immunotherapy includes treatments that work in different ways. Some boost the bodys immune system in a very general way. Others help train the immune system to attack cancer cells specifically. Immunotherapy works better for some types of cancer than for others. Its used by itself for some of these cancers, but for others it seems to work better when used with other types of treatment.

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Track 14:Immunologic Techniques, Microbial Control and Therapeutics

Immunological techniques include both experimental methods to study the immune system and methods to generate or use immunological reagents as experimental tools. The most common immunological methods relate to the production and use of antibodies to detect specific proteins in biological samples. Various laboratory techniques exist that rely on the use of antibodies to visualize components of microorganisms or other cell types and to distinguish one cell or organism type from another. Immunologic techniques are used for: Quantitating and detectingantibodiesand/orantigens, Purifying immunoglobulins, lymphokines and other molecules of the immune system, Isolating antigens and other substances important in immunological processes, Labelling antigens and antibodies, Localizing antigens and/or antibodies in tissues and cells, Detecting, and fractionatingimmunocompetent cells, Assaying forcellular immunity, Documenting cell-cell interactions, Initiating immunity and unresponsiveness, Transplantingtissues, Studying items closely related to immunity such as complement,reticuloendothelial systemand others, Molecular techniques for studying immune cells and theirreceptors, Imaging of the immune system, Methods for production or their fragments ineukaryoticandprokaryotic cells.

Microbial control:

Control of microbial growth, as used here, means to inhibit or prevent growth of microorganisms. This control is achieved in two basic ways: (1) by killing microorganisms or (2) by inhibiting the growth of microorganisms. Control of growth usually involves the use of physical or chemical agents which either kill or prevent the growth of microorganisms. Agents which kill cells are called cidal agents; agents which inhibit the growth of cells (without killing them) are referred to as static agents. Thus, the term bactericidal refers to killing bacteria, and bacteriostatic refers to inhibiting the growth of bacterial cells. A bactericide kills bacteria, a fungicide kills fungi, and so on. In microbiology, sterilization refers to the complete destruction or elimination of all viable organisms in or on a substance being sterilized. There are no degrees of sterilization: an object or substance is either sterile or not. Sterilization procedures involve the use of heat, radiation or chemicals, or physical removal of cells.

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Track 15:Immunodeficiency

Immunodeficiency is a state in which theimmune system's ability to fightinfectious diseaseis compromised or entirely absent. Immunodeficiency disorders prevent your body from adequately fighting infections and diseases. An immunodeficiency disorder also makes it easier for you to catch viruses and bacterial infections in the first place. Immunodeficiency disorders are often categorized as either congenital or acquired. A congenital, or primary, disorder is one you were born with. Acquired, or secondary, disorders are disorders you get later in life. Acquired disorders are more common thancongenital disorders. Immune system includes the following organs: spleen, tonsils, bone marrow, lymph nodes. These organs make and release lymphocytes. Lymphocytes are white blood cells classified as B cells and T cells. B and T cells fight invaders called antigens. B cells release antibodies specific to the disease your body detects. T cells kill off cells that are under attack by disease. An immunodeficiency disorder disrupts your bodys ability to defend itself against these antigens. Types of immunodeficiency disorder are Primary immunodeficiency disorders & Secondary immunodeficiency disorders.

Primary immunodeficiency disorders are immune disorders you are born with. Primary disorders include:

X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA)

Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID)

Severe combined immunodeficiency(SCID)

Secondary disorders happen when an outside source, such as a toxic chemical or infection, attacks your body. Severe burns and radiation also can cause secondary disorders.

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Chamomile: A herbal medicine of the past with bright future

Monday, October 3rd, 2016

Abstract

Chamomile is one of the most ancient medicinal herbs known to mankind. It is a member of Asteraceae/Compositae family and represented by two common varieties viz. German Chamomile (Chamomilla recutita) and Roman Chamomile (Chamaemelum nobile). The dried flowers of chamomile contain many terpenoids and flavonoids contributing to its medicinal properties. Chamomile preparations are commonly used for many human ailments such as hay fever, inflammation, muscle spasms, menstrual disorders, insomnia, ulcers, wounds, gastrointestinal disorders, rheumatic pain, and hemorrhoids. Essential oils of chamomile are used extensively in cosmetics and aromatherapy. Many different preparations of chamomile have been developed, the most popular of which is in the form of herbal tea consumed more than one million cups per day. In this review we describe the use of chamomile in traditional medicine with regard to evaluating its curative and preventive properties, highlight recent findings for its development as a therapeutic agent promoting human health.

Keywords: chamomile, dietary agents, flavonoids, polyphenols, human health

The interplay of plants and human health has been documented for thousands of years (13). Herbs have been integral to both traditional and non-traditional forms of medicine dating back at least 5000 years (2, 46). The enduring popularity of herbal medicines may be explained by the tendency of herbs to work slowly, usually with minimal toxic side effects. One of the most common herbs used for medicinal purposes is chamomile whose standardized tea and herbal extracts are prepared from dried flowers of Matricaria species. Chamomile is one of the oldest, most widely used and well documented medicinal plants in the world and has been recommended for a variety of healing applications (7). Chamomile is a native of the old World and is a member of the daisy family (Asteraceae or Compositae). The hollow, bright gold cones of the flowers are packed with disc or tubular florets and are ringed with about fifteen white ray or ligulate florets, widely represented by two known varieties viz. German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla) and Roman chamomile (Chamaemelum nobile) (8) . In this review we will discuss the use and possible merits of chamomile, examining its historical use and recent scientific and clinical evaluations of its potential use in the management of various human ailments.

Different classes of bioactive constituents are present in chamomile, which have been isolated and used as medicinal preparations and cosmetics (9). The plant contains 0.24%1.9% volatile oil, composed of a variety of separate oils. When exposed to steam distillation, the oil ranges in color from brilliant blue to deep green when fresh but turns to dark yellow after storage. Despite fading, the oil does not lose its potency. Approximately 120 secondary metabolites have been identified in chamomile, including 28 terpenoids and 36 flavonoids (10, 11). The principal components of the essential oil extracted from the German chamomile flowers are the terpenoids -bisabolol and its oxide azulenes including chamazulene and acetylene derivatives. Chamazulene and bisabolol are very unstable and are best preserved in an alcoholic tincture. The essential oil of Roman chamomile contains less chamazulene and is mainly constituted from esters of angelic acid and tiglic acid. It also contains farnesene and -pinene. Roman chamomile contains up to 0.6% of sesquiterpene lactones of the germacranolide type, mainly nobilin and 3-epinobilin. Both -bisabolol, bisabolol oxides A and B and chamazulene or azulenesse, farnesene and spiro-ether quiterpene lactones, glycosides, hydroxycoumarins, flavanoids (apigenin, luteolin, patuletin, and quercetin), coumarins (herniarin and umbelliferone), terpenoids, and mucilage are considered to be the major bio-active ingredients (12, 13). Other major constituents of the flowers include several phenolic compounds, primarily the flavonoids apigenin, quercetin, patuletin as glucosides and various acetylated derivatives. Among flavonoids, apigenin is the most promising compound. It is present in very small quantities as free apigenin, but predominantly exists in the form of various glycosides (1418).

Chamomile is known to be used in various forms of its preparations. Dry powder of chamomile flower is recommended and used by many people for traditionally established health problems. Medicinal ingredients are normally extracted from the dry flowers of chamomile by using water, ethanol or methanol as solvents and corresponding extracts are known as aqueous, ethanolic (alcoholic) and/or methanolic extracts. Optimum chamomile extracts contain about 50 percent alcohol. Normally standardized extracts contain 1.2% of apigenin which is one of the most effective bioactive agents. Aqueous extracts, such as in the form of tea, contain quite low concentrations of free apigenin but include high levels of apigenin-7-O-glucoside. Oral infusion of chamomile is recommended by the German Commission E (19, 20).Chamomile tea is one of the worlds most popular herbal teas and about a million cups are consumed every day. Tea bags of chamomile are also available in the market, containing chamomile flower powder, either pure or blended with other popular medicinal herbs. Chamomile tincture may also be prepared as one part chamomile flower in four parts of water having 12% grain alcohol, which is used to correct summer diarrhea in children and also used with purgatives to prevent cramping. Chamomile flowers are extensively used alone, or combined with crushed poppy-heads, as a poultice or hot foment for inflammatory pain or congestive neuralgia, and in cases of external swelling, such as facial swelling associated with underlying infection or abscess. Chamomile whole plant is used for making herb beers, and also for a lotion, for external application in toothache, earache, neuralgia and in cases of external swelling (20). It is also known to be used as bath additive, recommended for soothing ano-genital inflammation (21). The tea infusion is used as a wash or gargle for inflammation of the mucous membranes of the mouth and throat (22, 23). Inhalation of the vaporized essential oils derived from chamomile flowers is recommended to relieve anxiety, general depression. Chamomile oil is a popular ingredient of aromatherapy and hair care (24, 25). Roman chamomile is widely used in cosmetic preparations and in soothing and softening effect on the skin (26, 27).

Traditionally, chamomile has been used for centuries as an anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, mild astringent and healing medicine (28). As a traditional medicine, it is used to treat wounds, ulcers, eczema, gout, skin irritations, bruises, burns, canker sores, neuralgia, sciatica, rheumatic pain, hemorrhoids, mastitis and other ailments (29, 30). Externally, chamomile has been used to treat diaper rash, cracked nipples, chicken pox, ear and eye infections, disorders of the eyes including blocked tear ducts, conjunctivitis, nasal inflammation and poison ivy (31, 32). Chamomile is widely used to treat inflammations of the skin and mucous membranes, and for various bacterial infections of the skin, oral cavity and gums, and respiratory tract. Chamomile in the form of an aqueous extract has been frequently used as a mild sedative to calm nerves and reduce anxiety, to treat hysteria, nightmares, insomnia and other sleep problems (33). Chamomile has been valued as a digestive relaxant and has been used to treat various gastrointestinal disturbances including flatulence, indigestion, diarrhea, anorexia, motion sickness, nausea, and vomiting (34, 35). Chamomile has also been used to treat colic, croup, and fevers in children (36). It has been used as an emmenagogue and a uterine tonic in women. It is also effective in arthritis, back pain, bedsores and stomach cramps.

The flowers of chamomile contain 12% volatile oils including alpha-bisabolol, alpha-bisabolol oxides A & B, and matricin (usually converted to chamazulene and other flavonoids which possess anti-inflammatory and antiphlogistic properties (12, 19, 35, 36). A study in human volunteers demonstrated that chamomile flavonoids and essential oils penetrate below the skin surface into the deeper skin layers (37). This is important for their use as topical antiphlogistic (anti-inflammatory) agents. One of chamomiles anti-inflammatory activities involve the inhibition of LPS-induced prostaglandin E(2) release and attenuation of cyclooxygenase (COX-2) enzyme activity without affecting the constitutive form, COX-1 (38).

