Decoding the future of health: How genetic testing at AEON Clinic is redefining longevity Gulf Business
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Decoding the future of health: How genetic testing at AEON Clinic is redefining longevity - Gulf Business
Post-doctoral Fellow in Drug Delivery, Nanomedicine & Advanced Therapeutics Times Higher Education
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Post-doctoral Fellow in Drug Delivery, Nanomedicine & Advanced Therapeutics - Times Higher Education
The data accumulated by scientists of the early 20th century provided compelling evidence that chromosomes are the carriers of genes. But the nature of the genes themselves remained a mystery, as did the mechanism by which they exert their influence. Molecular geneticsthe study of the structure and function of genes at the molecular levelprovided answers to these fundamental questions.
In 1869 Swiss chemist Johann Friedrich Miescher extracted a substance containing nitrogen and phosphorus from cell nuclei. The substance was originally called nuclein, but it is now known as deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA. DNA is the chemical component of the chromosomes that is chiefly responsible for their staining properties in microscopic preparations. Since the chromosomes of eukaryotes contain a variety of proteins in addition to DNA, the question naturally arose whether the nucleic acids or the proteins, or both together, were the carriers of the genetic information. Until the early 1950s most biologists were inclined to believe that the proteins were the chief carriers of heredity. Nucleic acids contain only four different unitary building blocks, but proteins are made up of 20 different amino acids. Proteins therefore appeared to have a greater diversity of structure, and the diversity of the genes seemed at first likely to rest on the diversity of the proteins.
Evidence that DNA acts as the carrier of the genetic information was first firmly demonstrated by exquisitely simple microbiological studies. In 1928 English bacteriologist Frederick Griffith was studying two strains of the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae; one strain was lethal to mice (virulent) and the other was harmless (avirulent). Griffith found that mice inoculated with either the heat-killed virulent bacteria or the living avirulent bacteria remained free of infection, but mice inoculated with a mixture of both became infected and died. It seemed as if some chemical transforming principle had transferred from the dead virulent cells into the avirulent cells and changed them. In 1944 American bacteriologist Oswald T. Avery and his coworkers found that the transforming factor was DNA. Avery and his research team obtained mixtures from heat-killed virulent bacteria and inactivated either the proteins, polysaccharides (sugar subunits), lipids, DNA, or RNA (ribonucleic acid, a close chemical relative of DNA) and added each type of preparation individually to avirulent cells. The only molecular class whose inactivation prevented transformation to virulence was DNA. Therefore, it seemed that DNA, because it could transform, must be the hereditary material.
A similar conclusion was reached from the study of bacteriophages, viruses that attack and kill bacterial cells. From a host cell infected by one bacteriophage, hundreds of bacteriophage progeny are produced. In 1952 American biologists Alfred D. Hershey and Martha Chase prepared two populations of bacteriophage particles. In one population, the outer protein coat of the bacteriophage was labeled with a radioactive isotope; in the other, the DNA was labeled. After allowing both populations to attack bacteria, Hershey and Chase found that only when DNA was labeled did the progeny bacteriophage contain radioactivity. Therefore, they concluded that DNA is injected into the bacterial cell, where it directs the synthesis of numerous complete bacteriophages at the expense of the host. In other words, in bacteriophages DNA is the hereditary material responsible for the fundamental characteristics of the virus.
Today the genetic makeup of most organisms can be transformed using externally applied DNA, in a manner similar to that used by Avery for bacteria. Transforming DNA is able to pass through cellular and nuclear membranes and then integrate into the chromosomal DNA of the recipient cell. Furthermore, using modern DNA technology, it is possible to isolate the section of chromosomal DNA that constitutes an individual gene, manipulate its structure, and reintroduce it into a cell to cause changes that show beyond doubt that the DNA is responsible for a large part of the overall characteristics of an organism. For reasons such as these, it is now accepted that, in all living organisms, with the exception of some viruses, genes are composed of DNA.
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Heredity - DNA, Genes, Inheritance | Britannica
Gene therapy research offers hope for people with chronic kidney disease Medical Xpress
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Gene therapy research offers hope for people with chronic kidney disease - Medical Xpress
Gene therapy targets the retina to treat eye disease Nature.com
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Gene therapy targets the retina to treat eye disease - Nature.com
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JCR Pharmaceuticals and Modalis Therapeutics Announce Transition to the Next Phase of Joint Research Agreement for Development of Novel Gene Therapy -...
Sangamos Stock Plummets as Pfizer Axes Hemophilia Gene Therapy Pact BioSpace
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Sangamos Stock Plummets as Pfizer Axes Hemophilia Gene Therapy Pact - BioSpace
How Increased Use of Gene Therapy Treatment for Sickle Cell Disease Could Affect the Federal Budget Congressional Budget Office
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How Increased Use of Gene Therapy Treatment for Sickle Cell Disease Could Affect the Federal Budget - Congressional Budget Office
CGTLive's 2024 Pillars of Progress: Most-Watched Conference Interviews CGTLive
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CGTLive's 2024 Pillars of Progress: Most-Watched Conference Interviews - CGTLive
Pfizer cuts losses on near-approval hemophilia gene therapy, adding to troubled Sangamo's woes Fierce Biotech
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Pfizer cuts losses on near-approval hemophilia gene therapy, adding to troubled Sangamo's woes - Fierce Biotech
The Future of Regulatory Processes in Cell and Gene Therapy Pharmaceutical Executive
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The Future of Regulatory Processes in Cell and Gene Therapy - Pharmaceutical Executive
JCR and Modalis Advance Joint Gene Therapy Research TipRanks
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JCR and Modalis Advance Joint Gene Therapy Research - TipRanks
JCR Pharmaceuticals and Modalis Advance Joint Gene Therapy Research TipRanks
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JCR Pharmaceuticals and Modalis Advance Joint Gene Therapy Research - TipRanks
Novartis Gene Therapy Shows Promise in Treating SMA Yahoo Finance
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Novartis Gene Therapy Shows Promise in Treating SMA - Yahoo Finance
Gene Therapy Market to Hit Valuation of US$ 42.26 Billion By 2033 | Astute Analytica Yahoo Finance
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Gene Therapy Market to Hit Valuation of US$ 42.26 Billion By 2033 | Astute Analytica - Yahoo Finance
Novartis gene therapy helps children with rare muscle disorder in study Reuters
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Novartis gene therapy helps children with rare muscle disorder in study - Reuters
Capricor Puts Rolling BLA for DMD Cardiomyopathy Cell Therapy Deramiocel in Front of the FDA CGTLive
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Capricor Puts Rolling BLA for DMD Cardiomyopathy Cell Therapy Deramiocel in Front of the FDA - CGTLive
Positive data could expand use of Novartis gene therapy for SMA Yahoo Finance
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Positive data could expand use of Novartis gene therapy for SMA - Yahoo Finance
Sangamo spirals after Pfizer halts hemophilia A gene therapy partnership MM+M Online
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Sangamo spirals after Pfizer halts hemophilia A gene therapy partnership - MM+M Online