Most evaluations of tumor growth inhibition by chamomile involve studies with apigenin which is one of the bioactive constituents of chamomile. Studies on preclinical models of skin, prostate, breast and ovarian cancer have shown promising growth inhibitory effects (3943). In a recently conducted study, chamomile extracts were shown to cause minimal growth inhibitory effects on normal cells, but showed significant reductions in cell viability in various human cancer cell lines. Chamomile exposure induced apoptosis in cancer cells but not in normal cells at similar doses (18). The efficacy of the novel agent TBS-101, a mixture of seven standardized botanical extracts including chamomile has been recently tested. The results confirm it to have a good safety profile with significant anticancer activities against androgen-refractory human prostrate cancer PC-3 cells, both in vitro and in vivo situation (44).

Common cold (acute viral nasopharyngitis) is the most common human disease. It is a mild viral infectious disease of the upper respiratory system. Typically common cold is not life-threatening, although its complications (such as pneumonia) can lead to death, if not properly treated. Studies indicate that inhaling steam with chamomile extract has been helpful in common cold symptoms (45); however, further research is needed to confirm these findings.

It has been suggested that regular use of flavonoids consumed in food may reduce the risk of death from coronary heart disease in elderly men (46). A study assessed the flavonoid intake of 805 men aged 6584 years who were followed up for 5 years. Flavonoid intake (analyzed in tertiles) was significantly inversely associated with mortality from coronary heart disease and showed an inverse relation with incidence of myocardial infarction. In another study (47), on twelve patients with cardiac disease who underwent cardiac catheterization, hemodynamic measurements obtained prior to and 30 minutes after the oral ingestion of chamomile tea exhibited a small but significant increase in the mean brachial artery pressure. No other significant hemodynamic changes were observed after chamomile consumption. Ten of the twelve patients fell into a deep sleep shortly after drinking the beverage. A large, well-designed randomized controlled trial is needed to assess the potential value of chamomile in improving cardiac health.

An apple pectin-chamomile extract may help shorten the course of diarrhea in children as well as relieve symptoms associated with the condition (47). Two clinical trials have evaluated the efficacy of chamomile for the treatment of colic in children. Chamomile tea was combined with other herbs (German chamomile, vervain, licorice, fennel, balm mint) for administration. In a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, 68 healthy term infants who had colic (2 to 8 weeks old) received either herbal tea or placebo (glucose, flavoring). Each infant was offered treatment with every bout of colic, up to 150 mL/dose, no more than three times a day. After 7 days of treatment, parents reported that the tea eliminated the colic in 57% of the infants, whereas placebo was helpful in only 26% (P<0.01). No adverse effects with regard to the number of nighttime awakenings were noted in either group (48). Another study examined the effects of a chamomile extract and apple pectin preparation in 79 children (age 0.55.5 y) with acute, non-complicated diarrhea who received either the chamomile/pectin preparation (n = 39) or a placebo (n = 40) for 3 days. Diarrhea ended sooner in children treated with chamomile and pectin (85%), than in the placebo group (58%) (49). These results provide evidence that chamomile can be used safely to treat infant colic disorders.

Topical applications of chamomile have been shown to be moderately effective in the treatment of atopic eczema (50). It was found to be about 60% as effective as 0.25% hydrocortisone cream (51). Roman chamomile of the Manzana type (Kamillosan (R)) may ease discomfort associated with eczema when applied as a cream containing chamomile extract. The Manzana type of chamomile is rich in active ingredients and does not exhibit chamomile-related allergenic potential. In a partially double-blind, randomized study carried out as a half-side comparison, Kamillosan(R) cream was compared with 0.5% hydrocortisone cream and a placebo consisting only of vehicle cream in patients suffering from medium-degree atopic eczema (52). After 2 weeks of treatment, Kamillosan(R) cream showed a slight superiority over 0.5% hydrocortisone and a marginal difference as compared to placebo. Further research is needed to evaluate the usefulness of topical chamomile in managing eczema.

Chamomile is used traditionally for numerous gastrointestinal conditions, including digestive disorders, "spasm" or colic, upset stomach, flatulence (gas), ulcers, and gastrointestinal irritation (53). Chamomile is especially helpful in dispelling gas, soothing the stomach, and relaxing the muscles that move food through the intestines. The protective effect of a commercial preparation (STW5, Iberogast), containing the extracts of bitter candy tuft, lemon balm leaf, chamomile flower, caraway fruit, peppermint leaf, liquorice root, Angelica root, milk thistle fruit and greater celandine herb, against the development of gastric ulcers has been previously reported (54). STW5 extracts produced a dose dependent anti-ulcerogenic effect associated with a reduced acid output, an increased mucin secretion, an increase in prostaglandin E (2) release and a decrease in leukotrienes. The results obtained demonstrated that STW5 not only lowered gastric acidity as effectively as a commercial antacid, but was more effective in inhibiting secondary hyperacidity (54).

Studies suggest that chamomile ointment may improve hemorrhoids. Tinctures of chamomile can also be used in a sitz bath format. Tincture of Roman chamomile may reduce inflammation associated with hemorrhoids (55, 56).

It has been claimed that consumption of chamomile tea boosts the immune system and helps fight infections associated with colds. The health promoting benefits of chamomile was assessed in a study which involved fourteen volunteers who each drank five cups of the herbal tea daily for two consecutive weeks. Daily urine samples were taken and tested throughout the study, both before and after drinking chamomile tea. Drinking chamomile was associated with a significant increase in urinary levels of hippurate and glycine, which have been associated with increased antibacterial activity (57). In another study, chamomile relieved hypertensive symptoms and decreased the systolic blood pressure significantly, increasing urinary output (58). Additional studies are needed before a more definitive link between chamomile and its alleged health benefits can be established.

Inflammation is associated with many gastrointestinal disorders complaints, such as esophageal reflux, diverticular disease, and inflammatory disease (5961). Studies in preclinical models suggest that chamomile inhibits Helicobacter pylori, the bacteria that can contribute to stomach ulcers (60). Chamomile is believed to be helpful in reducing smooth muscle spasms associated with various gastrointestinal inflammatory disorders. Chamomile is often used to treat mild skin irritations, including sunburn, rashes, sores and even eye inflammations (6265) but its value in treating these conditions has not been shown with evidence-based research.

Mouth ulcers are a common condition with a variety of etiologies (66). Stomatitis is a major dose-limiting toxicity from bolus 5-fluorouracil-based (5-FU) chemotherapy regimens. A double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial including 164 patients was conducted (22). Patients were entered into the study at the time of their first cycle of 5-FU-based chemotherapy and were randomized to receive a chamomile or placebo mouthwash thrice daily for 14 days. There was no suggestion of any stomatitis difference between patients randomized to either protocol arm. There was also no suggestion of toxicity. Similar results were obtained with another prospective trial on chamomile in this situation. Data obtained from these clinical trials did not support the pre study hypothesis that chamomile could decrease 5-FU-induced stomatitis. The results remain unclear if chamomile is helpful in this situation.

Osteoporosis is a metabolic bone disease resulting from low bone mass (osteopenia) due to excessive bone resorption. Sufferers are prone to bone fractures from relatively minor trauma. Agents which include selective estrogen receptor modulators or SERMs, biphosphonates, calcitonin are frequently used to prevent bone loss. To prevent bone loss that occurs with increasing age, chamomile extract was evaluated for its ability to stimulate the differentiation and mineralization of osteoblastic cells. Chamomile extract was shown to stimulate osteoblastic cell differentiation and to exhibit an anti-estrogenic effect, suggesting an estrogen receptor-related mechanism (67). However, further studies are needed before it can be considered for clinical use.

Traditionally, chamomile preparations such as tea and essential oil aromatherapy have been used to treat insomnia and to induce sedation (calming effects). Chamomile is widely regarded as a mild tranquillizer and sleep-inducer. Sedative effects may be due to the flavonoid, apigenin that binds to benzodiazepine receptors in the brain (68). Studies in preclinical models have shown anticonvulsant and CNS depressant effects respectively. Clinical trials are notable for their absence, although ten cardiac patients are reported to have immediately fallen into a deep sleep lasting for 90 minutes after drinking chamomile tea (47). Chamomile extracts exhibit benzodiazepine-like hypnotic activity (69). In another study, inhalation of the vapor of chamomile oil reduced a stress-induced increase in plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) levels. Diazepam, co-administered with the chamomile oil vapor, further reduced ACTH levels, while flumazenile, a BDZ antagonist blocked the effect of chamomile oil vapor on ACTH. According to Paladini et al. (70), the separation index (ratio between the maximal anxiolytic dose and the minimal sedative dose) for diazepam is 3 while for apigenin it is 10. Compounds, other than apigenin, present in extracts of chamomile can also bind BDZ and GABA receptors in the brain and might be responsible for some sedative effect; however, many of these compounds are as yet unidentified.

Chamomile has been reported in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). But the reports seem contradictory as an earlier report suggests that German chamomile showed significant inhibition of GAD activity (71). The recent results from the controlled clinical trial on chamomile extract for GAD suggests that it may have modest anxiolytic activity in patients with mild to moderate GAD (72). Extracts of chamomile (M. recutita) possess suitable effects on seizure induced by picrotoxin (73). Furthermore, apigenin has been shown to reduce the latency in the onset of picrotoxin-induced convulsions and reduction in locomotor activity but did not demonstrate any anxiolytic, myorelaxant, or anticonvulsant activities (16).

Studies suggest that chamomile ameliorates hyperglycemia and diabetic complications by suppressing blood sugar levels, increasing liver glycogen storage and inhibition of sorbitol in the human erythrocytes (74). The pharmacological activity of chamomile extract has shown to be independent of insulin secretion (75), and studies further reveal its protective effect on pancreatic beta cells in diminishing hyperglycemia-related oxidative stress (76). Additional studies are required to evaluate the usefulness of chamomile in managing diabetes.

The efficacy of lubrication of the endo-tracheal tube cuff with chamomile before intubation on postoperative sore throat and hoarseness was determined in a randomized double-blind study. 161 patients whose American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status was I or II, and undergoing elective surgical, orthopedic, gynecological or urological surgeries were divided in two groups. The study group received 10 puffs of chamomile extract (Kamillosan M spray, total 370 mg of Chamomile extract) at the site of the cuff of the endotracheal tube for lubrication, while the control group did not receive any lubrication before intubations. Standard general anesthesia with tracheal intubations was given in both groups. 41 out of 81 patients (50.6%) in the chamomile group reported no postoperative sore throat in the post-anesthesia care unit compared with 45 out of 80 patients (56.3%) in the control group. Postoperative sore throat and hoarseness both in the post-anesthesia care unit and at 24 h post-operation were not statistically different. Lubrication of endo-tracheal tube cuff with chamomile extract spray before intubations can not prevent post operative sore throat and hoarseness (77). Similar results were obtained in another double blind study (78).

Vaginal inflammation is common in women of all ages. Vaginitis is associated with itching, vaginal discharge, or pain with urination. Atrophic vaginitis most commonly occurs in menopausal and postmenopausal women, and its occurrence is often associated with reduced levels of estrogen. Chamomile douche may improve symptoms of vaginitis with few side effects (79). There is insufficient research data to allow conclusions concerning possible potential benefits of chamomile for this condition.

The efficacy of topical use of chamomile to enhance wound healing was evaluated in a double-blind trial on 14 patients who underwent dermabrasion of tattoos. The effects on drying and epithelialization were observed, and chamomile was judged to be statistically efficacious in producing wound drying and in speeding epithelialization (80). Antimicrobial activity of the extract against various microorganisms was also assessed. The test group, on day 15, exhibited a greater reduction in the wound area when compared with the controls (61 % versus 48%), faster epithelialization and a significantly higher wound-breaking strength. In addition, wet and dry granulation tissue weight and hydroxyproline content were significantly higher. The increased rate of wound contraction, together with the increased wound-breaking strength, hydroxyproline content and histological observations, support the use of M. recutita in wound management (81). Recent studies suggest that chamomile caused complete wound healing faster than corticosteroids (82). However, further studies are needed before it can be considered for clinical use.

Essential oils obtained from Roman chamomile are the basic ingredients of aromatherapy. Clinical trials of aromatherapy in cancer patients have shown no statistically significant differences between treated and untreated patients (83). Another pilot study investigated the effects of aromatherapy massage on the anxiety and self-esteem experience in Korean elderly women. A quasi-experimental, control group, pretest-posttest design used 36 elderly females: 16 in the experimental group and 20 in the control group. Aromatherapy massage using lavender, chamomile, rosemary, and lemon was given to the experimental group only. Each massage session lasted 20 min, and was performed 3 times per week for two 3-week periods with an intervening 1-week break. The intervention produced significant differences in the anxiety and self-esteem. These results suggest that aromatherapy massage exerts positive effects on anxiety and self-esteem (8486). However, more objective, clinical measures should be applied in a future study with a randomized placebo-controlled design.

A relatively low percentage of people are sensitive to chamomile and develop allergic reactions (87). People sensitive to ragweed and chrysanthemums or other members of the Compositae family are more prone to develop contact allergies to chamomile, especially if they take other drugs that help to trigger the sensitization. A large-scale clinical trial was conducted in Hamburg, Germany, between 1985 and 1991 to study the development of contact dermatitis secondary to exposure to a mixture of components derived from the Compositae family. Twelve species of the Compositae family, including German chamomile, were selected and tested individually when the mixture induced allergic reactions. During the study, 3,851 individuals were tested using a patch with the plant extract (88). Of these patients, 118 (3.1%) experienced an allergic reaction. Further tests revealed that feverfew elicited the most allergic reactions (70.1% of patients) followed by chrysanthemums (63.6%) and tansy (60.8%). Chamomile fell in the middle range (56.5%). A study involving 686 subjects exposed either to a sesquiterpene lactone mixture or a mixture of Compositae extracts led to allergic reactions in 4.5% of subjects (89). In another study it was shown that eye washing with chamomile tea in hay fever patients who have conjunctivitis exacerbates the eye inflammation, whereas no worsening of eye inflammation was noted when chamomile tea was ingested orally (90). Chamomile is listed on the FDA's GRAS (generally recognized as safe) list. It is possible that some reports of allergic reactions to chamomile may be due to contamination of chamomile by "dog chamomile," a highly allergenic and bad-tasting plant of similar appearance. Evidence of cross-reactivity of chamomile with other drugs is not well documented, and further study of this issue is needed prior to reaching conclusions. Safety in young children, pregnant or nursing women, or those with liver or kidney disease has not been established, although there have not been any credible reports of toxicity caused by this common beverage tea.

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45. Saller R, Beschomer M, Hellenbrecht D. Dose dependency of symptomatic relief of complaints by chamomile steam inhalation in patients with common cold. Eur J Pharmacol. 1990;183:728729.

68. Avallone R, Zanoli P, Corsi L, Cannazza G, Baraldi M. Benzodiazepine compounds and GABA in flower heads of matricaria chamomilla. Phytotherapy Res. 1996;10:177179.

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Chamomile: A herbal medicine of the past with bright future

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Why Russia? | From Russia with Lisa…

Sunday, October 2nd, 2016

Are you cringing? Russia for medical treatment, and such a devastating procedure? YES! Why?

Many reasons, first and foremost is that I have utter faith, confidence and assurance in Dr. Denis Fedorenko and his skills to perform a stem cell transplant. Secondly is the cost, approximately $40,000-50,000 depending on hospitalization and need for transfusions or plasma. Third, Dr. Fedorenko will treat patients with my type of MS at my age, something very few, if any, will do in the U.S. I have been communicating with Amy Peterson of Round Rock, Texas. She was the first person in the U.S. to travel to Moscow for HSCT, and has done beautifully! Read about her story athttp://amygoesninja.wordpress.com. She is an inspiration!

The following is information provided by George Goss, the guru of HSCT here in the United States. He is the go to man for questions, help, support and inspiration. He too went overseas for HSCT to Germany which is considered the best of the best. Unfortunately, Germany will not treat my type of MS.

Thank you George

This is anon-myeloablativeHSCT treatment protocol utilizing Cyclophosphamide + Rituxamab or alternatively Cyclophosphamide + Carmustine

Approximate cost USD $40,000+I have spoken with Dr. Fedorenko at Maximov in Moscow on the phone to discuss his HSCT-for-MS treatment. He is a very nice and pleasant personthat clearly is a very knowledgeable medical scientist and clinician and I found him to be open & helpful with my questions.Maximov/Perigovis a well-respected hospital facility. And the best news is that Dr. Fedorenko is definitely extremely knowledgeable and he clearly understands well all the fundamental medical science behind HSCT for treatment and cure of a wide range of hematologically-rooted autoimmune disorders. (Perhaps he can be thought of as providing a similar treatment service in Russia as Dr. Burt does in the USA.) Dr. Fedorenko is also well-published on the subject of HSCT treatment of autoimmune disorders, being involved with numerous and ongoing scientific and medical international symposiums and publications, a few such as listed here (there are many more than just these):

Based upon his publications and experience, Dr. Fedorenko has the credentials establishing him as an expert in the field of HSCT treatment for autoimmune disorders.

Here is the Maximov website: http://www.gemclinic.ru/english.php

Here is relevant info I have learned about Maximovs HSCT treatment for MS:

Maximov performs HSCT for both bone marrow malignancies (such as leukemia) and also several types of autoimmune diseases.

For autoimmune disorders they perform a non-myeloablative HSCT protocol utilizing primarily a combination of carmustine + cyclophosphamide. I never previously heard of this specific chemical combination being used, but it makes sense to me and seems like a reasonable treatment application. I dont see any red flags.

Maximov has ten treatment beds for treating a maximum of ten patients at one time. Five beds reserved for cancer patients, and five beds for patients with autoimmune disorders.

HSCT treatment criteria for autoimmune (MS) conditions:

Exclude patients greater than 50 years of age although he has agreed to accept me pending MRI review

Must be in sufficiently good health to tolerate HSCT procedure) includes good heart and renal function and generally be in good overall health),

And specifically for Multiple Sclerosis patients:

Must not be severely disabled (patient must be ambulatory with an EDSS of less than approximately 6.0) I am on the border here, so I need to get there ASAP!

Will treat any evolutionary form of MS (RRMS, SPMS and PPMS); all allowed but must demonstrate active MRI lesion activity or alternatively if without active lesions must have experienced greater than a 1.0 worsening of EDSS over a period of one year.

Maximov previously treated more than approximately 200 patients (mostly Russians) with autoimmune disorders in which a very small number (3-5) developed serious treatment complications (such as sepsis), of which everyone recovered. There have been no deaths or Treatment Related Mortality (0% TRM).

Treatment Schedule:

Maximum pre-treatment exam duration = 1 week.

Hematopoietic stem cell PBSC mobilization (with G-CSF) = 4-5 days (2-4M HSCs / kg body weight collected).

Peripheral blood stem cell collection / apheresis = 1-2 days.

Usual total in-patient hospital stay (inclusive of all procedures) = 30-45 days. An additional week is required at a nearby hotel to ensure patient health and good blood counts before traveling back to Oklahoma

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why is age so an important part of the requirement, Like I am fit the only problem I have is balance. I am 58 yrs old are we then just left to suffer this disease? I have had it now for 24 years

Dr. Fedorekno has now removed the age limit for MS. I was the oldest to receive the stem call transplant last summer and did very well! He has lifted it due to my success, and a woman age 64 is leaving next week for Moscow and treatment by Dr. Fedorekno. If you are interested, there is a Facebook page you can ask to subscribe to which has great information on HSCT. That is where I became educated. Search for Hematopioetic Stem Cell Transplant MS & Autoimmune Diseases on Facebook. Lisa

I lied, I am 59 today,but it is good to know that he has lifted the age gap, I will have to inform the rest of the group who, go for physio every week and we are in our 50s , the only thing is the price tag for the treatment is not clear, the other question is Russia the only country that is doing this treatment?

The procedure is done in the US in phase III clinical trials, but they will only accept under age 50 with mild cases of RRMS. Germany and India do myeloablative HSCT for $98,000, which is a harsher form of HSCT and takes a full year to recover physically. Non myeolablative (which I had) has been proven just as effective, with a faster recovery period of 3 months on average, 6 months at the very most. Russia costs $40,000; Italy also has just begun to accept MS patients but I do not know their fee. Dr. Fedorenko in Moscow was fabulous, and I put their standards up against any of the finest hospital in the US.

Thank you very much for that, I am off to see the specialist next month and will see what she has to say with Prof Pender, but it looks hopeful.

Neurologists are not fans of HSCT, they are not educated as to the process and the benefits. Hematologists have been doing the procedure for over 20 years for cancer, and 10 years in European countries for MS. As time and news of the success spreads, neurologist will come on board. It will take a few years, however. Do not give up! It has been a life changer and saver for me!

Hello Lisa, My name is Kim I am 55 and have had RRMS for 5 years now I am been on Copaxone for nearly a year and follow a very strict lifestyle of very low saturated fat, meditation,vitamin D,Fish oil no Dairy no meat or chicken just plant base seafood diet which was developed by Proffessor George Jelenek who has MS himself and runs retreats to teach you about this lifesyle ,It has made a huge difference to me in two years I also have acupuncture once a week as well. I had a right hip replacment almost at the same time as my diagnosis and the MS and surgery didnt like eachother so my right leg got worse after surgery. I walk with a cane when Im out but not a home , Im very interested if I would be a candidate for the Stem Cell transplant with Dr Federenko, how could I find out , thankyou Lisa , kind regards , Kim

I feel you would be an excellent candidate. I went from a cane to a walker when out very quickly. Dr. Fedorekno, or any hematologist, would require you be off Copaxone for 3 months before treatment begins. Due to lesions on the spine and brain stem, I would be wheelchair bound right now this very day. HSCT did save me, and has restored many functions, not all of course, but so many! It costs $40,000 US dollars, but my Copaxone cost more than that. Ak me any questions, I will help in any way! Contact Dr. Fedorenko at: info@gemclinic.ru Also find the Facebook page: Russia HSCT for MS & Autoimmune Diseases for more help and information. It is a wonderful group who have been, or are headed to Moscow. Lisa

Hi Lisa I am currently on Techfidera. Would I have to stop that for a certain time before going? Also, do i need a referral and records from my neurologist? Thank you Kind Regards Diana

You would need to stop all treatment, except for medications for symptoms such as Baclofen, etc, before beginning treatment. Dr. Fedorenko usually requires a 3 month cleanse of any disease modifying medications. When I first contacted him by email, I sent a brief description of my disease date and age at onset, date of diagnosis, a full list of symptoms dated from onset to the month I applied, and list of disease modifying meds and how long I had been on each. After he answered, I sent him a CD of my most recent MRI, and a print out of the above mentioned symptoms, onset and meds. Full medical records are usually too much for him to cover, so he has, in the past, gone on the patients notes on their MS. He makes a decision based on what you have told him, and the MRI. He is an amazing physician, never will you find a anyone who cares more about helping people from divesting diseases. Lisa

Hi Lisa

Thank you for your blog. I was diagnosed 1 year ago. I have 2 young children. I have pins and needles and altered sensations on my left leg and both feet. I dont currently require aids to walk. I am overweight. Does this program insist on weight loss? I am Australian and I am on Tysabri. Would I have to come off that first?

To my knowledge, Dr. Fedorenko does not require weight loss. I have had quite a few women whom I now call my best friends who were overweight and had beautifully successful stem cell transplants. I encourage you to proceed with an email to Dr. F. It is your best chance at recovery, and stopping progression, as well as regaining abilities permanently. You wold have to come off Tysabri for 3 months to wash it out of your system before beginning treatment. lisa

Hi Lisa , can I ask you how long has it been since the end of your treatment, and symptoms how are they now ,how long were you sick for during the treatment? my main fear is infection over the isolation period of the transplant and how sterile everything is in the hospital Im very interested in doing this next year ,is there a long waiting list ? Thank you very much Lisa I really appreciate all your advice , kind regards ,Kim xx

I returned home August 12th last year. My symptoms now are so much better, some I have not experienced at all! I am 85% better! Only very few signs of MS remain. I still have at stutter at times, balance issues sometimes, but that is about it! ALL other symptoms are gone no foot pain and burning, no tremors, no paralysis all gone. I suggest you go ahead and apply with Dr. Fedorenko now, as he is booking into early October right now. That will give you time to pursue more research and questions, and will give you time to change your mind should you decide to do so but I think you will not. It is a life saving/changing treatment.

I experienced NO illness during treatment, only sever fatigue. Only slight nausea for a few days, and the rest of the time I was just tired. A sleep 20 hours a day kind of tired. Your body needs the rest so it is beneficial to sleep. The hospital is amazingly, over the top sterile. While in isolation ( go back and see my pics) no one comes in without owning up. Food is twice cooked to ensure all bacteria is removed, and the room cleaned daily with anti bacterial. There is not a more infection free space on this earth. The equipment used during transplant are the newest available, made in Boston, and run on Apple computers designed for this stem cell machine. I was so fearful of going to Russia in the beginning, and all hesitation was wiped away upon meeting Dr. F. He is an angel and all he cares about is helping his patients have a good quality of life, as free of MS as they can be. He did it for me! Lisa

Hi Lisa Just to let you know after your replies from my questions< I contacted my MS clinic and spoke to my consultant and she no way should I consider having this done as they do not tell you about the procedures that went wrong, so I kave made up my mind to wait a bit longer. I am pleased that it worked out for you and it did not go wrong.

Steve

I was diagnosed just Feb of this year. I am in the process of changing Drs at the moment. My Dr did not want to speak about this procedure and literally walked out of the room while I was talking to him. The US doesnt want a cure for this. Drug companies float more $ to Drs for pushing their overpriced immune suppressant drugs than Drs salary most times. Im looking further into this option. I had to find and research it on my own.. still doing a bunch of research. It sounds a million times better than being stuck on Tysabri which will likely cause many other health issues and isnt making me any better. I would love to speak with Lisa! Im mailing my records and MRI to Germany next week.

One of my doctors received $295,500 from pharmaceuticals last year! They DO NOT want a cure. This is an incredible treatment, and gave me so much more than any drug I had been on. It is amazing and has halted the disease! I suggest you try Germany, Moscow now has a long wait list. Singapore does HSCT, as does Florence, Italy a great choice.

Thank you so much Lisa youre a wealth of information and to me this treatment seems so much more beneficial and less dangerous than the horrible MS drugs that the neurologists are prescribing . Five years ago I was an active power walker / gym junkie and now my walking is affected in my right leg I would do anything to walk normally again without a stick . My eldest son is getting married this sept and I want to be an active grandmother one day in the near future and am willing to risk anything for that, Although you have certainly eleviated a lot of my concerns ,I just hope it will help my walking and tingly fingers , thanks again Lisa ,love Kim

Hi lisa as I am one of Jehovahs Witness and dont accept Blood transfusions is it still possible to have this treatment without it? Would they give me something else if my blood count dropped very low? In Australia they give us Erythropoietin, also known as erythropoetin or erthropoyetin or EPO, is a glycoprotein hormone that controls erythropoiesis, or red blood cell production. It is a cytokine for erythrocyte precursors in the bone marrow. I would really appreciate your answer.

In Dr. Fedorenkos 280+ HSCTs, no one has ever had a blood transfusion. I am friends with 15 of the first from the U.S. to go over, and only two of us had to receive platelets. And it was not even medically necessary, but I opted to have them due to fatigue. Hope this helps! Lisa

I am just considering my options and whether or not Russia would be feasible.

I now have two good reports on Russia but more bridges have to be crossed but I have been told that I could be fitted in January 2015. I will keep you posted.

A lot of information can be gained from joining the HSCT group on Facebook, and the Russia HSCT treatment group also has a forum, but it is best to join both. The forum is moderated by two physicians so the information is accurate. And the support gained is invaluable! If you cannot find it, let me know. Lisa

Dear Lisa , may I ask how old you were when you had your stem cell transplant Im 55 but was only diagnosed at 50 I m in extremely good health apart from having MS Im terrified dr Federenko may not accept me , I dont want to get worse I still have a long time and a lot to look forward to in my life ,like becoming a grandmother in the not to distant future, thanks Lisa , I think I read somewhere that he had lifted the age and disability limit ?

My symptoms began at 54, diagnosed at 55 and HSCT at 56. I feel you are an excellent candidate, the earlier in your disease you receive treatment the better outcome. I suggest you contact him today. He is working on a paper and is out of the office for about 2 weeks. His wait list is one year, but well worth it. I asked to be admitted early if there were cancellations and I was! Also, check into joining the Facebook HSCT auto immune disease group, and the HSCT Russia forum for great info and support! Lisa

Thank you Lisa I have joined the group its a wonderful source of information , I have was and contacted George Goss as well, I get on it x

Hi Lisa, I am writing to you on behalf of my nephew, Matt, who is 35 and was diagnosed with PPMS about 7 or 8 years ago. His EDSS is currently 6.0. I have been doing extensive research about HSCT for him but he is hesitant. Can you offer any advice? He has a beautiful wife & 2 gorgeous little girls.

Join the Facebook group: Russia HSCT for MS and autoimmune diseases. A Lot of information to read in the files, contact info, and others who have been to Russia. It will be a tremendous help.

Hi Lisa, my partner has been suffering RRMS for approx 10 years. He has over the past month had his medication changed from injections to tablets due to his latest MRI showing he now has 2 lesions on his spine. We had made travel arrangements to attend Kristys seminar yesterday but had to cancel as Chris became very unwell which we have put down to the change in his meds. The new medication, Gilenya has had adverse side affects including severe headaches daily, severe constipation and a wave like feeling to add to his many symptoms of Ms. We are very interested in going to Russia for treatment and would like to go ASAP?? We attended The Sans Emergency dept Friday evening and were seen by a Dr who proceeded to ask what we wanted him to do for my partner? He went away and came back and asked the very same question a further 2 times!! Well by the third time, I blurted out, yes I know what you can do, RING CANBERRA HOSPITAL & DEMAND THAT THE COMMITTEE REINSTATE THE SCTP IMMEDIATELY!!!! He told us he could not help him and we left!

We do not want to wait until he gets more lesions and cannot walk. All info would be gratefully appreciated x Kind Regards Chris & Michelle Sydney

Join the Facebook group: Russia HSCT for MS and autoimmune diseases. A lot of information to read in the files, contact info, and others who have been to Russia. It will be a tremendous help. Lisa

I was diagnosed with primary progressive MS may 2010. My left leg is where it is bad I use stick. How do I go about getting HSCT. Paraic Heneghan

Join the Facebook group: Russia HSCT for MS and autoimmune diseases. A Loy of information to read in the files, contact info, and others who have been to Russia. It will be a tremendous help. Lisa

Do you know what other conditions he treats? Specifically, myalgic encephalomyelitis (CFIDS in the US). I tried the email to him directly but it failed.

I am not sure about that disease. Email him again in a few days. He has been inundated as a patient appeared on 60 Minutes, Australia. The mailbox is full, but he should be able to answer mail again soon.

Thank you. May I also ask how you got your diagnosis? I have been reading a comparison of MS and ME and they are almost identical in terms of symptoms and abnormal test results..I cant find a doctor. How did you find your doctor who diagnosed you?

It took a year and I went through two neurologists before I found one that was persistent. My MRIs did not have enhancing lesions. The diagnosis came through a lumbar puncture. It showed elevated igG synthesis rate, but no oligloconal bands. It takes one or both to confirm MS. I had every blood test in the book and two MRIs before they agreed to do the LP. Mine was so difficult as it came on suddenly and later in life than most MS cases, hence the PPMS diagnosis.

Hi Lisa I recently got diagnosed with MS and seriously considering the stem transplant procedure. Where do I start from?

Join the Facebook group: Russia HSCT for MS and autoimmune diseases. A Loy of information to read in the files, contact info, and others who have been to Russia. It will be a tremendous help.

Hi hi My name is Hanne And I am 45 years young. Soon to be 46 31.08.1968 I have had MS since April 1998 and I want to Take HSCT. My RRMS has been kind to me but there are a lot of things I cant do And I want to do everything Can you help me please Dr.F??? With love from Norway:-)))

Join the Facebook group: Russia HSCT for MS and autoimmune diseases. A Loy of information to read in the files, contact info, and others who have been to Russia. It will be a tremendous help. Lisa

Hi,

I am attempting to raise 40000 pounds to pay for HSCT treatment in Russia.

I plan to have coverage of my journey on local and national press.

I look forward to hearing from you.

Regards

Barry McArthur

Link:
Why Russia? | From Russia with Lisa...

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23andMe – DNA Genetic Testing & Analysis

Sunday, October 2nd, 2016

23 pairs of chromosomes. One unique you.

Experience your ancestry in a new way! Get a breakdown of your global ancestry by percentages, connect with DNA relatives and more.

Get an even more comprehensive understanding of your genetics. Receive 65+ online reports on your ancestry, traits and health - and more.

You are made of cells. And the cells in your body have 23 pairs of chromosomes. Your chromosomes are made of DNA, which can tell you a lot about you. Explore your 23 pairs today.

Find out what your 23 pairs of chromosomes can tell you.

Your DNA analysis is performed in US laboratories that are certified to meet CLIA standardsthe Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments of 1988.

A CLIA-certified lab must meet certain quality standards, including qualifications for individuals who perform the test and other standards that ensure the accuracy and reliability of results.

We use leading technology to genotype your DNAa custom Illumina HumanOmniExpress-24 format chip.

Learn more about our process.

Provide your saliva sample from home. Mail it back to our lab in the same kit it came inthe postage is pre-paid.

We bring your genetics to you.

Learn more about how it works.

We hear from thousands of customers around the world who write in to tell us about their 23andMe experienceand the impact it has had on their life.

See stories that inspire us.

Here are just a few of the things people frequently ask about 23andMe. If you don't see your question here, get in touch with us.

23andMe was founded in 2006 to help people access, understand and benefit from the human genome.

We have more than one million genotyped customers around the world.

In 2015, 23andMe was granted authorization by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to market the first direct-to-consumer genetic test.

23andMe offers two Personal Genetic Services: Health + Ancestry and Ancestry. Both services require submitting a saliva sample using our saliva collection kit that you send to the lab for analysis.

Our Health + Ancestry Service examines your genes to tell you about your ancestry, carrier status,* wellness and traits. We analyze, compile and distill the information extracted from your DNA into 65+ reports you can access online and share with family and friends. See full list of reports offered.

Our Ancestry Service helps you understand who you are, where you came from and your family story. We analyze, compile and distill your DNA information into reports on your Ancestry Composition, Haplogroups, Neanderthal Ancestry and provide a DNA Relatives tool to enable you to connect with people who share DNA with you.

If you have the Health + Ancestry Service you have access to the full 23andMe experience. If you only have the Ancestry Service, you can easily upgrade to the Health + Ancestry Service for $125 at any time which gives you access to all 65+ reports on ancestry, carrier status,* wellness and traits. To upgrade, log in to your 23andMe account and navigate to the Settings page. You will receive immediate access to your new health reports.

23andMe is the first and only genetic service available directly to you that includes reports that meet FDA standards for clinical and scientific validity.

Our rigorous quality standards:

You choose how your genetic information is used and shared with others. We tell you how those choices are implemented and how we collect, use and disclose your information.

*Our tests can be used to determine carrier status in adults from saliva collected using an FDA-cleared collection device (OrageneDX model OGD-500.001), but cannot determine if you have two copies of the genetic variant. The tests are not intended to diagnose a disease, or tell you anything about your risk for developing a disease in the future. On their own, carrier status tests are not intended to tell you anything about the health of your fetus, or your newborn child's risk of developing a particular disease later in life.

The Cystic Fibrosis carrier status test is indicated for the detection of 28 variants in the CFTR gene and is most relevant for people of Ashkenazi Jewish, European, and Hispanic/Latino descent. The Sickle Cell Anemia carrier status test is indicated for the detection of the HbS variant in the HBB gene and is most relevant for people of African descent. The carrier status tests related to hereditary hearing loss consist of two tests one indicated for the detection of two variants in the GJB2 gene which is most relevant for people of Ashkenazi Jewish and European descent, and one indicated for the detection of six variants in the SLC26A4 gene.

Get a breakdown of your global ancestry, connect with DNA relatives and more.

Receive 65+ online reports on your ancestry, traits and health - and more.

Your DNA can tell you about your family history. Reports include: Ancestry Composition, Haplogroups, Neanderthal Ancestry

Find and connect with relatives in the 23andMe database who share DNA with you.

If you are starting a family, find out if you are a carrier for an inherited condition. Example reports include: Cystic Fibrosis, Sickle Cell Anemia, Hereditary Hearing Loss

Learn how your genes play a role in your well-being and lifestyle choices. Example reports include: Deep Sleep, Lactose Intolerance, Saturated Fat and Weight

Explore what makes you unique, from food preferences to physical features. Example reports include: Male Bald Spot, Sweet vs. Salty, Unibrow

23andMe is the first and only genetic service available directly to you that includes reports that meet FDA standards for clinical and scientific validity.

23andMe was founded in 2006 to help people access, understand and benefit from the human genome.

We have more than one million genotyped customers around the world. Read more.

See what customers are saying about us. Read more.

You can make a difference by participating in research online, from anywhere. Read more.

We are here to help with your questions. No question is too big or small. Read more.

See the list of important policies below. Click to read more.

Your DNA can tell you about your family history. See sample report. See sample report.

Learn how your genes play a role in your well-being and lifestyle choices. See sample report. See sample report.

Explore what makes you unique, from food preference to physical features. See sample report. See sample report.

If you are starting a family, find out if you are a carrier for an inherited condition. See sample report. See sample report.

1 variant in the SACS gene; relevant for French Canadian descent

1 variant in the SLC12A6 gene; relevant for French Canadian descent

3 variants in the PKHD1 gene

10 variants in the HBB gene; relevant for Cypriot, Greek, Italian, Sardinian descent

1 variant in the BLM gene; relevant for Ashkenazi Jewish descent

2 variants in the PMM2 gene; relevant for Danish descent

28 variants in the CFTR gene; relevant for European, Hispanic/Latino, Ashkenazi Jewish descent

2 variants in the HSD17B4 gene

1 variant in the DLD gene; relevant for Ashkenazi Jewish descent

1 variant in the IKBKAP gene; relevant for Ashkenazi Jewish descent

3 variants in the FANCC gene; relevant for Ashkenazi Jewish descent

1 variant in the BCS1L gene; relevant for Finnish descent

1 variant in the G6PC gene; relevant for Ashkenazi Jewish descent

2 variants in the SLC37A4 gene

3 variants in the ALDOB gene; relevant for European descent

3 variants in the LAMB3 gene

1 variant in the LRPPRC gene; relevant for French Canadian descent

1 variant in the SGCA gene; relevant for Finnish descent

1 variant in the SGCB gene; relevant for Southern Indiana Amish descent

1 variant in the FKRP gene; relevant for European descent

3 variants in the ACADM gene; relevant for Northern European descent

2 variants in the BCKDHB gene; relevant for Ashkenazi Jewish descent

1 variant in the CLN5 gene; relevant for Finnish descent

3 variants in the PPT1 gene; relevant for Finnish descent

3 variants in the SMPD1 gene; relevant for Ashkenazi Jewish descent

1 variant in the NBN gene; relevant for Eastern European descent

2 variants in the GJB2 gene; relevant for Ashkenazi Jewish, European descent

6 variants in the SLC26A4 gene

23 variants in the PAH gene; relevant for Northern European descent

1 variant in the GRHPR gene; relevant for European descent

1 variant in the PEX7 gene

1 variant in the SLC17A5 gene; relevant for Finnish, Swedish descent

1 variant in the HBB gene; relevant for African descent

1 variant in the ALDH3A2 gene; relevant for Swedish descent

4 variants in the HEXA gene; relevant for Ashkenazi Jewish, Cajun descent

4 variants in the FAH gene; relevant for French Canadian, Finnish descent

1 variant in the PCDH15 gene; relevant for Ashkenazi Jewish descent

1 variant in the CLRN1 gene; relevant for Ashkenazi Jewish descent

1 variant in the PEX1 gene

*Our tests can be used to determine carrier status in adults from saliva collected using an FDA-cleared collection device (OrageneDX model OGD-500.001), but cannot determine if you have two copies of the genetic variant. The tests are not intended to diagnose a disease, or tell you anything about your risk for developing a disease in the future. On their own, carrier status tests are not intended to tell you anything about the health of your fetus, or your newborn child's risk of developing a particular disease later in life.

Our product is in English only, and due to the applicable regulations it is only available for customers with shipping addresses in the following countries.

If your country is not listed, visit the International site.

The rest is here:
23andMe - DNA Genetic Testing & Analysis

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8th European Immunology Conference June 29-July 01, 2017 …

Saturday, October 1st, 2016

Conference Series invites all the participants from all over the world to attend"8th European Immunology Conference, June 29-July 01, 2017 Madrid, Spain, includesprompt keynote presentations, Oral talks, Poster presentations and Exhibitions.

European ImmunologyConferenceis to gathering people in academia and society interested inimmunologyto share the latest trends and important issues relevant to our field/subject area.Immunology Conferencesbrings together the global leaders in Immunology and relevant fields to present their research at this exclusive scientific program. TheImmunology Conferencehosting presentations from editors of prominent refereed journals, renowned and active investigators and decision makers in the field of Immunology.European Immunology ConferenceOrganizing Committee also invites Young investigators at every career stage to submit abstracts reporting their latest scientific findings in oral and poster sessions.

Track:1Cellular Immunology

The study of the molecular and cellular components that comprise the immune system, including their function and interaction, is the central science ofimmunology. The immune system has been divided into a more primitive innate immune system and, in vertebrates, an acquired oradaptive immune system

The field concerning the interactions among cells and molecules of the immunesystem,and how such interactions contribute to the recognition and elimination of pathogens. Humans possess a range of non-specific mechanical and biochemical defences against routinely encountered bacteria, parasites, viruses, and fungi. The skin, for example, is an effective physical barrier to infection. Basic chemical defences are also present in blood, saliva, and tears, and on mucous membranes. True protection stems from the host's ability to mount responses targeted to specific organisms, and to retain a form of memory that results in a rapid, efficient response to a given organism upon a repeat encounter. This more formal sense of immunity, termed adaptive immunity, depends upon the coordinated activities of cells and molecules of the immune system.

RelatedImmunology Conferences|Immunologists Meetings|Conference Series LLC:

9thworld congress & expo on Immunology, Oct 02-04, 2017, Toronto, Canada; 3rdAntibodies and Bio Therapeutics Congress, November 02-03, 2017 Las Vegas, USA; Molecular Immunology & Immunogenetics Congress, March 20-21, 2017 Rome, Italy; Annual Meeting on Immunology and Immunologist, July 03-05, 2017 Malyasia, Kuala lumpur; 3rd International Congress on Neuroimmunology and Therapeutics, September 18-19, 2017 Philadelphia, USA; 2nd Autoimmunity Conference, Nov 9-10, 2017 Madrid, Spain; Integrating Metabolism and Immunity , May 29 - June 2, 2017 | Dublin, Ireland

Track: 2Inflammatory/Autoimmune Diseases

Autoimmune diseasescan affect almost any part of the body, including the heart, brain, nerves, muscles, skin, eyes, joints, lungs, kidneys, glands, the digestive tract, and blood vessels.

The classic sign of an autoimmune disease is inflammation, which can cause redness, heat, pain, and swelling. How an autoimmune disease affects you depends on what part of the body is targeted. If the disease affects the joints, as inrheumatoid arthritis, you might have joint pain, stiffness, and loss of function. If it affects the thyroid, as in Graves disease and thyroiditis, it might cause tiredness, weight gain, and muscle aches. If it attacks the skin, as it does in scleroderma/systemic sclerosis, vitiligo, andsystemic lupus erythematosus(SLE), it can cause rashes, blisters, and colour changes. Many autoimmune diseases dont restrict themselves to one part of the body. For example, SLE can affect the skin, joints, kidneys, heart, nerves, blood vessels, and more. Type 1 diabetes can affect your glands, eyes, kidneys, muscles, and more.

RelatedImmunology Conferences|Immunologists Meetings|Conference Series LLC:

9thworld congress & expo on Immunology, Oct 02-04, 2017, Toronto, Canada; 3rdAntibodies and Bio Therapeutics Congress, November 02-03, 2017 Las Vegas, USA; Molecular Immunology & Immunogenetics Congress, March 20-21, 2017 Rome, Italy; 3nd International Congress on Neuroimmunology and Therapeutics, September 18-19, 2017 Philadelphia, USA; 18th International Conference on Immunology (ICI) Dec 12-13, 2016, Bangkok, Thailand; Annual Meeting on Immunology and Immunologist, July 03-05, 2017 Malyasia, Kuala lumpur; British Society for Immunology Congress, Dec 06-09, 2016, Liverpool, United Kingdom; 7thInternational Conference on Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology

Track: 3T-Cells and B-Cells

T cell: A type of white blood cell that is of key importance to the immune system and is at the core of adaptive immunity, the system that tailors the body's immune response to specific pathogens. The T cells are like soldiers who search out and destroy the targeted invaders. Immature T cells (termed T-stem cells) migrate to the thymus gland in the neck, where they mature and differentiate into various types of mature T cells and become active in the immune system in response to a hormone called thymosin and other factors. T-cells that are potentially activated against the body's own tissues are normally killed or changed ("down-regulated") during this maturational process.There are several different types of mature T cells. Not all of their functions are known. T cells can produce substances called cytokines such as the interleukins which further stimulate the immune response. T-cell activation is measured as a way to assess the health of patients withHIV/AIDSand less frequently in other disorders. T cell are also known as T lymphocytes. The "T" stands for "thymus" -- the organ in which these cells mature. As opposed to B cells which mature in the bone marrow.B cells, also known asBlymphocytes, are a type of white bloodcellof the lymphocyte subtype. They function in thehumoral immunitycomponent of the adaptive immune system by secreting antibodies. Many B cells mature into what are called plasma cells that produce antibodies (proteins) necessary to fight off infections while other B cells mature into memory B cells. All of the plasma cells descended from a single B cell produce the same antibody which is directed against the antigen that stimulated it to mature. The same principle holds with memory B cells. Thus, all of the plasma cells and memory cells "remember" the stimulus that led to their formation. The maturation of B cells takes place in birds in an organ called the bursa of Fabricus. B cells in mammals mature largely in the bone marrow. The B cell, or B lymphocyte, is thus an immunologically important cell. It is not thymus-dependent, has a short lifespan, and is responsible for the production ofimmunoglobulins.It expresses immunoglobulins on its surface.

RelatedImmunology Conferences|Immunologists Meetings|Conference Series LLC:

Molecular Immunology & Immunogenetics Congress, March 20-21, 2017 Rome, Italy; 3nd International Congress on Neuroimmunology and Therapeutics, September 18-19, 2017 Philadelphia, USA; 18thInternational Conference on Immunology (ICI) Dec 12-13, 2016, Bangkok, Thailand; Annual Meeting on Immunology and Immunologist, July 03-05, 2017 Malyasia, Kuala lumpur; 19thInternational Conference on Immunology (ICI) Sept 14-17, 2017, Berlin, Germany; Modelling Viral Infections and Immunity (E1) , May 1 - 4, 2017 | Estes Park, Colorado, USA; 7thInternational Conference on Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology

Track: 4Cancer and Tumor Immunobiology

The tumour is an important aspect of cancer biology that contributes to tumour initiation, tumour progression and responses to therapy. Cells and molecules of the immune system are a fundamental component of the tumour microenvironment. Importantly,therapeutic strategies for cancer treatmentcan harness the immune system to specifically target tumour cells and this is particularly appealing owing to the possibility of inducing tumour-specific immunological memory, which might cause long-lasting regression and prevent relapse in cancer patients.The composition and characteristics of the tumour microenvironment vary widely and are important in determining the anti-tumour immune response.Immunotherapyis a new class ofcancer treatmentthat works to harness the innate powers of the immune system to fight cancer. Because of the immune system's unique properties, these therapies may hold greater potential than current treatment approaches to fight cancer more powerfully, to offer longer-term protection against the disease, to come with fewer side effects, and to benefit more patients with more cancer

RelatedImmunology Conferences|Immunologists Meetings|Conference Series LLC:

9thworld congress & expo on Immunology, Oct 02-04, 2017, Toronto, Canada; 3rdAntibodies and Bio Therapeutics Congress, November 02-03, 2017 Las Vegas, USA; Molecular Immunology & Immunogenetics Congress, March 20-21, 2017 Rome, Italy; 3nd International Congress on Neuroimmunology and Therapeutics, September 18-19, 2017 Philadelphia, USA; 18th International Conference on Immunology (ICI) Dec 12-13, 2016, Bangkok, Thailand; Annual Meeting on Immunology and Immunologist, July 03-05, 2017 Malyasia, Kuala lumpur; British Society for Immunology Congress, Dec 06-09, 2016, Liverpool, United Kingdom; 7thInternational Conference on Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology

Track: 5 Vaccines

A vaccine is a biological preparation that improves immunity to a particular disease. A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism, and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins or one of its surface proteins. The agent stimulates the body's immune system to recognize the agent as foreign, destroy it, and "remember" it, so that the immune system can more easily recognize and destroy any of these microorganisms that it later encounters. There are two basictypes of vaccines: live attenuated and inactivated. The characteristics of live and inactivatedvaccinesare different, and these characteristics determine how thevaccineis used. Liveattenuatedvaccinesare produced by modifying a disease-producing (wild) virus or bacteria in a laboratory.

RelatedImmunology Conferences|Immunologists Meetings|Conference Series LLC:

Molecular Immunology & Immunogenetics Congress, March 20-21, 2017 Rome, Italy; 3nd International Congress on Neuroimmunology and Therapeutics, September 18-19, 2017 Philadelphia, USA; 18thInternational Conference on Immunology (ICI) Dec 12-13, 2016, Bangkok, Thailand; Annual Meeting on Immunology and Immunologist, July 03-05, 2017 Malyasia, Kuala lumpur; 19thInternational Conference on Immunology (ICI) Sept 14-17, 2017, Berlin, Germany; Modelling Viral Infections and Immunity (E1) , May 1 - 4, 2017 | Estes Park, Colorado, USA; 7thInternational Conference on Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology

Track: 6Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy,also called biologic therapy, is a type of cancer treatment designed to boost the body's natural defences to fight the cancer. It uses materials either made by the body or in a laboratory to improve, target, or restore immune system function. Immunotherapy is treatment that uses certain parts of a persons immune system to fight diseases such as cancer. This can be done in a couple of ways:1)Stimulating your own immune system to work harder or smarter to attack cancer cells2)Giving you immune system components, such as man-made immune system proteins. Some types of immunotherapy are also sometimes called biologic therapy or biotherapy.

In the last few decadesimmunotherapyhas become an important part of treating some types of cancer. Newer types of immune treatments are now being studied, and theyll impact how we treat cancer in the future. Immunotherapy includes treatments that work in different ways. Some boost the bodys immune system in a very general way. Others help train the immune system to attack cancer cells specifically. Immunotherapy works better for some types of cancer than for others. Its used by itself for some of these cancers, but for others it seems to work better when used with other types of treatment.

Many different types of immunotherapy are used to treat cancer. They include:Monoclonal antibodies,Adoptive cell transfer,Cytokines, Treatment Vaccines, BCG,

RelatedImmunology Conferences|Immunologists Meetings|Conference Series LLC:

9thworld congress & expo on Immunology, Oct 02-04, 2017, Toronto, Canada; 3rdAntibodies and Bio Therapeutics Congress, November 02-03, 2017 Las Vegas, USA; Molecular Immunology & Immunogenetics Congress, March 20-21, 2017 Rome, Italy; Annual Meeting on Immunology and Immunologist, July 03-05, 2017 Malyasia, Kuala lumpur; 3rd International Congress on Neuroimmunology and Therapeutics, September 18-19, 2017 Philadelphia, USA; 2nd Autoimmunity Conference, Nov 9-10, 2017 Madrid, Spain; Integrating Metabolism and Immunity , May 29 - June 2, 2017 | Dublin, Ireland; American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology (AAAAI) Annual Meeting, March 03-06, 2017, Atlanta, Georgia

Track: 7Neuro Immunology

Neuroimmunology, a branch of immunologythat deals especially with the inter relationships of the nervous system and immune responses andautoimmune disorders. It deals with particularly fundamental and appliedneurobiology,meetings onneurology,neuropathology, neurochemistry,neurovirology, neuroendocrinology, neuromuscular research,neuropharmacologyand psychology, which involve either immunologic methodology (e.g. immunocytochemistry) or fundamental immunology (e.g. antibody and lymphocyte assays).

RelatedImmunology Conferences|Immunologists Meetings|Conference Series LLC:

Molecular Immunology & Immunogenetics Congress, March 20-21, 2017 Rome, Italy; 3nd International Congress on Neuroimmunology and Therapeutics, September 18-19, 2017 Philadelphia, USA; 18thInternational Conference on Immunology (ICI) Dec 12-13, 2016, Bangkok, Thailand; Annual Meeting on Immunology and Immunologist, July 03-05, 2017 Malyasia, Kuala lumpur; 19thInternational Conference on Immunology (ICI) Sept 14-17, 2017, Berlin, Germany; Modelling Viral Infections and Immunity (E1) , May 1 - 4, 2017 | Estes Park, Colorado, USA; 7thInternational Conference on Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology; 18thInternational Conference on Immunology (ICI) Dec 12-13, 2016, Bangkok, Thailand

Track: 8Infectious Diseases and Immune System

Infectious diseases are caused by pathogenic microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, parasites or fungi; the diseases can be spread, directly or indirectly, from one person to another.Zoonotic diseasesare infectious diseases of animals that can cause disease when transmitted to humans. Some infectious diseases can be passed from person to person. Some are transmitted by bites from insects or animals. And others are acquired by ingesting contaminated food or water or being exposed to organisms in the environment. Signs and symptoms vary depending on the organism causing the infection, but often include fever and fatigue. Mild complaints may respond to rest and home remedies, while some life-threatening infections may require hospitalization.

Many infectious diseases, such as measles andchickenpox, can be prevented by vaccines. Frequent and thorough hand-washing also helps protect you from infectious diseases

There are four main kinds of germs:

RelatedImmunology Conferences|Immunologists Meetings|Conference Series LLC:

Molecular Immunology & Immunogenetics Congress, March 20-21, 2017 Rome, Italy; 3nd International Congress on Neuroimmunology and Therapeutics, September 18-19, 2017 Philadelphia, USA; 18thInternational Conference on Immunology (ICI) Dec 12-13, 2016, Bangkok, Thailand; Annual Meeting on Immunology and Immunologist, July 03-05, 2017 Malyasia, Kuala lumpur; 19thInternational Conference on Immunology (ICI) Sept 14-17, 2017, Berlin, Germany; Modelling Viral Infections and Immunity (E1) , May 1 - 4, 2017 | Estes Park, Colorado, USA; 7thInternational Conference on Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology; 18thInternational Conference on Immunology (ICI) Dec 12-13, 2016, Bangkok, Thailand

Track: 9Reproductive Immunology,

Reproductive immunologyrefers to a field of medicine that studies interactions (or the absence of them) between the immune system and components related to thereproductivesystem, such as maternal immune tolerance towards the fetus, orimmunologicalinteractions across the blood-testis barrier. The immune system refers to all parts of the body that work to defend it against harmful enemies. In people with immunological fertility problems their body identifies part of reproductive function as an enemy and sendsNatural Killer (NK) cellsto attack. A healthy immune response would only identify an enemy correctly and attack only foreign invaders such as a virus, parasite, bacteria, ect.

The concept of reproductive immunology is not widely accepted by all physicians.Those patients who have had repeated miscarriages and multiple failed IVF's find themselves exploring it's possibilities as the reason. With an increased amount of success among treating any potential immunological factors, the idea of reproductive immunology can no longer be overlooked.The failure to conceive is often due to immunologic problems that can lead to very early rejection of the embryo, often before the pregnancy can be detected by even the most sensitive tests. Women can often produce perfectly healthy embryos that are lost through repeated "mini miscarriages." This most commonly occurs in women who have conditions such asendometriosis, an under-active thyroid gland or in cases of so called "unexplained infertility." It has been estimated that an immune factor may be involved in up to 20% of couples with otherwiseunexplained infertility. These are all conditions where abnormalities of the womans immune system may play an important role.

RelatedImmunology Conferences|Immunologists Meetings|Conference Series LLC:

9thworld congress & expo on Immunology, Oct 02-04, 2017, Toronto, Canada; 3rdAntibodies and Bio Therapeutics Congress, November 02-03, 2017 Las Vegas, USA; Molecular Immunology & Immunogenetics Congress, March 20-21, 2017 Rome, Italy; 3nd International Congress on Neuroimmunology and Therapeutics, September 18-19, 2017 Philadelphia, USA; 18th International Conference on Immunology (ICI) Dec 12-13, 2016, Bangkok, Thailand; Annual Meeting on Immunology and Immunologist, July 03-05, 2017 Malyasia, Kuala lumpur; British Society for Immunology Congress, Dec 06-09, 2016, Liverpool, United Kingdom; 7thInternational Conference on Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology; Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy: Taking a Place in Mainstream Oncology (C7), March 19 - 23, 2017, Whistler, British Columbia, Canada

Track:10Auto Immunity,

Autoimmunityis the system ofimmuneresponses of an organism against its own cells and tissues. Any disease that results from such an aberrantimmuneresponse is termed an autoimmune disease.

Autoimmunity is present to some extent in everyone and is usually harmless. However, autoimmunity can cause a broad range of human illnesses, known collectively as autoimmune diseases. Autoimmune diseases occur when there is progression from benign autoimmunity to pathogenicautoimmunity. This progression is determined by genetic influences as well as environmental triggers. Autoimmunity is evidenced by the presence of autoantibodies (antibodies directed against the person who produced them) and T cells that are reactive with host antigens.

Autoimmune disorders

An autoimmune disorder occurs whenthe bodys immune systemattacks and destroys healthy body tissue by mistake. There are more than 80 types of autoimmune disorders.

Causes

The white blood cells in the bodys immune system help protect against harmful substances. Examples include bacteria, viruses,toxins,cancercells, and blood and tissue from outside the body. These substances contain antigens. The immune system producesantibodiesagainst these antigens that enable it to destroy these harmful substances. When you have an autoimmune disorder, your immune system does not distinguish between healthy tissue and antigens. As a result, the body sets off a reaction that destroys normal tissues. The exact cause of autoimmune disorders is unknown. One theory is that some microorganisms (such as bacteria or viruses) or drugs may trigger changes that confuse the immune system. This may happen more often in people who have genes that make them more prone toautoimmune disorders.

An autoimmune disorder may result in:

A person may have more than one autoimmune disorder at the same time. Common autoimmune disorders include:

RelatedImmunology Conferences|Immunologists Meetings|Conference Series LLC:

9thworld congress & expo on Immunology, Oct 02-04, 2017, Toronto, Canada; 3rdAntibodies and Bio Therapeutics Congress, November 02-03, 2017 Las Vegas, USA; Molecular Immunology & Immunogenetics Congress, March 20-21, 2017 Rome, Italy; 3nd International Congress on Neuroimmunology and Therapeutics, September 18-19, 2017 Philadelphia, USA; 18th International Conference on Immunology (ICI) Dec 12-13, 2016, Bangkok, Thailand; Annual Meeting on Immunology and Immunologist, July 03-05, 2017 Malyasia, Kuala lumpur; British Society for Immunology Congress, Dec 06-09, 2016, Liverpool, United Kingdom; 7thInternational Conference on Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology; Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy: Taking a Place in Mainstream Oncology (C7), March 19 - 23, 2017, Whistler, British Columbia, Canada

Track: 11Costimmulatory pathways in multiple sclerosis

Costimulatory moleculescan be categorized based either on their functional attributes or on their structure. The costimulatory molecules discussed in this review will be divided into (1)positive costimulatory pathways:promoting T cell activation, survival and/or differentiation; (2)negative costimulatory pathways:antagonizing TCR signalling and suppressing T cell activation; (3) as third group we will discuss themembers of the TIM family, a rather new family of cell surface molecules involved in the regulation of T cell differentiation and Treg function.Costimulatory pathways have a critical role in the regulation of alloreactivity. A complex network of positive and negative pathways regulates T cell responses. Blocking costimulation improves allograft survival in rodents and non-human primates. The costimulation blocker belatacept is being developed asimmunosuppressivedruginrenal transplantation.

RelatedImmunology Conferences|Immunologists Meetings|Conference Series LLC:

3rdAntibodies and Bio Therapeutics Congress, November 02-03, 2017 Las Vegas, USA; Molecular Immunology & Immunogenetics Congress, March 20-21, 2017 Rome, Italy; Annual Meeting on Immunology and Immunologist, July 03-05, 2017 Malyasia, Kuala lumpur; 3rd International Congress on Neuroimmunology and Therapeutics, September 18-19, 2017 Philadelphia, USA; 2nd Autoimmunity Conference, Nov 9-10, 2017 Madrid, Spain; Integrating Metabolism and Immunity , May 29 - June 2, 2017 | Dublin, Ireland; American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology (AAAAI) Annual Meeting, March 03-06, 2017, Atlanta, Georgia

Track: 12Autoimmunity and Therapathies

Autoimmunityis the system ofimmuneresponsesof an organism against its own cells and tissues. Any disease that results from such an aberrantimmuneresponse is termed an autoimmune disease.

Autoimmunity is present to some extent in everyone and is usually harmless. However, autoimmunity can cause a broad range of human illnesses, known collectively as autoimmune diseases.Autoimmune diseasesoccur when there is progression from benign autoimmunity to pathogenic autoimmunity. This progression is determined by genetic influences as well as environmental triggers. Autoimmunity is evidenced by the presence of autoantibodies (antibodies directed against the person who produced them) and T cells that are reactive with host antigens.

Current treatments for allergic and autoimmune disease treat disease symptoms or depend on non-specific immune suppression. Treatment would be improved greatly by targeting the fundamental cause of the disease, that is the loss of tolerance to an otherwise innocuous antigen in allergy or self-antigen in autoimmune disease (AID). Much has been learned about the mechanisms of peripheral tolerance in recent years. We now appreciate that antigen presenting cells (APC) may be either immunogenic or tolerogenic, depending on their location, environmental cues and activation state

RelatedImmunology Conferences|Immunologists Meetings|Conference Series LLC:

3rdAntibodies and Bio Therapeutics Congress, November 02-03, 2017 Las Vegas, USA; Molecular Immunology & Immunogenetics Congress, March 20-21, 2017 Rome, Italy; Annual Meeting on Immunology and Immunologist, July 03-05, 2017 Malyasia, Kuala lumpur; 3rd International Congress on Neuroimmunology and Therapeutics, September 18-19, 2017 Philadelphia, USA; 2nd Autoimmunity Conference, Nov 9-10, 2017 Madrid, Spain; Integrating Metabolism and Immunity , May 29 - June 2, 2017 | Dublin, Ireland; American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology (AAAAI) Annual Meeting, March 03-06, 2017, Atlanta, Georgia

Track: 13DiagnosticImmunology

Diagnostic Immunology. Immunoassays are laboratory techniques based on the detection of antibody production in response to foreign antigens. Antibodies, part of the humoral immune response, are involved in pathogen detection and neutralization.

Diagnostic immunology has considerably advanced due to the development of automated methods.New technology takes into account saving samples, reagents, and reducing cost.The future of diagnosticimmunologyfaces challenges in the vaccination field for protection against HIV and asanti-cancer therapy. Modern immunology relies heavily on the use of antibodies as highly specific laboratory reagents. The diagnosis of infectious diseases, the successful outcome of transfusions and transplantations, and the availability of biochemical and hematologic assays with extraordinary specificity and sensitivity capabilities all attest to the value of antibody detection.Immunologic methods are used in the treatment and prevention ofinfectious diseasesand in the large number of immune-mediated diseases. Advances in diagnostic immunology are largely driven by instrumentation, automation, and the implementation of less complex and more standardized procedures.

Examples of such processes are as follows:

These methods have facilitated the performance of tests and have greatly expanded the information that can be developed by a clinical laboratory. The tests are now used for clinical diagnosis and the monitoring of therapies and patient responses. Immunology is a relatively young science and there is still so much to discover. Immunologists work in many different disease areas today that include allergy, autoimmunity, immunodeficiency, transplantation, and cancer.

RelatedImmunology Conferences|Immunologists Meetings|Conference Series LLC:

3nd International Congress on Neuroimmunology and Therapeutics, September 18-19, 2017 Philadelphia, USA; 18thInternational Conference on Immunology (ICI) Dec 12-13, 2016, Bangkok, Thailand; Annual Meeting on Immunology and Immunologist, July 03-05, 2017 Malyasia, Kuala lumpur; 19thInternational Conference on Immunology (ICI) Sept 14-17, 2017, Berlin, Germany; Modelling Viral Infections and Immunity (E1) , May 1 - 4, 2017 | Estes Park, Colorado, USA; 7thInternational Conference on Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology; 18thInternational Conference on Immunology (ICI) Dec 12-13, 2016, Bangkok, Thailand

Track: 14Allergy and Therapathies

Although medications available for allergy are usually very effective, they do not cure people of allergies. Allergenimmunotherapyis the closest thing we have for a "cure" for allergy, reducing the severity of symptoms and the need for medication for many allergy sufferers. Allergen immunotherapy involves the regular administration of gradually increasing doses of allergen extracts over a period of years. Immunotherapy can be given to patients as an injection or as drops or tablets under the tongue (sublingual).Allergen immunotherapy changes the way the immune system reacts to allergens, by switching off allergy. The end result is that you become immune to the allergens, so that you can tolerate them with fewer or no symptoms. Allergen immunotherapy is not, however, a quick fix form of treatment. Those agreeing to allergen immunotherapy need to be committed to 3-5 years of treatment for it to work, and to cooperate with your doctor to minimize the frequency of side effects.Allergen immunotherapyis usually recommended for the treatment of potentially life threatening allergic reactions to stinging insects. Published data on allergen immunotherapy injections shows that venom immunotherapy can reduce the risk of a severe reaction in adults from around 60 % per sting, down to less than 10%. In Australia and New Zealand,venom immunotherapyis currently available for bee and wasp allergy. Jack Jumper Ant immunotherapy is available in Tasmania for Tasmanian residents. Allergen immunotherapy is often recommended for treatment ofallergic rhinitis

RelatedImmunology Conferences|Immunologists Meetings|Conference Series LLC:

Molecular Immunology & Immunogenetics Congress, March 20-21, 2017 Rome, Italy; 3nd International Congress on Neuroimmunology and Therapeutics, September 18-19, 2017 Philadelphia, USA; 18thInternational Conference on Immunology (ICI) Dec 12-13, 2016, Bangkok, Thailand; Annual Meeting on Immunology and Immunologist, July 03-05, 2017 Malyasia, Kuala lumpur; 19thInternational Conference on Immunology (ICI) Sept 14-17, 2017, Berlin, Germany; Modelling Viral Infections and Immunity (E1) , May 1 - 4, 2017 | Estes Park, Colorado, USA; 7thInternational Conference on Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology; 18thInternational Conference on Immunology (ICI) Dec 12-13, 2016, Bangkok, Thailand

Track: 15Technological Innovations inImmunology

Immunology is the branch of biomedical sciences concerned with all aspects of the immune system in all multicellular organisms. Immunology deals with physiological functioning of the immune system in states of both health and disease as well as malfunctions of the immune system in immunological disorders like allergies, hypersensitivities, immune deficiency, transplant rejection andautoimmune disorders.

RelatedImmunology Conferences|Immunologists Meetings|Conference Series LLC:

9thworld congress & expo on Immunology, Oct 02-04, 2017, Toronto, Canada; 3rdAntibodies and Bio Therapeutics Congress, November 02-03, 2017 Las Vegas, USA; Molecular Immunology & Immunogenetics Congress, March 20-21, 2017 Rome, Italy; Annual Meeting on Immunology and Immunologist, July 03-05, 2017 Malyasia, Kuala lumpur; 3rd International Congress on Neuroimmunology and Therapeutics, September 18-19, 2017 Philadelphia, USA; 2nd Autoimmunity Conference, Nov 9-10, 2017 Madrid, Spain; Integrating Metabolism and Immunity , May 29 - June 2, 2017 | Dublin, Ireland; American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology (AAAAI) Annual Meeting, March 03-06, 2017, Atlanta, Georgia

Track:16Antigen Processing

Antigen processingis an immunologicalprocessthat prepares antigensfor presentation to special cells of the immune system called T lymphocytes. It is considered to be a stage ofantigenpresentation pathways. The process by which antigen-presenting cells digest proteins from inside or outside the cell and display the resulting antigenic peptide fragments on cell surface MHC molecules for recognition by T cells is central to the body's ability to detect signs of infection or abnormal cell growth. As such, understanding the processes and mechanisms of antigen processing and presentation provides us with crucial insights necessary for the design ofvaccines and therapeutic strategiesto bolster T-cell responses.

RelatedImmunology Conferences|Immunologists Meetings|Conference Series LLC:

3rdAntibodies and Bio Therapeutics Congress, November 02-03, 2017 Las Vegas, USA; Molecular Immunology & Immunogenetics Congress, March 20-21, 2017 Rome, Italy; Annual Meeting on Immunology and Immunologist, July 03-05, 2017 Malyasia, Kuala lumpur; 3rd International Congress on Neuroimmunology and Therapeutics, September 18-19, 2017 Philadelphia, USA; 2nd Autoimmunity Conference, Nov 9-10, 2017 Madrid, Spain; Integrating Metabolism and Immunity , May 29 - June 2, 2017 | Dublin, Ireland; American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology (AAAAI) Annual Meeting, March 03-06, 2017, Atlanta, Georgia

Track: 17Immunoinformatics and Systems Immunology

Immunoinformaticsis a branch ofbioinformaticsdealing with in silico analysis and modelling of immunological data and problems Immunoinformatics includes the study and design of algorithms for mapping potential B- andT-cell epitopes, which lessens the time and cost required for laboratory analysis of pathogen gene products. Using this information, an immunologist can explore the potential binding sites, which, in turn, leads to the development of newvaccines. This methodology is termed reversevaccinology and it analyses the pathogen genome to identify potential antigenic proteins.This is advantageous because conventional methods need to cultivate pathogen and then extract its antigenic proteins. Although pathogens grow fast, extraction of their proteins and then testing of those proteins on a large scale is expensive and time consuming. Immunoinformatics is capable of identifying virulence genes and surface-associated proteins.

RelatedImmunology Conferences|Immunologists Meetings|Conference Series LLC:

9thworld congress & expo on Immunology, Oct 02-04, 2017, Toronto, Canada; 3rdAntibodies and Bio Therapeutics Congress, November 02-03, 2017 Las Vegas, USA; Molecular Immunology & Immunogenetics Congress, March 20-21, 2017 Rome, Italy; 3nd International Congress on Neuroimmunology and Therapeutics, September 18-19, 2017 Philadelphia, USA; 18th International Conference on Immunology (ICI) Dec 12-13, 2016, Bangkok, Thailand; Annual Meeting on Immunology and Immunologist, July 03-05, 2017 Malyasia, Kuala lumpur; British Society for Immunology Congress, Dec 06-09, 2016, Liverpool, United Kingdom; 7thInternational Conference on Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology; Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy: Taking a Place in Mainstream Oncology (C7), March 19 - 23, 2017, Whistler, British Columbia, Canada

Track: 18Rheumatology

Rheumatology represents a subspecialty in internal medicine and pediatrics, which is devoted to adequate diagnosis andtherapy of rheumatic diseases(including clinical problems in joints, soft tissues, heritable connective tissue disorders, vasculitis and autoimmune diseases). This field is multidisciplinary in nature, which means it relies on close relationships with other medical specialties.The specialty of rheumatology has undergone a myriad of noteworthy advances in recent years, especially if we consider the development of state-of-the-art biological drugs with novel targets, made possible by rapid advances in the basic science of musculoskeletal diseases and improved imaging techniques.

RelatedImmunology Conferences|Immunologists Meetings|Conference Series LLC:

Molecular Immunology & Immunogenetics Congress, March 20-21, 2017 Rome, Italy; 3nd International Congress on Neuroimmunology and Therapeutics, September 18-19, 2017 Philadelphia, USA; 18thInternational Conference on Immunology (ICI) Dec 12-13, 2016, Bangkok, Thailand; Annual Meeting on Immunology and Immunologist, July 03-05, 2017 Malyasia, Kuala lumpur; 19thInternational Conference on Immunology (ICI) Sept 14-17, 2017, Berlin, Germany; Modelling Viral Infections and Immunity (E1) , May 1 - 4, 2017 | Estes Park, Colorado, USA; 7thInternational Conference on Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology; 18thInternational Conference on Immunology (ICI) Dec 12-13, 2016, Bangkok, Thailand

Track: 19Nutritional Immunology

Nutritional immunologyis an emerging discipline that evolved with the study of the detrimental effect of malnutrition on the immune system. The clinical and public health importance of nutritional immunology is also receiving attention. Immune system dysfunctions that result from malnutrition are, in fact, NutritionallyAcquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes(NAIDS). NAIDS afflicts millions of people in the Third World, as well as thousands in modern centers, i.e., patients with cachexia secondary to serious disease, neoplasia or trauma. The human immune system functions to protect the body against foreign pathogens and thereby preventing infection and disease. Optimal functioning of the immune system, both innate and adaptive immunity, is strongly influenced by an individuals nutritional status, with malnutrition being the most common cause of immunodeficiency in the world. Nutrient deficiencies result in immunosuppression and dysregulation of the immune response including impairment of phagocyte function and cytokine production, as well as adversely affecting aspects of humoral and cell-mediated immunity. Such alterations in immune function and the resulting inflammation are not only associated with infection, but also with the development of chronic diseases including cancer, autoimmune disease, osteoporosis, disorders of the endocrine system andcardiovascular disease.

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8th European Immunology Conference June 29-July 01, 2017 ...

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Cell Size and Scale – Learn Genetics

Saturday, October 1st, 2016

Some cells are visible to the unaided eye

The smallest objects that the unaided human eye can see are about 0.1 mm long. That means that under the right conditions, you might be able to see an ameoba proteus, a human egg, and a paramecium without using magnification. A magnifying glass can help you to see them more clearly, but they will still look tiny.

Smaller cells are easily visible under a light microscope. It's even possible to make out structures within the cell, such as the nucleus, mitochondria and chloroplasts. Light microscopes use a system of lenses to magnify an image. The power of a light microscope is limited by the wavelength of visible light, which is about 500 nm. The most powerful light microscopes can resolve bacteria but not viruses.

To see anything smaller than 500 nm, you will need an electron microscope. Electron microscopes shoot a high-voltage beam of electrons onto or through an object, which deflects and absorbs some of the electrons. Resolution is still limited by the wavelength of the electron beam, but this wavelength is much smaller than that of visible light. The most powerful electron microscopes can resolve molecules and even individual atoms.

The label on the nucleotide is not quite accurate. Adenine refers to a portion of the molecule, the nitrogenous base. It would be more accurate to label the nucleotide deoxyadenosine monophosphate, as it includes the sugar deoxyribose and a phosphate group in addition to the nitrogenous base. However, the more familiar "adenine" label makes it easier for people to recognize it as one of the building blocks of DNA.

No, this isn't a mistake. First, there's less DNA in a sperm cell than there is in a non-reproductive cell such as a skin cell. Second, the DNA in a sperm cell is super-condensed and compacted into a highly dense form. Third, the head of a sperm cell is almost all nucleus. Most of the cytoplasm has been squeezed out in order to make the sperm an efficient torpedo-like swimming machine.

The X chromosome is shown here in a condensed state, as it would appear in a cell that's going through mitosis. It has also been duplicated, so there are actually two identical copies stuck together at their middles. A human sperm cell contains just one copy each of 23 chromosomes.

A chromosome is made up of genetic material (one long piece of DNA) wrapped around structural support proteins (histones). Histones organize the DNA and keep it from getting tangled, much like thread wrapped around a spool. But they also add a lot of bulk. In a sperm cell, a specialized set of tiny support proteins (protamines) pack the DNA down to about one-sixth the volume of a mitotic chromosome.

The size of the carbon atom is based on its van der Waals radius.

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Cell Size and Scale - Learn Genetics

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